Data Analysis andPresentation Skill s

An Introduction for theLife and Medical Science s

Jackie Willis

Preface

xi

1 Working in the Windows Environment

11 .1 Basic computing terms

1

1 .2 Working in Windows

2

1 .3 General functions in Microsoft applications

6

2 Researching and Planning Scientific Investigations

1 12 .1 Sources of information

11Going on-line

1 2Search engines

15Search gateways

1 8Keeping a record of information from searches

1 8Making effective searches

19Meta search engines

20Organization and institutional websites

20Copyright and validity

20Searching for scientific publications

2 1Electronic mail

23Discussion groups

27Mailing lists

27

2.2 Experimental design

28Planning an investigation

2 8Establishing aims and objectives

29Populations and sampling

2 9Choosing methodology

3 2

3 Presenting Scientific Data

353 .1 An introduction to Microsoft Excel

3 5Setting up a worksheet

3 6Entering data

3 6Functions in Excel

38

Adding text to the worksheet

4 0Managing lists of data

4 0Producing graphs and charts on the worksheet

4 4Customizing worksheets

49Producing tables in Excel

5 13 .2 Presenting graphs and charts

51Graphs and charts

52Editing plots in Excel

58Displaying values on charts and graphs

6 0Error bars

6 0Framing and gridlines

62Setting the correct proportions for the chart

62Exploring different types of bar charts

6 3Pie charts

6 8Line graphs

70Combination plots

73

4 Preliminary Data Analysis

774.1 Descriptive statistics

77Measures of location

7 7Measures of variation

7 9Descriptive statistics in Excel

8 2Coefficient of variation

8 54.2 Frequency distributions

8 6Using the Histogram function

9 14.3 Correlation and linear regression

92Correlation

94Linear regression

97

5 Statistical Analysis

1075 .1 Selecting a statistical test

10 7Types of data

109Independent and paired samples

110Characteristics of the sample population

11 15 .2 Statistical tests for two samples

111The Student t-test for independent samples

116Student t-test for dependent (matched/paired) samples

12 1Non-parametric tests for two samples

1245.3 Analysis of variance

13 5One-way analysis of variance

137Least significant difference (LSD) analysis

14 0Two-way analysis of variance with replication

142Two-way analysis of variance without replication

14 65.4 The Chi-squared test

14 8Comparing categories in a single sample

149Goodness of fit test - data from a genetics experiment

151Comparing two samples

154

6 Presentational Skills

1596 .1 Preparing for seminars

15 9Preparing information for the seminar

16 0

Presenting the seminar

16 1

6 .2 Using Microsoft PowerPoint

16 2Starting a new presentation in PowerPoint

162Opening an existing presentation

163

Starting a new presentation using a template

163

The title slide

16 3

Building the presentation

16 5

Notes Page View

16 6

Slide View

16 6

Inserting graphs and charts

16 7

Drawing shapes on slides

16 7

Drawing lines/arrows

168

Rotating an object

169

Adding animation effects

169

Creating animation effects

169

Transition effects

170

Sorting slides

170

Continuous loops

171

Adding a slide

171

Ending a show

171

Spelling

172

Creating handouts

172

6 .3 Poster presentations

172

Appendix

175Further reading

175Alt key codes for special symbols in Microsoft applications

176

Statistical tables

17 7Critical values for the Student t-test

177Critical values of R for the Wilcoxon signed rank test

17 8Critical values for the Mann-Whitney U test

17 9

Index

181