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Day 5: Value Chain Activity – Product Design
Global Business, Society and EcologyMIM 511/BA 548Winter 2011
R. Scott Marshall
Associate Dean, Graduate Programs and Research
Overview of Concepts
1. Eco-Design
2. Eco-Effectiveness
3. Bio-Mimicry
4. Eco-Efficiency
5. LEAN Manufacturing
6. EH&S and EMS
• ISO 14001
7. Closed Loop Systems
8. Life Cycle Analysis
Design
Measure Impact of Design and Manufacturing
Operations & Supply Chain
Design & Operations/SCM
Type II Linear Value Chain
Type III Closed Loop
Value Chain
Type II Linear Value Chain
Environmental impact is related to business factors
Improving eco-efficiency means increasing product value or
reducing environmental impact
Units and measurement methods are suggested
Product or service valueEco-efficiency =
Environmental influence
Eco-Efficiency
Type II Linear Value Chain
1. Reduce Material Intensity of Goods and Services Johnson & Johnson: Targeted 25% reduction in packaging by
2005
2. Reduce Energy Intensity (to produce and consume) Whirlpool: Low energy refrigerators (Energy Star)
3. Reduce Toxic Dispersion Novartis (Swiss life sciences company) combined insecticide
with pheromones
Eco-Efficiency
4. Increase Recyclability HP: printed circuit boards are refined to recover precious metals
5. Increase Durability (extending the useful life of products) Ricoh: increase durability of copy machines (leased – so remain
a revenue stream; not about products but about materials and energy)
Eco-Efficiency
Type II Linear Value Chain
“Doing more with less” Industry interested because eco-efficiency means
greater economic benefit. Companies can (and have) easily adopted
programs promoting eco-efficiency. Based on Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and
Regulate. Lean Manufacturing
Eco-Efficiency
Type II Linear Value Chain
Type III Closed Loop Value Chain
Eco-Effectiveness
Central design principle of eco-effectiveness is:
waste equals food (heard this before?)
Instead of using only natural, biodegradable fibers like cotton for textile production (a pesticide-intensive agricultural process), why not use non-toxic synthetic fibers designed for perpetual recycling into new textile products?
Instead of minimizing the consumption of energy generated from coal, oil, and nuclear plants, why not maximize energy availability using solar and wind sources?
From ‘cradle-to-grave’ to ‘cradle-to-cradle’ – closed loop systems
To assist companies in (re)designing eco-effective products, Cradle to Cradle Design Protocol assesses materials used in products and production processes.
The four categories are: Green: Little or no risk. This chemical is acceptable for use in the
desired application. Yellow: Low to moderate risk. This chemical is acceptable for use in
the desired application until a green alternative is found. Orange: There is no indication that this is a high risk chemical for the
desired application, but a complete assessment is not possible due to lack of information.
Red: High risk. 'Red' chemicals (also sometimes referred to as 'X-list' chemicals) should be phased out as soon as possible. 'Red' chemicals include all known or suspected carcinogens, endocrine disruptors, mutagens, reproductive toxins, and teratogens. In addition, chemicals that do not meet other human health or environmental relevance criteria are 'red' chemicals.
Type III Closed Loop Value Chain
Eco-Effectiveness
Type III Closed Loop Value Chain
Eco-Effectiveness
Human Health Criteria Carcinogenicity Teratogenicity Reproductive Toxicity Mutagenicity Endocrine Disruption Acute Toxicity Chronic Toxicity Irritation of Skin/Mucous
Membranes Sensitization Carrier Function or Other
Relevant Data
Environmental Relevance Criteria Algae Toxicity Bioaccumulation (log Kow) Climatic Relevance/Ozone Depletion
Potential Content of Halogenated Organic
Compounds (AOX) Daphnia Toxicity Fish Toxicity Heavy Metal Content Persistence/Biodegradation Toxicity to Soil Organisms (Bacteria
and Worms)
Type III Closed Loop Value Chain Eco-Effective
Cradle-to-Cradle Product Composition
Biological Nutrients – renewable, biodegradable Technological Nutrients – reusable
Value Chain Structure Inputs are from renewable or recycled resources Outputs are reusable or biodegrable
Product Design Biological and Technological Nutrients are separable at
end-of-use
Cradle-to-Cradle MBDC’s certification gDiapers – Cradle-to-Cradle Certified
Type III Closed Loop Value Chain
Eco-Effectiveness
Type III Closed Loop Value Chain
Close Loop Systems
From: Cleaner Production International LLC
Type III Closed Loop Value Chain
Close Loop Systems
Ricoh’s “Comet Circle”
Type III Closed Loop Value Chain
Close Loop Systems
From: Cleaner Production International LLC
Type III Closed Loop Value Chain
Environmental Life Cycle Analysis
Takes a holistic view of and measures environmental and social impacts from raw material extraction to final use/disposal.
Stages of LCA1. Definition of Goals and Scope
2. Life Cycle Inventory Analysis: measure materials and energy used and environmental releases that arise along entire continuum of the product or process life cycle
3. Life Cycle Impact Assessment: examine actual and potential environmental and human health effects associated with use of resources and materials and with the environmental releases that result.
4. Life Cycle Improvement Assessment: systematically evaluate and implement opportunities to make environmental improvements based on previous assessments.
Type III Closed Loop Value Chain
Environmental Life Cycle Analysis
Type III Closed Loop Value Chain
From the Institute for Lifecycle Environmental Assessment
Environmental Life Cycle Analysis
Type III Closed Loop Value Chain
Environmental Life Cycle Analysis
Type III Closed Loop Value Chain
Cattle
Leather drying & cutting plant
Tanning factory
Slaughter house
Shoe mfr.
Simple Flow Chart for Leather Shoe Parts
Environmental Life Cycle Analysis
Type III Closed Loop Value Chain
Energy (feed)
Air emissions
Oils, WaxSalts
Acids
Water
Energy
offalWaste water
Chemicals
Water
Energy
Waste
Water
Air emissionsWaste waterSolid wastes
Dyes/pigments
Water
Energy
Waste waterSolid waste
Oils, Wax
All other shoe parts from other processes
EnergyWater
INPUTS
OUTPUTS (Waste & Products)
Leather drying & cutting plant
Tanning factory
Slaughter house
Cattle Shoe mfr.
Inputs and Waste Outputs from Leather Components of a Athletic Shoe
Environmental Life Cycle Analysis
Type III Closed Loop Value Chain
Product Energy
Use
Raw Material
Used Water Use
Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Hazardous Waste &
Solid Waste
Shoe A (e.g., leather)
1 Btu
Limited supply Some
renewable
2 gal. 4 lbs. 2 lbs.
Organic chemicals
2 lbs. hazardous
sludge
Shoe B (e.g., synthetic)
2 Btu
Large supply Non-
renewable
4 gal. 1 lb. 8 lbs. inert inorganic chemicals
1 lb. hazardous
sludge 2 lbs. non-hazardous solid waste
Hypothetical example of LCA impacts of Shoes A leather) and B (synthetic)
Environmental Life Cycle Analysis
Type III Closed Loop Value Chain Social Life Cycle Analysis
An emerging concept… Social Fingerprint Analysis?
Cradle-to-gate: (a) energy footprints divided into fossil feedstock and energy-related CEDfossil; process contributions to (b) carbon footprints (GWP), and (c) environmental footprints (EI99 points).
Published in: Annette Koehler; Caroline Wildbolz; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 8643-8651.DOI: 10.1021/es901236fCopyright © 2009 American Chemical Society
Cradle-to-grave analysis: life-cycle carbon footprints (a) and environmental footprints (b) shown as relative contributions of the life-cycle phases to total product life-cycle impacts (per individual functional unit); detailed analysis of soap products: (c) life-cycle carbon footprints differentiated by subprocesses modeled and (d) environmental footprints differentiated by impact categories.
Published in: Annette Koehler; Caroline Wildbolz; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 8643-8651.DOI: 10.1021/es901236fCopyright © 2009 American Chemical Society
In-Class Exercise
1. Find someone who you have not worked with before.2. Identify two products types that you’ve both used
before.3. Discuss what you believe to be the key contributors to
these products’ environmental AND social impacts – from ‘cradle’ to ‘gate’ to ‘end of use’
Exercise 4: Environmental Footprint Analysis Combine your course team with one
additional team. Work together to complete all elements of the
LCA exercise for Method. Once completed, share the challenges with
the rest of your peers in the class. Submit the final exercise as two teams, with
all names on the exercise and on the equal contribution form by mid-day tomorrow.
Summary of Today
Environmental Life Cycle Assessment tools becoming more advanced.
E-LCA Tools developed by NGOs, by companies, by governments.
Social Life Cycle Assessment tools in development – an emerging opportunity/challenge.
Household products are in the early stages of addressing toxicity and packaging issues.