Data collection.pptx

7/29/2019 Data collection.pptx

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MEASUREMENT AND

DATA COLLECTION

VRV


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MEASUREMENT

It is an instrument in a research study a deviceused to measure the concept of interest in a research project.

A device used to collect scientific data, often electronic innature

An technical instrument of any kind that relies on researchresults of its performance and accuracy


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LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT:

1:5 says that the second number is fivetimes as large as the first.

Name. Number

0, 1, 2, 3, .

5-10, 15-20, 21-25


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RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY

If an instrument is not reliable it cannot possibly be valid. Inevaluating an instrument, the researcher cannot consider validityapart from reliability.

Unfortunately many published studies fail to give reliability andvalidity data on instruments used to measure study variables.

(Burns & Grove, 2007)


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VALIDITY

Validity in relation to research is a judgment regarding thedegree to which the components of the research reflect thetheory, concept, or variable under study

(Streiner& Norman. 2000)

Internal validity refers to the likelihood that experimentalmanipulation indeed was responsible for the differencesobserved.

External validity refers to the extent to which the results of the study can be generalized to the larger population

(Polit & Hungler, 1999)


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Types of validity

These are used to judge the accuracy of an instrument:

Content validity

Predictive validity

Concurrent validity,

Construct validity.


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Content validity It is the extent to which different items in the assessment

measure the trait or phenomenon . High level of content validityindicates that test items accurately reflect the trait being measured.

E.g: To assess anxiety, it included questions about knownsymptoms of anxiety such as muscle tension and a rapid pulserate

Predictive validity: It is the ability of an assessment measureto predict someones future behavior in related but different situation.

E.g : making accurate predictions of future behavior.

Conti.


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Concurrent validityIt reflects how well different measures of the same trait

agree with another. it can be expected to give results very

similar to other measures of same characteristic.

Construct validityIt is the extent to which a theoretical construct such as a

personality trait can be empirically defined.

Conti.


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RELIABILITY ( )

It is defined as a characteristic of an instrument that reflectsthe degree to which the instrument provokes consistent responses.

E.g. a scale developed to measure intelligence might not

be reliable for measurement of personality. (Polit & Hungler, 1999)

Types:(1) stability,

(2) internal consistency(3) Equivalence

(4) Internal consistency


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2. Internal consistency It is a measure of reliability that is frequently used with scales

designed to assess psychosocial characteristics.

Conti.


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3. Equivalence or Inter-rater (reliabilityIt is often concern when different observersare using the same instrument to collect data atthe same time.

4. Internal consistencyIt is the extent to which tests or procedures assess the

same characteristics, skill or quality. It is a measure of the

precision between the observers or instruments used in a study.E.g. A researcher designs a questionnaire to find out about

college students' dissatisfaction with a particular textbook.

Conti.


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DATA COLLECTION


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DATA

Definition:The term data means groups of information that representthe qualitative or quantitative attributes of a variable or setof variables ( ) .

Data are typically the results of measurements and can bethe basis of graphs, images, or observations of a set of variables.


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TYPES OF DATA

PRIMARY DATA :which are collected afresh and for the first time, and thus

happens to be original in character.E.g Surveys, , Focus groups, Questionnaires , Personal

interviews

SECONDARY DATA :which have already been collected by someone else and

which have already been passed through the statisticalprocess.

E.g Vital Statistics birth, death certificates Hospital,clinic, school nurse records


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CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA

Accuracy AccessibilityComprehensivenessConsistencyCurrencyDefinitionGranularity

PrecisionRelevancyTimeliness


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METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

ObservationInterview

Questionnaire

SurveyCase study


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OBSERVATION METHOD

It is a technique that involves systematically selecting,watching and recording behavior and characteristics of livingbeings, objects or phenomena.

Observation of human behavior is a most common datacollection technique.

Participant observation: The observer takes part in thesituation he or she observes.

E.g, a doctor hospitalized with a broken hip, who nowobserves hospital procedures from within.

Non-participant observation: The observer watches thesituation, openly or concealed, but does not participate.


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INTERVIEW METHOD

This Method of collecting data involves presentation or oralverbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral verbal responses.

Type of interviews as follows:

A. Personal Interview:the interviewer asks questions generally in a face to face

contact

B. Telephonic interview: when it is not possible to contact therespondent directly, then interview is conducted throughtelephone.


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Conti

C. Structural interviews : in this case, a set of pre-decided questions are there.

D. Unstructured Interviews : in this case, we dont

follow a system of pre-determined questionsE. Focused interviews: attention is focused on the given

experience of the respondent and its possible effects.

F. Clinical interviews : concerned with broad underlyingfeeling or motivations or with the course of individualslife experience, rather than with the effects of thespecific experience, as in the case of focused interview.


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G. Group interviews: a group or 6 or 8 individuals isinterviewed.

H. Individual interviews : interviewer meets a singleperson and interviews him

I. Selection interviews: done for the selection of peoplesfor certain jobs.

J. Depth interviews : it deliberately aims elicitunconscious as well as other types of material relatingespecially or personality dynamics and motivations.

Conti


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This method of data collection is quite popular, particularly incase of big enquires.

Construction of questionnaireShould be in General formQuestion sequenceMake it short (shorter is better)

For every question, ask yourself How am I going to use this

data? Make it simple (Use simple wording + provide clear and conciseinstructions)Make it interesting (Consider varying the questioning format)

QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD


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Types of questions

Direct QuestionIndirect QuestionOpen ended Question

Closed questionDichotomous questionMultiple choice question


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Formulating questions

Measure one thing at a timeEx: do you think the recent accession of your country to the WTO will enhanceyour export and joint-venture opportunities?

Avoid leading questions or assumptionsEx: what action did you take the last time a Customs officer asked you for a bribe?

Ensure that your question can accommodate all possible answersEx: From which country do you import your wheat?

a. USA b. Australia c. Argentina d. EU

Use balanced Scales

- Ex: The recent trade reforms has resulted in many farmers losing income?Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Somewhat disagree, Undecided, Agree

Produce variability of responses- Ex: Are you familiar with trade facilitation? Yes, No


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Conti.

Do not expect respondents to know answers to very specificquestions

Ex: How many percent of your staff has attended WCO trainings in the pastyear?___

Do not use unfamiliar words or abbreviationsDo not use terms for which the definition can vary (if unavoidable, define the term in the questionnaire)

Avoid BranchingEx: Do you rely on export credit insurance to limit your risks? a. Yes, b. No (If No,

go to question 5) Do not ask respondent to rank order more than 5 items in alist

Scales can provide good alternatives

Use open-ended question sparingly


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Conti.


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Survey method

It is one of the common methods of diagnosing and solvingof research problems undertaking surveys.It is a systemic way of collecting data from populationthrough the use of personal interviews or other data

gathering devicesE.g :Scales


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Likert scale

Rating scale

cumulative or Guttmann scale


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Data collection process


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PrinciplesThe collection "instruments" are forms, questionnaires, automatedcollection screens, and file layouts used to collect the data.Data collection includes all the processes involved in carrying out the

data collection design to acquire data. Data collection operations can

have a high impact on the ultimate data quality.The data collection method should be appropriate to the data complexity,collection size, data requirements, and amount of time available.

Specific data collection environmental choices can significantly affect

error introduced at the collection stageConversion of data on paper to electronic form (e.g., key entry, scanning)introduces a certain amount of error which must be controlled.

Third party sources of data may introduce some degree of error in theircollection processes.


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Review

Documents

Data collection.pptx