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Dark Energy and the Accelerating Universe
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang2
There are critical questions in cosmology whose answers eluded
Einstein
Time Magazine “Person of the Century”
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang3
The Standard Hot Big Bang Model
Expansion of the Universe is a result of the Big Bang
The Universe is about 15 billion years old After the Big Bang: Inflation occurred between 10-35- 10-32 second The Particle Zoo emerged within 1 millisecond Baryogenesis era began after 1 millisecond
Light elements synthesized within first 3 minutes
Galaxies formed by 1 billion years
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang4
Matter dominated universe
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang5
Old: Matter Dominated Universe
Matter Composition:Light elements created in Big Bang; heavy
elements in stars13% baryons
(1% stars, 12% molecular clouds, planets and stellar remnants)
0.8 % neutrinos86% dark matter (non-baryonic)
100 % Total Mass-Energy Budget
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang6
Energy dominated universe
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang7
Now: Energy Dominated Universe
Matter Composition: 35% Baryons + Neutrinos + Dark Matter
Energy Composition: 65% Vacuum (Dark) Energy 100 % Total Mass-Energy Budget
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang8
The New Standard Hot Big Bang Model
The Universe is Flat : no spacetime curvature Accelerating: the expansion rate in
the present epoch is increasing
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang9
Dark energy
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang10
Dark Energy & The Fundamental Nature of Matter
Unexpected Discovery of Dark Energy leads us to ask: What is it? Why is it there? Do we need new theories of space
and time?
Are there Mysterious Particles Permeating Space?
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang11
Solving the Mystery of Dark Energy
What is the connection between dark energy, gravity and the fate of the universe?
Is general relativity the ultimate theory of gravity for the universe?
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang12
by Anne Field, STSCI
The Accelerating Universe
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang13
Recent Discoveries
Recent discoveries have revealed the fundamental connections between the forces of nature and the structure of universe
Distant Type Ia Supernovae Cosmic Microwave Background Galaxy Cluster Counting Theoretical Developments
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang14
Terrestrial telescope discovers supernova
Supernovae
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang15
Type Ia Supernovae
SN Ia Are very bright light sources visible
across the Cosmos Show that expansion of the universe
is accelerating through distance-redshift relation
Reveal evidence for a mysterious dark energy in the universe
Will provide the first measurements of equation of state of universe
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang16
Cosmic microwave background
Dense quark-gluon plasma
Cosmic Microwave Background
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang17
Cosmic Microwave Background
Measures the geometry of spacetime Spacetime geometry depends on the
mass-energy density of the universe Observation of a flat universe
confirms some of the predictions of inflation– a revolutionary theory with roots in
particle physics
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang18
The Most Distant Galaxy Cluster
Distant Galaxy lensed by Cluster CL1358+62
Simulations of Large Scale Structure
Large Scale Structure
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang19
Large Scale Structure
Measures the mass density in the universe
Reveals matter density is less than half the mass-energy density of a flat universe
SNe Ia + CMB + Large Scale Structure show that dark energy and dark matter are more than 90% of the mass-energy budget of the universe.
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang20
"Nature is a perpetual circulatory worker, generating fluids out of solids, and solids out of fluids, fixed things out of volatile, & volatile out of fixed.“ Isaac Newton
"Once you eliminate the impossible, whatever remains, no matter how improbable, must be the truth." - Sherlock Holmes (by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle)
“Facts that at first seem improbable will, even on scant explanation, drop the cloak that has hidden them and stand forth in naked and simple beauty.” -- Galileo Galilei
"If we knew what it was we were doing, it would not be called research, would it?"
"The most incomprehensible thing about the universe is that it is comprehensible.“
- Albert Einstein
Theoretical questions
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang21
Theoretical Questions
Why is the energy density so small? 120 orders of magnitude too small
and yet not zero … fine tuning? Why now?
the energy density is about equal to the energy density … coincidence?
Will these be answered by new theories beyond Einstein?
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang22
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang23
Unveiling the Dark Energy
Precision Cosmology Measuring the equation of state
is it constant in time and space?
Supernovae Are the Most Powerful Tools to Discover the Nature of the Dark Energy
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang24
SNAP is better than anything else for
acquiring images and spectra of thousands of
SNe
SNAP is better than anything else for
acquiring images and spectra of thousands of
SNew0
w(z)
magnitude - redshift
equation of state
Next Steps: SNAP
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang25
Supernova Acceleration Probe
Space observations of thousands of supernovae will provide the vital breakthrough in precision cosmology to characterize the dark energy
SNAP will measure the matter and energy densities, WM & WDE , with exquisite precision
SNAP will precisely determine the equation of state of the universe as a function of time and space
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang26
Images
Spectra
Redshift & SN Properties
Lightcurve & Peak Brightness
data analysis physics
M and DE
Equation of StateDark Energy Properties
Roadmap toward Dark Energy
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang27
2001 2004 2008 2009+
Construction Science R&D
Launch
SNAP Timeline
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang28
A Billion Pixel Imager
Bold Ideas, Innovative Tools
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang29
First class students become first class scientists and engineers by using first
class instruments and techniques
Students Today -Leaders Tomorrow
Undergraduates work with scientists and engineers at collaborating institutions.
Graduate Students gain immediate research experience on the most exciting current science!
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang30
Education and Public Outreach
... if we do discover a complete theory, it should in time be understandable in broad principle by everyone, not just a few scientists.
- Stephen Hawking
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang31
Science CentersClassrooms
Students & Teachers
images
spectra
Undergraduates Graduate students
Scientists &
Engineers
Education and Public Outreach
SNAP / EPO Operations
Partnerships
Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang32
We Are on the Cusp of Major Advances That Connect Particle
Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology Which Are Leading
to Breakthroughs in Fundamental Physics.