DAY 2 CHAPTER 6

Key terms &QuestionsTK, MO, LK, BP, LJ, SR

• Five Pillars – The five pillars of Islam are 5 basic acts in Islam considered mandatory and are the foundation in Muslim life

• Hajj- the pilgrimage to Mecca, which every adult Muslim is supposed to make at least once in his or her lifetime: the fifth of the Pillars of Islam.

• Caliph- a spiritual leader of Islam, claiming succession from Muhammad

• Shaykhs/sheiks- The term shaykh (also sheikh), can be applied to an elderly man, a tribal chief, a ruler of a shaykhdom along the Persian.

• Dhimmis - derived from Dhimmi, which means a non-Muslim living in an Islamic country

• Umayyad @ Damascus – Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam

• Abbasid @Baghdad – Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyad's as caliphs within Isman (750 C.E)

• Mecca and Medina – the city is revered as the holiest side of Islam and a pilgrimage to it is required of all Muslims who can afford to go, medina is north of mecca

• Karbala - A city of central Iraq south-southwest of Baghdad. It is a pilgrimage site for Shiite Muslims.

• Jihad -a war fought by Muslims to defend or spread their beliefs

• Ayan – an eminent person in Islamic countries

• Ramadan- the ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset

• Qur’an/Koran-the Islamic sacred book, believed to be the word of God as dictated to Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel and written down in Arabic, 114 units

• Dhows- a lateen-rigged ship with one or two masts, used in the Indian Ocean.

DESCRIBE THE NATURE OF BEDOUIN SOCIETY BEFORE MUHAMMAD RECEIVED HIS REVELATIONS

Bedouins were nomadic pastoralists. Their culture was based on camel and goat herding. Before Islam, the religion was polytheistic and animistic with little trade

IDENTIFY HOW ISLAM ADDRESSED THE FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS IN ARABIAN SOCIETYIslam gave them a form of monotheism that belonged to no single tribe and transcended clan and class distinctions. It provided a religion that was distinctly Arab in origin and yet equal to the monotheistic faiths held by the Christians

TRACE THE SUCCESSION DISPUTE OVER THE OFFICE OF CALIPHAfter Muhammad’s death the first caliph was Abu Bakr Muhammad’s father-in-law but many people wanted the first to be Ali , thus what started the separation between Sunnis and Shias.After the execution of the third caliph, Ali tried to become the caliph, but the Umayyad rejected his claims because he failed to punish the assassin. They went to war and would have won but he accepted pleas for mediation, which caused some of his most loyal supporters to renounce him.

TRACE THE EVENTS THAT LED TO THE FALL OF THE UMAYYAD EMPIREThe Umayyad had taken over the caliph and came to live a luxurious and decadent lifestyle. Their greed and corruption angered the warriors, who were not getting paid, the warriors then revolted and overtook the Umayyad.

COMPARE THE ABBASID EMPIRE TO THE UMAYYAD EMPIREAbbasid

-Capital Baghdad-Sought to accept non-Muslims into their societies. Accepted Persian support and influence into their court.-stressed value of knowledge. Oversaw the golden age of Islamic culture in literature, art, architecture, technology and science.-embraced Sunni Islamic practices

Umayyad

-Capital Damascus -Had a social structure where Arab Muslims were at the top and everyone else was below. They tried to keep non-Arab Muslim influences out of their court.-stressed military conquest rather than acquisition of knowledge. But they did oversee the building of many important buildings-Sunni Islam

COMPARE THE WOMEN IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD WITH WOMEN IN OTHER CONTEMPORARY SOCIETIESThe women played key economic roles farming, weave cloth, raising children, milking camels. Both men and women could have multiple partners, and to seal a marriage contract the man was required to pay a bride-price to the wife’s family. Unlike the women of neighboring Syria and Persia women were not required to where facial coverings in pre-Islamic Arabia

EVALUATE HOW A NOMADIC PASTORAL SOCIETY PRODUCED A RELIGION CAPABLE OF ACHIEVING GLOBAL DOMINANCEThere was also much inter-tribal warfare before Islam emerged, because of Islam’s equating of all people, these disputes were easily solved. With all the tribes now unified, the Arabian Peninsula became one of the most powerful forces in the world at that time. This allowed them to easily conquer territory from India to Spain and France.

ASSES HOW THE DISPUTES OVER AUTHORITY AFTER THE DEATH OF MUHAMMAD SERVED TO HINDER THE FUTURE MUSLIM UNITY

After the death of Muhammad the first caliph was Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s father-in-law. But many people wanted Ali to be the first caliph , thus formed the separation between the Sunnis and Shias. Sunnis= Abu Bakr, Shias= Ali. Even today Sunnis believe Abu Bakr was rightly appointed as the first caliph.