dasCitizen Corps Aff Indexed

7/28/2019 dasCitizen Corps Aff Indexed

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LU Debate Institute 06

Citizen Corps Affirmative

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Citizen Corps Affirmative................................................................................................................................................................1

Citizen Corps Aff1AC Inherency.................................................................................................................................................3Citizen Corps Aff1AC Terrorism Adv.........................................................................................................................................4Citizen Corps Aff1AC Terrorism Adv.........................................................................................................................................5Citizen Corps Aff1AC Terrorism Adv.........................................................................................................................................6Citizen Corps Aff1AC Terrorism Adv.........................................................................................................................................7Citizen Corps Aff1AC Terrorism Adv.........................................................................................................................................8Citizen Corps Aff1AC Terrorism Adv.........................................................................................................................................9Citizen Corps AffTentative 1AC Plan Text...............................................................................................................................10Citizen Corps Aff1AC Solvency................................................................................................................................................11Citizen Corps Aff1AC Solvency................................................................................................................................................12Citizen Corps Aff1AC Solvency................................................................................................................................................13Citizen Corps AffInherencyLack of Federal Funding Destroys Citizen Corps.....................................................................14Citizen Corps AffInherencyLack of Federal Funding Undermines Citizen Corps ...............................................................15Citizen Corps AffInherencyLack of Federal Funding Undermines Citizen Corps Recruitment...........................................16Citizen Corps AffInherencyLocal Communities Not Receiving Citizen Corps Funding......................................................17Citizen Corps AffInherencyFederal Funding for Citizen Corps = Extremely Minimal .......................................................18Citizen Corps AffInherencyA2 Funding for Citizen Corps Now.......................................................................................19Citizen Corps AffInherencyFederal Homeland Security Funding to States/Locals ...........................................................20Citizen Corps AffInherency/FYICurrent Participation Levels..............................................................................................21Citizen Corps AffInherency/FYINumber of Citizen Corps Councils....................................................................................22Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvCitizen Participation Key to War on Terrorism.................................................................23Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvCitizen Participation Prevents Terrorism..........................................................................24Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvWinning War on Terrorism Good Impact Extensions.......................................................25Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvFirst Responders = First Preventers of Terrorism.............................................................26Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvFirst-Responders = First-Preventers of Terrorism.............................................................27Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvCitizen Participation Key to Homeland Security..............................................................28Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvCitizen Participation Key to Homeland Security..............................................................29

Citizen Corps AffSolvencyGeneric Funding Solves .............................................................................................................30Citizen Corps AffSolvencyGeneric Funding Solves..............................................................................................................31Citizen Corps AffSolvencyIncreased Funding Makes Citizen Corps Effective....................................................................32Citizen Corps AffSolvencyEffective Citizen Corps Solves ..................................................................................................33Citizen Corps AffSolvencyCitizen Corps Solves Citizen Responsibility for Disaster Response..........................................34Citizen Corps Aff1AC Disaster Response Adv.........................................................................................................................35Citizen Corps Aff1AC Disaster Response Adv.........................................................................................................................36Citizen Corps Aff1AC Disaster Response Adv.........................................................................................................................37Citizen Corps Aff1AC Disaster Response Adv.........................................................................................................................38Citizen Corps Aff1AC Disaster Response Adv.........................................................................................................................39Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvPost-Katrina Incompetence Undermines US Hegemony.....................................40Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvCitizen Corps Solves............................................................................................41Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvCitizen Corps Solves............................................................................................42

Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvCitizen Corps Solves............................................................................................43Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvActive Hurricane Season Now/Preparedness Key...............................................44Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvFunding Key to Community Disaster Response Preparedness............................45Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvFederal Support for CERT Programs Solves Preparedness.................................46Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvIndividual Preparedness Frees Up First-Responder Resources...........................47Citizen Corps Aff1AC CERT/California Port Security Adv.....................................................................................................48Citizen Corps Aff1AC CERT/California Port Security Adv ....................................................................................................49Citizen Corps Aff1AC CERT/California Port Security Adv.....................................................................................................50Citizen Corps Aff1AC CERT/California Port Security Adv.....................................................................................................51Citizen Corps Aff1AC CERT/California Port Security Adv.....................................................................................................52Citizen Corps Aff1AC CERT/California Port Security Adv.....................................................................................................53

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LU Debate Institute 06Citizen Corps AffCERT/California Port Security AdvEffective First Response Key to Mitigating Terrorist Attacks on USPorts................................................................................................................................................................................................54Citizen Corps AffCERT AdvLack of Federal Funding Undermines CERT..........................................................................55Citizen Corps AffCERT AdvLack of Personnel Undermines CERT....................................................................................56Citizen Corps AffCERT AdvIncreased Federal Funding CERT Effectiveness..................................................................57Citizen Corps AffState Budgets 1AC Adv.................................................................................................................................58Citizen Corps AffState Budgets 1AC Adv.................................................................................................................................59Citizen Corps AffState Budgets 1AC Adv.................................................................................................................................60

Citizen Corps AffState Budgets AdvState Funding of Homeland Security Budget Shortfalls........................................61Citizen Corps AffState Budgets AdvStrong Educational System Key to US Hegemony.....................................................62Citizen Corps AffState Budgets AdvState Budget Deficits Threaten US Economic Growth...............................................63Citizen Corps AffState Budgets AdvFederal Funding for Citizen Corps Avoids State/Local Spending .............................64Citizen Corps AffStates/Locals AdvFederal Funding Solves Local Budgetary Concerns....................................................65Citizen Corps AffCalifornia Budget Add-On............................................................................................................................66Citizen Corps AffCalifornia Budget Add-OnCalifornia Cant Afford Homeland Security Funding....................................67Citizen Corps AffAustralian Homeland Security Add-On........................................................................................................68Citizen Corps AffAustralian Homeland Security Add-On........................................................................................................69Citizen Corps AffDemocracy Promotion 2AC Add-On............................................................................................................70Citizen Corps AffNational Guard/Reservist Overstretch Add-On.............................................................................................71Citizen Corps AffNational Guard/Reservist Overstretch AdvCitizen Corps Avoids Using National Guard for HomelandSecurity..........................................................................................................................................................................................72Citizen Corps AffNational Guard/Reservist Overstretch AdvOverstretch Brinks................................................................73Citizen Corps AffNational Guard/Reservist Overstretch AdvOverstretch Brinks................................................................74Citizen Corps AffNational Guard/Reservist Overstretch AdvOverstretch Emboldens Iran/North Korea............................75Citizen Corps AffNational Guard/Reserivst AdvNational Guard Key to US Military Readiness........................................76Citizen Corps Aff2AC Responses to Funding Is FX Topical................................................................................................77Citizen Corps AffA2 States CP..................................................................................................................................................78Citizen Corps AffA2 States CP..................................................................................................................................................79Citizen Corps AffA2 States/Locals CP......................................................................................................................................80Citizen Corps AffA2 Federalism DA.........................................................................................................................................81Citizen Corps AffA2 Spending DA...........................................................................................................................................82Citizen Corps AffA2 Citizen Corps Programs Still Require State/Local Spending..................................................................83

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Citizen Corps Aff1AC Inherency

Citizens Corps is barely funded in the status quothe administrations request is minimal and the

Department of Homeland Security has eliminated the program from its budget

Chapel Hill Herald 5/23/06 (lexis)

Funding is always an issue, and on the national level, President George Bush has requested $35 million in his 2007 budget tofund the program. But the Department of Homeland Security has eliminated Citizen Corps from its budget, Price said."There has been a bump in the road," the congressman acknowledged . "I'm hoping that by the end of the day we will have an adequatebudget for this group to carry on its work."

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Citizen Corps Aff1AC Terrorism Adv

The war in Iraq threatens US homeland security by ensuring states lack the necessary guardsmen

and reservistsgreater support for the Citizen Corps can effectively resolve this issue and

assist state and local law enforcement and first responders

Foster 03 (Chad, policy analyst in the Public Safety and Justice Group at The Council of State Governments, 4/1, StateGovernment News, lexis)

State guardsmen and reservists have been playing a role in homeland security since the Sept. 11 attacks. In fact, the air patrolsover American cities and servicemen called up to assist in the New York recovery effort were guardsmen and reservists. Theyprovided security at the nation's airports, national landmarks and critical infrastructures.A prolonged war in the Gulf could have serious consequences for each state's guard units, and consequently the nation's

homeland security. Critical state and local law enforcement, firefighters, and medical technicians--those who make-up the states' firstresponder units--would continue to be understaffed.With current budget shortfalls, states face a difficult decision : fund more positions in these critical public services, ormanage homeland security responsibilities within current manpower constraints. Supporting the forces overseas, protecting their citizensfrom terrorist backlash, and struggling to keep the economy on track, the states face challenging times.--Chad S. Foster is a policy analyst in the Public Safety and Justice Group at The Council of State Governments.

National Guard and Reserve activation1990-1991 Gulf War versus the 2003 Gulf War build-up and War onTerrorismDec. 1, 1990 Mar. 12, 2003Army National Guard and Army Reserve 115,000 130,142

Naval Reserve 30,000 8,744Air National Guard and Air Force 20,000 27,737ReserveMarine Corps Reserve 23,000 18,770Coast Guard Reserve 0 3,199Total 188,000 188,592(Sources: Interim Report of the Committee on Armed Services, House ofRepresentatives, March 30, 1992 and U.S. Department of Defense,Mar. 12, 2003)RELATED ARTICLE: Defining the National Guard and Reserves.The following describes the missions of and differences between the Army National Guard and Reserves. These descriptions are similar for the other branchesof the military as well (Navy, Marines, Air Force and Coast Guard).

State Mission of The Army Guard. The Army National Guard exists in all 50 states, three territories and the District of Columbia. At the state level, thegovernors reserve the ability, under the U.S. Constitution, to call up members of the National Guard in time of domestic emergencies or need. They respond tofires, natural disasters and other emergency situations. During 2001, 34,855 guardsmen nationwide were called to duty.Federal mission of the Army Guard. During national emergencies the president reserves the right to mobilize the National Guard, putting them in federal dutystatus. While federalized, the units answer to the Commander in Chief of the theater in which they are operating and, ultimately, to the president. In fiscal year2001, Army Guard soldiers pulled duty in more than 80 countries in a wide variety of operations including peacekeeping, stabilization, security and nation

building.Army Reserve. The U.S. Army Reserve is the active Army's federal reserve force. It is engaged worldwide as a full partner of the active component. The ArmyReserve consists of highly trained and ready-to-go combat support and combat service support forces that can move on short notice to give the active Army theresources it needs to deploy overseas. The reserve sustains combat troops during wartime, contingencies or other operations. The Army Reserve is the Army'smain source for transportation, medical, civil affairs, logistics and other key assets. Additionally, it is the Army's only source of trained individual soldiers toaugment headquarters staff and fill vacancies in units.The U.S. Army Reserve totals more than 1 million soldiers, upon whom the president can call when needed. The Army Reserve has more that 2,000 units inthe United States, Guam, Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico and Germany. (Source: U.S. Army and National Guard Bureau)RELATED ARTICLE: U.S. Citizen Corps.

One strategy to assist state and local law enforcement and first responders in case of a prolonged war in Iraq is to build

upon President Bush's Citizen Corps initiative. Through the use of financial and other incentives, citizens would likely volunteer theirtime and effort to assist professional public service providers and allow them to focus on homeland security.

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Fiscally strapped local communities are laying off first-responders who play vital roles in

preventing future terrorist attacksgreater federal support is key

Lieberman 03 (Joseph, US Senate--CT, FNS, 5/22, lexis)

But the resources necessary have not been given to this department yet . The potential for change and improvement is still there. Let me citeas examples the fire fighters, police officers and medical emergency professionals in communities across America who are thefirst to respond to a disaster, and the last to leave, and who can become also the first preventers, because they are out there inenormous numbers everywhere in America, still desperately need proper training,proper communications to allow them to talk to oneanother in a crisis, so they can protect us, and they need personal reinforcements. Instead, many first responders -- more thanhalf of the communities in America, from one statistic I have seen have been laying off first responders today, because the citiesand towns are so fiscally strapped. That makes about as much sense as reducing America's troop strength in the middle of a conventional war. Yet,I regret to say that the administration and the majority here in Congress have not adequately funded first responders or the Department of Homeland Security .There is much more to be done.We have made so strides in securing our air travel, that is true. But other forms of transportation remain inadequately protected, and require your consideration.Our nation's seaports I fear remain an Achilles' heel in our domestic defenses. Too little cargo is being inspected, and to few containers are being tracked fromtheir port of origin to their final destination. At the current rate of funding, it will take the Coast Guard 20 years to build the modern fleet it needs to fightterrorism now. And here again the president's budget under-supports basic physical security at ports for items like perimeter fencing, guards and monitors.

Our borders remain painfully porous and cry out for the Border Patrol to be beefed up. But I do want to say that to me perhaps the most significant gapremaining is the one that people can't see, and that is the gap in our intelligence community. There has been too much reluctance to challenge the status quo inthe intelligence community. The best way to stop terrorism, all the experts agree, is to interrupt the plot before it's executed. And that can only come from greatintelligence. Today, unfortunately, when it comes to understanding the scope and depth of the intelligence failures that led to September 11th, we simply don'thave enough information.Too many of the failures that we have already identified remain unchanged today, a full 20 months after the attacks. And I want to say bluntly it starts at thetop. And today at the top of our intelligence and law enforcement communities there remains too much division, too many of the same bureaucratic barriers

that I think contributed to the disaster of September 11th. And all of the federal agencies continue to keep state and local first respondersand first preventers, as I call them, at arm's length, when it really is these front-line forces who have the vital knowledge toshare, and most desperately need useful federal intelligence shared with them.

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A strong, well-equipped first-responder community is essential in preventing future terrorist

attacks

Lieberman 05 (Joseph, US Senate--CT, FNS, 3/9, lexis)

Not long ago, Porter Goss, the director of the CIA, told the Senate Intelligence Committee that -- and I quote -- "it may onlybe a matter of time before terrorists try to attack us with weapons of mass destruction," and I know that he meant here

at home. At the same hearing, FBI Director Bob Mueller warned of possible terrorist operations now under way within our borders and said finding suchterrorists is, quote, "one of the most difficult challenges," end quote, his organization faces .Protecting Americans from these potential terrorist attacks is your responsibility, and ours as we share it with you, and it cannotbe done on the cheap. Yet in its fiscal year 2006 budget proposal for the Department of Homeland Security, the administration, in my opinion, hasunderestimated what it will take to keep our citizens as safe as possible here at home.There are increases, but they're modest, only a 3 to 4 percent increase in DHS discretionary spending after inflation, and even that increase largely depends onthe adoption by Congress of a controversial airline ticket fee, and that adoption, frankly, may or may not occur.

More important, the increases pale by comparison to what experts have told our committee is necessary. And some key homeland security funding thatwas authorized by the Intelligence Reform and Terrorist Prevention Act, the so-called 9/11 legislation, signed into law by the president last November, hassimply been ignored. That, I'm afraid, leaves us with too many gaps in our defenses, gaps that range from the inability of first respondersto communicate between their own agencies and jurisdictions, to a lack of preparedness for a biological attack, to inadequately trained -- excuse me --

inadequately defended train, railway and highway transportation networks.So, what do I think needs to be done? I've done some work with my staff on this, and the result is a letter that I have submitted to the Senate BudgetCommittee, whose contents I've shared with your office. In that, I have proposed $8.4 billion in increases in the budget for homeland security government-wide. Of that amount, $6.3 billion would be for programs within the Department of Homeland Security, and that's over and above the president's proposed $2.5

billion increase.

I know that that's a significant amount of money in a time of budget pressure, though it remains a relatively small -- extremely small percentage of the$2.57 trillion overall federal budget. That's a $8.4 billion add-on to a $2.57 trillion budget. About half of the increase that I'm proposing in the DHS budget would go for training, equipment and support for first responders, because as you know, and I believe you agree, I'm confidentyou agree, these first responders are not only that, they are hundreds of thousands of first preventers against a terroristattack all around the country.A significant portion of what I'm recommending here would be invested in interoperable communications equipment to allow first responders from differentagencies and different jurisdictions to speak to one another during a crisis, which we know they were not able to do on 9/11. I, frankly, don't understand whythe administration is seeking to cut first responder programs by $565 million in your department and a truly jarring $1.7 billion government-wide, which is tosay that includes programs cut -- recommended for cuts particularly in the Justice Department -- the COPS program, the Burn grants program.Homeland security expert Steve Flynn, as you know, a former Coast Guard commandant, describes our predicament in his recent book, "America theVulnerable." He says, and I quote briefly, "Homeland security has entered our post-9/11 lexicon, but homeland insecurity remains the abiding reality. With theexception of airports, much of what is critical in our way of life remains unprotected," end of quote.Mr. Flynn further points out that homeland security spending is still very small compared to the overall Pentagon budget. Now, as a member of the ArmedServices Committee, as all three of us here at this moment are, I'm a strong supporter of the Pentagon budget. Mr. Flynn says that that discrepancy suggeststhat the federal government continues to believe that our primary threat, terrorist threat, will be found outside our borders.

We know that the threat from terrorism is both outside our borders, and self-evidently, and in some senses most menacingly,within our borders. So I think we've got to listen to the security experts who tell us that this terrorist threat is one we,unfortunately, must live with and defend against at home and abroad for the indefinite future. And we must listen to theexperts who say we should match the threat at home and abroad with the resources necessary to vanquish it .

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Citizen Corps frees up first responders from time-consuming, unrelated tasksthis improves

training and ensures timely response efforts

Chiaramonte 03 (Mike, 35-year member of the Lynbrook N.Y. Fire Department and a past chief of the department, Fire

Chief, 9/1, lexis)

Frankly, I thought the same thing until I saw an ad in an airline magazine that asked for employees. The airline listed all the jobs that were available frompilots to crew schedulers, including information and technology professionals, staff accountants, mechanics, customer service reps and so on. The question thatcame to mind was, does one need to be a pilot to do those other jobs? Obviously not. So why does the fire department insist that one needs to be a firefighterand/or an EMT for equipment inventory and restocking, budget and financial duties, fund-raising and so on? Why do we only recruit citizens to be firefighters

and EMTs? Why are we not reaching out to the community to help us in performing non-fire and -EMS roles?This concept would help us defeat our biggest enemy: time . We simply don't have the time to do all those tasks that arerequired of us and still keep up with training mandates and standards. While training standards and mandates were put in place to keep us safeand make us better at our craft, we still have to run a fire department day to day. Our members are getting tired, and we are getting less and lessenjoyment out of our jobs. Our families are - rightfully so - demanding more and more time of us. Society in general has changed, and our jobs aretaking more of our time. We need help.The good news is that there is help out there, if we open the station doors and allow it to come in.That help is in the form of a nationalorganization called Citizen Corps. The federal government appropriates millions of dollars each year to promote volunteerism, and Citizen Corps is

one of the groups that the money supports. The Citizen Corps mission is "To harness the power of every individual through education, training and volunteerservice to make communities safer, stronger, and better prepared to respond to the threats of terrorism, crime, public health issues and disasters of all kinds."Citizen Corps wishes to engage individuals in volunteer activities that support first responders. It's the philosophy of CitizenCorps that everyone can do something to support local law enforcement, fire and EMS.Fire, rescue and emergency medical services for the most part do not know anything about this valuable asset. It's notsurprising, however, that the police know all about it. They have a Citizen Corps program entitled Volunteers in Police Servicethat has 588 programs in 50 states and some U. S. territories. VIPS provides support for police departments with limitedresources by incorporating community volunteers to give law enforcement professionals more time for front-line duty.Citizen Corps programs can free firefighters of time-consuming non-fire or -EMS related tasks so that they, too, can

have more time to train and be ready for front-line duty as well . Wayne Powell, branch chief of citizen and community preparedness ofthe U.S. Fire Administration, stated, "Fire departments of all sizes can utilize the Citizen Corps. Fire Administrator [R. David] Paulison wantsthe fire community to position themselves, both locally as well as at the national level, to be able to take full advantage of the federal volunteer funds." Hewent on to say, "When you think about it, engaging Americans via the Citizen Corps Initiative is actually the same as fire departments supporting 'Citizen

CPR.' One of the greatest surprises to all of us was that fire departments have so much flexibility that it's been almost embarrassing to realize that

we've not made more active use of these simple and easy-to-access resources."

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Greater citizen involvement and training for first responders is vital in winning the war on

terrorism

Linder 05 (John, chairman of the U.S. House's Homeland Security Subcommittee on Prevention of Nuclear and Biological

Attack, Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 9/28, lexis)

Any Boy Scout will tell you that the Scout motto is to "Be Prepared." As part of his second-stage review, Homeland Security SecretaryMichael Chertoff announced in July that the government would focus on six different imperatives, first of which would be preparedness. In addition, theDepartment of Homeland Security recognizes September as "National Preparedness Month."

We should ask, however, whether this nation really is prepared for another attack. Since Sept. 11, 2001, the federal governmenthas allocated billions of dollars toward funding of first-responder equipment, including firetrucks, emergency response command units,telecommunication systems and other technology gadgets, all in the name of preparedness.Do first responders, however, know how to properly use the equipment? Are they trained to recognize and respond to any sortof attack, including those involving biological pathogens or radioactive material?Congress has begun to act toward focusing our homeland security resources on risks rather than arbitrary means. The Homeland Security Committeeintroduced, and the U.S. House of Representatives recently passed, a bill that provides the framework to invest homeland security dollars where the threat andvulnerability is the greatest.

We should, however, go further by requiring that much of our homeland funding be tied to training our first responders .

No one can dispute that our military is the greatest in the world. That elite status comes as a result of the constant training of military personnel.Our first respondersdeserve the same attention, as they, too, are on the front lines in this war on terrorism.State and local governments also must work to sufficiently educate the citizenry about what they can do to prepare for a terrorist attack.We must move beyond duct tape and plastic sheeting. Our citizens are an invaluable resourceduring an emergency and must be provided withspecific information, including when threat levels are changed, what evacuation routes to take, who the emergency contacts are and how to report suspiciousactivities.

The federal government continues to work toward fulfilling its responsibility of protecting the American people from another terroristevent. However, it is folly to believe that our work is complete.Al-Qaida and its supporters continue to plot against our people and our way of life. Through preparation, investment in ourfirst responders, education of our citizens and focus on prevention efforts, the civilized world, whose people far outnumber theIslamic extremists who indiscriminately perpetuate hatred, can and will win this war on terrorism.

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Winning the war on terrorism is key to human survival

Alexander 03 (Yonah, professor and director of the Inter-University for Terrorism Studies in Israel and the United States,Wash Times, 8/28, lexis)

Last week's brutal suicide bombings in Baghdad and Jerusalem have once again illustrated dramatically that the international community failed, thusfar at least, to understand the magnitude and implications of the terrorist threats to the very survival of civilizationitself.Even the United States and Israel have for decades tended to regard terrorism as a mere tactical nuisance or irritant rather than a critical strategic challenge totheir national security concerns.It is not surprising, therefore, that on September 11, 2001, Americans were stunned by the unprecedented tragedy of 19 al Qaeda terrorists striking adevastating blow at the center of the nation's commercial and military powers.Likewise, Israel and its citizens, despite the collapse of the Oslo Agreements of 1993 and numerous acts of terrorism triggered by the second intifada that

began almost three years ago, are still "shocked" by each suicide attack at a time of intensive diplomatic efforts to revive the moribund peace process throughthe now revoked cease-fire arrangements [hudna].Why are the United States and Israel, as well as scores of other countries affected by the universal nightmare of modern terrorism surprised by new terrorist"surprises"?There are many reasons, including misunderstanding of the manifold specific factors that contribute to terrorism's expansion, such as lack of a universaldefinition of terrorism, the religionization of politics, double standards of morality, weak punishment of terrorists, and the exploitation of the media by terrorist

propaganda and psychological warfare.

Unlike their historical counterparts, contemporary terrorists have introduced a new scale of violence in terms of conventional andunconventional threats and impact.The internationalization and brutalization of current and future terrorism make it clear we have entered an Age of SuperTerrorism [e.g. biological, chemical, radiological, nuclear and cyber] with its serious implications concerning national, regionaland global security concerns.Two myths in particular must be debunked immediately if an effective counterterrorism "best practices" strategy can bedeveloped [e.g., strengthening international cooperation].The first illusion is that terrorism can be greatly reduced, if not eliminated completely, provided the root causes of conflicts -

political, social and economic - are addressed.The conventional illusion is that terrorism must be justified by oppressed people seeking to achieve their goals and consequently the argument advanced by"freedom fighters" anywhere, "give me liberty and I will give you death," should be tolerated if not glorified.This traditional rationalization of "sacred" violence often conceals that the real purpose of terrorist groups is to gain political power through the barrel of thegun, in violation of fundamental human rights of the noncombatant segment of societies. For instance, Palestinians religious movements [e.g., Hamas, IslamicJihad] and secular entities [such as Fatah's Tanzim and Aqsa Martyr Brigades]] wish not only to resolve national grievances [such as Jewish settlements, right

of return, Jerusalem] but primarily to destroy the Jewish state.Similarly, Osama bin Laden's international network not only opposes the presence of American military in the Arabian Peninsula and Iraq, but its statedobjective is to "unite all Muslims and establish a government that follows the rule of the Caliphs."

The second myth is that strong action against terrorist infrastructure [leaders, recruitment, funding, propaganda, training, weapons,operational command and control] will only increase terrorism. The argument here is that law-enforcement efforts and militaryretaliationinevitably will fuel more brutal acts of violent revenge.Clearly, if this perception continues to prevail, particularly in democratic societies, there is the danger it will paralyzegovernments and thereby encourage further terrorist attacks.In sum, past experience provides useful lessons for a realistic future strategy. The prudent application of force has been demonstrated to be an effective tool forshort- and long-term deterrence of terrorism. For example, Israel's targeted killing of Mohammed Sider, the Hebron commander of the Islamic Jihad, defused a"ticking bomb." The assassination of Ismail Abu Shanab - a top Hamas leader in the Gaza Strip who was directly responsible for several suicide bombingsincluding the latest bus attack in Jerusalem - disrupted potential terrorist operations. Similarly, the U.S. military operation in Iraq eliminated Saddam Hussein'sregime as a state sponsor of terror.

Thus, it behooves those countries victimized by terrorism to understand a cardinal message communicated by WinstonChurchill to the House of Commons on May 13, 1940: "Victory at all costs, victory in spite of terror, victory however long and

hard the road may be: For without victory, there is no survival."

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Citizen Corps AffTentative 1AC Plan Text

The United States federal government should establish a policy substantially increasing the number

of persons serving in Citizen Corps by annually appropriating $200 million to Citizen Corps

and its constituent programs.

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Citizen Corps Aff1AC Solvency

The lack of federal funds undermines attempts to recruit and train Citizen Corps volunteersa

strong signal from Congress in support of the program is vital to its future

Wash Post 12/23/02 (lexis)

Nearly a year after President Bush called for a nationwide network of volunteers who could be mobilized to provide emergencyhelp after a terrorism attack, attempts to recruit and train such volunteers are underway across the country but have beenslowed by delays in federal funding of the program .In the Washington area, Arlington County and the District are the first jurisdictions to begin assembling the Citizen Corps that Bush envisioned in his 2002State of the Union speech. Both have started major efforts to educate citizens on how to prepare for a terrorist strike, and both have begun the process ofenlisting volunteers to help with law enforcement, public health and rescue efforts in a disaster.

But local government officials and volunteer managers say they are concerned that if promised federal money does not arrivesoon, the volunteerism campaign will stallas the shock of the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks grows more distant."There is no jurisdiction in the country doing what we're doing, in a way that engages our population," said Peter G. LaPorte, director of the D.C. EmergencyManagement Agency, which since September has identified 600 prospective volunteers and held 85 community meetings to prepare emergency plans in 39neighborhoods.

But LaPorte said his agency lacks the funds to follow through on enrollment and training . "It's like we've served a lot of appetizers.Now people want the entree," he said. "How do we sustain the effort we've built up?"In his State of the Union speech in January, Bush called for a new "culture of responsibility" and described a Citizen Corps for homeland defense and

emergency preparedness composed of 400,000 trained, volunteer rescue workers. He also pledged to double the Peace Corps over five years and add 200,000AmeriCorps and senior volunteers, and he asked every American to perform 4,000 hours of volunteer service over a lifetime."Through the gathering momentum of millions of acts of service and decency and kindness, I know we can overcome evil with greater good," Bush said.

But budget wrangling with Democrats and conservative opposition to government-sponsored volunteerism, led by House MajorityLeader Richard K. Armey (R-Tex.), have blocked the Bush administration from swiftly following up on its plan. Of $ 230 million infunding that the administration proposed for the Citizen Corps, about $ 25 million has been approved. The House has proposed an additional $ 30 million andthe Senate $ 15 million for the fiscal year that began Oct. 1, with a final version yet to be negotiated.The Citizen Corps announced its first $ 21 million in grants Dec. 4. It has a database of 54,000 people across the country who signed up on the Internet as

prospective volunteers, and it has recognized the efforts of 17 states and 232 city and county councils that have started recruiting volunteers."Obviously, we're looking forward to a lot more growth," said Lindsey Kozberg, spokeswoman for USA Freedom Corps, the White House coordinating officefor Citizen Corps. "With programs increasingly in place and as people truly understand them and how to get involved, we think we are headed for a period ofvery exciting growth." The Office of Homeland Security is preparing to start a national public emergency preparedness campaign early next year. Developedwith the Ad Council and funded through a $ 1 million-plus grant by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the government anticipates a multimedia message that willoutline the basic steps households should take in a terrorism-related emergency. Arlington's effort so far has relied entirely on local funding. Volunteers fromnonprofit groups and the Arlington County Civic Federation, which represents 80 community associations, have given more than 20 neighborhood

presentations on emergency preparedness. County Manager Ron Carlee has provided personnel from fire, police and other agencies to help and train volunteers

in rescue skills. The county fire department has trained two community emergency response teams with a total of 36 members, Capt. Clare Halsey said. Thecounty's CERT program, pioneered in California to help citizens respond to earthquakes until government help arrives, gave each Arlington participant 16weeks of rescue training and a hard hat, goggles, gloves, a flashlight, a dust mask, a first aid kit, a crescent wrench, a reflective vest and a backpack."People naturally want to help. The trick is to give them the training to know how to help safely," said Jackie Snelling, a leader of Arlington's Citizen Corpsinitiative. The earliest the county can apply for federal aid is January, and then it will have to compete with all Virginia jurisdictions for $ 400,000 in CitizenCorps grants to the state.

"We don't have any federal funding," Snelling said. "We need national support, with an understanding that it has tosupport local development" of programs.The District so far has contracted with local agencies and nonprofit groups to carry out its work. The city's Emergency Management Agency, which has anannual budget of $ 3.1 million, received a two-year, $ 16.5 million infusion of federal anti-terror aid and spent about $ 1.8 million on three projects to developemergency programs with citizens, schools, universities and business.Virtually all D.C. households have been given a 12-page preparedness guide, either through the mail or in a newspaper insert, and 10,000 book-size guides are

being printed. In community presentations, the city is advising all 572,000 residents to buy battery-powered weather radios that can broadcast an alarm andinformation from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration around-the-clock. "If it's 3 a.m. . . . pretty much no one is watching TV or listening tothe radio," LaPorte told about 30 residents at the Kenilworth Recreation Center this fall. "If you are going to spend 20 bucks this year, buy a NOAA weatherradio." The District and the American Red Cross are spending an additional $ 720,000 in federal grants -- including $ 400,000 in Citizen Corps money -- to

start enrolling 1,500 disaster volunteers, neighborhood watch leaders, citizen rescue workers and volunteer police, paramedics and doctors, all of whom haveyet to be signed up. The Red Cross also has teamed up with Harvard Business School alumni and the Ford Foundation to develop 2,000 free preparedness kitsto give to small businesses.

With the District facing a severe budget shortfall, it will be hard-pressed to expand its Citizen Corps quickly if Congressand the Bush administration do not make it a priority, D.C. officials said.Cheryl Guidry Tyiska, president of the District-based National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster, an umbrellaorganization that includes such groups as the Red Cross, Salvation Army and Catholic Charities, said she is hopeful about the future of the CitizenCorps but that the opportunity to galvanize volunteer support is fleeting."The government says we need to be prepared for another major disaster. But if they don't fund that effort, it's anempty exhortation," Tyiska said. "If you sign people up, they get excited, motivated and volunteer, and then drop out -- you're going to have one heck ofa time getting them to sign up a second time."

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Additional Congressional funding is essential for the further development of Citizen Corps and the

necessary training and organization of CERT teams

Eckels 05 (Robert, County Judge--Harris County, TX, FDCH, 9/28, lexis)

I have spoken to many volunteers who said that they experienced something during this operation that brought personal rewards far beyond their expectations.

They accomplished the near impossible with kindness and compassion in a situation unparalleled in anyone's experience. In the future I envision takingour Citizen Corps and CERT members to the next level by organizing them within many more neighborhoods so they arecapable of being truly the first responders to an incident, while they await the arrival of professional first responders. In the roleof neighbor helping neighbor, our CERT members and Citizen Corps volunteers will be able to communicate with incidentcommand regarding situation reports on the ground and be prepared to assist neighbors who need help. I can see the CitizenCorps volunteers being able to assess the capabilities and needs of their neighbors in the event of a needed evacuation andbeing able to communicate those needs to the incident command to expedite evacuations more smoothly. A network like thiscould also provide a head-count and location of those who refuse to evacuate. I urge Congress to continue to provide thefunding necessary to help us further develop our Citizen Corps, to develop Citizen Corps in more communities around

the country, and to provide the funding for training of CERT members. Training and organization will be the key to

our success. I would like to invite each of you to come to Harris County to see first hand how our Citizen Corps operates and to see where we are in our

development and where we plan to be.

Only a strong federal commitment to Citizens Corps can best allow our first responders to focus

vital and finite resources

Mayer 2/10/05 (Matt, Acting Exec Dir @ Office of State and Local Government Coordination and Preparedness--Dept. ofHomeland Security, FDCH, lexis)

An additional $1.02 billion is for the continuance of the Urban Areas Security Initiative, which targets funds to the Nation's highest risk urban areas. Tosimplify the number of programs while continuing dedicated funding for law enforcement's counterterrorism efforts, the President requests that no less thantwenty percent (20%) of the State Homeland Security Grant Program and the Urban Areas Security Initiative Grant Program be used for law enforcement

prevention activity. Further, the President's request provides $600 million for a new Targeted Infrastructure Protection Program (TIPP) to supplement State,local, and private sector infrastructure protection efforts based on critical vulnerabilities that is being consulted with the Office of 4 Information Analysis andInfrastructure Protection. The FY 2006 request also includes a strong commitment to our Nation's fire service by providing $500 million for the Assistance to

Firefighters Grant Program. The request includes $50 million the Citizens Corps Program and $170 million for the EmergencyPerformance Grant Program. And let me take a moment to highlight the importance of our preparedness efforts with theCitizens Corps Program. State and local governments have embraced the concept of Citizen Corps. They are developing themanagement capacity of the Councils, conducting public education, providing training for citizens, and engaging citizensthrough volunteer programs.This is evidenced, Mr. Chairman, through the increasing number of Citizen Corps Councils. Since FY 2003, the number ofCitizen Corps Councils have increased 80 percent to 1,330. These councils exist in all 50 States and 5 of the 6 territories. We have alsoexpanded the Citizen Corps Affiliate network of national non- profits to 21 organizations, which allows us to expand the resources and materials available toStates and local communities by partnering with programs and organizations that offer resources for public education, outreach, and training. Additionally, we

were able to mobilize 2,700 recruits from 48 States to support the 2004 Hurricane Season response efforts. Equally important as our mission toprepare the first responder community for a major event is our mission to prepare our citizen communities, as well. Whetherthat activity is ensuring a continuity of service to the special needs community during a major event or is educating ourchildren on what to do if a terrorist attack occurs, Citizens Corps is the last line of our preparedness defense that will allowour first responder community to focus its 5 vital and finite resources on ground zero with the knowledge that the

surrounding community is self- sufficient and taking care of itself. We must keep our commitment to build a betterprepared America and Citizens Corps is part of that commitment. For continuation of our commitment to training our Nation's firstresponders, the request includes $94.3 million for SLGCP's State and Local Training Program.

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Sustained federal funding is vital for Citizen Corps success

Dory 03 (Amanda, works @ Homeland Defense Office--DOD + was a 2002 -- 2003 Council on Foreign RelationsInternational Affairs Fellow at CSIS, Wash Quarterly, Winter, lexis)

The second existing program, the Citizens Corps initiative, is an umbrella structure with distinct community-based functions:fostering volunteer service, which regroups well-known existing programs such as Neighborhood Watch and CommunityEmergency Response Training, and facilitating education and outreach. The latter involves establishing a new structurealtogether -- Citizens Corps Councils -- at state and local levels. These councils mirror similar efforts used to mobilize andreach Americans during the Cold War civil defense days. In a short period of time, the Citizens Corps initiative has managed toattract a healthy number of federal and nonfederal partners n11 that share the goal of helping communities prevent, prepare for,and respond to disasters. To date, 50 state and territory councils and 770 local councils have been formed. n12 These councils,with a grassroots flavor that can give them relevance and credibility within local communities, can serve as two-way conduitsin the risk education and risk communication process. For the program to succeed, however, administrations must proposeand Congress must approve the nominal funding required over time to supplement and sustain the organizational

capabilities and human resources provided by dedicated local volunteers and the educational and training activities

they sponsor in the community. Unfortunately, the initiative did not receive congressional funding for fiscal year 2003, despite the administration's

request for $ 100 million. For FY 2004, the administration requested $ 181 million; in September 2003, Congress approved $ 40 million.

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Citizen Corps AffInherencyLack of Federal Funding Destroys Citizen

Corps

Citizen Corps will likely fail without necessary federal funding

Blankenship 03 (Janie, VFW Magazine, April, "Citizen corps is calling on you,"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0LIY/is_8_90/ai_99909179)

Some say Citizen Corps will likely fail without the $200 million Bush requested to fund the program . Last year, Congressapproved $25 million for seed money. But with recent budget cuts across the board, Citizen Corps was on the losing end.According to a USA Today article, Mike Brown, the new undersecretary for emergency preparedness at the Department ofHomeland Security, said that without the funds, training will be greatly limited."There is so much we can do and so much the President wants to accomplish," Brown said. "But we won't be able to expandany further."

14


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Citizen Corps AffInherencyLack of Federal Funding Undermines

Citizen Corps

The absence of federal funding undermines the recruitment, training and retention of Citizen

Corps volunteers

Hall 03 (Mimi, USA Today, "Bush's volunteer plan takes a hit,"http://peacecorpsonline.org/messages/messages/2629/1011400.html)

Congress approved $25 million in seed money last year. With it, administration officials say, 303 local Citizen Corps councilshave been established and 200,000 volunteers have been trained.The White House sought $200 million more for the program this year. But despite having Republican majorities, the Houseapproved only $30 million, the Senate $15 million. Negotiations aren't expected to produce much more.John Scofield, spokesman for the House Appropriations Committee, said Citizen Corps was one of many budgetary "losers"this year as Congress sought to reduce spending. "We have a scarce amount of resources, and the program was never well-defined," he said.Citizen Corps was designed to help towns and cities train volunteers to respond to emergencies and disasters. Along with basic first aid, the short trainingcourses often teach volunteers how to guard their neighborhoods, suppress fires and evacuate buildings.Advocates say the program is useful because it helps people respond to possible terrorist attacks as well as other emergencies, such as earthquakes, hurricanes

and chemical spills. Mike Brown, the new undersecretary for emergency preparedness at the Department of Homeland Security, said that

without additional funds, the number of people who can be trained will be limited ."There is so much we can do and so much the president wants to accomplish," Brown said. Without more money, "We won't be able to expand." Detractors saythe government cannot afford another program that promotes volunteerism. They say would-be volunteers have other options, including programs run by non-

profits.

Some Citizen Corps leaders in the states said cuts in federal funds could obliterate their programs."The money will be key to keeping people involved," said HeatherHandyside, who runs Citizen Corps in Anchorage, which hastrained 1,200 volunteers. "After 9/11, there was a lot of public interest. Butto keep these people motivated throughout the year requiresfollow-up and training. We're talking about something that's long-term. There needs to be a commitment."

Lack of funding for training undermines the aggressive recruitment of Citizen Corps volunteers


In January, President Bush called for the increased training in his State of the Union speech as part of a national Citizen Corpsfor homeland defense and emergency preparedness. But critics said the $ 20 million appropriated for the training wasinadequate.With federal funding slow to arrive, Arlington is using county money to cover the program cost -- about $ 200 per student."We haven't been aggressively recruiting because we don't have the training available ," said Les Garrison, an AuroraHighlands resident and leader of the county's first community team.

The lack of funding plagues local organizers of Citizen Corps programs


The Citizen Corps initiative seeks to bolsterthree federally funded local volunteer programs -- Neighborhood Watch, Volunteers inPolice Service and the Community Emergency Response Team. The medical reserve corps would be the newest program.

The U.S. Department of Justice, which funds the Neighborhood Watch programs, plans to double the number of groups participating nationally by next year.That would translate locally into twice the number of existing 489 watch groups in the county, in which residents look for and report suspicious activity.Under the Community Emergency Response program, volunteers support first responders, provide assistance to victims and organize volunteers at a disastersite. The Fairfax Fire and Rescue Department is evaluating how it will implement the 20-hour training program locally. Robert J. Mizer, county coordinator forthe program, said the department is "just getting started."The goal, Mizer said, is to have six or seven trainers who will instruct an initial group of about 25 people from across the county. Those people will in turn gointo their communities and recruit teams of about 20 volunteers each to receive the training."The goal is to build these teams within each community," said Mizer, adding that the 25 volunteers should be selected this summer and trained in September.

One of the concerns plaguing local organizers of Citizen Corps programs is funding. Federal money has been slower incoming than they had hoped.

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Citizen Corps AffInherencyLack of Federal Funding Undermines

Citizen Corps Recruitment

Citizen Corps programs are critically dependent on federal fundingconcerns about such funding

weakens morale among volunteers

NYT 5/4/05 (lexis)

Three years ago, lawmakers in Washington rejected the Justice Department's proposed Terrorism Information and Prevention System, orTIPS, which would have enlisted mail carriers, utility workers and other citizens in an organized corps of informants. Since then, a patchwork oflocal and national volunteer programs, including the Bush administration's Citizens Corps, have been filling some of thedomestic surveillance gap.Unlike the so-called Minutemen volunteers who conduct immigration patrols along the border with Mexico, the antiterrorism volunteers are unarmed and

unsung. Their mission is to spot and report possible wrongdoing, leaving enforcement to the authorities . With state and local budgets stretchedmost everywhere, the watchful eyes are rarely turned away; money to train the volunteers often comes from domesticsecurity and other federal grants.''Law enforcement has other priorities besides terrorism now,'' said Michael Licata, a retired Air Force colonel and president of the Community Antiterrorism

Training Institute, a New Jersey-based company that provides training for businesses and local governments . ''A trained citizenry is like a forcemultiplier.''

The loose network of volunteers has passed largely under the radar of civil liberties groups, which raised objections to TIPS because of concerns that it mightturn neighbor against neighbor and promote vigilantism.Barry Steinhardt, director of the program on technology and liberty at the American Civil Liberties Union, said worries about wayward or overzealousvolunteers had taken a back seat to more pressing fears, most notably those surrounding the protection of databases of personal information.''Big brother has gone high tech,'' Mr. Steinhardt said. ''The reality is, compared to the data that is being circulated by private enterprise to law enforcement, thecitizen watch groups are not a significant issue. I am not diminishing the significance of terrorism, but given how few terrorists there actually are, it's a littlelike looking for a needle in a haystack.''Many volunteer organizations acknowledge the long odds, and most are hard pressed to cite anything close to a thwarted terrorist plot. But that has not deterredthem from trying.At Wichita State University in Kansas, workshops on spotting and reporting terrorism suspects attracted more than 400 people in February. David L. Carter, a

professor of criminal justice at Michigan State University who spoke at the sessions, said he was stunned at the turnout and planned to do more.''It was only a pilot in Kansas,'' Dr. Carter said, ''but we figure if in the heart of America there is this kind of interest, there will be interest elsewhere.''In Pennsylvania, about 250,000 people in neighborhood watch groups have been enlisted in a state-sponsored program that teaches how to look out forterrorists while being mindful of racial profiling. More than 200 businesses, cities and public agencies in 39 states have requested the program materials.''We want to teach our citizens to be involved in stopping the planes from hitting the buildings, not reacting afterward,'' said Donald Numer, a trainingsupervisor for the Pennsylvania Commission on Crime and Delinquency, which developed the program.The police in Austin, Tex., have created a civil defense battalion, in which uniformed volunteers are equipped with radios and sent on daily patrols of potentialtargets, like gas pipelines, water facilities and the airport.About 250 residents have been trained for the domestic terrorism duty, said Sonia Carrion, a volunteer coordinator for the department, who described the effort''as a lot of fun'' for the residents and a cost saver for the city. The volunteers, who are unpaid, make the rounds in cars that have been painted candy apple red.

''The meaning of homeland security in the United States is shifting to something much more local,'' Ms. Carrion said.Considered vulnerable targets themselves, nearly 75,000 truck and bus drivers are enrolled in a nationwide watch program sponsored by a number oforganizations, including the American Trucking Associations.About a dozen truck drivers at ITL Inc., a wholesale fuel and transport company in suburban Los Angeles, participate in the program. Over pizza and soda inthe company's warehouse-sized garage, an instructor, Richard Leimbach, showed photographs of Osama bin Laden and the inferno at the World Trade Centerand schematic drawings of the explosives used by Timothy J. McVeigh in Oklahoma City.''Our responsibility is to make sure they never commandeer a truck and use it as a missile to kill Americans,'' said Mr. Leimbach, who reminded the drivers thatthey are ''on the battle line every day.'' He said the hot line for the highway watch in California gets 30 to 40 calls a month from the enrolled drivers, includingreports of stranded motorists and suspicious activities like people making drawings of dams and bridges.Jeff Irvin, the president of ITL, said that the training had not made his truckers ''experts at catching Al Qaeda,'' but that he believed it had honed theirobservation skills.Many volunteers with recreational boats and small planes have been drawn to the Coast Guard Auxiliary, which in addition to antiterrorism duties assists theactive Coast Guard in search and rescue operations and safety patrols.

The organization has 36,000 volunteers nationwide, with 5,000 private boats and 300 private planes at its disposal. The craft are plastered with Coast Guarddecals and blue and orange stripes.Gene M. Seibert, the national commodore of the auxiliary, said the goal ''isn't to make everybody a spook, but to educate people that it's better to be safe thansorry.''''You can do as little or as much as you want,'' he said. ''Just enjoy what you're doing and train hard.''Like all auxiliary members, the volunteers who fly patrols from the airport here in Livermore, about 45 miles southeast of San Francisco, have gone through

security checks and months of training, including swimming 50 yards in their clothes. The Coast Guard pays a stipend for fuel and maintenance,but the citizen pilots say it covers only a fraction of their expenses. Last month, the purse strings here were tightened further when the budgetfor the volunteers was cut and some air and water patrols were eliminated.

The money woes have sapped morale a bit. Mr. Darcey, Mr. Wheeler and Mr. Caponigro touched down at the airport in Lodi for lunch, wherethey lamented the situation over tuna melts and teriyaki chicken at a runway-side cafe. But back in the air, they said they would keep patrolling even if theyhad to collect money from volunteers to buy the gas.

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Citizen Corps AffInherencyLocal Communities Not Receiving Citizen

Corps Funding

Recent surveys demonstrate that a majority of local communities arent receiving federal Citizen

Corps funding

Chicago Daily Herald 7/8/04 (lexis)

The Citizens Corps is not a coffee klatch in red, white and blue T-shirts, content to meet and talk. These volunteers have beenvery busy as members of Community Emergency Response Teams, learning vital rescue, survival and emergency medical careskills, and sharing that knowledge with others. They are prepared to deal with the initial trauma of a disaster until career publicsafety professionals arrive on the scene. Trained volunteers also can assist firefighters, paramedics and police in their duties.The teams got a real test of their capability in April. They were dispatched to Utica, where a tornado had cut a wide swath of destruction through the tiny town,killing eight.Sometimes, volunteers in such situations tend to be more of a hindrance than a help, getting in the way more than providing valuable assistance. That wasn'tthe case with the suburban Community Emergency Response Teams. They made a difference in providing support to survivors, clearing the debris and givingothers help that earned praise and admiration from Utica Mayor Fred Esmond.The teams passed their first challenging emergency response test with flying colors. Now, hopefully, they will grow in numbers and competence. There is nodoubt they will be needed again in the event of a tragedy, even, heaven forbid, a terrorist attack.

Their skills and presence will be even more indispensable, given that local governments don't feel fully equipped to deal with

disasters on their own. A recent survey by The U.S. Conference of Mayors reveals that 52 percent of 231 cities haveeither not received federal homeland security funds they await, or have not been notified they will receive money from

the grant program designed to provide financial support to police, fire and other first responders . Unless this situationchanges, volunteers will have to fill in the gap in unfunded services.

17


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Citizen Corps AffInherencyFederal Funding for Citizen Corps =

Extremely Minimal

Citizen Corps receives extremely minimal amounts of federal funding now

Associated Press State & Local Wire 11/27/05 (lexis)

Citizen Corps was established in 2002 by President Bush and moved to the Homeland Security Department in 2003.It encompasses new and existing programs, such as Neighborhood Watch, Volunteers in Police Service, or VIPS, andCommunity Emergency Response Team, or CERT. Fire Corps and Medical Reserve Corps were formed recently.The idea is to prepare the public for natural disasters and terrorist attacks with training in medicine, firefighting, neighborhood protection, basic preparednessand law enforcement. Instead of panicking, people can take responsibility for themselves and help others during a crisis, lessening the burden to firstresponders and government aid.Training reduces the "worried well," those not affected by a disaster who think they are and tap the system unnecessarily, said Greg Chun, director ofCalifornia's Citizen Corps, who oversees one of the nation's most active programs. California has 95 councils composed of thousands of residents, 1,100 ofwhom take part in the annual Golden Guardian exercise.For Mike Huntingford, a retired Canadian air force captain living in Fountain, being prepared means a stash of 12 large bottles of water, a battery-poweredradio, candles, toilet paper and canned chili, vegetables and pineapple.Huntingford, who went through the El Paso County program last year, knows how to sustain himself and his wife, Madonna, and 21-year-old daughter,Lindsay, for at least three days."I think society is too comfortable with the fact that 911 is just a call away, and they think that a response will be there in 5 or 10 minutes," he said. "That's not

going to be the case in an overwhelming situation. It doesn't take much to prepare yourself for 72 hours."Federal officials have made setting up Citizen Corps programs necessary for states receiving federal homeland security money. But control stops there. Federalofficials say corps are run locally and dispatched by local authorities, not the feds.About 14,000 corps volunteers from 50 states mobilized after Hurricane Katrina. In Alabama, they set up and staffed a shelter for 1,000 victims. In Texas,corps members helped the Red Cross at the Houston Astrodome, which housed thousands from New Orleans.Federal officials proclaim that Citizen Corps councils exist in cities and counties that represent two-thirds of the nation's population.But there's no tally of how many people have been trained, said Liz DiGregorio, director of the Homeland Security Department's Office of CommunityPreparedness, which includes Citizen Corps.Interest is blossoming here. All recent Community Emergency Response Team classes, limited to 32, were filled, and a new class has a waiting list, saidCarolyn Bluhm, El Paso County's emergency preparedness planner.The 16-hour course, which is usually given during two nights and one weekend day, are taught by experts in firefighting, emergency medicine and search andrescue. They cover disaster preparedness and psychology, fire safety and terrorism.Volunteers learn that disaster medical-treatment calls for doing the most for the many, not the few, and how to establish leadership at a scene.Roughly 400 people have been trained locally, and 700 have signed up for the Medical Reserve Corps and VIPS, Bluhm said. So far, deployment has consistedof a few corps members working in the Colorado Springs disaster-relief center to free Red Cross volunteers dispatched to New Orleans after Katrina and threetrained members going to Louisiana.Local officials said the program has been expanded to reach large employers and institutions."When you have to add classes to accommodate demand, more and more people become aware and the safer our community becomes," Bluhm said.

Although interest is growing, Citizen Corps' budget plunged from $40 million in 2004 to $15 million this year . In2006,funding goes up to $20 million. The money funds advertising, instructors and administration of programs.

Only $19.8 million goes towards federal grants for Citizen Corps programs

CBS5.com5/31/06 ("BAY AREA RECEIVES $28.32 MILLION IN HOMELAND SECURITY GRANTS,"http://cbs5.com/localwire/localfsnews/bcn/2006/05/31/n/HeadlineNews/HOMELAND-GRANTS/resources_bcn_html)

In addition to the $757.3 million Urban Areas Security Initiative awards, the federal department allocated $544.5 million instate grants, $396 million in Law Enforcement Terrorism Prevention Program grants, $29.7 million in Metropolitan MedicalResponse System grants, and $19.8 million in Citizen Corps Program grants.

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Citizen Corps AffInherencyA2 Funding for Citizen Corps Now

Despite an increase in funding, the 06 budget only provides $20 million to Citizen Corps programs

Marino 5/31/06 (Jonathan, staff, "DHS awards 32 percent less than last year in state, local grants,"http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0506/053106j1.htm)

The Homeland Security Department on Wednesday announced that it has awarded $1.7 billion in grants this year to help statesand localities combat terrorism and respond to disasters, representing a 32 percent decrease over grants awarded last year.DHS officials said they received applications for more than $5 billion in grants, but funding cutbacks forced them to re-evaluate some programs and makereductions. According to DHS documents published online, the department awarded more than $2.5 billion in grants in fiscal 2005."We're dealing with significantly less money this year," said Tracy Henke, DHS' grants and training assistant secretary.State Homeland Security Grant Program funds allocated were reduced almost 49 percent, from $1.1 billion in fiscal 2005 to $544.5 million this year, markingthe bulk of the cuts.Evaluations of grants applications aimed to eliminate the possibility of wasteful spending, said George Foresman, DHS undersecretary for preparedness.DHS officials said that "peer review" panels were established to create a more balanced grant-making process. Though officials declined to identify membersof review panels, they said they encouraged participation from all 50 states and 47 states were represented in groups that determined how a variety of fundswould be allocated.Foresman said the cuts were in part due to the department's forward-thinking approach -- one that DHS, just three years old, has not often had the opportunityto employ."We've always reacted to a threat or hazard" like Sept. 11, instead of employing a "risk continuum" evaluation, he said.

New York City, Boston and Washington, D.C., had their Urban Areas Security Initiative funding slashed while other cities - - including Chicago and

Louisville, Ky. - - got slight increases. Overall, 28 states' urban initiatives were reduced 11 percent, or about $97 million, from fiscal 2005 to fiscal 2006."New York City is still getting the largest dollar amount," Foresman said, despite the 40 percent drop in funds allocated for its urban initiatives program. It

received $124.4 million this year.Citizen Corps programs, community volunteer initiatives created after 9/11, received an overall increase in funding, going from$13.5 million in fiscal 2005 to nearly $20 million this fiscal year.

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Citizen Corps AffInherencyFederal Homeland Security Funding to

States/Locals

Federal homeland security funding to state and local officials is decreasing now

Columbus Dispatch 6/1/06 (lexis)

Local and state officials are adjusting their homeland-security priorities after being told that they'll get less federal moneythan expected this year.

The U.S. Department of Homeland Security announced yesterday that 46 cities, including Columbus, Cleveland, Cincinnatiand Toledo, will get some of the $740 million allocated to major urban areas, down from last year's $855 million.Franklin County and its communities were allotted $4.3 million, down from $7.6 million in 2005.Local officials said they expected the cutback because the federal budget is tighter and more cities have become eligible for aid.

Barb Seckler, assistant safety director for Columbus, said the decrease means "less equipment, less training and less ability totake our homeland-security efforts to the next level."

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Citizen Corps AffInherency/FYICurrent Participation Levels

Citizen Corps has 45,000 volunteers now

Lenkowsky 02 (Leslie, CEO @ Corporation for National Service, "Becoming Better Citizens," 9/19,http://www.nationalservice.org/news/lenkowsky/ll091902.html)

And Americans are responding to that call. Visits to the website of the Corporation for National and Community Service, www.nationalservice.org, haveincreased more than 120 percent since the President issued his call. Online applications to AmeriCorps are up by 88 percent; calls to the recruitment center also

have close to doubled. Forty-five thousand Americans have signed up to join Citizen Corps. Millions of hours of volunteer service havebeen recorded in online Records of Service since January. Prominent businesses like the Walt Disney Co., UPS, and AOL/Time Warner have stepped forwardto partner with us in helping to create volunteer opportunities.

24,000 Americans have volunteered with Citizen Corps

Kouri 8/12/05 (Jim, Vice-President @ National Association of Chiefs of Police, "Are There Enough First Responders?,"http://www.mensnewsdaily.com/blog/kouri/archive/2005_08_01_archive.html)

In the wake of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Americans have looked for and found many opportunities to help in

their communities. President Bush created the USA Freedom Corps in an effort to capture those opportunities and foster anAmerican culture of service, citizenship and responsibility. These volunteers are especially important in smaller communitieswhere resources may be limited. Citizen Corps is the arm of USA Freedom Corps that provides opportunities for citizens thatwant to help make their communities more secure. Since the President made his call to two years of volunteer service duringhis State of the Union address, there have been more than 1.6 million hits to the new www.citizencorps.gov web site. Almost24,000 Americans from all 50 states and US territories have volunteered to work with one or more of the Citizen Corpsprograms.

Few people have actually joined Citizen Corps

Etzioni 03 (Amitai, Prof of Sociology @ George Washington Univ., "Our Unfinished Post-9/11 Duty," 9/15,http://www.amitai-notes.com/blog/archives/2003_09.html)

We are twice involved: personally and as citizens . Personally, few have joined the new citizen corps designed to assist authorities incase of another attack.Not many have even worked out an emergency-contact system for their immediate family: Where to meet, who will pick up thekids, and so on. Buying emergency provisions for home such as a battery-operated radios is still on too many to-do lists - even after the recent blackout.

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Citizen Corps AffInherency/FYINumber of Citizen Corps Councils

CitizenCorps.org accessed 06 (Council Profiles and Resources," http://www.citizencorps.gov/councils/)

The Citizen Corps mission is accomplished through a national network of state, local, and tribal Citizen Corps Councils. TheseCouncils build on community strengths to implement the Citizen Corps programs and will carry out a local strategy to have

every American participate.

Currently there are: 56 State/Territory Citizen Corps CouncilsAnd there are: 1,977 County/Local/Tribal Citizen Corps Councils.Which serve 206,826,942 people or 72 % of the total US population

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Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvCitizen Participation Key to War on

Terrorism

Greater citizen engagement in the war on terrorism helps reduce the risk of a successful WMD

terrorist attack

Canellos 5/16/06 (Peter, Washington bureau chief, Boston Globe, lexis)

Perhaps because so much of the Cold War civil defense planning seemed useless or weirdly ironic, in a "Dr. Strangelove" way, there has been noequivalent effort to engage citizenry in the war on terrorism.But as United 93 and American 63 have demonstrated, there are more opportunities for average people to fight backin the war onterrorism than during the Cold War. Terrorism sometimes strikes at rather small groups of individuals, such as through kidnappings or hijackings.And even in a case of attempted mass destruction, such as the much-feared explosion of a nuclear "dirty bomb," individualsmight have a good chance of sussing out a suspicious truck or package.Already, military officers and war reporters receive training in how to conduct themselves in a kidnapping how to figure out what psychological weaponsmight be at their disposal, and to know when to cooperate and when to flee or fight. The courses are common enough that versions could be taught in schools,clubs, churches, or other places.But while the Department of Homeland Security has made efforts to help communities get ready for possible attacks including the creation of nearly 2,000local Citizens Corps Councils they have focused mostly on FEMA-style preparedness; the Citizen Corps website offers advice on how to create a "three-daydisaster supply kit," but not what to do if confronted by a hijacker, a kidnapper, or a suspected terrorist.

Homeland Security officials did not return messages asking for further information on civil defense programs. But giving people a sense of whenand how to fight backmight do more than just prepare them for the unlikely chance that they'll be aboard another United 93. It could rob the

terrorists of their best weapon: the fear that nothing can stop them .

Citizen Corps encourages public information sharing that aids in the war on terror and homeland

security

Haridakis 04 (Paul, Assistant Professor, School of Communication Studies, Kent State University, Summer, 9 Comm. L. &Pol'y 317, lexis)

Public participation in this war has been advocated strongly by the Bush administration. In fact, the administration's CitizenCorps initiative encourages citizens and organizations to share information with the government that could aid in the war

effort and enhance homeland security. n177

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Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvCitizen Participation Prevents

Terrorism

Wider citizen participation is key to preventing another wave of terrorist attacks

MJS 1/31/02 (lexis)Bush emphasized in his remarks here that wider citizen participation was needed to prevent a second wave of terroristattacks as U.S. combat forces expand operations into new countries and intelligence operatives find maps and diagrams inAfghanistan suggesting new targets for a next wave of attacks.

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Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvWinning War on Terrorism Good

Impact Extensions

Losing the war on terrorism risks extinction

Jerusalem Post 5/12/04 (lexis)

Alexander, director of the Inter-Universities Center for Terrorism Studies, also believes it is only a matter of time beforegroups like al-Qaida use non-conventional weapons as part of attempts to promulgate their ideology and undermine western society.In this respect, he anticipates that al-Qaida's next theater of operations will be Europe, where the organization has established a widespread base and network."If you ask me whether the worst is yet to come, the answer is definitely yes," Alexander told The Jerusalem Post prior to giving a lecture as guest speaker atthe University of Haifa's National Security Studies Center."We can expect to see an escalation in terrorism on a global scale with a continuation of conventional acts of terror, such as suicide bombings and shooting, aswell as mega-terror like September 11 in the US and March 11 in Spain."There will also be a move towards the use of non- conventional weapons: biological, chemical, nuclear as in dirty bombs, and cyber-terrorism, whereby

perpetrators will try to disrupt power supplies and air traffic, for example, at the touch of a button."Alexander, who is based in the US and Israel, has studied the subject of terrorism in the Middle East and the global arena for over 40 years and has publishedover 100 books on the issue. The center he heads is a consortium of universities and think-tanks in some 30 countries.He said there had already been indications of future trends by terrorist organizations such as the anthrax attacks in the US after September 11, 2001, reportsthat al-Qaida was trying to produce ricin and, in Israel, the abortive attempt to blow up the Pi Glilot fuel and gas storage depot."According to the studies we have conducted, we can expect a continuation of bus bombings like the ones that have occurred in Israel, as well as attempts to

strike at chemical plants and infrastructure targets and superterrorism with non-conventional weapons," said Alexander.The supposition that international terrorism will expand and escalate is based, according to Alexander, on factors such as the spread of radical theologicalideology, racial intolerance, ethnic and religious differences and, especially in Africa, tribal rivalries, as well as extremist nationalism and separatism.Furthermore, he cited the numerous disputes and conflicts throughout the world, such as those in Chechnya, Kashmir, Afghanistan, the Middle East, and SouthAmerica, as well as the gap between developed nations and poorer countries."Other important factors include the intensification of the link between terrorism and organized crime, and the education of hatred, including anti-Semitism,that we see all the time on various Internet sites," said Alexander."The problem here is that children are being brought up to hate and they will pass this on to their children and so forth, which is why we don't see an end toterrorism in the next 100 years.

"Should we be concerned about the future? Yes, we should, because of the motivation of terrorists, their ideologies, theavailability of funds, the proliferation of conventional and non-conventional weapons, the intrinsic vulnerability of democraticsocieties and the high cost of trying to counter terror."What concerns many is the expansion of international networks as seen after the Madrid bombings, when links were discovered between Spanish citizens and

people in North Africa, Asia, and with various other groups like Hamas."It would be a grave mistake, however, to say that Islam is generating this terror. In fact, Islam has been hijacked and taken hostage by extremists who areusing it to serve their own interests."

Alexander, in his lecture, posed the questions of whether nations should submit to

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