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NOAAPacificMarineEnvironmentalLaboratory

OceanClimateStationsProject

DATAACQUISITIONANDPROCESSINGREPORTFORKE001

SiteName: KuroshioExtensionObservatory(KEO)DeploymentNumber: KE001

YearEstablished: 2004

NominalLocation: 32.3°N144.6°EAnchorPosition: 32.35°N144.64°E

DeploymentDate: June16,2004RecoveryDate: May28,2005(Top700m)

ProjectP.I.: Dr.MeghanF.CroninReportAuthors: J.A.Keene,M.F.Cronin,K.B.

Ronnholm,H.P.Freitag,N.D.AndersonDataProcessors: S.Brown,S.Moon,L.Rainville

DateofReport: July13,2016RevisionHistory:

SpecialNotes: Thiswas the firstdeploymentof theNOAAOceanClimateStationmooringattheKEOsite.ItwasalsothefirstyearoftheKuroshioExtensionSystemStudy.

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TableofContents

1.0 MooringSummary..........................................................................................................11.1 MooringDescription...........................................................................................................................21.2 InstrumentationonKE001..................................................................................................................42.0 DataAcquisition.............................................................................................................52.1 SamplingSpecifications.......................................................................................................................52.2 DataReturn.........................................................................................................................................62.3 KnownSensorIssues...........................................................................................................................63.0 DataProcessing..............................................................................................................63.1 BuoyPositions.....................................................................................................................................73.2 MeteorologicalData...........................................................................................................................7

3.2.1 Winds...........................................................................................................................................73.2.2 AirTemperature...........................................................................................................................83.2.3 RelativeHumidity.........................................................................................................................83.2.4 Rain..............................................................................................................................................83.2.5 ShortwaveRadiation...................................................................................................................83.2.6 LongwaveRadiation....................................................................................................................8

3.3 SubsurfaceData..................................................................................................................................93.3.1 Temperature................................................................................................................................93.3.2 Pressure.......................................................................................................................................93.3.3 Salinity.........................................................................................................................................93.3.4 LoadCell....................................................................................................................................13

4.0 References....................................................................................................................135.0 Acknowledgements......................................................................................................146.0 ContactInformation.....................................................................................................14APPENDIXA:DescriptionofDataQualityFlags.....................................................................15APPENDIXB:HighResolutionDataPlots..............................................................................16APPENDIXC:KESS-7SubsurfaceMooring.............................................................................20ListofTablesTable1:InstrumentsdeployedonKE001....................................................................................................4Table2:SamplingparametersofprimarysensorsonKE001......................................................................5ListofFiguresFigure1:MapsoftheKESSarrayduring2004-2006....................................................................................1Figure2:KE001buoyasdeployed................................................................................................................2Figure3:KE001mooringdiagram................................................................................................................3Figure4:Linearcorrectionsappliedto1msalinitydata...........................................................................11Figure5:Correctionoflineardriftoverentiredeploymentappliedto10msalinitydata........................12Figure6:Additionallinearcorrectionsegmentsappliedto10msalinitydata..........................................12Figure7:Linearcorrectionsappliedto50msalinitydata.........................................................................13

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DataAcquisitionandProcessingReportforOCSMooringKE001

1.0 MooringSummaryThe NOAA Ocean Climate Stations reference mooring at the Kuroshio ExtensionObservatory (KEO) sitewasestablishedwith thedeploymentof theKE001mooring inJune 2004. This deployment was part of the first year of the two-year KuroshioExtension System Study (KESS). KE001 was located next to the Woods HoleOceanographic Institution (WHOI) KESS-7 subsurface mooring (Figure 1). MoreinformationabouttheK7mooringcanbefoundinAppendixC.TheKE001mooringwasdeployedbytheR/VTHOMPSON,anditssurfacebuoyandtop700mofwireandinstrumentswererecoveredinMay2005bytheR/VREVELLE.Afterdeployment,anchorlocationwastriangulatedusingaWorkboatsolutioncorroboratedby WHOI triangulation and redundant Workboat solutions. Both cruises were KESSmooring cruises,with Drs. S. Jayne andN. Hogg (WHOI) as chief scientists. The KEOprojectofficeisgratefultoDrs.JayneandHoggandotherKESSPIsforinvitingtheKEOgroup toparticipateon the cruises. Themooringoperationassistance from theKESSscientists and technicians, and the captains and crews of the R/V THOMPSON andREVELLE are also gratefully acknowledged. For further information on KESS, seehttp://uskess.whoi.eduandDonohueetal.(2008).

Figure 1: Maps of the KESS array during 2004-2006, from Donohue et al. 2008. Black lines are thebiweeklyKuroshioExtensionpathbasedonthe170cmcontourofseasurfaceheight.

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1.1 MooringDescriptionTheKE001mooringwasaslack-linemooring,withanominalscopeof1.4.Thescopeisdefinedastheratioofthemooringlength,7,910m,tothewaterdepth,5,650m.Non-rotating7/16”(1.11cm)diameterwirerope,jacketedto1/2"(1.27cm),wasusedintheupper700mof themooring line. Plastic fairingswere installedon thewire rope toadepthof500m.Theremainderofthemooringlineconsistedofplaited8-strandnylonline,splicedtobuoyantpolyolefin,asshowninFigure3.Therewerefourglassballsinlineabovetheacousticrelease.The6,820lb(3,094kg)anchorwasfabricatedfromscraprailroadwheels.Theupperportionof themooringwaskept fairly verticalbyusinga reverse catenarydesign,butlesssothanwithtaut-linemoorings.Pressuremeasurementswererecordedatthreenominaldepthsof150m,300m,and500m.Timeseriesofpressureatothersensor levels were interpolated from observed values, and both observed andinterpolatedpressuretimeseriesareincludedwiththedata.The surface buoy was a 2.3m fiberglass-over-foam toroid buoy, with extra flotationglassedsmoothintothecenterofthetoroid.Ithadanaluminumtowerandastainlesssteelbridle.

Figure2:KE001buoyasdeployed.

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Figure3:KE001mooringdiagram.

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1.2 InstrumentationonKE001The following instrumentation was deployed on KE001. The ATLAS data acquisitionsystemwasused,andtherewasnoCO2systemonthefirstdeployment.

Table1:InstrumentsdeployedonKE001.

KE001Met Sensors Model Serial # NotesHeight Acquisition ATLAS 671

3m ATRH Rotronics MP-101A 593053.5m Rain RM Young 1175-43.5m SWR Eppley PSP 324193.5m LWR Eppley PIR 32219

4m Wind Vaisala (Handar) Y2210002

Subsurface InstrumentationBridle Model Serial # Notes

1m SSC ATLAS Module 11580 White2m Load Cell V910

Depth on Line Model Serial # Notes5m TC ATLAS Module 13135 White

10m TC ATLAS Module 13136 Inverted, White25m TC ATLAS Module 13137 Inverted, White50m TC ATLAS Module 13138 Inverted, White75m TC ATLAS Module 13346 Inverted, White

100m TP ATLAS Module 13180 Inverted, White150m TC ATLAS Module 13348 White200m TC ATLAS Module 13351 Tube config 'T', White300m TP ATLAS Module 12983 Tube config 'T', Black400m TC ATLAS Module 13349 White500m TP ATLAS Module 13299 White

Deployment:

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2.0 DataAcquisitionThe ATLAS data acquisition system transmits daily average and intermittent spotmeteorological measurements to shore through Service Argos satellites. High-resolutiondataare logged internally, anddownloadedupon recoveryof themooring.Subsurfaceinstrumentsloginternallythroughoutthedeployment.TheATLASsystemdoesnotacquireorstorepositioninformation,butbuoypositionsareprovidedbytheServiceArgossatellites.Whenfourormoresatellitesareinthebuoy’sfield of view during data transmissions, the satellites assess the Doppler shift of theknowntransmissionfrequencytogenerateestimatesof latitudeand longitude. Theseopportunisticpositionestimatesarethenappendedtothedatatransmissions.More accurate Global Positioning System (GPS) data were also acquired andtelemetered to shore, via an Iridium Positioning beacon System (IPS) on the buoy.GPS/IPS positionswere acquired at irregular time intervals, ranging from six hours tothreedaysbetweenfixes.

2.1 SamplingSpecificationsTable 2 describes the high-resolution sampling scheme for the KE001 mooring.Observationtimesindatafilesareassignedtothecenteroftheaveraginginterval.

Measurement SampleRate

SamplePeriod

SampleTimes

RecordedResolution

AcquisitionSystem

WindSpeed/Direction 2Hz 2min 2359-0001,0009-0011… 10min ATLAS

AirTemperature 2Hz 2min 2359-0001,0009-0011… 10min ATLAS

RelativeHumidity 2Hz 2min 2359-0001,0009-0011… 10min ATLAS

RainRate 1Hz 1min 0000-0001,0001-0002… 1min ATLAS

ShortwaveRadiation 1Hz 2min 2359-0001,0001-0003… 2min ATLAS

LongwaveRadiation(Thermopile,Case&DomeTemperatures)

1Hz 2min 2359-0001,0001-0003… 2min ATLAS

SeawaterTemperature,Pressure

&Conductivity

1per10min Instant. 0000,

0010,… 10min Internal

Table2:SamplingparametersofprimarysensorsonKE001.

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2.2 DataReturnATLAS Tube 671, software version 4.09: Wind Y2210002 100% AirT 59305 100% RH 59305 100% Rad(SWR) 32419 100% LWR 32219 100% Rain 1175 100% Modules: 1m SSC 11580 100.0% t&c 5m TC 13135 100.0% t&c 10m TC 13136 100.0% t&c 25m TC 13137 100.0% t&c 50m TC 13138 100.0% t&c 75m TC 13346 3.2% t&c 100m TP 13180 100.0% t&p 150m TC 13348 100.0% t&c 200m TC 13351 100.0% t&c 300m TP 12983 100.0% t&p 400m TC 13349 100.0% t&c 500m TP 13299 100.0% t&p

2.3 KnownSensorIssuesTheATLASTCmoduleat75mcontainedverylittledata,eventhoughthebatteryvoltageappearednormalafterrecovery.Allotherdatawererecoveredat100%.

3.0 DataProcessingProcessingofdatafromOCSmoorings iscontractedtothePMELTropicalAtmosphereOcean (TAO) project group. Data processing follows themethods described below.The process includes assignment of quality flags for each observation, which aredescribedinAppendixA.Anyissuesordeviationsfromstandardmethodsarenotedinprocessinglogs,andinthisreport.Rawdatarecoveredfromthe internalmemoryofthedataacquisitionsystemarefirstprocessedusing computer programs. Pre-deployment calibrations are applied to rawATLASdata (recordedassensorcounts), togenerateadatatimeseries inengineeringunits. Instrumentation recovered inworking condition is returned to PMEL for post-recovery calibrationbefore being reusedon future deployments. Thesepost-recoverycalibration coefficients are compared to the pre-deployment coefficients. If thecomparisonindicatesadriftlargerthantheexpectedinstrumentalaccuracy,thequalityflagisloweredforthemeasurement.Ifpost-recoverycalibrationsindicatethatsensordriftwaswithinexpectedlimits,thequalityflagisraised.Post-recoverycalibrationsarenotgenerallyapplied to thedata,except for seawater temperatureandsalinity,orasotherwisenotedinthisreport. Failedpost-recoverycalibrationsarenoted,alongwithmodeof failure, andquality flags are left unchanged to indicate thatpre-deploymentcalibrationswereappliedandsensordriftwasnotestimated.

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Theautomatedprogramsalsosearchformissingdata,andperformgrosserrorchecksfordata that fall outsidephysically realistic ranges. A computer logofpotential dataproblemsisautomaticallygeneratedasaresultoftheseprocedures.Time series plots, spectral plots, and histograms are generated for all data. Plots ofdifferences between adjacent subsurface temperature measurements are alsogenerated. Statistics, including the mean, median, standard deviation, variance,minimumandmaximumarecalculatedforeachtimeseries.Individualtimeseriesandstatisticalsummariesareexaminedbytrainedanalysts.Datathathavepassedgrosserrorchecks,butwhichareunusualrelativetoneighboringdatainthetimeseries,orwhicharestatisticaloutliers,areexaminedonacase-by-casebasis.Mooringdeploymentandrecoverylogsaresearchedforcorroboratinginformationsuchasbattery failures,vandalism,damagedsensors,or incorrectclocks. Consistencywithothervariablesisalsochecked.Datapointsthatareultimatelyjudgedtobeerroneousareflagged,andinsomecases,valuesarereplacedwith“outofrange”markers.Forafulldescriptionofqualityflags,refertoAppendixA.For some variables, additional post-processing after recovery is required to ensuremaximumquality.Thesevariable-specificproceduresaredescribedbelow.

3.1 BuoyPositionsSinceKEOisaslack-linemooringwithalongscope,thebuoyhasawatchcircleradiusofmorethan5km. WhenusingKEOdata inscientificanalyses, itmaybeappropriatetoconsidertheactualpositionofthebuoyratherthanitsnominalposition.As described in Section 2.0, position data for KE001were acquired by twomethods;ServiceArgos locationestimates,andthemoreaccurateGPS fixes. TheServiceArgosandGPSpositiondatawerecombinedanddistributedattheirnativeresolution,whichrangedfromsixhourstothreedaysbetweenpositionfixes.ThenativeGPSdatawerealso converted into 10-minute, hourly, and daily values to match the resolutions ofothermeasurements from themooring. The 10-minute and hourly resolutionswerecalculatedthroughlinearinterpolationofthenativeGPSdata.DailyGPSpositionswerethemedianvalueoftheinterpolated10-minutedataforeachday.

3.2 MeteorologicalDataAllprimarymeteorologicalsensorsonKE001remainedfully functional throughout thedeployment.

3.2.1 WindsAllofthewinddirectiondatawereassignedaqualityflagofQ4(lowerquality),duetoapostdeploymentcompasscalibrationshowingerrorsof6–13degrees.

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3.2.2 AirTemperatureTherearenospecialprocessingnotesforairtemperatureatKE001.Refertosection3.0forgeneralremarks.

3.2.3 RelativeHumidityTherearenospecialprocessingnotesforrelativehumidityatKE001. Refertosection3.0forgeneralremarks.

3.2.4 RainRaindataareacquiredasaccumulationvalues,andthenconvertedtorainratesduringprocessing. Rainfall data are collected using a RM Young rain gauge, and recordedinternally at a1-min sample rate. Thegauge consistsof a500mL catchment cylinderwhich,when full, emptiesautomatically viaa siphon tube. Data froma threeminuteperiod centered near siphon events are ignored. Occasional random spikes in theaccumulationdata,whichtypicallyoccurduringperiodsof rapidrainaccumulation,orimmediatelyprecedingorfollowingsiphonevents,areeliminatedmanually.Toreduceinstrumentalnoise,internallyrecorded1-minuterainaccumulationvaluesaresmoothed with a 16-minute Hanning filter upon recovery. These smoothed data arethen differenced at 10-minute intervals and converted to rain rates in mm/hr. Theresultant rain rate valuesare centeredat times coincidentwithother10-minutedata(0000,0010,0020...).Residualnoiseinthefiltereddatamayincludeoccasionalfalsenegativerainrates,buttheserarelyexceedafewmm/hr.Nowindcorrectionisapplied,asthisisexpectedtobedonebytheuser.Thewindeffectcanbelarge.AccordingtotheSerra,etal.(2001)correction scheme, atwind speeds of 5m/s the rain rates should bemultiplied by afactorof1.09,whileatwindspeedsof10m/s, thefactor is1.3. AswindsarehighatKEO,theuserisstronglyencouragedtoapplyanappropriatewindcorrection.

3.2.5 ShortwaveRadiationTherearenospecialprocessingnotesforshortwaveradiationatKE001.Refertosection3.0forgeneralremarks.

3.2.6 LongwaveRadiationThe downwelling longwave radiation is computed from thermopile voltage, dometemperature, and instrument case temperature measurements, using the methoddescribedbyFairalletal.(1998).

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3.3 SubsurfaceData

3.3.1 TemperatureThe temperature drifts for the ATLAS modules are calculated as an average over alltemperaturesetpointsfromthepre-deploymentandpost-recoverycalibrations.ATLASModuleTemperatureDriftsin°C(post-pre):

Depth: Drift: 1m -0.0073 5m -0.0417 10m -0.0187 25m -0.0150 50m -0.0222 75m -0.0049100m -0.0370150m -0.0201200m -0.0196300m -0.0115400m -0.0075500m -0.0112

Drift corrections are applied to the data as a linear function over time. The pre-deployment calibration coefficients are given aweightof one at thebeginningof thedeployment, and zero at the end,while the post-recovery calibration coefficients areweightedzeroatthestartofdeployment,andoneattheend.

3.3.2 PressureSince this was a slack mooring, none of the sensors can be assumed to have beenrecordingmeasurementsattheirnominaldepths.Usersareremindedthatthedepthsof subsurface sensorsmustbe computed from theobservedandcalculatedpressurescontainedinthedatafile.Pressure measurements were recorded at three depths: 150 m, 300 m, and 500 m.Timeseriesofpressureatothersensorlevelswereinterpolatedfromobservedvalues,andbothobservedandinterpolatedpressuretimeseriesareincludedwiththedata.

3.3.3 SalinitySalinityvalueswerecalculatedfrommeasuredconductivityandtemperaturedatausingthemethod of Fofonoff andMillard (1983). Conductivity values from all depthswereadjustedforsensorcalibrationdriftby linearly interpolatingovertimebetweenvaluescalculatedfromthepre-deploymentcalibrationcoefficients,andthosederivedfromthepost-deploymentcalibrationcoefficients. Salinitieswerecalculated fromboth thepreandpostconductivityvalues,todeterminethedriftinthesalinitymeasurement.

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ATLASModuleSalinityDriftsinPSU(post-pre):

Depth: Drift: 1m 0.0072 5m 0.0373 10m 1.2640 25m -0.0062 50m 0.0841 75m -0.0090150m -0.0047200m -0.0227400m -0.0148

The values above indicate the change in calculated salinity data values when post-recovery calibrations are applied to the conductivitymeasurement, versuswhen pre-deploymentcalibrationsareapplied.Negativedifferencessuggestthattheinstrumentdrifted towards higher values while deployed, and indicate expansion of theconductivity cell’s effective cross-sectional area. This expansion is possibly due toscouringofthecellwallbyabrasivematerialintheseawater.Positivevaluesindicatedecrease in the cell’s effective cross-sectional area, presumably due to fouling, andsecondarilyduetofoulingorlossofmaterialonthecellelectrodes.AthirteenpointHanningfilterwasappliedtothehigh-resolution(tenminuteinterval)conductivity and temperature data. A filtered value was calculated at any point forwhich seven of the thirteen input points were available. The missing points werehandled by dropping theirweights from the calculation, rather than by adjusting thelengthofthefilter.Salinityvalueswerethenrecalculatedfromthefiltereddata.

ManualSalinityAdjustmentsAdditional linear corrections were also applied to the salinity data in time segmentsacrossthedeployment.Thesecorrectionswerebasedoncomparisonswithneighboringsensorsonthemooringline.Ifanunrealisticprolonged,unstabledensityinversionwasfound,anattemptwasmadetoidentifythesensoratfaultandadjustitsdatabasedondifferenceswith data from adjacent depths during unstratified conditions (e.g.withinthemixedlayerduringnighttime).TheseinsitucalibrationproceduresaredescribedbyFreitagetal.(1999).Based onmanual review of the data, the ATLASmodules at 5m and 25m performedwell,withnocorrectionsneededinthedata.Sincethe25mdatahadaslightdownwardtrend, the5mdatawereusedas the reference foradjustments to thedata from1m,10m,50m,and200m. Itwasnotedthatthetemperaturedriftof-0.0417°Cofthe5mmodulealsointroducedasalinitydriftatthatdepth.ForKE001,therewasnopreviousmooringwithwhichtocomparethedata,andnoCTDcastwasperformedatthesitetoallowadditionaldatacomparisons.

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Start and end points of the adjustment segments shown below are in the format ofYear, Year day, Hour,Minute, Second (YYYYDDDHHMMSS). The adjustment amountslistedwereappliedlinearlytothemeasuredvaluesoverthattimeperiod,asshowninFigures4–7. Afterall adjustmentswereapplied, salinitydatawere sub-sampled tohourlyintervals.1mSalinityAdjustments2004168113000(0.0238)-2004323123000(0.0238)2004323124000(0.0074)-2004327044000(0.0556)2004327045000(0.0238)-2005099113000(0.0074)2005099114000(0.0556)-2005133222000(0.0148)2005133223000(0.0148)-end(0)

Figure4:Linearcorrectionsappliedto1msalinitydata.

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10mSalinityAdjustment1start(0)-end(-1.2)largedriftforthewholeperiod.

(NOTE: This largedrift correctionessentiallybackedoutmostof the correctionpreviously appliedbasedonthepost-recoverycalibration, indicatingthat thecalibrationdidnotaccurately reflect thesensorconditionwhenrecovered.)

Figure5:Correctionoflineardriftoverentiredeploymentappliedto10msalinitydata.

10mSalinityAdjustments22004291064000(0)-2004309140000(-0.009)2004309141000(-0.009)-2004340192000(-0.017)2004340193000(-0.017)-2004363100000(0)2005009191000(0)-2005121055000(-0.049)2005121060000(-0.049)-end(0)

Figure6:Additionallinearcorrectionsegmentsappliedto10msalinitydata.

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50mSalinityAdjustments2004291150000(-0.012)-2005049044000(-0.059)2005049045000(-0.059)-2005078113000(-0.0215)2005078114000(-0.0215)-end(-0.0215)2005112000000-endflaggedoutofrange

Figure7:Linearcorrectionsappliedto50msalinitydata.

200mSalinityAdjustments2004362224000(0.027)-2005127151000(0.027)

3.3.4 LoadCellA load cell on thebridleprovided tension readings from themooringuntil it failed inDecember 2004. These measurements were intended only for internal engineeringdiagnostics,andwerenotmadepubliclyavailable.

4.0 ReferencesDonohue, K.A., et al., 2008: ProgramStudies theKuroshio Extension, Eos Trans.AGU,89(17),161–162.Fairall,C.W.,P.O.G.Persson,E.F.Bradley,R.E.Payne,andS.P.Anderson,1998:AnewlookatcalibrationanduseofEppleyPrecisionInfraredRadiometers.PartI:TheoryandApplication.J.Atmos.Ocean.Tech.,15,1229-1242.

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Freitag,H.P.,M.E.McCarty,C.Nosse,R.Lukas,M.J.McPhaden,andM.F.Cronin,1999:COARE Seacat data: Calibrations and quality control procedures. NOAA Tech.Memo.ERLPMEL-115,89pp.

Fofonoff, P., and R. C. Millard Jr., 1983: Algorithms for computation of fundamentalpropertiesofseawater.Tech.Pap.Mar.Sci.,44,53pp.,Unesco,Paris.

Rainville, L., S. Jayne, N. Hogg, and S. Waterman, 2009: KESS Data Report – WHOIsubsurfacemoorings.15pp.

Serra,Y.L.,P.A'Hearn,H.P.Freitag,andM.J.McPhaden,2001:ATLASself-siphoningraingaugeerrorestimates.J.Atmos.Ocean.Tech.,18,1989-2002.

5.0 AcknowledgementsS. Brown and S. Moon (both of UW JISAO) processed the ATLAS meteorological,subsurface temperature, pressure and conductivity/salinity data. Dr. L. Rainville(formerly of WHOI, now at UW APL) processed the ADCP data from the instrumentloanedbyDr.P.Stabeno(NOAAPMEL).

TheOCSprojectofficeisgratefultoDrs.JayneandHoggandotherKESSPIsforinvitingtheKEOgrouptoparticipateonthecruises.S.Kunze(NOAAPMEL)participatedinthedeploymentcruise;M.Cronin,M.Strick(bothofNOAAPMEL),andS.Moon(UWJISAO)participated in the recovery cruise. Mooring operation assistance from the KESSscientists and technicians, and the captains and crews of the R/V THOMPSON andREVELLEarealsogratefullyacknowledged.

6.0 ContactInformationFormoreinformationaboutthismooringanddataset,pleasecontact:Dr.MeghanCroninmeghan.f.cronin@noaa.govNOAA/PMEL/OCS7600SandPointWayNESeattle,WA98115

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APPENDIXA:DescriptionofDataQualityFlagsInstrumentation recovered in working condition is returned to PMEL for post-recoverycalibration before being reusedon future deployments. The resultant calibration coefficientsare compared to the pre-deployment coefficients, and measurements are assigned qualityindicesbasedondrift,usingthefollowingcriteria:Q0- NoSensor,orDatumMissing.Q1- HighestQuality.Pre/post-deploymentcalibrationsagreetowithinsensorspecifications.

Inmostcases,onlypre-deploymentcalibrationshavebeenapplied.

Q2- Default Quality. Pre-deployment calibrations only or post-recovery calibrations onlyapplied.Default value for sensorspresentlydeployedand for sensorswhichwerenotrecoveredornotcalibratablewhenrecovered,orforwhichpre-deploymentcalibrationshavebeendeterminedtobeinvalid.

Q3- AdjustedData.Pre/postcalibrationsdiffer,ororiginaldatadonotagreewithotherdatasources (e.g., other in situ data or climatology), or original data are noisy. Data havebeenadjustedinanattempttoreducetheerror.

Q4- LowerQuality.Pre/postcalibrationsdiffer,ordatadonotagreewithotherdatasources(e.g.,otherinsitudataorclimatology),ordataarenoisy.Datacouldnotbeconfidentlyadjustedtocorrectforerror.

Q5- Sensor,InstrumentorDataSystemFailed.Fordataprovided inOceanSITESv1.2 format, thestandardTAOquality flagsdescribedabovearemappedtothedifferentOceanSITESqualityflagsshownbelow:Q0- NoQCPerformed.Q1- GoodData. (TAOQ1,Q2)Q2- ProbablyGoodData. (TAOQ3,Q4)Q3- BadDatathatarePotentiallyCorrectable.Q4- BadData. (TAOQ5)Q5- ValueChanged.Q6- NotUsed.Q7- NominalValue.Q8- InterpolatedValue.Q9- MissingValue. (TAOQ0)

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APPENDIXB:HighResolutionDataPlots

FigureB1:KE001shortwaveandlongwaveradiationdatain2-minresolution(decimated).

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FigureB2:KE001meteorologicaldatain10-minresolution.

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FigureB3:KE001subsurfacetemperatureprofilein10-minresolution(decimated).

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FigureB4:KE001subsurfacesalinityanddensityprofilesinhourlyresolution(decimated).

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APPENDIXC:KESS-7SubsurfaceMooring

MooringDescriptionAs part of theWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution’s (WHOI’s) Kuroshio Extension SystemStudy(KESS),anarrayofmooringsweredeployedintheKuroshioExtensionregion(Section1.0).TheKESS-7 (K7) subsurfaceADCPmooringwasdeployednear theOCSKEObuoy,atnominallocation 32.4°N 144.6°E. The K7 mooring held an upward-looking, narrow-band AcousticDoppler Current Profiler (ADCP, S/N 461) borrowed from the NOAA/PMEL/FOCI group. AmooringdiagramisshowninFigureC1.

FigureC1:KESSK7mooringschematic(left),andpositionrelativetotheKEOmooring(right).FromRainvilleetal.2009.

DataProcessingTheK7ADCPdatawereinitiallyprocessedatWHOI.Datawereshiftedontoasurface-relativedepthgrid,with10mbinsfromthesurfacetotheinstantaneousheaddepth.Deviationsfromthe ADCP’s nominal 250m head depth due to mooring motions were accounted for in thisprocessing(Rainvilleetal.2009).AdditionalprocessingwasdoneatPMELtoremoveside-lobecontaminationnearthesurface.The followingequation,providedby the instrumentmanufacturer,wasused to calculate thedepthstowhichside-lobecontaminationfromthesurfaceoccurs:

C = R(1-cos(θ))

R is the depth of the transducer head,θ is the beamangle from vertical (30°), and C is thecontaminationdepth. Anybinsshallower than thecontaminationdepthwere removed fromthefinalfile.

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DataPlotsTheprocessedADCPdata from the first K7deploymentareplotted in FigureC2. Processinginformationanddataplots fromthesecondKESSdeploymentare included in theOCSKE002datareport.

FigureC2:ADCPU(top)andV(bottom)velocitydatafromtheKESSK7subsurfacemooring.

KESSResourcesAdditionaldata from theKESSproject, alongwithmore information, is available through theprojectwebsite:http://uskess.whoi.eduTheKESSDataReportcanbefoundhere:http://uskess.whoi.edu/data/KESSDataReport–WHOIsubsurfacemoorings.pdf