day17-modal

© VEERESH SAVADI English Made Easy – in 20 Minutes a Day! Foundation English

DAY-17 : MODALS

School/College Coaching, Entrance Exams, Competitive Exams and Spoken English

Personalized Classroom/Online Coaching, Study Notes, Study Skills and Memory Techniques

59

Modal Verbs And Their Meaning

What are modal verbs?

Modals (also called modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliaries) are special verbs which behave irregularly in

English. They are different from normal verbs like "work, play, visit..." They are used to indicate modality. They give

additional information about thefunction of the main verb that follows it. They have a great variety of communicative

functions.

Use of modal verbs:

Modal verbs are used to express functions such as:

1. Permission

2. Ability

3. Obligation

4. Prohibition

5. Lack of necessity

6. Advice

7. possibility

8. probability

Remember

Modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without "to"

Examples:

You must stop when the traffic lights turn red

You should see to the doctor

There are a lot of tomatoes in the fridge. You need not buy any.

Exception:

You ought to go to the doctor

A list of modals

Here is a list of modals:

Modal Verb Meaning Expressing Example

must to have to 100 % obligation I must stop when the traffic lights turn

red.

to be very probable logical conclusion

(deduction)

He must be very tired after such

enormous work

must not not to be allowed to prohibition You must not smoke in the hospital.

can to be able to ability I can swim

to be allowed to permission Can I use your phone please?

it is possible possibility Smoking can cause cancer !

could to be able to ability in the past When I was younger I could stay up all

night and not get tired..

to be allowed to more polite permission Excuse me, could I just say something?

it is possible possibility It could rain tomorrow!

may to be allowed to permission May I use your phone please?

it is possible, probable possibility, probability It may rain tomorrow!

might to be allowed to more polite permission Might I use your phone please?

it is possible, probable weak possibility, probability I might come and visit you in America

next year, if I can save enough money.

need necessary necessity Need I say more?

need not not necessary lack of necessity/absence

of obligation

I need not buy any tomatoes. There are

plenty in the fridge.

should/ought

to

used to say or ask what is the

correct or best thing to do

50 % obligation I should / ought to see a doctor. I have

a terrible headache.

to suggest an action or to

show that it is necessary

advice You should / ought to revise your lessons

to be very probable logical conclusion

(deduction)

He should / ought to be very tired after

such enormous work

had better to suggest an action or to

show that it is necessary

advice You 'd better revise your lessons


DAY-17 : MODALS



60

Modals in the present and past

Generally speaking modals in the past have the following form:

modal + have + past participle

Example:

Present:

You should see a doctor.

Past:

You should have seen a doctor

Except for modals that express obligation,ability and lack of necessity:

Obligation:

Present = I must / have to work hard. -- Past = I had to work hard.

Ability:

Present = I can run fast. -- Past = I could run fast when I was young.

Lack of necessity:

Present = You don't have to / needn't take your umbrella. -- Past = You didn't have to / didn't need to take your

umbrella.

Modals in the Present Modals in the Past

Obligation You must / have to stop when the traffic lights are red. You had to stop.

Advice You should see a doctor. You should have seen a doctor

Prohibition You mustn't smoke here. You mustn't have smoked there.

Ability I can run fast. I could run fast. now I am old.

Certainty He has a Rolls Royce. He must be very rich.

He can't be American. His English is terrible.

He must have been rich. He had a big house

and an expensive car.

He can't have written that poem. He was

illiterate.

Permission Can I go out? She could drive her father's car when she was

only 15.

Possibility It may / can / could / might rain. It's cloudy. I guess it may / can / could / might have

been Lacy on the phone.

Lack of

necessity

You don't have to / needn't buy any tomatoes. There

are plenty in the fridge.

You didn't have to / didn't need to

buy tomatoes.

Modals Summary

Auxiliary Uses Present / future Past

may

1. polite request May I borrow your pen?

2. formal permission You may leave the room.

3. Less than 50% certainty Where's Jon? He may be at the

library He may have been at the library

might 1. less than 50% certainty

where's John? He might be at the

library He Might have been at the library

2. polite request (rare) Might I borrow your pen?

should

1. advisability I should study tonight I should have studied last night.

2. 90% certainty She should do well on the test (future

only, not present) She should have donewell on the test.

ought to

1. advisability I ought to study tonight I ought to have studiedlast night

2. 90% certainty She ought to do well on the test.

(future only, not present) She ought to have studied last night.

had better 1. advisability with threat

of bad result

You had better be on time, or we will

leave without you. (past form uncomon)

be supposed

to 1. expectation Class is supposed to begin at 10. Class was supposed to begin at 10.

be to 1. strong expectation You are to be here at 9:00. You were to be here at 9:00

must 1. strong necessity I must go to class today I had to go to class yesterday

2. prohibition (negative) You must not open that door.


DAY-17 : MODALS



61

3. 95% certainty Mary isn't in class. She must besick (present

only) Mary must have beensick yesterday.

have to 1. necessity I have to go to class today. I had to go to class yesterday

2. lack of necessity (‘-‘ve) I don't have to go to class today. I had to go to class yesterday.

have got to 1. necessity I have got to go to class today. I had to go to class yesterday.

will

1. 100% certainty He will be here at 6:00 ((future only)

2. willingness the phone's ringing. I'll get it.

3. polite request Will you please pass the salt?

be going to

1. 100% certainty He is going to be here at 6:00 (future

only)

2. definite plan I'm going to paint my bedroom.

(future only)

I was going to paint my room, but I

didn't have time.

can

1. ability / possibility I can run fast. I could run fast when I was a child but

now I can't.

2. informal permission You can use my car tomorrow.

3. informal polite request Can I borrow your pen?

4. impossibility (negative

only) That can't be true! That can't have beentrue!

could

1. past ability

I could run fast when I was a child.

2. polite request Could I borrow your pen?

Could you help me/

3. suggestion

I need help in math.

You could talk to your teacher.

You could have talkedto your

teacher.

4. less than 50% certainty Where's John?He could be at home. He could have been at home.

5. impossibility (negative

only). That couldn't be true! That couldn't have beentrue!

be able to 1. ability I am able to help you. I will be able

to help you. I was able to help him.

would

1. polite request

Would you please ass salt?

Wouldyou mind if I left early?

2. preference I would rather go to the park than

stay home. I would rather have gone to the park.

3. repeated action in the

past

When I was a child, Iwould visit my

grandparents ever weekend

used to 1. repeated action in the

past

When I was a child, Iwould visit my

grandparents every weekend.

shall

1. polite question to

make a suggestions Shall I open the window?

2. future with "I" or "we" as

subject

I shall arrive at nine. (will = more

common)

Documents

day17-modal