Daoism and Song RulersDaoism and Song Rulers• Daoism consolidated its status, making Daoism consolidated its status, making itself an object of imperial patronage itself an object of imperial patronage

• Two Song emperors Two Song emperors supported Daoism most supported Daoism most lavishly—lavishly—

• Emperor Zhenzong Emperor Zhenzong • Prime minister Wang Prime minister Wang Qinruo encouraged the Qinruo encouraged the emperor to support Daoismemperor to support Daoism• Claimed that a “Heavenly Claimed that a “Heavenly Text” had been bestowed on Text” had been bestowed on him, proving the divine origin him, proving the divine origin of the imperial householdof the imperial household

Emperor Zhenzong (r.998-1022)Emperor Zhenzong (r.998-1022)

Wang Qinruo led Wang Qinruo led Daoists at court to Daoists at court to egg on Emperor egg on Emperor Zhenzong to Zhenzong to perform the perform the fengfeng & & shanshan sacrifices sacrifices– Zhenzong, went up Zhenzong, went up

to Mt. Tai to to Mt. Tai to perform the perform the sacrificial sacrificial ceremonies.ceremonies.

After the sacrifice, After the sacrifice, Zhenzong began his Zhenzong began his investiture of the [Daoist] investiture of the [Daoist] gods, including the gods, including the emperor of heaven, Jade emperor of heaven, Jade Emperor. Emperor. [Yuhuang dadi, [Yuhuang dadi, or Yudior Yudi] ] Zhenzong devoted Zhenzong devoted himself to the Perfected himself to the Perfected Lord “Protector of Lord “Protector of Sageliness” Sageliness” (Yisheng (Yisheng zhenjunzhenjun))

Emperor Huizong Emperor Huizong (r. 1101-1125)(r. 1101-1125)– Highly honored Highly honored

Daoism and Daoism and followed Daoist followed Daoist advice to suppress advice to suppress BuddhismBuddhism

– Taoist advisor Lin Taoist advisor Lin Linsu urged him to Linsu urged him to develop Divine develop Divine Empyrean Empyrean cosmology and cosmology and ritual based on ritual based on Divine Empyrean Divine Empyrean School of DaoismSchool of Daoism

Huizong, following Lin LingsuHuizong, following Lin Lingsu’’s advice, s advice, began to build a temple network across began to build a temple network across the country, called Divine Empyrean the country, called Divine Empyrean Palaces (Palaces (Shenxiao gongShenxiao gong))

All prefectures had a Divine Empyrean All prefectures had a Divine Empyrean Palace builtPalace built

Many Buddhist temples were converted Many Buddhist temples were converted to Divine Empyrean Palacesto Divine Empyrean Palaces

Officials were appointed to supervise Officials were appointed to supervise these palaces to assure total control of these palaces to assure total control of themthem

Women, Education, and FamilyWomen, Education, and FamilyYoung girls received Confucian Young girls received Confucian

education and studied Confucian education and studied Confucian classics, even though they were not classics, even though they were not allowed to take the civil service examsallowed to take the civil service exams

They were taught to read the They were taught to read the Canon of Canon of Women’s Filial PietyWomen’s Filial Piety , , the Biographies of the Biographies of Women, Women, and and the Admonitions of Womenthe Admonitions of Women

After they became mothers, they After they became mothers, they became teachers of their children, who, became teachers of their children, who, when growing older, were sent to family when growing older, were sent to family or clan schoolsor clan schools

A woman could change her social A woman could change her social status and family identity after she status and family identity after she married into a scholar’s family married into a scholar’s family A daughter-in-law had to follow all the rules A daughter-in-law had to follow all the rules

of filial piety described in the of filial piety described in the Canon of Canon of Women’s Filial PietyWomen’s Filial Piety , putting others first, , putting others first, herself lastherself last

The need to fulfill their duties and do the The need to fulfill their duties and do the daily chores around the house made them daily chores around the house made them servants of their parents-in-lawservants of their parents-in-law

Women in upper-class households could Women in upper-class households could fund ways to modify or elude strict fund ways to modify or elude strict rules but would be forced to divorce by rules but would be forced to divorce by monthers-in-lawmonthers-in-law

Painting Illustrating the Canon of Women’s Filial PietyChapter 9: daughters-in-law in commoners’ families spun thread, tailored garments…

They were also taught to read a They were also taught to read a collection of twenty-four exemplary collection of twenty-four exemplary stories about the morals of male and stories about the morals of male and female protagonists.female protagonists.These stories emphasize the filial duties These stories emphasize the filial duties

that sons and daughters have to fulfill to that sons and daughters have to fulfill to the best of their abilities, including cutting the best of their abilities, including cutting flesh from one’s thigh to feed a hungry or flesh from one’s thigh to feed a hungry or sick mother. sick mother.

Women became liable to social injustice Women became liable to social injustice if they could not fulfill their filial duties if they could not fulfill their filial duties as expected by the societyas expected by the society

Literacy rate continued to climb and Literacy rate continued to climb and highly educated women proliferatedhighly educated women proliferated

Lu You (S. Song) was forced to divorce his Lu You (S. Song) was forced to divorce his wife, and wrote a poem almost thirty wife, and wrote a poem almost thirty years later to describe in her voice the years later to describe in her voice the desperate situation that led to the divorce:desperate situation that led to the divorce: I was stupid to be sure, yet I knewI was stupid to be sure, yet I knew That Madam, my mother-in-law, must be obeyed.That Madam, my mother-in-law, must be obeyed. Out of bed with the first cock’s crowing,Out of bed with the first cock’s crowing, I combed and bound my hair, put on blouse and skirt.I combed and bound my hair, put on blouse and skirt. I did my work, tidied the hall, sprinkling and sweeping,I did my work, tidied the hall, sprinkling and sweeping, In the kitchen prepared their plates of food.In the kitchen prepared their plates of food. Green green the mallows and goosefoot I gathered--Green green the mallows and goosefoot I gathered--

Too bad I could not make them taste like bear’s Too bad I could not make them taste like bear’s paws.paws.

When the least displeasure showed in Madam’s When the least displeasure showed in Madam’s face,face,

The sleeves of my robe were soon damp with tear The sleeves of my robe were soon damp with tear stains.stains.

My wish was that I might bear a son,My wish was that I might bear a son, To see Madam dandle a grandson in her arms.To see Madam dandle a grandson in her arms. But those hopes in the end failed and came to But those hopes in the end failed and came to

nothing;nothing; Ill-fated, they made me the butt of slander.Ill-fated, they made me the butt of slander. Driven from the house, I did not dare grumble,Driven from the house, I did not dare grumble, Only grieved that I’d betrayed Madam’s kindness.Only grieved that I’d betrayed Madam’s kindness.

Neo-Confucian moralists urged women Neo-Confucian moralists urged women not to remarry after their husbands died, not to remarry after their husbands died, which defines the meaning of “female which defines the meaning of “female chastity”chastity”

Song laws entitled women to own Song laws entitled women to own property. Their dowries stayed with them property. Their dowries stayed with them even after they became divorced, even after they became divorced, widowed, or after they remarriedwidowed, or after they remarried

Women enjoyed considerable Women enjoyed considerable independent control of their assetindependent control of their asset Traditional division of work—men responsible for Traditional division of work—men responsible for wai wai

(external affairs), women responsible for (external affairs), women responsible for neinei (internal affairs)—no longer holds true for Song (internal affairs)—no longer holds true for Song women and it didn’t change until Yuan.women and it didn’t change until Yuan.

Although women were discouraged Although women were discouraged from singing, composing poetry, or from singing, composing poetry, or playing music, eminent female poets playing music, eminent female poets and scholars emerged, most famous and scholars emerged, most famous of them was Li Qingzhaoof them was Li QingzhaoAlso a book collector and connoisseur of Also a book collector and connoisseur of

antiquitiesantiquitiesMany of them also became pious Many of them also became pious

Buddhists. Those from upper-class Buddhists. Those from upper-class families donated land, silver, textiles families donated land, silver, textiles to monasteries, helping Buddhist to monasteries, helping Buddhist institutions to grow.institutions to grow.

Women and MarriageWomen and MarriageWomen’s status indicates that Song Women’s status indicates that Song

did not necessarily adhere to the did not necessarily adhere to the patrilineal idealpatrilineal idealWives took over the financial affairs of the Wives took over the financial affairs of the

family estatefamily estateThey occasionally went into business They occasionally went into business

themselves to enhance the wealth of the themselves to enhance the wealth of the lineage lineage

The wife ranked at the top of the The wife ranked at the top of the female hierarchy, especially when she female hierarchy, especially when she had daughters-in-law and became had daughters-in-law and became widowed. widowed.

Hypergamy remained a norm in Song Hypergamy remained a norm in Song society, although more and more society, although more and more affluent households, particularly that of affluent households, particularly that of wealthy merchants, married their wealthy merchants, married their daughters into upper-class, scholar-daughters into upper-class, scholar-officials’ familiesofficials’ families

A matchmaker was hired to start the A matchmaker was hired to start the marriage processmarriage processShe would present a “draft card” She would present a “draft card”

containing a list of information about the containing a list of information about the two families, including the dates of birth…. two families, including the dates of birth….

“Portrait of Laozi,” by Muxi, Southern Song. Okayama Prefectural Museum of Art

“Discussing the Dao under the Shade of the Pine Tree” or “Three Teachings on the Dao” anonymous, Southern Song

Daoism and Daoism and Daoist Daoist HeavenHeaven

• Daoists Daoists engineered engineered the search the search and discovery and discovery of celestial of celestial omensomens– Discovery of Discovery of

““heavenly heavenly textstexts”” ((tianshutianshu) that ) that confirmed the confirmed the Zhao familyZhao family’’s s possession of possession of the mandate the mandate of heaven.of heaven.

Daoist officials of Earth

Daoist officials of Water

“Procession of Immortals Paying Homage to the Primodial” by Wu Zongyuan (active 11th C), Northern Song. Wu was known for having made handscroll copies of two Wu Daozi murals in Kaifeng

The Eastern Floriate Celestial Emperor (Donghua Tiandi jun) flanked by attending gods and goddesses, called Golden Youths (Jintong) and Jade Maidens (Yunü)

“Procession of Immortals Paying Homage to the Primordial,” Wu Daozi’s original paintings

The Expansion of DaoismThe Expansion of Daoism

Daoism enjoyed greater support during Daoism enjoyed greater support during Huizong’s reign; support extended toHuizong’s reign; support extended to– Temples, lineages, and leadersTemples, lineages, and leaders

The Maoshan school of Daoism (25The Maoshan school of Daoism (25thth patriarch) patriarch)

The Celestial Master School, or the Orthodox Unity The Celestial Master School, or the Orthodox Unity School (30School (30thth patriarch) patriarch)

– Daoist magicians and reclusesDaoist magicians and reclusesLin Lingsu, founder of the Divine Empyrean Order of Lin Lingsu, founder of the Divine Empyrean Order of Daoism, was most influentialDaoism, was most influential

Under his influence, Emperor Huizong proclaimed himself Under his influence, Emperor Huizong proclaimed himself the Sovereign of the Grand Empyreanthe Sovereign of the Grand Empyrean

– Publication of a new Daoist canonPublication of a new Daoist canon

Popular Daoist GodsPopular Daoist Gods

Black Killer (Heisha), Perfected Warrior (Zhenwu), Black Killer (Heisha), Perfected Warrior (Zhenwu), and Tianpengand Tianpeng– Three principal agents of the Emperor of the North Three principal agents of the Emperor of the North

((beidibeidi))

– Connected with ritual masters as exorcistsConnected with ritual masters as exorcists

Black Killer has been identified as Perfected Lord Black Killer has been identified as Perfected Lord “Protector of Sageliness”“Protector of Sageliness”– Revelations of Black Killer was at the center of imperial Revelations of Black Killer was at the center of imperial

legitimatization, succession, the Mandate of Heaven in legitimatization, succession, the Mandate of Heaven in the early Song.the early Song.

– Ritual masters invoked Black Killer to perform Ritual masters invoked Black Killer to perform therapeutic ritualtherapeutic ritual

Popular Daoist Popular Daoist ImmortalsImmortals

The Daoist Immortal Lü Dongbin, Yuan Dynasty, Hanging Scroll, The Nelson-Artkins Museum of Art, Kansas City Lü Dongbin is a

patriarch of the Quanzhen sect and is one of the famed Eight Immortals (Baxian). He is believed to have lived in the late Tang dynasty and his following became widespread during the Song.

Worshiped as the patron saint of merchants, pharmacists, ink-makers, and scholars. Accounts of his life are full of wonders and are inspiring. Best-known of the stories is “The Yellow-Millet Dream” (Huang Liangmeng)

“Lü Dongbin Crossing the Lake Dongting,” Southern Song, Fan Painting. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

“Lü Dongbin Appearing at the Yueyang Pavilion,” Southern Song, Fan Painting, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

New Daoist SectsNew Daoist SectsNew Daoist sects appeared during the 12New Daoist sects appeared during the 12 thth to 13to 13thth centuries: centuries:– The Perfect Truth Sect The Perfect Truth Sect (Quanzhen jiao(Quanzhen jiao) was ) was

the most popularthe most popular– Founder Wang Zhe (1112-1170?) and his early Founder Wang Zhe (1112-1170?) and his early

followers rejected the alchemical and magical followers rejected the alchemical and magical practices and absorbed Confucian and Buddhist practices and absorbed Confucian and Buddhist ideas into its doctrinesideas into its doctrines

– Popular beliefs and magic were eventually Popular beliefs and magic were eventually incorporated into its systemincorporated into its system

– Advocated the balance and harmony of body Advocated the balance and harmony of body and mind, no overexertion, cloud-like and mind, no overexertion, cloud-like wandering, intuitive learning, cultivation of inner wandering, intuitive learning, cultivation of inner self, the art of herbal medicine, simplicity, love self, the art of herbal medicine, simplicity, love without attachment, pure meditation, purified without attachment, pure meditation, purified mindmind

 

Left: “Bodhidharma,” Anonymous, Song dynasty,

National Palace Museum, Taipei,Taiwan

 

 

Middle: “Bodhidharma Crossing the Yangzi River on a Reed” by Li Yaofu, Yuan dynasty

“Portrait of Bodhisdharma” by Muxi, Southern Song

Beginning of Syncretic ReligionBeginning of Syncretic Religion

Evidenced by the emergence of “Morality Evidenced by the emergence of “Morality Books,” (Books,” (shan shushan shu) such as ) such as Book of Book of Rewards and PunishmentsRewards and Punishments– The books were highly eclectic,The books were highly eclectic,

Mixed Buddhist concepts of karma, retribution, and Mixed Buddhist concepts of karma, retribution, and salvation, Daoist concepts of immortality, nature and salvation, Daoist concepts of immortality, nature and cosmology, and Confucian ethics of loyalty, filiality, cosmology, and Confucian ethics of loyalty, filiality, humanity, and righteousnesshumanity, and righteousness

Views on illnessViews on illness– Spirits in heaven and earth judged people’s Spirits in heaven and earth judged people’s

transgressions, inflicted pains on them, and transgressions, inflicted pains on them, and diminished their life expectancydiminished their life expectancy

Song Views of Good and EvilSong Views of Good and Evil

Morality books Morality books reflect Song reflect Song moralists’ views on moralists’ views on good and evil:good and evil:

Good people:Good people: – Those who perform Those who perform

good deedsgood deeds– can hope to become can hope to become

immortalimmortal

Evil people:Evil people:– Those who perform bad deeds, Those who perform bad deeds,

including: including: – Killing animalsKilling animals

shoot creatures that fly and hurt shoot creatures that fly and hurt those that runthose that runBlock up animals’ dens and Block up animals’ dens and overturn birds’ nests, injuring overturn birds’ nests, injuring hens and breaking their eggshens and breaking their eggs

– Destroying livesDestroying livesCommit infanticide and perform Commit infanticide and perform abortionsabortions

– Disrupting family and social Disrupting family and social orderorder

Break up marriage, engage in Break up marriage, engage in quarrels and lawsuitquarrels and lawsuitSeek women’s advice rather than Seek women’s advice rather than parents’ parents’ Do not live harmony with wives, Do not live harmony with wives, or do not respect husbandsor do not respect husbands

Life span will be Life span will be shortened,shortened,retribution will be retribution will be extended to sons extended to sons and grandsonsand grandsonsIf death is not If death is not imminent, imminent, disease or disease or calamities will calamities will befall thembefall them