David Welch in Finer A

Photonic Integration –Digital Optical Networks

Dave WelchChief Strategy Officer

OFC Monday March 6 | 2

Why Is Optical Transport Interesting?

$8B market through the downturnService providers care about it

Transport ≈50% of total service cost

IP still driving 70-100% annual traffic growthTransport carries everything, so benefits from any new apps

Ethernet, FTTx, IPTV, HD, VoD, VoIP, WiMax, 3G…

•The Challenge –•A cost structure that generates profits•Requires ~50% cost reduction per year


Today’s Optical Network

O-E-O is Expensive

Minimize O-E-O’s in“All Optical Network”

$$ $$ $$ $$ $$O-E-OO-E-OO-E-OO-E-O

O-E-OO-E-OO-E-OO-E-O




New York Newark Philadelphia Baltimore Washington








O-E-O is Expensive


Ultra-Long HaulTransport

OpticalAdd/Drop

All-OpticalSwitching

DCF PMDComp

GainFlattening Raman Tunable

LasersVOAs

The Analog Optical Network



• Complexity• Numerous analog elements, span engineering

• Inability to access information• Can’t add/drop, switch, mux, groom, or PM • -- required for revenue generation

• Cost• First-in capex, per-channel capex, opex



100 Gb/s Transmit

100 Gb/s Receive

Why are OEO’s Expensive?Discrete Optics


100 Gb/s Transmit

100 Gb/s Receive

100Gb/s Transmit

100Gb/s Receive

Infinera’s Solution: Photonic Integrated Circuits

PICs enable OEO conversion with no space, power, or cost penalty.



O-E-O is Expensive


Ultra-Long HaulTransport

OpticalAdd/Drop

All-OpticalSwitching

DCF PMDComp

GainFlattening Raman Tunable

LasersVOAs

The Analog Optical Network



New York WashingtonNewark Philadelphia Baltimore


Photonic Integration: Eliminate cost penalty of O-E-OPhotonic Integration: Eliminate cost penalty of O-E-O

PICs Enable Digital Optical Networking

Embrace O-E-Os and electronicsSignal Clean-up / Switching / Grooming / Performance Monitoring

The Digital Optical Network

Embrace O-E-Os and electronicsSignal Clean-up / Switching / Grooming / Performance Monitoring

Multi-haulTransportMulti-haulTransport

Fully FlexibleAdd/Drop

Fully FlexibleAdd/Drop

Digital BandwidthManagement

Digital BandwidthManagement

NetworkingIntelligenceNetworkingIntelligence

The Digital Optical Network


• Simplified network and operations• Architecture, service delivery, network growth

• Flexible service delivery• Any service at any location without preplanning

• Improved Economics• Lower capex due to integration• Lower opex due to digital (rather than analog) architecture


A Different Approach: Digital OpticalUse (analog) photonics for what it does best: transmissionUse (digital) electronics for everything else

Consistent with every other network element: SONET/SDH, switches, routers, etc.

Carriers add value by managing bits

Digital Electronics& Software

•Signal regeneration•Error correction•Sub-λ add/drop•Protection•Multiplexing•Grooming & switching•Performance monitoring

Integrated Photonics

Integrated Photonics


100 Gb/s DWDM Large-Scale PIC Transmitter

Optical Output

100 Gb/s

CH1

CH10

VOA Arra

yEA

M A

rray

AW

G M

ultip

lexe

r

OPM

Arra

y

DC Electrical Bias and Control

10 x 10 Gb/sElectrical Input

Tuna

ble D

FBArra

y

PIC Architecture - Superwavelengths


Tx Module – Inside View

Tx-PIC:

Driver ASIC


10 Channel spectrum of the DFB Array • AWG response function superimposedDWDM Transmitter PIC Spectral Response

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

1526 1530 1534 1538 1542Wavelength (nm)

Nor

mal

ized

Pow

er (d

B)DFB Spectrum

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

1526 1530 1534 1538 1542Wavelength (nm)

Nor

mal

ized

Pow

er (d

B)DFB with AWG Spectrum Superimposed

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Transmit PIC Wavelength Tuning

-90

-80

-70

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-50

-40

-30

-20

1544.5 1545.5 1546.5 1547.5 1548.5Wavelength (nm)

Pow

er (d

Bm

)

AWGPassband


Rx-PIC w/ TIA/AGC


Large-Scale PIC Reliability Data Summary

3,400,000 Hours of Field Operation (Tx + Rx Pairs) and Counting

With Zero PIC Failures

Corresponds to <300 FIT at 60% CL

And represents 34M channel hoursand >100M individual PIC element hours

0500

1000

1500200025003000

35004000

1Q05

2Q05

3Q05

4Q05

1Q06

May-06

Cum

ulat

ive

Hou

rs o

f PIC

Ope

ratio

n (0

00's

)


0

50

100

150

200

250

DRAM (NMOS)

Power Amplifers(GaAs HBT)

Microprocessor(CMOS)

Red-Orange-Yellow HB-LEDs (AlInGaP/GaAs)

Front-EndSwitches

(GaAs PHEMT)

Red-Orange-Yellow HB-LEDs (AlInGaP/GaP)

Blue-Green HB-LEDs (InGaN)

Ave

rage

Fin

ishe

d W

afer

Cos

t ($/

in2 )

19701985

Cost Comparison of Processed Semiconductor Wafer Technologies

1974

1991

1994

1990’s

Materials technology choice poses no fundamental limitation on processed wafer cost

1994

(date annotations show the year of first commercial production)


Relative Performance – Optics vs. Electronics

Optical Performance enhancement has very high 1st costOptical technologies also impose complex engineering, design rules and operational complexityGains available from electronics limited by how often OEO is implemented

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

3dB of e

xtra EDFA gain

Raman Pum

p

3000

ps/nm DCM

FEC

EDC

Rel

ativ

e C

osts

per

dB

Q

Optical Performance Enhancement

Electronic Performance Enhancement


Long-Haul Trends: Return to Growth

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

1Q03 1Q04 1Q05

100G-Infinera40G10G2.5G

Total Gigabits per Second Shipped for LH DWDM Networks (Quarterly)

Source: Dell’Oro Group

LH Capacity Growth:2005: 66% 4Q05 vs. 4Q04: 90%

PICs 18% of all LH capacity in 2005; 26% of 10 Gb ports in Q4’05


Complexity & Limitations of ROADM Networks

32-40 λ WDM

Allocate bandwidth on ROADM ring using available λ’sExtending ROADM consumes λ’s end-end across network…Blocking consumes extra λ’s or requires OEO for λ conversionThis creates stranded bandwidth and faster capacity exhaustThis does not scale with….

Protection; Hundreds of demands; Larger networks; Nodal connectivityReconfigurability and flexibility is limited by end-end λ-blocking


Reconfigurable “Digital” Add/Drop

Switched WDM with affordable OEO sub-λ grooming at all nodes Removes wavelength blocking constraints – any point to any pointMaximizes WDM capacity on every linkNo stranded bandwidth, simpler planning & engineeringScales with network capacity, number of nodes, network size/distanceTruly flexible and reconfigurable networking

N x 100G WDMN x 100G WDM

N x 100G WDM

N x 100G WDM


100 Gb/s Transmit

100 Gb/s Receive

Integration: Heart of a New Strategy


100 Gigabit Ethernet Has Begun

Ethernet performance has advanced ~10x every four years

100+ Gbps standardization started July 2005

Standard

Bit Rate (Mbps)

Year Standard Approved

Technology Leveraged

10BASE5 10 198310BASE-FOIRL 10 198710BASE-T 10 199010BASE-FL 10 1993100BASE-T 100 1995 FDDI100BASE-FX 100 1995 FDDI1000BASE-X 1,000 1998 Fibre Channel1000BASE-T 1,000 199910GBASE-R 10,000 2002 SONET10GBASE-T 10,000 2006?100GBASE-L10 100,000 >= 2008 DWDM


The Need for DWDM Superwavelengths

0.1

1

10

100

1000

1Q94 1Q96 1Q98 1Q00 1Q02 1Q04 1Q06 1Q08

Avg Wave Datarate Capacity between adjacent core routers

Gig

abits

per

Sec

ond

40Sub-λ Links

IP over SONET

λ LinksIP over DWDM

Super-λ LinksIP over PICs


Demonstration: 1.6 Tbps PIC

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-40

-30

-20

-10

0

Fibe

r Out

put P

ower

(dB

m)

1.5651.5601.5551.5501.545Wavelength (µm)

CH4 CH9 CH14 CH19 CH24 CH29 CH34 CH39




•Single Monolithic Chip•40 channel x 40 Gbps


Scaling of InP Device Data Rate in Telecom Transmission Networks

Dat

a C

apac

ity P

er C

hip

(Gb/

s)

Current IP Network CAGR: 70-100%

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

1975 1985 1995 2005 2015

DMLEML

Tunable EMLwith SOA

DWDM PICs400 Gb/s

100 Gb/s

1.6 Tb/sDevelopmentDevices

Data rate per device has remained at 10Gb/s for past 10 years

Only Photonic Integration Enables Continued Cost-Effective Scaling of Network Capacity

Data rate has doubled every ~2.2 years


Optical Integration in Sync with Electronics

Optical IntegrationEnables low cost O-E-OEnables greater Density Optical systemFully compatible with other optical technologies

Electronic Integration100 Gb ICsBetter digital management10x Density

Integration is key to next generation capability

Feature benefitsCapacityCost structureReliability

Integration Drives Network Architecture

Thank You!

Documents

David Welch in Finer A