Database AdministrationDatabase Administration

Chapter 16Chapter 16

Need for DatabasesNeed for Databases

Data is used by different people, in different Data is used by different people, in different departments, for different reasonsdepartments, for different reasons

Interpretation and Presentation of data in useful Interpretation and Presentation of data in useful formatsformats

Distribution of data and informationDistribution of data and information– To the right people To the right people – At the right timeAt the right time

Data PreservationData Preservation Control over Data Duplication and UseControl over Data Duplication and Use

Role of the DatabaseRole of the Database

Primary Role: To Support Managerial Decision Primary Role: To Support Managerial Decision Making at All Levels of the OrganizationMaking at All Levels of the Organization– Top Level Top Level Strategic Decisions Strategic Decisions– Middle Management Middle Management Tactical Decisions Tactical Decisions– Operational Management Operational Management Daily, Operational Daily, Operational

DecisionsDecisions DBMS must provide each level a separate view of DBMS must provide each level a separate view of

the data and support their specialized decision the data and support their specialized decision making rolesmaking roles

Provide a seamless flow of information throughout Provide a seamless flow of information throughout the companythe company

Top Level ManagementTop Level Management

Provide information for strategic decision making, strategic Provide information for strategic decision making, strategic planning, policy formation, and goals definitionsplanning, policy formation, and goals definitions

Provide access to data to identify growth opportunitiesProvide access to data to identify growth opportunities Provide a framework for defining and enforcing Provide a framework for defining and enforcing

organizational policiesorganizational policies Improve the likelihood of a positive return on investment for Improve the likelihood of a positive return on investment for

the companythe company– Ways to reduce costWays to reduce cost– Increase ProductivityIncrease Productivity

Provide feedback on whether the company is achieving its Provide feedback on whether the company is achieving its goalsgoals

Middle ManagementMiddle Management

Provide necessary data for tactical decision Provide necessary data for tactical decision making and planningmaking and planning

Monitor and control the use of company resourcesMonitor and control the use of company resources– How efficiently are the resources allocated and used How efficiently are the resources allocated and used

(including data)(including data)– What potential or current operational problems existWhat potential or current operational problems exist– Evaluate the performance of the different departmentsEvaluate the performance of the different departments

Provide a framework for ensuring the security and Provide a framework for ensuring the security and privacy of the data in the databaseprivacy of the data in the database

Operational ManagementOperational Management

Represent and support the company Represent and support the company operationsoperations

Produce query results within set Produce query results within set performance levelsperformance levels

Enhance short-term operational abilityEnhance short-term operational ability– Timely information for Customer SupportTimely information for Customer Support– Support for application development and Support for application development and

computer operationscomputer operations

Special Database ConsiderationsSpecial Database Considerations

Having a database does not mean the data Having a database does not mean the data will be use properly, efficiently, correctlywill be use properly, efficiently, correctly

DBMS is just a tool for managing data – it DBMS is just a tool for managing data – it must be used correctly must be used correctly effective effective management and usemanagement and use

3 Main Processes for implementing a DBMS3 Main Processes for implementing a DBMS– Technological Technological DBMS software and hardware DBMS software and hardware– Managerial Managerial Administrative Functions Administrative Functions– Cultural Cultural Corporate Resistance to Change Corporate Resistance to Change

Evolution of the DBAEvolution of the DBA

Data Processing DepartmentData Processing Department Information Systems DepartmentInformation Systems Department

– Service Function to provide end users active data management Service Function to provide end users active data management supportsupport

– Production Function to provide solutions to information needs Production Function to provide solutions to information needs (application development)(application development)

DBA – Database AdministrationDBA – Database Administration– Size and Role varies from company to companySize and Role varies from company to company– DBA’s function is very dynamic DBA’s function is very dynamic

Distributed DatabasesDistributed Databases Internet DatabasesInternet Databases Object Oriented databasesObject Oriented databases Sophistication and Power of the DBMS packagesSophistication and Power of the DBMS packages

Common Functions of DBACommon Functions of DBA

Database Planning Database Planning – Standards, procedures, enforcementStandards, procedures, enforcement

Requirements Gathering and Conceptual DesignRequirements Gathering and Conceptual Design Logical Design Logical Design Physical Design and ImplementationPhysical Design and Implementation Testing and DebuggingTesting and Debugging Operations and MaintenanceOperations and Maintenance Training and SupportTraining and Support(Follows the requirements of the DBLC phases)(Follows the requirements of the DBLC phases)

DBA’s Managerial RoleDBA’s Managerial Role

Control and Planning Dimensions of Control and Planning Dimensions of Database AdministrationDatabase Administration– Coordinating, Monitoring, and Allocating Coordinating, Monitoring, and Allocating

database administration resourcesdatabase administration resources PeoplePeople DataData

– Defining Goals and Formulating Strategic Plans Defining Goals and Formulating Strategic Plans for the Database Administration functionfor the Database Administration function

DBA’s ResponsibilitiesDBA’s Responsibilities

DBA ActivityDBA Activity DBA ServiceDBA Service

PlanningPlanning End-User SupportEnd-User Support

OrganizingOrganizing Policies, Procedures, Policies, Procedures, StandardsStandards

TestingTesting Data Security, Privacy, Data Security, Privacy, IntegrityIntegrity

MonitoringMonitoring Data backup and RecoveryData backup and Recovery

DeliveringDelivering Data Distribution and UseData Distribution and Use

of

End-User SupportEnd-User Support

User Requirements GatheringUser Requirements Gathering– Understanding of the users’ views and needsUnderstanding of the users’ views and needs– Present and Future information needsPresent and Future information needs

Conflict and Problem ResolutionConflict and Problem Resolution– Solutions in one department may cause problems in Solutions in one department may cause problems in

anotheranother Finding Solutions to Information NeedsFinding Solutions to Information Needs Ensure Quality and Integrity of Applications and Ensure Quality and Integrity of Applications and

DataData Build End-User ConfidenceBuild End-User Confidence Manage the Training and Support of DBMS usersManage the Training and Support of DBMS users

Policies, Procedures, and StandardsPolicies, Procedures, and Standards

Policies: General Statements of Direction or Policies: General Statements of Direction or action that communicate and support DBA goalsaction that communicate and support DBA goals

Procedures: Written Instructions that describe a Procedures: Written Instructions that describe a services of steps to be followed during the services of steps to be followed during the performance of a given activityperformance of a given activity

Standards: More detailed and specific than Standards: More detailed and specific than policies, and describe the minimum requirements policies, and describe the minimum requirements of a DBA activityof a DBA activity– Rules that are used to evaluate the qualityof the activityRules that are used to evaluate the qualityof the activity

Areas of Policies and ProceduresAreas of Policies and Procedures

End-User database requirements gatheringEnd-User database requirements gathering Database design and modelingDatabase design and modeling Documentation and Naming conventionsDocumentation and Naming conventions Design, coding, and testing of applicationsDesign, coding, and testing of applications Database software selectionDatabase software selection Database security and integrityDatabase security and integrity Database backup and recoveryDatabase backup and recovery Database maintenance and operationDatabase maintenance and operation End-user trainingEnd-user training

Data Security, Privacy and IntegrityData Security, Privacy and Integrity

User Access ManagementUser Access Management– Define each user to the databaseDefine each user to the database

Operating System LevelOperating System Level Database LevelDatabase Level

– Assign PasswordsAssign Passwords– Define User GroupsDefine User Groups– Assign Access PrivilegesAssign Access Privileges

ReadRead WriteWrite DeleteDelete

– Physical Access ControlPhysical Access Control View DefinitionsView Definitions

– Protect and Control the Scope of the Data that is accessible to a userProtect and Control the Scope of the Data that is accessible to a user DBMS utilities access controlDBMS utilities access control

– Limit the use of query and reporting toolsLimit the use of query and reporting tools DBMS usage MonitoringDBMS usage Monitoring

– Audit LogsAudit Logs

(More difficult in distributed databases)(More difficult in distributed databases)

Data Backup and RecoveryData Backup and Recovery

Disaster Management Disaster Management – Periodic Data and Application BackupsPeriodic Data and Application Backups

FullFull IncrementalIncremental ConcurrentConcurrent

– Proper Backup IdentificationProper Backup Identification– Convenient and safe backup storageConvenient and safe backup storage– Physical protection of hardware and softwarePhysical protection of hardware and software– Personal Access Control to the software of a database Personal Access Control to the software of a database

installationinstallation– Insurance Coverate for the data in the databaseInsurance Coverate for the data in the database

Data Backup and RecoveryData Backup and Recovery

Recovery and Contingency plansRecovery and Contingency plans– TestedTested– EvaluatedEvaluated– PracticedPracticed

Will Not Recover all components of an ISWill Not Recover all components of an IS– Establish priorities for the nature and extend of Establish priorities for the nature and extend of

the data recovery processthe data recovery process

Data Distribution and UseData Distribution and Use

Data is only useful when:Data is only useful when:– Given to the Right UserGiven to the Right User– Right TimeRight Time– Right FormatRight Format

Programmers Deliver programs to access dataProgrammers Deliver programs to access data– Time consuming for DBATime consuming for DBA

Data Distribution allows end users to access the databaseData Distribution allows end users to access the database– InternetInternet– IntranetsIntranets– Queries, Web Front EndsQueries, Web Front Ends– End Users may make improper use of database, data duplication, End Users may make improper use of database, data duplication,

etc.etc.

DBA’s Technical RoleDBA’s Technical Role

DBMS and utilities, evaluation, selection and DBMS and utilities, evaluation, selection and installationinstallation

Design and implementation of DatabaseDesign and implementation of Database Testing and EvaluationTesting and Evaluation Operation of DBMS, Utilities, and ApplicationsOperation of DBMS, Utilities, and Applications Training and Supporting UsersTraining and Supporting Users Maintenance of DBMS, Utilities, and ApplicaitonsMaintenance of DBMS, Utilities, and Applicaitons

Evaluation, Selection, and Evaluation, Selection, and InstallationInstallation

Selection of Hardware and SoftwareSelection of Hardware and Software Must be based on the Organization’s NeedsMust be based on the Organization’s Needs Search is for a solutions to a problem, not a Search is for a solutions to a problem, not a

need for a softwareneed for a software 11stst step is to determine companies NEEDS step is to determine companies NEEDS

DBMS ChecklistDBMS Checklist DBMS ModelDBMS Model Storage CapacityStorage Capacity Application Development SupportApplication Development Support Security and IntegritySecurity and Integrity Backup and RecoveryBackup and Recovery Concurrency ControlConcurrency Control PerformancePerformance DBA toolsDBA tools Interoperability and Data DistributionInteroperability and Data Distribution PortabilityPortability HardwareHardware Data DictionaryData Dictionary Vendor Training and SupportVendor Training and Support Third Party ToolsThird Party Tools CostCost

Design and ImplementationDesign and Implementation

Determination and Enforcement of Standards and Determination and Enforcement of Standards and ProceduresProcedures

Ensure the Design activities are performed within Ensure the Design activities are performed within the Standards and Proceduresthe Standards and Procedures

Ensure Transactions are:Ensure Transactions are:– CorrectCorrect– EfficientEfficient– Compliant with Integrity and StandardsCompliant with Integrity and Standards

Physical DesignPhysical Design Operational ProceduresOperational Procedures

Testing and EvaluationTesting and Evaluation

All Database and End User ApplicationsAll Database and End User Applications Maintained Independently of Development and Maintained Independently of Development and

ImplementationImplementation Cover:Cover:

– Technical AspectsTechnical Aspects Backup, Recovery, Security, Integrity, SQLBackup, Recovery, Security, Integrity, SQL

– Evaluation of DocumentationEvaluation of Documentation– Observance of Standards Observance of Standards

Naming, Documentation, CodingNaming, Documentation, Coding– Data Duplication Conflicts with existing dataData Duplication Conflicts with existing data– Enforcement of Data Validation rulesEnforcement of Data Validation rules

Operation of DBMS, Utilities, and Operation of DBMS, Utilities, and ApplicationsApplications

System SupportSystem Support– Day-to-day activity of the DBMSDay-to-day activity of the DBMS

Performance monitoring and tuningPerformance monitoring and tuning– Performance GoalsPerformance Goals– Evaluate if performance objectives are being metEvaluate if performance objectives are being met– Isolate Problems and Find solutionsIsolate Problems and Find solutions– Implement solutionsImplement solutions

Backup and RecoveryBackup and Recovery Security auditing and monitoringSecurity auditing and monitoring

– Appropriate access rightsAppropriate access rights– Proper use of access privileges by programmers and end usersProper use of access privileges by programmers and end users

Training and Supporting UsersTraining and Supporting Users

Technical Training in the use of DBMS and Technical Training in the use of DBMS and Utilities for Applications ProgrammersUtilities for Applications Programmers

Unscheduled on-demand technical supportUnscheduled on-demand technical support Interaction with DBMS vendorsInteraction with DBMS vendors

Maintenance of DBMSMaintenance of DBMS

Dedicated to the Preservation of the DBMS Dedicated to the Preservation of the DBMS environmentenvironment

Management of the Physical or Secondary Management of the Physical or Secondary Storage devicesStorage devices– Reorganizing the physical location of the dataReorganizing the physical location of the data

Upgrading the DBMS and Utility SoftwareUpgrading the DBMS and Utility Software Exchange of data is dissimilar formats or Exchange of data is dissimilar formats or

between databasebetween database

Database Administration ToolsDatabase Administration Tools

Data DictionaryData Dictionary– Store the Description of all objects that interact with the Store the Description of all objects that interact with the

databasedatabase Integrated Integrated limited to data of DBMS limited to data of DBMS Standalone Standalone Include data outside of DBMS Include data outside of DBMS

Case ToolsCase Tools– Computer Aided Software EngineeringComputer Aided Software Engineering– Automated Framework for the SDLCAutomated Framework for the SDLC

Front-End ToolsFront-End Tools– Planning, Analysis, DesignPlanning, Analysis, Design

Back-End ToolsBack-End Tools– Coding and ImplementationCoding and Implementation

Data DictionaryData Dictionary

Data Elements from all tables of all databasesData Elements from all tables of all databases– Names, Types, Format, Validation rules, When an Names, Types, Format, Validation rules, When an

Element is Used and by whomElement is Used and by whom Tables defined in the databaseTables defined in the database Indexes defined for each tableIndexes defined for each table Defined databases, and propertiesDefined databases, and properties End Users and AdministratorsEnd Users and Administrators Programs that access the databasePrograms that access the database Access Authorizations for all usersAccess Authorizations for all users Relationships among data elements Relationships among data elements

Case ToolsCase Tools

Reduction in development time and costsReduction in development time and costs Automation of the SDLCAutomation of the SDLC Standardization of Systems Development MethodologiesStandardization of Systems Development Methodologies Easier Maintenance of Application Systems Developed Easier Maintenance of Application Systems Developed

with CASE Toolswith CASE Tools Components:Components:

– GraphicsGraphics– Screen Painters and Report GeneratorsScreen Painters and Report Generators– Repository for Storing and Cross-Referencing the System Design Repository for Storing and Cross-Referencing the System Design

Data (Data Dictionary)Data (Data Dictionary)– Analysis Segment for Automated Check on System Consistency, Analysis Segment for Automated Check on System Consistency,

Syntax, CompletenessSyntax, Completeness– Program Documentation GeneratorProgram Documentation Generator