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Data Link Layer
B. Konkoth
PDU
Protocol Data Unit A unit of data which is specified in a protocol
of a given layer
Layer 5, 6, 7 – Data Layer 4 – Segment Layer 3 – Packet Layer 2 – Frame Layer 1 - Bit
Data Link Layer
Provides a well-defined service interface to the network layer.
Determines how the bits of the physical layer are grouped into frames (framing).
Deals with transmission errors . Regulates the flow of frames. Performs general link layer management.
Link Layer: Introduction
Some terminology: hosts and routers are nodes
(bridges and switches too) communication channels
that connect adjacent nodes along communication path are links wired links wireless links LANs
PDU is a frame
“link”
2 sub-layers in Data Link Layer
logical link control (LLC)
media access control (MAC)
logical link control (LLC)
starts and maintains connections between devices.
when you send data from your workstation to a server on the same network segment, LLC sub-layer establishes a connection with that server
media access control (MAC)
The MAC Layer enables multiple devices to share the media
MAC sub-layer maintains physical device addresses for communicating with other devices (commonly referred to as MAC addresses)
Most LANs have more than one computer, and the MAC sub-layer determines who may speak and when Ethernet – CSMA/CD Token ring – Token passing FDDI – Dual ring
IEEE 802 Project
IEEE 802
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) began a project in February of 1980, known as Project 802
for the year and month it began
It is a set of standards given to the various LAN architectures such as Ethernet and Token Ring
802.11
Specifications developed for wireless LAN technology
Examples are 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n
802.2 Standard defining Logical Link Control
(LLC)
responsible for the data transmission between computers or devices on a network
provides a general interface between the different protocols (IPX, TCP/IP, etc.) and the different network types (Ethernet, Token Ring, etc.)
802.3
802.3 is the standard for popular Ethernet networks today
802.3 specifies the physical media and the working characteristics of Ethernet
Data are transmitted using CSMA/CD
CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access)
CSMA: listen before transmit:
If channel sensed idle: transmit entire frame If channel sensed busy, defer transmission
Human analogy: listen, don’t interrupt others!
CSMA/CD (Collision Detection)
collision detection: measure signal strengths, compare
transmitted, received signals: easy in wired LANs
difficult in wireless LANs: receiver shut off while transmitting
Most used protocol in Ethernet
CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD doesn’t stop collisions from happening, but it helps manage the situations when collisions occur.
In fact, collisions are a very normal part of Ethernet operation. It’s only when collisions begin to occur frequently that you need to become concerned.
802.5
The 802.5 standard was modeled after the IBM Token Ring network
Introduced a unique access method: token passing
Token Ring A token is generated by the first computer
that comes online on the network.
When a workstation wants to transmit data, it grabs the token and then begins transmitting
The destination computer receives the data frame, modifies it, and sends it back to the sender, indicating that the transmission of data was successful.
When the workstation completes transmitting, the token is released back to the network