Data

• An estimated 40.3 million people are held in slavery

worldwide, meaning there are more slaves today than

there have ever been in modern history (the trans-Atlantic

slave trade). (2018 Global Slavery Index)

Data (cont’d)

• After drug trafficking, human trafficking is the second

largest criminal industry in the world, and it is the fastest

growing. (UNODC - TOC)

• In 2014, it was estimated that there are currently between

10,000 and 13,000 victims of trafficking in the UK.

The Salvation Army’s History

Since the 19th Century, The Salvation Army has

been committed to stopping the trade in human

beings. In 1885, Florence and Bramwell Booth

campaigned to raise awareness of women and

girls being bought and sold for exploitation in

Victorian England.

The Salvation Army Today

The Salvation Army is present in more than 131 countries and is

combatting trafficking and caring for victims all around the world.

Combating Trafficking Together

Since 1 July 2011, the Salvation Army has been the prime government

contractor for managing the support for all adult victims of trafficking

in England and Wales, facilitating access to:

• Specialist support services

• Safe and secure accommodation

• Outreach support

Current Overview

Between July 2011 and June 2017 The Salvation Army has

managed the support for 5,868 victims of trafficking

300% increase from Year 1 to Year 6

Horse Trading

What is Human Trafficking?

For a person to be a victim of human trafficking there must have been:

ACTION: [recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt,

which can include either domestic or cross-border movement];which is

achieved by a

MEANS: [threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception,

abuse of power or vulnerability] for the

PURPOSE OF EXPLOITATION: [e.g. sexual exploitation, forced labour or

domestic servitude, slavery, financial exploitation, illegal adoption

removal or organs].

What is Modern Slavery?

The person may not have been ‘moved’ as in trafficking.

There must have been:

MEANS – Being held through either physical means or through

threat of penalty. This may be by use of force, coercion,

abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or exploiting

vulnerability.

SERVICE – As a result of the ‘Means’ an individual provides a

service for benefit. This could be begging, sexual service,

manual labour, domestic service.

Trafficking vs Smuggling

• The person being smuggled is generally cooperating

• There is no actual implied coercion

• Persons smuggled are violating the law

• Persons are free to leave, change jobs, etc

• Always involves crossing an international boarder

Causes of Human Trafficking

• Poverty

• High demand for inexpensive labour and commercial sex

• Political instability, civil unrest and war

• Growth of organised crime

• Lack of adequate law enforcement

• Cultural attitudes and religious practice

• Lack of family support

• Living with a vulnerability

• Lack of understanding that slavery still exists today

Year 6 Statistics – Referrals by Agency

Home Office

Police

NGO

UKVI

Legal Representative

Self Referral

Local Authority

Slavery Safeguarding Lead

Other

Immigration Detention

484 (31%)

340 (22%)

230 (15%)

213 (14%)

119 (8%)

50 (3%)

30 (2%)

25 (2%)

19 (1%)

13 (1%)

Year 6 Statistics – Number of Clients

Supported

New clients entered the service: 1,554

Breakdown:

1,002 (64%) Women

549 (35%) Men

3 (0.2%) Transgender

Taking into account clients already in the service this year:

Total Clients Supported – 2,589

Year 6 statistics – Types of Exploitation

741 (48%) - Sexual Exploitation

606 (39%) - Labour Exploitation

195 (13%) - Domestic Servitude

12 (0.8%) – Organ Removal, Other or Not Known

National Crime Agency Statistics

• 1465 potential victims submitted to the NRM from October to December 2017.

• 11% increase from the previous quarter.

• 1395 were referred to police in England & Wales.

• The vast majority of potential UK victims fall under the jurisdiction of The Salvation Army.

Forms of Exploitation (NCA)

• Labour exploitation – the most recorded form of exploitation for both adults and children.

• Often includes criminal exploitation such as cannabis cultivation.

Year 6 Statistics – Top 7 Source Countries

& Number of Clients

Country Female Male Total

Albania 346 13 359

Vietnam 82 101 183

Nigeria 140 17 157

Poland 9 89 98

China 43 33 76

Romania 30 45 75

U.K. 19 25 44

Clients supported from 95 different countries

National Referral Mechanism (NRM)

Process by which victims of modern slavery in the UK are identified and

referred for support by various organisations

The National Referral Mechanism

• The National Referral Mechanism (NRM) is a framework for identifying victims of human trafficking or modern slavery and ensuring they receive the appropriate support.

• Identification • First Responder – Salvation Army, Police, Local Authority, Authorised

NGOs• Decisions Makers /Competent Authorities

• The Modern Slavery Human Trafficking unit (MSHTU), which deals with referrals from the police, local authorities, and NGO’s

• The Home Office Immigration and Visas (UKVI), which deals with referrals identified as part of the immigration process, for example where trafficking or modern slavery may be an issue as part of an asylum claim

General Indicators People who have been trafficked may:

• Believe that they must work against their will

• Be distrustful of the authorities /people

• Be unable to communicate freely with others

• Be in a situation of dependence

• Have no access to medical care

• Be threatened with being handed over to the authorities

• Be disciplined through punishment

• Have limited or no social interaction

• Be threatened

• Not know their home or work address

• Suffer injuries or impairments typical of certain jobs or control measures

Indicators of Sexual Exploitation

People who have been trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation may:

• Be of any age, although the age may vary according to the location and the market

• Move from one brothel to the next or work in various locations

• Be escorted whenever they go to and return from work and other outside activities

• Have tattoos or other marks indicating “ownership” by their exploiters

• Work long hours or have few if any days off

• Sleep where they work

• Live or travel in a group, sometimes with other women who do not speak the same

language

• Have very few items of clothing

• Have clothes that are mostly the kind typically worn for doing sex work

• Only know how to say sex-related words in the local language or in the language of the

client group

• Have no cash of their own

• Be unable to show an identity document

Indicators of Forced Labour

People who have been trafficked for the purpose of labour exploitation are typically made to work in

sectors such as the following: agriculture, construction, entertainment, service industry and

manufacturing (in sweatshops). People who have been trafficked for labour exploitation may:

• Be given only leftovers to eat • Have no access to their earnings • Have no labour contract

• Work excessively long hours • Be disciplined through fines • Be unable to move freely

• Have no choice of accommodation • Never leave the work premises without their employer

• Lack basic training and professional licences

• Be subjected to insults, abuse, threats or violence

• There is evidence that labour laws are being breached.

• The health and safety equipment is of poor quality or is missing.

• Notices have been posted in languages other than the local language.

• Be subject to security measures designed to keep them on the work premises

• The employer or manager is unable to show records of wages paid to workers.

• Live in degraded, unsuitable places, such as in agricultural or industrial buildings

• Live in groups in the same place where they work and leave those premises infrequently, if at all.

• Depend on their employer for a number of services, including work, transportation and accommodation

• Not be dressed adequately for the work they do: for example, they may lack protective equipment or warm clothing

• The employer or manager is unable to show the documents required for employing workers from other countries.

• There is evidence that workers must pay for tools, food or accommodation or that those costs are being deducted from

their wages.

Can you see me?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mGENaiaumw

Indicators of Domestic Servitude

People who have been trafficked for the purpose of domestic

servitude may:

• Live with a family

• Not eat with the rest of the family

• Have no private space

• Sleep in a shared or inappropriate space

• Never or rarely leave the house for social reasons

• Never leave the house without their employer

• Be given only leftovers to eat

• Be subjected to insults, abuse, threats or violence

• Be reported missing by their employer even though they are still living in their

employer's house

Trafficking Indicators

• Is the victim in possession of identification and travel documents; if

not, who has control of the documents?

• Can the victim freely contact friends or family?

• Has the victim been harmed or deprived of food, water, sleep,

medical care or other life necessities?

• Does the victim have freedom of movement?

European Convention on Action against

Trafficking (ECAT)

• Appropriate and secure accommodation

• Psychological and material assistance

• Access to emergency medical treatment

• Translation and interpreting services

• Information and guidance

• Assistance to take part in criminal proceedings

• Access to education for children

Possible Impact of Trafficking

Physical impact

•Lack of access to medical

treatment

•Physical injury

•Sexual health

•Ritual abuse

Psychological impact

•Post-traumatic responses

•Depression/anxiety

•Feelings of guilt or shame

•Self-harm/substance use

•Suicidal ideation

Possible Impact of Trafficking cont’d

Social impact

• Difficulty relating to others

• Lack of trust

• Dependency

• Isolation

• Difficulties seeking help

Year 6 Statistics - Moving OnFrom care of The Salvation Army to following

destinations:

Total: 1,108

Breakdown:

407 - Asylum Support Service

192 - Private accommodation in UK (23 outside UK)

152 - Living with family, friends or partner in UK

(36 outside UK)

106 - Returned to a country outside UK

Year 6 Statistics - Moving On (cont’d)From care of The Salvation Army to following

destinations:

94 - Mainstream or supported accommodation with

NGO’s or local authorities in UK

(12 in other countries)

92 – Absconded or deemed missing (predominantly

Chinese and Vietnamese clients)

56 – Placed in homelessness services or linked to

local homelessness shelters and food banks

9 - Were hospital in-patients or in prison

Dino’s Story

Further Advise and guidance

• The Salvation Army

UK charity providing support and advice. Key contact for victims in England

and Wales.

Telephone: 0300 303 8151 (24 hour referral line)

www.salvationarmy.org.uk

• Gangmasters Licensing Authority

PO Box 10272, Nottingham, NG2 9PB

Telephone: 0115 959 7052 (Intelligence Team)

Email: intelligence@gla.gsi.gov.uk

www.gla.gov.uk

• Modern Slavery Human Trafficking Unit (MSHTU)

Telephone: 0844 778 2406 (24 hour advice and support)

www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/about-us/what-we-do/specialist-

capabilities/uk- human-trafficking-centre

Further Advise and Guidance

• Migrant Help

UK charity providing support and guidance. Key contact for victims in

Scotland and male victims in Northern Ireland.

Telephone: 07766 668781 (24 hours hotline)

www.migranthelp.org

• Trafficking Awareness Raising Alliance (TARA)

For female victims of sexual exploitation in Scotland

Telephone: 0141 276 7724

www.saferglasgow.com/.../support-to-victims-of-human-trafficking.aspx

• NSPCC Child Trafficking Advice Centre

Specialist service providing information and advice.

Telephone: 0808 800 5000

Email: help@nspcc.org.uk

www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/research/ctail/ctail_wda84866.html#how