Dave McComb Semantic Arts Semantic Technology Conference June 1x, 2009

Dave McComb

Semantic Arts

Semantic Technology Conference June 1x, 2009

gist: a minimalist upper ontology

Basing your ontology on an upper ontology can increase your productivity and the quality of the resulting ontology

Basing your ontology on an upper ontology will make interoperation with others using that upper ontology much easier

Not all upper ontologies are alike

Premises

Modular and layered ontologies: how and why

Facets: breadth, depth, understandabilityUnderstanding gistExperience reportWhat’s next

Agenda

Ontologies can get Large, and Complex

This has three downsidesInference slows downThere is more for the humans to understandThere may be stuff in there you don’t agree

with

Modular and layered ontologies: how and why

When you “import” an ontology it’s not like a library of subroutines where you only use what you wantYou get it all,and all the implications

Hence the term “committing” to an ontology

Commit

A “commits” to B does not imply that B “commits” (or even knows about) A

Commitment is directional

A B

Two ontologies that commit to a third common ontology have some basis for exchanging information

It’s limited to the scope of their use of the shared ontology

But at least it’s something

Mutual Commitment

Sharing is limited to.....the amount you share

Contention:

The smaller your shared ontology + number of things based on the shared ontology, the more scope for sharing

What would you want in an upper ontology?Our contention is that you would

1) want it to cover most of the concepts you have in your domain

2) with minimal ambiguity or overlap 3) easy to understand

Facets: breadth, depth, understandability

foaf dublin coreskos

Cycsumo

A few examples

foaf (friend of a friend)

Concepts typically expressed in a business system

foaf

Mostly people and their relationships

Dublin Core


dc

Documents, authors, publishers, rights

SKOS


skos

essentially a thesauruss

cyc


cyc

hundreds of thousands of common sense terms axiomized

sumo


sumo

tens of thousands of terms tied to word net and axiomized

Upper Ontologies

Ease of understanding

Bre

ad

th

foafdc

skos

cyc

sumo

xbrl

ebXML

gist

gist hasxx propertiesxx primitive classesxx partially defined classesxx fully defined classes

Understanding gist

Person (human being, living or dead)Substance (occupies space and has mass)Location (geospatial)Time (specific dates and times in the past and

future and intervals of time)

You already agree on many of the concepts

OrganizationUnits of measure, including currencyOwnership and rightsDocuments and contentRecorded events, including transactionsAgreements, contracts, obligations and offers

There are some that we just have to agree on, or there is no commerce

Superior/Subordinate (Whole/part, contains/contained)

Reference (about, regarding)Datatype attributes (name, amount, date,

time, text)Features (non simple attributes) (start/end

dates, ids,

And some properties

Guide to our visualization

SocialBeing

ComputerProgram

--- OR ---

(NS) onBehalfOfsome SocialBeing

Agent

(NS) giversome SocialBeing

(NS) gettersome SocialBeing

(NS) containsDirectlysome Offer

Obligation A future commitment from one social being to

another. Contracts are sets of oblgations to do or

forebear, or indeminfy or warrant

--- AND ---

(N) plannedEndDatesome TimeInstant

(NS) giversome SocialBeing

(N) hasMagnitudesome MonetaryReferenceAmount

price

(NS) containsDirectlysome Offering

Offer Something which could be offered commercially ,

includes products, services, guarentees, warrantees,

encumbrances etc

--- AND ---

NaturalLanguage

ComputerLanguage A language which could be executed by a computer . I

couldn't find a definative list , but www.acronyms.ch seems to be a reasonable place.

Language A recognized organized set of symbols and grammer

GeoPrimitive

Material

Locatable Can be found in the real world , includes counties as well

as cars

--- OR ---

hasDatesome date

hasDateTimesome dateTime

hasTimesome time

(N) occurredInsome TimeZone

LocalInstant Local time is in a timezone and has an offset to Universal time. We may not know the universal time , but we know

the instant necessarily has a universal time .

TimeInstant A point on a time line. Could be a literal instant (as in

12:01.0001 January 1, 2008) or an broader, but still single point in time (January 1, 2008). Time and dates are in xsd :

DateTime format in Universal Time .

(N) hasAltitudesome Extent

(NS) hasLongitudesome float

(NS) hasLatitudesome float

GeoPoint Individual point on Earth 's surface, including latitude and longitude and altitude. If altitude missing assumed to be at the earths surface , however altitude is measured from

sea level.

(N) offsetToUniversalsome Duration

TimeZone I haven't found a definative source for time zone names or their geoboundaries. I'll suggest the tz database for now .

(N) containssome GeoPoint

GeoRegion Bounded region(s) on surface of the earth . At this level a

geoRegion could be non contiguous . (the USA is the contiguous plus Alaska and Hawaii ). Child classes in lower

ontologies can make this distinction .

(NS) fromPlacesome GeoPoint

(NS) toPlacesome GeoPoint

GeoSegment Single segment. I'd like to have max points 2, but until 1.1

with qualified cardinality no go .

--- AND ---

(NS) containsDirectlysome GeoSegment

GeoRoute Ordered set of GeoPoints that define a route from starting

point to ending point.

(N) regardingsome Building

Subclass of

Address

BuildingAddress A pointer to a place either physical or electronic , where

information or physical goods could be sent .

(N) regardingsome SocialBeing

Subclass of

Address

PostalAddress A set of codes the postal authorities can use to deliver

mail. Could be a street address , could be a postal address, could be the route codescategorizedBy

some AllowedMediaType

regardingsome Agent

Address

TelephoneNumber Some phone numbers accept faxes , some allow internet

access etc.

--- AND ---

(N) regardingsome Agent

Subclass of

Address

ElectronicMessageAddress Any place a message can be send (email, fax etc).

(N) allocatedFromsome Domain

DomainID The id of an agent or an artifact that sets up the context within which ids are meant to uniquely refer to one item . For instance the US Social Security Administration is a domain which is supposed to assure that a given Social

Security Number refers to a single person . Could also be a form that assures that labels are unique on the form .

(N) hasTextsome string

actual ID

ID A stinrg of characters that refer to a referent in the real

world (person, place, organzation, vehicle etc) a concept or an event. Intended to be unique within a domain (but

generally no guarentee of this ).

Term

ServiceOffering

ProductOffering

Offering A description of the thing being offerred . it's features,

etc

--- OR ---

(NS) containsDirectlysome Obligation

(NS) partymin 2 SocialBeing

Agreement A binding commitment between two or more parties that obligate each of them for some future action or

restraint. should have a cardinality constraint for

obligations, but waiting for 1.1

--- AND ---

(NS) categorizedBysome MediaType

Media Low level primitive for stored media .

(NS) hasMagnitudesome Duration

Subclass of

MediaType

Audio --- AND ---

Subclass of

MediaType

Blob Applications, executable code, but also miscellaneous non

PCDATA.

Subclass of

MediaType

Image Pictures or images

(NS) expressedInsome Language

Subclass of

Content

(N) hasTextsome string

Text content in words

(NS) hasMagnitudesome Duration

Subclass of

MediaType

Video This is not the video itself , but a categorization of media as

video

--- AND ---

hasUoMsome UnitOfMeasure

hasDecimalValuesome float

Magnitude A scalar value which is either measured , estimated or set

as a refernece value. Magnitudes of the same dimenstional type ( ie duration or electric current) can be

compared with a > or < operator, but can still have difference in their relationToTheWorld type (ie you can

compare actuals to estimates or references as long as the

dimension is the same).

--- AND ---

(NS) hasUoMsome CountingUnit

Magnitude

Count Measures that involve countable amounts (eaches as well as cases, and the like) can be decimal Note: we did not make count disjoint will all the other magnitudes as there are some magnitudes that could conceivably be counted (say distance in rods, it's a bit of a stretch admittedly but

shouldn't harm anything).

--- AND --- (NS) hasUoMsome AreaUnit

Magnitude

Area Two dimensional area

--- AND ---

(NS) hasUoMsome DurationUnit

Magnitude

Duration Time, but not on time line. For instance one week, or

seven days but not Jan 1, 2008 to Jan 7, 2008 (which is

an interval). Intervals have durations but aren 't durations.

--- AND ---

(NS) hasUoMsome ElectricalCurrentUnit

Magnitude

ElectricCurrent Voltage

--- AND ---

Subclass of

Category

Estimate A magnitude which has been estimated rather than

measured.

(NS) hasUoMsome DistanceUnit

Magnitude

Extent A measure of distance which can either be distances over the earth, but could also be height , width, length, depth,

girth etc.

--- AND ---

(NS) hasUoMsome LuminescenceUnit

Measure of light

Magnitude

Luminance Measure of light

--- AND ---

Subclass of

Category

Measure The result of a replicatable process that established the magnitude of an item or event . Note the measure (this cllass) is distinct from the measurement (an event that

produced the measure ).

(NS) hasUoMsome MoleUnit

Magnitude

MolarQuantity Amount of a substance as counted molecules . It's here for completeness, if we bridge to an SI unit conversion ontology. It is unlikely a commercial system , with the

possible exception of some involved in chemical research would use this. Note I left the disjointness with

Count, Weight and Volume out as there is some ambiguity, at least in my mind as to whether they are

mutually exclusive.

--- AND ---

(NS) hasUoMsome CurrencyUnit

Currency

MonetaryAmount A magnitude of value expressed in a currency .

--- AND ---

Subclass of

Category

Prediction An estimate about an event or a thing which has yet

occured.

(NS) hasUoMsome RatioUnit

Magnitude

Ratio --- AND ---

Subclass of

Category

Reference A measure that was neither measured nor estimated but

set by fiat. For instance a goal.

(NS) hasUoMsome TemperatureUnit

Magnitude

Temperature Base of temperature is in Kelvin per SI to allow for all units to be expressed relative to a real (in this case

absolute) zero.

--- AND ---

(NS) hasUoMsome VolumeUnit

Magnitude

Volume Three dimensional space or equivalent fluid

measurement.

--- AND ---

(NS) hasUoMsome MassUnit

Magnitude

Weight Magnitude of mass. Assumes near the earth 's surface, so

weight and mass are equivalent for our purposes .

--- AND ---

(N) hasConversionFactorsome Reference

(NS) baseUnitsome UnitOfMeasure

UnitOfMeasure Units of measure from SI . Each unit has a base unit and a

conversion factor to the base .

(NS) baseUnithas square_meter

UnitOfMeasure

AreaUnit Units of two dimensional area such as square inches and

hectacres.

--- AND ---

(NS) baseUnithas each

UnitOfMeasure

CountingUnit Units of counting, especially each but also units such as

dozens.

--- AND ---

(NS) baseUnithas US_Dollar

UnitOfMeasure

CurrencyUnit Units of money. Note this is the only unit whose

conversion factors include time (ie the conversion rates

change on a daily basis ).

--- AND ---

(NS) baseUnithas meter

UnitOfMeasure

DistanceUnit Units to measure linear distance such as feet and

kilometers.

--- AND ---

(NS) baseUnithas second

UnitOfMeasure

DurationUnit Units to measure passage of time , hours, days years.

--- AND ---

(NS) baseUnithas ampere

UnitOfMeasure

ElectricalCurrentUnit Units of electrical power (volt). Note that wattage,

current and kilowatt hours are composed unts .

--- AND ---

(NS) baseUnithas candela

UnitOfMeasure

LuminescenceUnit Measure of brightness (candles ).

--- AND ---

(NS) baseUnithas kilogram

UnitOfMeasure

MassUnit Units of weight, pounds, kilos etc.

--- AND ---

(NS) baseUnithas mole

UnitOfMeasure

MoleUnit --- AND ---

(NS) baseUnithas kelvin

(NS) hasConversionOffsetsome Temperature

UnitOfMeasure

TemperatureUnit Unlike other units of measure , temperatures have a different zero value and therefore need an offset for coversion (process is use the offset to get to Kelvin ,

convert to the degrees in new unit , then apply the new unit offset. It's a bit complex, but it is generalized this

way and easier to add new units )

--- AND ---

(NS) baseUnithas cubic_meter

UnitOfMeasure

VolumeUnit Units of three dimensional volume (cubic inch) as well as

fluid volume (ounces).

--- AND ---

(NS) numeratorsome UnitOfMeasure

(NS) denominatorsome UnitOfMeasure

UnitOfMeasure

RatioUnit Ratio Units are composed of two units , a numerator and denominator (for instance miles/ hour) Conversion factor will not be on the ratios , but will be on the numerator and denominator (so there won't be a conversion factor from

miles/hour to kilometers/sec, but there will be one to

convert the miles to kilometers and the hours to second ).

--- AND ---

(N) startDatesome TimeInstant

(N) endDatesome TimeInstant

(NS) occurredAtsome GeoPrimitive

Event Occurred or will occur in time and at some place

containsDirectlysome Content

The content of the message (if captured)

actualDatesome TimeInstant

hasCommunicationAddresssome Address

fromAgentsome Agent

toAgentsome Agent

Message This is an actual sent message , not a message template .

It can be a voice mail message , a letter, an email or a

Web Message

--- AND ---

Intention Goal, desire, aspiration

State As the term is use in a State machine (not a province in

the US).

(N) directlyContainedInsome Media

stored in

(N) aboutmin 1

subject of the document

Content Documetns, programs, images and the like. Categories

are not content until they are written down .

Subclass of

Landmark

Subclass of

Artifact

Building

(NS) hasMagnitudesome Volume

(NS) hasMagnitudesome Weight

AbstractSubstance

Substance Non corporeal material . That is, "stuff" which can be

divided in half and stil retain its essence (ie water, pennicillian and even h . pilori bacteria except for

those very rare cases where someone is studying an

individual bacterium).

--- AND ---

(N) uniqueKeysome ID

AbstractSubstance

IndividuallyIdentifiableItem You could at lead in principle put a RFID tag on members

of this class

--- AND ---

(NS) geoLocatedInsome GeoRegion

Subclass of

IndividuallyIdentifiableItem

Landmark

(NS) biologicalChildOfsome LivingThing

Subclass of

IndividuallIdentifiableItem

(NS) hasDateOfBirthsome TimeInstant

LivingThing Something that is or at some point was alive and growing .

--- AND ---

(N) hasNamesome Person

Most people have many names

(NS) biologicalChildOfsome Person

Person This is a member of homo sapiens , who has lived at some point, and may or may not be dead . With open world you never know if someone has died on you .

Fictitious people are not persons .

Composites

containsDirectlysome Measure


producedBysome Agent

regardingmin 1

The thing or event that was measured

Measurement The act and result of measuing something

--- AND ---

containsDirectlysome Content

the evidence of the observation (description, pcture recording etc)



Event

Observation recording of something that happend

--- AND ---

Subclass of

MediaType

Characters rendered text

Categories (some of the key categories used in other definitions)



Event

toAgentsome Agent

fromAgentsome Agent

regardingsome Property

recordedDatesome TimeInstant

posted

FinancialTransfer Financial Assets or Liabilities changing ownership

--- AND ---

(NS) recognizedBysome GovernmentOrganization

Organization This is a legally recognized organiation who can enter into

contracts and have them enforced

--- AND ---

(NS) recognizedByhas UnitedNations

Subclass of

GovernmentOrganization

CountryGovernment --- AND ---

(NS) recognizedBysome CountryGovernment

(N) governssome GeoRegion

GovernmentOrganization Established either by fiat (as a conquering army overtakes a land and declares a government ) or by delegation from a fiat government, such as a state or local government or a

specific agency. Differ from corporations in that they

cannot be owned.

--- AND ---

Organization - UnitedNations

hasGoalsome Intention

startDatesome TimeInstant

endDatesome TimeInstant

usesome Resource

Task --- AND ---

Property

Person

Resource --- OR ---

(NS) hasMagnitudesome MonetaryAmount

AbstractSubstance

Money This is a quantity of money (not the price or value of

something) so it is a reource and a substance

--- AND ---

Collections

(NS) ownedBysome SocialBeing

(N) uniqueKeysome Symbol

Organization

Corporation The set of "ownable" organizations, that is corporations

and partnerships, recognized by a state .

--- AND ---

Subclass of

Organization

InformalOrganization A group that can be recognized and can in some cases

contract, but is not recognized by the state and can not be owned. Seems like they should have a unique ID , but I

don't know that they need to

(N) containsDirectlysome Person

Subclass of

Category

MarriedCouple This is the entity that can engage in commerce as one , ie the "couple," "tenants in common" in real estate law. I'm

not going anywhere near the current debate on who can or can't be partners other than to say they must both be

humans. (call me a speciest if you must ). Sub ontollogies can limit the number of people that constitute a

MarriedCouple, but in the general case it requires at least 2. Seems like they should have a unique ID , but is it just their two individual IDs? Also would like some cardinality

constraints, but need to wait on 1.1

(NS) hasDirectPartmin 1

Collection

(NS) hasIncumbentmin 1

FilledPosition

Collection

(NS) hasAsome InclusionCriteria

IntensionalCollection --- AND ---

(NS) hasDirectPartmin 1

(NS) hasMagnitudesome Count

ExtensionalCollection --- AND ---

ExtensionalCollection

(NS) containsDirectlysome RankedPosition

OrderedCollection --- AND ---

(NS) startDatesome TimeInstant

(NS) endDatesome TimeInstant

hasMagnitudesome Duration

TimeInterval A specific interval on a time line . So this is January 1,

2008 to January 8, 2008, which has a duration , but isn't a duration. Note has two instants . The endDate is assumed

to be greater than the start , but this is not enforced

Person

Organization

SocialBeing This is the Cyc term, if we can, I'd like to think of

something better. Until then this is just the union of people and organizations . it is a superset of objects that can enter into contracts . We're not calling it a

party as that is the relationship to the contract more

than the entity that might be able to enter into one

--- OR ---

(N) hasIDsome DomainID

Domain

Organization

Money

Content

Right

Material

Property --- OR ---

(NS) hasMagnitudesome Magnitude

AbstractSubstance Quantifiable stuff that is non physical

(NS) producedBysome Agent

Artifact

Person

_NotPerson

IndividuallyIdentifiableItem

Substance

_Stuff --- OR ---

Material --- AND ---

Right A description of things one is permitted to

do, and could be broad such as free speech, but more often is very specific such as the right of egress through a

particular property

containsDirectlysome Agreement

actualStartDatesome TimeInstant

endDatesome TimeInstant

the end may be planned or actual

regardingsome SocialBeing

Role An aspect of a social being that comes into existance

through some sort of agreement

--- AND ---



Event

toAgentsome Agent

fromAgentsome Agent

containsDirectlysome Obligation

categorizedBysome DegreeOfCommitment


posted

FinancialObligation obligation that has been monetized

--- AND ---

Event


regardingsome FinancialTransaction


posted

FinancialClassification categorizing or recategorizing transactions that have been

recorded

--- AND ---

(N) hasSequencesome int

RankedPosition A position in a collection where the position is

ordered. It is the responsibility of the collection to maintain the ordering , bu the

position has an order feature . (hasID that is comparable, that is, is a magnitude).

Position Place holder in a collection or an organization

for someone or something

(N) allocatedFromsome Domain

Someone is assigning the category lables

Category Instances of this class are used to categorize other

instances informally . This could be tags, folksonomies or formal definitions from other systems .

Subclass of

Category

ActivityType Way to categorize an Activity

Address A place (real or virtual) that can be located by some

routing algorithm and where messages or things can be sent

Subclass of

Text

ComputerProgram executable content

Rule Law, Policy or computer program

ComputerProgram

Rule

ComputerizedRule --- AND ---

Subclass of

ComputerizedRule

GenerativeRule Creates output

Subclass of

ComputerizedRule

Filter Restricts output

Subclass of

ComputerizedRule

Constraint Restricts input or result

(NS) categorizedBysome Reference

MonetaryAmount

MonetaryReferenceAmount An amount such as price , that is not a fungible quantity of

a substance

--- AND ---

(NS) categorizedBysome MimeType

Subclass of

Category

MediaType --- AND ---

Subclass of

Category

MimeType

Language

Media

MediaOrLanguage --- OR ---

Subclass of

Category

DegreeOfCommitment Extent to which an obligation be completed and /or extent

of remedy

FinancialTransfer

FinancialObligation

FinancialClassification

FinancialTransaction --- OR ---

Subclass of

Category

AllowedMediaType

UnitOfMeasure - second

UnitOfMeasure - ampere

UnitOfMeasure - candela

UnitOfMeasure - mole

UnitOfMeasure - US_Dollar

UnitOfMeasure - cubic_meter

UnitOfMeasure - square_meter

UnitOfMeasure - kelvin

--- ALL DIFFERENT ---

Magnitude

hasCurrencyValuesome float

Currency Special type of magnitudde due to to way rounding is

handled in math and temporal aspect of conversion

--- AND ---

Subclass of

Ratio

Percentage This is a ratio class where the numerator and

denominator are of the same unit of measure . This would have to be enforced as a SWRL rule . Note there are two conventions multiple by 100 or not (ie 50/100

could be .5 or 50) we are going with the .5 convention, despite the name, as it involves less additional

conversion in its use .

Guide to our visualization

From concrete to abstract

Key types (also by color)

Time Place Person Thing Stuff Doc BehaviorAgree Goal Category

“Atomic”concepts

“Common Composites”

“Collections”

Properties (with domain and range in color)gist Upper Ontology (Feb 09) - Semantic Model - Properties and Magnitudes

Author : Dave Mccomb,

Last Updated : 6/1/2009

1.0 12/10/2008 Initial transcritpion form the OWL

1.1 3/26/2009 Caught up to date to the Feb 09 Version

1.2 4/8/2009 Corrected spelling mistakes (preferred, supercede and incumbent) also PropertyOrPerson was inadvertantly made a living thing , this was undone.. MediaOrLanguage needed to be added . Removed the sole OWL2 construct changed hasPart some owlThing to hasDirectPart min 1. Introduced multiple prop inheritance with planned and actual dates .

2.0 5/28/2009 major refactor. Visually organized around primitives and what you have to agree to . Added measurement, and reorganized Media and types

Change Log

Open Description

Task List

gist

A light weight upper ontology for business .

OWL Standard : 2.0

Base URI : http://ontologies.semanticarts.com/gistDefault Namespace : http://ontologies.semanticarts.com/gist#

governs(governedBy)

The subject controls or inhibits the object in some way . Ownership is one case, as is jurisditionc, inhibiting,

custodianship.

owns(ownedBy)

Domain:SocialBeing Range:Property Adds to governance legal title .

guardianOverDomain:SocialBeing Range:Resource

hasJurisdictionRegionDomain:GovernmentOrganization Range:GeoPrimitive

controls This is the essential agentive relationship . If I've been

delegated the right to enter into a contract on someone 's behalf I'm their agent in that context , but we'll say they

control the the ability to enter into a contract .

categorizedBy Range:Category

superCategory [T]

directSuperCategoryDomain:Category Range:Category

hasPreferredTerm [F] Range:Text

If there are many terms for a concept or specific instance this is the one to use.

supercedeDomain:Content Range:Content

Subject supercedes the object ie . is a newer version of it .

hasCommunicationAddressDomain:SocialBeingOrMessage Range:Address

The general class of places you can send messages including postal addresses, fax numbers, phone numbers,

email, web site etc.

hasStreetAddressDomain:Building Range:BuildingAddress

A place that can be found on a map , has geo coordinates, you could live or work their .

regarding Peer to peer relationships between subjects and objects .

aboutDomain:Content

Subject matter of a document .

occurredAtDomain:Event Range:GeoPrimitive

Location where an event occured .

numeratorDomain:RatioUnit

Range:MagnitudeDimension Fiirst term in a ratio unit of measure . (Distance in the ratio unit "speed").

denominatorDomain:RatioUnit

Range:MagnitudeDimension Second unit in the ratio unit of

measure (Duration (time) in "speed").

baseUnit [F]Domain:UnitOfMeasure

Range:UnitOfMeasure

hasUoMDomain:Magnitude

Range:UnitOfMeasure Which unit of measure are you using . All measures are in some uom , even

if we don't know what it is initially

hasDateDomain:TimeInstant Range:date

hasDateTimeDomain:TimeInstant Range:dateTime

hasTimeDomain:TimeInstant Range:time

hasLatitudeDomain:GeoPoint Range:float

hasLongitudeDomain:GeoPoint Range:float

hasText Range:string

hasLabel Range:string

fromAgent Range:SocialBeing

to received something (a message or a product ) from someone or a

program

toAgent Range:SocialBeing

comment "this is not the inverse of to. a message can be from someone , if we made it the inverse the person

would be "to" the message"

hasSequence Range:integer

For ordering orderd lists.

hasName This is the casual definition of name ,

for some items it may be more apropriate to use a sub typeof hasID

hasDecimalValueDomain:Magnitude Range:float

hasCurrencyValue Range:float

Currencies are rounded to specified precision

fromPlace Range:GeoPrimitive

a point or regiion that something came from

toPlace Range:GeoPrimitive

a point or regiion that something went to

allocatedTo(allocatedFrom)

Meaning that the subject has been assigned or reserved or set aside to

the object. Funds can be allocated to projects, people (really their time) can be allocated to tasks, or departmetns or organizations. There will likely be

many subproperties of this with varying shades of meaning for how

flexibly has the allocation been made .

delegatesTo(onBehalfOf)

Subject supercedes the object ie . is a newer version of it.

affects These are relationships where the domain end has some sort of affect on the range end (as much as possible these

will be verb tense independent , so we won't have use, uses, used, but just use)

hasGoal Range:Intention

A process or agent that has a specific intention .

transform Generally to convert from one form to another , also used here as process which could move an intem in one state

to another

biologicalParentOf(biologicalChildOf)

Domain:LivingThing Range:LivingThing To be the biological parent of , used instead of parent

because parent is highly overloaded term

produce(producedBy)

The subject creates or creates more of the object . ie. task produce deliverable; template produce program

useUp The subject consumes or consumed the object , either

wholly or partially. ie Painting useUp Paint . This will also be used for "liqudate" and "paritally liquidate" as in an

invoice will liquidate a PO, or a payment will liquidate a debt.

use To consume. So the subject uses the object . Using it up (consuming it) is a subtype of using, but the object may

not be used up but just necessary .

hasASuperior subordinate relationships

(hasPart, contains, hasID, hasFeature)

hasA(of)

High level property meaning to contain or include . At this level it is neither exclusive nor non exclusive . Superior,

subordinate relationships between subjects and objects .

hasPart [T] containing something that has independent existance . So we can say a car hasPart seat or engine , but not hasPart weight. The weight can not exist independant of the car .

No cascading delete.

hasIncumbentDomain:Position

This is to relate something ephemeral (a position) with sometihng potentiall more real (ie an employee)..

hasDirectPart Use has Direct part to associate parts , and allow it's

parent (hasPart) to complete the transitivity .

exclusiveUniqueKey [F] A key that is both unique and exclusive . For the situation where an item can have only one key and no individuals can share a key (this is how SSN is supposed to work )

hasID(idOf)

Range:ID

party(partyTo)

Domain:Agreement Range:SocialBeing The people or orgnaizations that are in an agreement

expressedInDomain:IntellectualProperty Range:MediaOrLanguage Intellectual Propoerty (computer programs, documents,

inventions etc) are expressed in either media or a language and usually both.

contains [T] comment "Contains is the inbetween land for "has."

hasPart refers to when the part has it 's own potentially separate existance, and there is no cascading delete . .

hasFeature is when the sub thing doesn 't have an independent existance. contains has the case where there is a separate thing but not obviously separable

(mbte contains ethanol) and also cases where a region contains bounding points (they don't go away, nor are they

really independent in existance). There will be a cascading delete (if you delete something that contains

something else the second thing will get deleted )."

containsDirectly(directlyContainedIn)

Corresponds to hasDirectPart .

hasOccupantDomain:Building Range:SocialBeing

More specific form of incumbent where we are referring to residing at or working at, of doing business at a very

specific location.

permanentGeoContains This is for things attached to the earth . Permanent is a

relative term, but it is more than saying a car is in a particular city, it's more that a building or tree, or lake is

(they don't move very often).

geoContainsDomain:GeoRegion Range:Locatable Located at a specific place on the earth .

recordedDate Range:TimeInstant

Data that something was posted , not necessarily the date it occured. Must be after the occurred date , but could be before or after the planned date . (Unusual, but I could

record today that I expected to be paid last week ).

hasAltitude Range:Extent

Distance above sea level

hasMagnitude Range:Magnitude

To have a comparable numerical value . Each magnitude has a unit.

hasFeature comment "A feature is something that an individual has

exclusively, and that if there individual were to go away so would the feature.All datatype properties are features , but

in owl it wouldn't work to have a datatype property be a subtype of an obejct property . So hasFeature is just for

the object type features that work like dataType properties . It implies a cascading delete . "

actualStartDate Range:TimeInstant

When something did start , therefore noting an historical event.

plannedStartDate Range:TimeInstant

A date/time that was at least at some point in time in the future. it may be in the past now, but when we planned it it

was in the future.

startDate Range:TimeInstant

Generically when some did or should start .

actualEndDate Range:TimeInstant

When something did end.

plannedEndDate Range:TimeInstant


was in the future.

endDate Range:TimeInstant

Generically when some did or should end .

hasConversionFactorDomain:UnitOfMeasure Range:Reference

used to convert from one unit of measure to another if they both have the same zero base.

hasConversionOffsetDomain:UnitOfMeasure Range:Reference

Used for tempreature conversion because Celicus and Fehrenheit have non zero zero bases .

hasFactor To have a conversion or other numerical factor .

affects(use, produce, has goal)

governs(controls, owns)

Datatype Properties

Unit Of Measure Related

Geo Related

Category Related

regardingPeer to peer relationships

Miscellaneous(allocatedTo, delegatesTo,

fromAgent, toAgent

Media Related

plannedDate Range:TimeInstant

dates that were in the future at the time they were made

actualDate Range:TimeInstant

historical Dates

recognizedBy [T] legally acknowledging the existance of

direcltyRecognizedBy legally acknowledging the existance of

offsetToUniversal

uniqueKey [IF] Each id only refers to one thing , but the thing can have

more than one (email address, phone number, name etc)

giverDomain:Obligation

Obligations have a party that is giving and one receiving (getting)

getterDomain:Obligation

obligations have receivers of the obligation

Superior/ Subordinategist Upper Ontology (Feb 09) - Semantic Model - Properties and Magnitudes Author : Dave Mccomb,






Change Log

Open Description

Task List

gist


OWL Standard : 2.0


governs(governedBy)


custodianship.

owns(ownedBy)








superCategory [T]












aboutDomain:Content










Range:UnitOfMeasure













program



























to another




produce(producedBy)









hasA(of)










hasID(idOf)

Range:ID

party(partyTo)














specific location.




















was in the future.







was in the future.










Datatype Properties


Geo Related

Category Related



fromAgent, toAgent

Media Related




historical Dates



offsetToUniversal







Other stuff ***gist Upper Ontology (Feb 09) - Semantic Model - Properties and Magnitudes Author : Dave Mccomb,






Change Log

Open Description

Task List

gist


OWL Standard : 2.0


governs(governedBy)


custodianship.

owns(ownedBy)








superCategory [T]












aboutDomain:Content










Range:UnitOfMeasure













program



























to another




produce(producedBy)









hasA(of)










hasID(idOf)

Range:ID

party(partyTo)














specific location.




















was in the future.







was in the future.










Datatype Properties


Geo Related

Category Related



fromAgent, toAgent

Media Related




historical Dates



offsetToUniversal







Causalgist Upper Ontology (Feb 09) - Semantic Model - Properties and Magnitudes Author : Dave Mccomb,






Change Log

Open Description

Task List

gist


OWL Standard : 2.0


governs(governedBy)


custodianship.

owns(ownedBy)








superCategory [T]












aboutDomain:Content










Range:UnitOfMeasure













program



























to another




produce(producedBy)









hasA(of)










hasID(idOf)

Range:ID

party(partyTo)














specific location.




















was in the future.







was in the future.










Datatype Properties


Geo Related

Category Related



fromAgent, toAgent

Media Related




historical Dates



offsetToUniversal







Drill down on an example

Most concrete instances in time are “time instant”

Even more concrete...

Now

A couple of other “too concrete to model” but worth including...

Now HereHom

eMe

Back to time

Time Instant (i.e. Sept 11, 2001)

Time Interval (i.e. 12/25/2008- 1/1/2009)

Duration (one week)

Duration unit of measure (week, month, second ) etc

Unit of Measure

Measurement (the act of taking the measure)

Measurement Type (ie Measured, Estimated, Predicted or Reference)

second

Almost all of business is about the management of commitments or obligations (quotes, purchase orders, price lists, invoices, even checks are obligations)

Obligation is the key concept: There are two parties (if you only have one party and

rules about who can be the second party you have an offer)

There is the substance of the obligation (to do, or refrain from doing something, including pay or provide service)

Substance is described in “term”(s)One party is the giver and one the getter of this obligation

Non obvious key concepts: Agreement, obligation, offer

An agreement (i.e. a contract) is a bundle of obligations between two or more parties (givers and getters)

The simplest agreement has two obligations:an obligation for giver (A) to provide a product

or service to getter (B) andan obligation for giver (B) to pay getter (A)

Note that this says nothing about the timing (pay first, pay later etc)

Agreements

Highly axiomizedUnits of Measure defined by their standard

unitLogically fewest datatype propertiesHeavy use of subproperties

Patterns

Highly Axiomized

UoM defined by instances

Few Datatype Properties

Subproperties

Qualified Cardinality (more for sub ontologies)

Disjoint propertiesProperty chains

OWL 2

Borrow simons slide

OWL 2 Qualified Cardinality

giver and getter

Disjoint Properties

Ownership and Location

Property Chains (bridging 3D and 4D)

Two major Enterprise Ontologies based on gistWashington State Employment Security

Division A large (modest) loan company

Using gist greatly sped up the ontology capture processMost concepts had either an identical or more

general class in gist, which avoided a lot of negotiation

Very high coverage of both properties and classesMost of the concepts in the EOs were

decedents of gist concepts

Experience Reports

current version

gist

http://ontologies.semanticarts.com/gist/gist.owl

archived versions

http://ontologies.semanticarts.com/gist/gist2009May20.owl

documentation (including this presentation)

http://www.semanticarts.com/gist/doc***

For you:Download gist, and the documentationLearn itExperiment with itBase your next ontology on itLet us know your experience (good and bad)

For us:Mapping to other high level and medium level

ontologiesContinued refinement

What’s next

Questions

Basing your ontology on an upper ontology can increase your productivity and the quality of the resulting ontology

Basing your ontology on an upper ontology will make interoperation with others using that upper ontology much easier

Not all upper ontologies are alike

Summary