DAY CAU TRUC CAC BAI VIET HOC THUAT (Teaching Structure of Academic writings)

NGUYEN THUY PHlTONG LAN.M.A

Bg mdn ESP - Khoa Anh, Trudng DHNNHN

1. Phan mddau

Cac bai viet mang tinh bgc thuat la nhflng bai dgc rat khd cho ngudi dgc ndi chung va sinb vien ndi rieng, bat ke trinh do tieng cua ngudi dgc d cap do nao. Ddi vdi sinb vien nam eud'i eua khoa tieng Anh ndi chung nhflng bai viet loai nay cung thue su la van de. Trong kbi do, de md rdng tam hieu biet, ddng thai nang cao trinh do tieng cho sinh vien, cic em lai rat can nhflng bai dgc them, hoac do cac em tu tim tfl cIc ngudn khac nhau hoac do gilo vien cung cap. Trong sd cIc loai bai viet ke tren, elc bai bio trong elc tap chi chuyen nganh (Journal articles) dac biet cdn khd ban. Ket qui II, de kbdi gap rie rdi, sinh vien kbdng tu tim dgc hoac mong elc thay cd khdng nblc den elc bai dgc dugc giao dgc them. Mot sd khac cung cd ging dgc va llm tdm tat nhung nhflng doan tdm tit the hien ring sinb vien cdn ban che nhieu trong dgc hieu elc bai viet loai nay.

De hieu ndi dung cac bai viet, sinh vien cin 2 ky nang chinh bao gdm: Ky nang dgc hieu ndi chung va lugng kien thue chuyen nganh can thie't. Vi vay nhflng ban che' trong kha nang dgc hieu cua sinh vien cd the do nhflng nguyen nban nbu bai viet gdm nhieu lugng tfl va thuat ngfl chuyen nganh, bai vie't mudn truyen tai nhieu y phflc tap va hon he't la ca'u true bai vie't ra't dac biet trong khi do bgc sinh kbdng quen cac ca'u true nay. Ndi tdm lai, sinh vien dudng nbu khdng tu pbic dugc mot gian do (schema) phu hgp cho loai bai vie't nbu the'.

Theo Carell et all, 1988, rat nhieu nghien eflu cho thay day la va'n de ma phan Idn vien hgc ngoai ngfl gap phai trong ky nang dgc hieu.

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Trong khi do kha nang dgc hieu elc bai viet mang tinh bgc thuat nay lai dac biet quan trgng ddi vdi sinh vien dai bgc. Nhflng khd khan tren ma sinh vien gap phli cd the gay ra nhieu ban che' ddi vdi nbu clu dgc cung nbu qui trinh phit trien hgc thuat cua elc em.

Tuy nhien neu hieu biet ky ve cau true elc bai viet bgc thuat nly, sinb vien cd the gili quye't dugc van de neu tren. Cung vi vay trong bai vie't nly, tdi mong mudn tim hieu khii niem "the' loai" (gere) va cung chia se hieu biet cua minh vdi by vgng khIi niem nay dugc sfl dung phd bie'n hon trong cle Idp day ngoai ngfl cho sinh vien khoa Anh, DHNN - DHQG HI Ndi.

2. Khai niem "the loai" (genre)

Trude kia khIi niem genre chi dugc dung de chi mot Idp cac bli vie't cd tinh van hgc bao gdm: bai kich, bi kich, cle tbien sfl tbi (hay cle tbien anh hung ca). Ngay nay, ngdn ngfl hgc flng dung sfl dung khIi niem nay de chi nhflng cau true nbat dinh cIn cd trong nhflng bai vie't mang nbu clu vl muc dicb giao tiep eu the.

Swale (1990:33) khlng dinh "trong thue te, ngdy nay genre thudng dugc dung de chi mot the logi dgc biet cua ede dgng diin ngdn, dgng ndi hoac vii't, bao gdm ede diin ngdn cd hoac khdng cd hai hudng van hgc".

6ng cung dinh ngbia genre nhu sau:

"Genre bao gdm mot logt ede su kien giao tii'p trong do thdnh viin Id nhung ngUdi cd chung mot muc dieh giao tii'p. Nhung muc dich giao tii'p nay dugc cac thdnh viin cua nhdm edng nhdn va nhung muc dich giao tii'p ndy chinh la nguyin nhdn su dung genre. Nguyin nhdn nay din lugt minh se anh hudng tdi su hinh thdnh nin edu true gian do cua bai vii't, gdy anh hudng tdi ndi dung vd phong edeh bdi vii't..."

Bhatia (1993:13) dua ra mot dinh nghia dua tren quan diem cua Swales nhu sau:

Genre bao gdm mot logt ede su kien giao tii'p dugc edng nhdn vd dgc trung ede sU kien ndy la muc dich giao tii'p dugc ede thdnh viin cua khdi eliuyin ngliiep vd hgc thuat hieu. Thong thudng edu trde ede bdi vii't ndy bi anh hudng bdi ede yi'u td nhu gid tri ndi dung, edeh phan chia ede phan vii't vd dgng elide nang bdi vii't.

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Tfl nhflng dinh nghia tren chung ta tha'y:

- Ban chat va cau true cua genre bi quy dinh bdi ra't nhieu yen td nhu ndi dung, hinh tbflc viet, kenh chuyen tai thdng tin... Tuy nhien nd dugc dac trung bdi mot loat cle muc dich giao tiep dugc sfl dung de hinh thanh geme va mang lai cho nd mot ca'u true nbat dinh;

- Cac thanh vien trong cflng gidi hgc thuat ludn trung thanh vdi ca'u true vie't cua rieng bg;

- Ngudi vie't cung phli tuan thu theo nhflng quy dinh cua cle the loai vie't nbat dinh nly;

- CIc thanh vien trong gidi bgc thuat cd kha nang khai thic cle quy dinh ve the loai ban nhflng ngudi kbdng chuyen ngbiep.

Ndi tdm lai, "the' loai" bao gdm cle budc nbat dinh, la nhflng bai vie't cd muc tieu va muc dieh eu the, ndi cich khic dd la nhflng bai vie't mang sic tbii cau true dac thfl trong dd ngdn ngfl dugc sfl dung de dat nhflng muc dich nao dd. Vi vay gin lien vdi genre la:

-I- Nhflng muc dicb cu the';

-I- Cac budc cu the: Md bai, than bai, ket luan;

+ CIc dac diem ngdn ngfl dac biet.

Trong vai the ky qua, khIi niem genre nay dugc sfl dung nhieu de phan tich cle bai vie't mang tinh bgc thuat bao gdm: Cac bai gilng, sach giao khoa, luan van, cle bai vie't cho thuyet trinh.

Xu hudng nay cd the cd nhflng gil tri nbat dinh nao dd vdi viee gilng day ndi chung, gilng day cle mdn hgc mang tinh hgc thuat va chuyen nganh ndi rieng, ddng thdi nd cung cd mot gil tri nbat dinh ddi vdi nhflng chuyen gia nghien eflu phli viet bai bdi elc sich hudng dan viet bai trong cac chuyen nganh khdng thudng de cap tdi van de nay.

Lay cac vi du vdi phan tdm tit (abstracts) cua elc bai viet dang nay, Bhatia chia thanh 4 phln nhd (moves) de tra Idi 4 cau bdi dat ra:

-I- Tic gia lam-gi?

+ Tic gia thue hien nbu the nao?

-f- Tic gil tim ra dugc dieu gi?

4- Tac gia ket luan nhu the' nao?

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Bdn phln dd gdm:

1. Gidi thieu muc dich bai viet (bli nghien eflu);

2. Md tl phuong phip nghien eflu;

3. Tdm tit ndi dung nghien eflu;

4. Dua ra ket luan;

Md bli cua cle bli viet nghien eflu, theo dng, cung cd the chia lam 4 phln nhd nhu sau:

1. Md tl tinh hinh chung;

2. Tdm tit elc nghien eflu trude dd;

3. Din dit den elc nghien eflu hien thdi;

4. Gidi thieu cle nghien eflu da cd.

Tuy nhien, elc nha ngdn ngfl flng dung nban thay cle bli viet nghien eflu trong cle llnh vuc khIc nhau cd nhflng dac diem khac biet rd ret. Vi du, trong khoa hgc tu nhien, cle bai viet thudng dai ban d cle phln eud'i, trong kbi dd trong cac nganh khoa hgc xa bdi, nhflng phln dau cle bai vie't lai dai va phflc tap ban. CIc nha kinb te' bgc va cac nha xa bdi hgc lai cd xu hudng ket luan cac bai vie't cua minh vdi ggi y la ai dd cIn phli lam gi dd (Gookes 1986; Golmes, 1987).

Vi vay phan tich genre dac biet trd thanh mot phuong pblp bflu dung de' phan tich va hieu cle bai viet mang tinh khoa bgc va bgc thuat. Lieu trong cle Idp bgc ngoai ngfl cua sinb vien phan tich genre cung cd tic dung chang?

3. Noi dung nghien cuTu

De tim cau tri Idi cho cau hoi dat ra d tren, tic gia bai vie't nay da yen cau mot nhdm sinh vien nam thfl 4 khoa Anh dgc mot bai bio nghien eflu kinb te', tbio luan theo nhdm vl tra Idi 4 cau bdi ve bai bio. Sau dd tie gil gilng ve cau true chung cua elc bai viet loai nay bao gdm phan md bai (dugc chia nhd han thdnh phan tdm tat vd phan gidi thieu), phan than bai, va phln ket luan. Mdi phan Idn trong bai lai bao gdm nhflng phan nhd ban. Sau dd tic gia yen clu sinb vien dgc 1 bai khIc cd cung chu de ve kinh te', cung cau true va dua ra 4 cau bdi tuong tu. Lin nly sinh vien td ra cd the tra Idi cau bdi mot cIch de ding va nbanh chdng ban trude bdi elc em cd mot cli nhin tdng the va

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rd rang hon ve cau true nhflng bai viet dang nay. Viec tim thdng tin, truyen dat lai thdng tin trong bai ddi vdi cac em vi the' cung trd nen don gian hon lln trude.

Sau day la tai lieu va elc budc tien banh:

Phan A: Dgc bai viet: "Tim hieu ve edng cugc cdi each cac doanh nghiep Nhd nude d Trung Qud'c" va tra Idi cau bdi sau:

- Bai vie't de cap van de gi?

- Tai sao viec nghien eflu van de nay quan trgng.

- Ket qua nghien eflu nay ra sao?

- Tie gia nghien eflu nay cd ggi y gi?

Phan B: Gidi thieu clu true chung cua cle bai nghien eflu.

1. Phan tdm tat (Abstract)

2. Phan gidi thieu

-I- Mot sd gdi tbieu/nhan xet chung ve van de.

-I- Tai sao van de nghien eflu nay quan trgng?

-k- CIc nghien cihi trude da va dang di tdi ke't luan gi?

-I- Tai sao nghien eflu nay lai cIn thiet?

3. Tdng quan (cd the cd, cd the khdng).

-1- Tdng quan ve ly thuyet.

-I- Diem lai nhflng nghien eflu trude dd.

-I- Cac van de dua ra va elc ke't luan, gili pblp dang cd.

4. Phuang phdp nghiin edu.

+ Nghien eflu nay dugc tien banh theo phuong phap gi?

-I- Cle budc tien banh thu thap va phan tich dfl lieu nbu the' nao?

5. Kit qua nghiin edu

+ Nha nghien eflu da tim dugc gi mdi?

6. Thdo Luan (hoac/ vd tdm tat vd/hode kit luan).

-- Tdm tat ke't qua.

-1- Khai quit boa de tai nghien eflu.

-I- So sanb vdi cac nghien eflu khac.

-I- Mot so ggi y ve elc nghien eflu cd the' cd trong tuong lai.

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Phan C: Ytu cau sinh vien xem Phan tdm tat va chi ra cac budc nhd trong phln nay:

-I- Gidi thieu muc dich;

-I- Md tl phuong pblp;

-I- Tdm tit ke't qui;

+ Dua ra ke't luan.

Phan D:

1. Yen clu sinh vien nhin vao thio luan vl chi ra nhflng doan tdm tit ke't qui nghien eflu. Vie't ra cac tfl hoac cum tfl chi ra ring nhl nghien eflu nay dang viet tdm tit.

2. Yeu cau sinb vien tim ra nhflng cau trong bai viet the' hien nhflng ggi y cua nha nghien eflu.

3. Yeu cau sinh vien chi ra nhflng cau ma nha nghien eflu dflng de khIi quit bol.

4. Yeu clu sinh vien chi ra phln viet nao trong bai nha nghien eflu dang de cap tdi elc nghien eflu khIc.

Phan E: Ytu clu sinh vien dgc 1 bli viet khIc ve "NhUng rdo cdn md cac doanh nghiep gap phai khi mdi thdnh lap Cdng ty" va tri Idi 4 cau bdi nbu lln trude. Nbu da ndi tren, tra Idi cua sinb vien nbanh ban, chinh xlc ban.

4. Ket luan

Nghien eflu nhd tren cd the cho thay rat cd the' ne'u cd them mot chut hieu bie't ve cau true cua bli viet va ne'u cle chu de khdng qui la, khi nang dgc hieu cua sinb vien dugc cai tbien phln nio. Day chi II mot ggi y cua rieng cl nban tdi chfl khdng phli la mot ket luan chung. Tuy nhien, cd le neu dugc thue hinh nhieu ban nfla ve cau true cua nhflng bai vie't bgc thuat, tdi tin ring chung ta se thu dugc ke't qua khi quan ban trong viec cli tbien ky nang dgc hieu, tang hieu qui dgc cho sinb vien. DI nhien da phln sinh vien ngai dgc elc loai bai viet loai nay nen ngoai viec gidi thieu cho cle em lam quen vdi the loai, giao vien cIn khuyen kbieb ddng vien sinh vien tang cudng ban nfla viec tham khiodgc nhflng loai bai viet nay nhim tang lugng kien thue nen can thie't phuc vu cdng viec sau nay.

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O day tie gia chi tap trung vao cac bai vie't nghien eflu chuyen nganh kinb te' nhung cung xin cd ggi y viec Ip dung phuong pblp tuong tu vdi elc the loai khIc nhu elc bai bio trong cac tap chi chuyen nganh ngdn ngfl, phuong pblp gilng day, cac bai viet trong sIch giao khoa, sIch nghien eflu...

Tai lieu tham khao

1. Bhatia, V. K. 1993. Analysing Genre: Language Use in Professional settings. London and Newyork.

2. CarreU, p. Devine, J. and Eskey, D. eds., (1998). Interactive Approaches to Second Language Reading. Cambridge University Press.

3. Hopkins, A. and Dudley-Evans, T. (1986). A Genre- based investigation of the discussion sections in articles and dissertations. English for specific purposes 7, 113-22

4. Mason, M. et. all. (1990). The Language of Economics: The Analysis of Economics Discourse. Hongkong: Modern English Publication and the British Council.

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