Daylight Exam Materials

EXAM MATERIALS

MATERIALS FOR THE MOST COMMON EXAMS

A) TENSES 1-14

1. Simple Present Tense 1-2 2. have got/has got 3-4 3. Present Continuous Tense 4-5 4. Simple Past Tense 5-6 5. Past Continuous Tense 6-7 6. Present Perfect Tense 7-9 7. Future Tense 10-11 8. Future Continuous Tense 1 1 9. Future Perfect Tense 12 10. Future Perfect Continuous Tense 12 11. Present Perfect Continuous Tense 13 12. Past Perfect Tense 13-14 13. Past Perfect Continuous Tense 14

B) THE USAGE OF TENSES 15-17 C) SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD 18 D) VOCABULARY 19-20 E) MY WORST VACATION 21 F) UNEMPLOYMENT IN TURKEY 22 G) THE COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES 23 H) PRONOUNS 24-26 I) ADJECTIVES &ADVERBS 26-27 J) CONJUNCTIONS 28-35 K) COUNTABLES &UNCOUNTABLES 36-39 I.) DIRECT &INDIRECT SPEECH 40-41 M) GENERAL DIFFERENCES 40-44 N) PREPOSITIONS.... 45-53 O) GERUND VERBS 54-57 P) UPPER& ADVANCED STRUCTURES 58-64 R) DISTRIBUTIVES 65-66 S) PREFIXES& SUFFIXES 67 T) SUBJUNCTIVES 68-69

TENSES

1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Usage: • General events (routine life) • Habitual actions • Scientific facts

I get up at seven a.m. every morning. I smoke eight cigarettes a day. Water boils at 100 C.

( General events) ( Habitual actions) (Scientific facts)

Affirmative ( Positive) Statements:

Subj+ V1 (-es/-s/-ies ) + Obj+ Time Expressions

I work She works They work

hard at weekends. hard at weekends. hard at weekends.

Time Expressions:

every day/ month/ week/ year once a week twice a year on Sundays at weekends

Negative Statements:

I You We You Thev

don't V1

I don't look like my mother. We don't drive fast.

He She It

doesn't V1

He doesn't work very hard. My mother doesn't like singing.

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Interrogative( Question ) Statements:

Do

you they we I

V1+ Obj + Time Expressions ?

Do you like English? Do your parents get up early?

Does he

she it

V1+ Obj + Time Expressions ?

Does your mother go shopping? Does your father work at the weekend?

Frequency Adverbs:

always usually generally often frequently sometimes occasionally rarely seldom never

%.100

%0

I always get up at seven o'clock in the morning. She rarely goes theatre at the weekend. They sometimes sleep early in the evenings.

After Subject:

always usually generally often sometimes occasionally rarely seldom never

: I always get up at half past seven for my job. : I usually go to cinema. : My mother generally has breakfast in the morning. : I often prepare breakfast for my boyfriend. : My father and my mother sometimes go out and enjoy. : My brother occasionally comes to Istanbul. : I rarely go to theatre. : Marianne seldom goes to cinema. : I never go to bed late.


2. HAVE/HAVE GOT - HAS / HAS GOT

AFFIRMATIVE

+ HAVE/HAVE GOT a car.

+ HAS/HAS GOT a car.

NEGATIVE

I WE YOU THEY

+ DON'T HAVE/ HAVEN'T GOT any money.

HE SHE

DOESN'T HAVE / HASN'T GOT any money.

QUESTION

Do

Does

I we you they

he she

have a house?

Short Answer

Have

Has

I we you they

he she

got a house?

Do you have a camera? Have you got a camera?

Yes, I do./No, I don't. Yes, I have./No I haven't

We can use contractions ( ve' and 's) with "have got", but not with "have".

• I've got a brother. • I have a brother. NOT I've a brother. X


I WE YOU THEY

HE SHE IT

Note : Have/have got have the some meaning. Especially, have got is used in informal and spoken English. But we prefer using have got in written English.

In the past tense, we can use "had" as a past tense form of "have" . But we aren't able to use "had" as a past form of "have got".

Have present (V1)

Had past (V2)

Have got present (V1)

3. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE (PROGRESSIVE)

Subj + am/is/are + Ving + Obj+ T.E

I —• am He. She. it ---• is We. you. they —• are

+ Ving

Time Expressions: now at the moment at present nowadays today tonight this week / month / year etc.

• Is she working here now? * Yes. she is working here now. / Yes, she is. * No, she is not working here now / No, she, is not.

• Are the students listening to me? * Yes. they are listening to me. / Yes, they are. * No, they are not listening to me. / No, they are not.

This week, I am going to the USA. (I have prepared everything, I have taken my visa.) (Near Future)

USAGE

1 - Happening now 2- Near future plans

1 - I'm writing an essay at the moment 2- I'm traveling to Datça one hour later, I am at the bus station.

( will / be going to / am, is, are, Ving)

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• I will fly to London one day. That is my dream (%50)

• I'm going to fly London next week. I have arranged everything ( %80)

• I"m flying to London one hour later. I*m at the airport (%99)

4. SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Usage:

- An action starts and finishes in the past

Affirmative ( Positive) Statements:

Subj + V2 + Obj + T.E

I went to school yesterday.

I invited him to lunch this noon.

V2

She went home at seven o'clock yesterday.

V2

Time Expressions

yesterday

2 days ago last week / year/ month etc. the day before yesterday # Auxilary verb " was / were" is generally used in the sentences which hasn't got any "

Main Verb" in Simple Past Tense, such as:

* I was tired yesterday. ( no main verb)

* I went to Bodrum last summer.

( main verb) ( we cannot use " was" with it)

I was went to Bodrum last summer X ( False)

Negative Statements :

I didn't invite him to lunch this noon, did not V1

I didn't meet him yesterday. did not V1


Question Statements:

Did you she he

see him yesterday?

Did your mother invite your boyfriend to dinner? Yes, she did. / Yes, she invited my boyfriend to dinner. No, she didn't. / No, she didn't invite my boyfriend to dinner.

5. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Subj+ was/ were Ving + Obj+ Time Expressions

* With " long action verbs" we generally use " continuous" tenses. While we are using long action verbs; we use " while" in past tenses. Such as:

Ex: While she was cooking her favorite meal, her husband suddenly came home.

* "Cook" is a long action verb so we prefer to use " past continuous tense" with "while".

With short action verbs we use " when" in the past actions.


Time expressions are used as same as the expressions that are used for Simple Past Tense.

Long Action

walk cook listen wait explain read drink write eat work teach talk learn

Short Action

taste notice smell arrive see hear come

go say

V2

WHEN was were + Ving

WHILE

VERBS

When I saw him. he was waiting for his friend. V2 was/were Ving

I have lived here for 6 years. since 1994.

2) The actions which started in the past and finished in the present but there is a possibility to

go on.

I haven't met Zuhal Olcay . yet. ( But I can meet her now or in the future )

PAST PERFECT PAST Pr. Perf. UTURE

Past Perfect Past Perf. Cont.

Simple Past Past Cont.

Simple Present will V1 Present Cont. be going to V3

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Short action long action

If you learnt the difference between long action and short action verbs, you could easily understand the difference between tenses.

6. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Subj + have / has V3 + Obj + T.E

Time Expressions:

already recently so far just yet for since ever/ never

I have written an essay for an hour. have V3

Usage:

1) The actions which have started in the past and is still going on.

1. Ever/Never

* We use " ever " in questions and " never " in negative sentences.

Example: (?) Have you ever ( at any time in your life ) been to England? (?) Has your mother ever cooked Italian food for dinner?

(-) I have never (at any time) met a famous person. (-) Duygu has never driven a car.

2. Yet

"Yet" means "until now" and it's used in negative and question sentences.

Example : (-) I haven't finished my homework, yet.

(?) Have you finished your homework, yet?

(-) Evren hasn't learnt German, yet. (?) Has Evren learnt German, yet?

3. Just

"Just" means "short time before now" and it's used in only affirmative sentences.

Example: (+) My brother has just come back from Ankara. (+) They've just left home

4. Already

"Already" means "before the given or the implied time" it's used in affirmative sentences.

Examples: (+) She has already cleaned her room. ( Now her room is clean.) (+) Nilüfer has already prepared all the unit tests.(Now her unit tests are ready.)

5. Recently

"recently" means " nowadays". It is used in affirmative and negative sentences.

Examples: (+) They have visited their grandmother so much recently. (+) She has started to use a computer recently.

6. So far

"so far" means " up till now, up until now". It is used both affirmative and negative sentences.

Examples: (+) I have completed my project so far. (-) I haven't seen him so far.


7. Difference between "have gone"/ "have been" :

My parents have been to Paris. ( They are in İstanbul now.) My parents have gone to Paris. ( They are still in Paris now.)

8. The difference between "since" and " for " :

since with definite time. the point of the action for - with indefinite time. duration of time

I have worked here for 3 years, since 1997.

Examples: • since Christmas • since the beginning of the semester • since April • since 1997 • since 4 o'clock

• for 3 years • for 4 hours • for 2 minutes • for 2 months

7. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE and SIMPLE PAST TENSE Difference:

* Simple Past Tense:

Actions started and finished in the past.

* I graduated from university in 1999.

finished in 1999

* They worked in this firm in 1995. worked in 1995

* Present Perfect Tense: Actions started in the past but they are still going on.

-I have lived in Ataşehir since 1999.

( I started to live in Ataşehir in 1999, and I am still living in Ataşehir.)

Actions started in the past and the effect is still going on.

* I have just arrived. ( I am still breathing.)


8. FUTURE TENSE

Time Expressions:

tomorrow next week/ year/month a few days later 2 days later the day after tomorrow

I will help my mother. What will she do? She will call her brother.

They will not manage a very good organization. won't

1)Prediction:

will:

It expresses a future fact or prediction. It is also called the pure future.

These plants won't grow. There's not enough water. Ayla works so hard. I think she will do very well in her presentation. Our love will last forever.

be going to:

It expresses a present fact. There is evidence now that something is certain to happen.

The plane is going to take off.

It isn't going to rain today. It is very sunny.

2) Decisions and intensions:

"will" is used as a modal auxiliary verb to express a decision or offer made at the moment of speaking.

I will call you tomorrow, bye!


* The actions, which will happen in the future.

Simple Future Tense

Subj + will+ V1 + Obj. + T.E.

I will arrange a big party next week.

Near Future

Subj.+ he going to V1 + Obj+ T.E

I am going to sleep early.

"going to" is used to express a future plan, decision or intention, made before the moment of speaking.

He is going to repair this car. They are going to get engaged after graduation. She likes playing tennis so much. She is going to be a tennis player.

3) Arrangements:

The Present Continuous can be used to express a future arrangement between people. It is common with verbs: go, come, see. have...

My grandfather is coming for dinner tonight. What are you doing tonight? I am going to be ballet.

9. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

will be Ving - yor olacak

1) The action going on in the future

Time Expressions: by the time by 2000 by this time tomorrow / next week at this time tomorrow

I will be working over that project by this time tomorrow. 1 will be studying English by the time he comes.

will be Ving will have V3 will have been Ving

by the time Simple Present Tense

She will be waiting for you by 2 pm.

I will be studying my lessons by 3 pm.

I will be traveling to Venice by Christmas.


10) FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

will have V3 -mış olacak

Time expressions are the same as Future Cont. Tense.

• by the time

• by 2000 • by this time tomorrow / next year

The difference between " will be Ving " and " will have V3 " ;

1) In Future Cont. Tense " will be Ving " ; the action is still going on. But in Future Perf. Tense " will have V3 " ; the action has already finished.

For example:

• I will be working by 6 o'clock. • I will have finished my work by 6 o'clock.

will be Ving continuous tense will have V3 finished actions

2) We generally use the time expressions of perfect tenses in Future Perfect Tense " will have V3 "

I will have worked here for 3 years by 2003 T.E. of Perf Tenses

3) We can use long action verbs with Future Perf. Tenses such as;

I will have lived in Beşiktaş for 6 years by the end of this month.

11) FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

will have been Ving -mış olacak

This tense has the same usage as the future perfect tense; the difference is

"long action verbs"

We prefer to use "long action verbs" with "future perfect cont. tense" "will have been Ving"

I will have been living in Nişantaşı for 2 years by 2004.

She will have been working in İstanbul for 10 years, will have been Ving


12. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE :

Subj + have / has been Ving + Obj + T.E

1) With long actions verbs ; we prefer to use " have / has been Ving "

I have been learning Spanish for 2 years. have been Ving

She has been teaching English since 1992. have/has been Ving

• Time Expressions are as same as the T.E used in Present Perfect Tense In addition to the time expressions used in Present Perfect there is also "all" in Present Perfect Continuous Tense.

2) The other usage is about the action's signs.

The streets are wet. It has been raining all day. Sign have/has been Ving

My mother is tired now. She has been cleaning home all morning. Sign have/has been Ving

13. PAST PERFECT TENSE

Subj + had V3 + Obj + T.E

Past Perfect Past Pr. Perf. Now

I had lived in Beşiktaş for 2 months in 1992. had V3

The actions continued in the past and finished in the past; but continuation is very important.

She had worked here for 3 years in 18s. hadV3


By the time

Past Perf. Cont. Past Perf. Ten.

by the time Simple Past Tense.

Eg : 1)I had finished this subject by the time you came. had V3 V2

2)By the time he arrived home, I had cooked the dinner. V2 had V3

14. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Subj+ had been Ving+Obj+ Time Expressions

SIGN:

wet. The streets were wet. It had been raining all night.

Long action verbs in the past

After - Before

After + had V3 Before + V2

• After + Subj + had V3 + Subj + V2 • Before + Subj + V2 + Subj + had V3

For Example :

• After I had completed my work, I went out. • Before I went out, I had completed my work. • After the meeting had finished , we worked.

I. Action II. Action

• Before we started work , the meeting had finished. II.Action I.Action

Explanation :

We use " Past Perfect Tense "," had V3 " to define first actions.( former actions) in the past; and we use " S. Past Tense " " V2 " to define second actions (latter actions ) in the past.


THE USAGE OF THE TENSES

1. Hareketsizlik, geniş zamanlılık ve " I " öznesi varsa "am" kullanılır. 2. Hareketsizlik, geniş zamanlılık ve "he,she,it" öznesi varsa "is" kullanılır. 3. Hareketsizlik, geniş zamanlılık ve "we.you.they" öznesi varsa "are" kullanılır. 4. Hareketsizlik, geniş zamanlılık,olumsuzluk ve " I " öznesi varsa "am not" kullanılır. 5. Hareketsizlik, geniş zamanlılık,olumsuzluk ve "he,she,it" öznesi varsa "is not"

kullanılır. 6. Hareketsizlik, geniş zamanlılık ve "we,you,they" öznesi varsa "are not" kullanılır. 7. Hareketlilik, geniş zamanlılık,olumluluk ve " I " veya " çoğul özne" varsa "V1"

kullanılır. 8. Hareketlilik, geniş zamanlılık,olumluluk ve "he,she,it" özneleri varsa "Ves/ Vs/ Vies"

kullanılır. 9. Hareketlilik, geniş zamanlılık,olumsuzluk ve " I " veya " çoğul özne" varsa "don't V1"

kullanılır. 10. Hareketlilik, geniş zamanlılık,olumsuzluk ve "he,she,it" özneleri varsa "doesn't V1"

kullanılır. 11. Hareketlilik, geniş zamanlılık,soru " I " veya " çoğul özne" varsa "Do ....V1" kullanılır. 12. Hareketlilik, geniş zamanlılık,soru " tekil" özne varsa "Does V1" kullanılır. 13. Hareketsizlik, geçmiş zamanlılık,olumlu " I " veya " tekil özne" varsa "was" kullanılır. 14. Hareketsizlik, geçmiş zamanlılık,olumlu " çoğul özne" varsa "were" kullanılır. 15. Hareketsizlik, geçmiş zamanlılık,olumsuz " I " veya " tekil özne" varsa "was not"

kullanılır. 16. Hareketsizlik, geçmiş zamanlılık,olumsuz" çoğul özne" varsa "were not" kullanılır. 17. Hareketlilik, geçmiş zamanlılık,olumlu " I " ," tekil özne"," çoğul özne" varsa "V2"

kullanılır. 18. Hareketlilik, geçmiş zamanlılık,olumsuz " I " ," tekil özne"," çoğul özne" varsa "didn't

V1" kullanılır. 19. Hareketlilik, geçmiş zamanlılık,soru " I " ," tekil özne"," çoğul özne" varsa "Did... V1"

kullanılır. 20. Hareketlilik, şimdiki zaman, olumlu " I " varsa " am+ Ving" kullanılır. 21. Hareketlilik, şimdiki zaman, olumlu "he,she,it" varsa " is+ Ving" kullanılır. 22. Hareketlilik, şimdiki zaman, olumlu "çoğul özne" varsa " are+ Ving" kullanılır. 23. Hareketlilik, şimdiki zaman, olumsuz " I " varsa " am not+ Ving" kullanılır. 24. Hareketlilik, şimdiki zaman, olumsuz "he,she,it" varsa " is not+ Ving" kullanılır. 25. Hareketlilik, şimdiki zaman, olumsuz "çoğul özne" varsa " are not+ Ving" kullanılır. 26. Hareketlilik, gelecek zaman, olumlu "I","tekil","çoğul" özne varsa " will +V1 "

kullanılır. 27. Hareketlilik, gelecek zaman, olumsuz "I","tekil", "çoğul" özne varsa " will not +V1 "

kullanılır. 28. Hareketlilik, gelecek zaman, soru "I" , "tekil", "çoğul" özne varsa "Will V1? "

kullanılır. 29. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, olumlu " I " "çoğul özne" varsa " have V3 " kullanılır. 30. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, olumlu "he,she,it" varsa " has V3 " kullanılır. 31. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, olumsuz " I " "çoğul özne" varsa " have not V3 "

kullanılır. 32. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, olumsuz "he,she,it" varsa " has not V3 " kullanılır.


33. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, soru " I " "çoğul özne" varsa " Have V3? " kullanılır.

34. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, soru "he,she,it" varsa " Has.... V3? " kullanılır. 35. Hareketsizlik, geçmişten bugüne, olumlu " I " "çoğul özne" varsa " have been "

kullanılır. 36. Hareketsizlik, geçmişten bugüne, olumlu "he,she,it" varsa " has been " kullanılır. 37. Hareketsizlik, geçmişten bugüne, olumsuz " I " "çoğul özne" varsa " have not been "

kullanılır. 38. Hareketsizlik, geçmişten bugüne, olumsuz "he,she,it" varsa " has not been " kullanılır. 39. Hareketlilik, geçmişte süreklilik, olumlu "I",he,she,it varsa " was+ Ving" kullanılır. 40. Hareketlilik, geçmişte süreklilik, olumlu "çoğul özne" varsa " were+ Ving" kullanılır. 41. Hareketlilik, geçmişte süreklilik, olumsuz " I " " he,she,it" varsa " was not+ Ving"

kullanılır. 42. Hareketlilik, geçmişte süreklilik, olumsuz "çoğul" varsa " were not+ Ving" kullanılır. 43. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, olumlu,uzun eylem " I " "çoğul özne" varsa " have

been Ving " kullanılır. 44. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, olumlu,uzun eylem "he,she,it" varsa " has been Ving

kullanılır. 45. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, olumsuz,uzun eylem " I " "çoğul özne" varsa " have

not been Ving " kullanılır. 46. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, olumsuz ,uzun eylem "he,she,it" varsa " has not been

Ving " kullanılır. 47. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, soru,uzun eylem " I " "çoğul özne" varsa "

Have been Ving? " kullanılır. 48. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, soru,uzun eylem "he,she.it" varsa " Has.... been Ving?

kullanılır. 49. Hareketlilik, geçmişten önce, olumlu " I " "he,she,it" "çoğul özne" varsa " had V3 "

kullanılır. 50. Hareketlilik, geçmişten önce, olumsuz " I " "he.she,it" "çoğul özne" varsa " had not V3

kullanılır. 51. Hareketlilik, geçmişten Önce. olumlu,uzun eylem " I " " he,she,it" "çoğul özne" varsa

" had been Ving " kullanılır. 52. Hareketlilik, geçmişten önce, olumsuz,uzun eylem " I " " he,she,it" "çoğul özne" varsa

" had not been Ving " kullanılır. 53. Hareketlilik,gelecekte süreklilik,olumlu " I" " he,she,it" , " çoğul" varsa " will be

Ving" kullanılır. 54. Hareketlilik,gelecekte süreklilik,olumsuz " I" " he,she,it" . " çoğul" varsa " will not be

Ving" kullanılır. 55. Hareketlilik,gelecekte süreklilik,soru " I" " he,she,it" , " çoğul" varsa " Will be

Ving" kullanılır. 56. Hareketlilik,gelecekte bitmişlik,olumlu " I" " he,she,it" , " çoğul" varsa " will have

V3" kullanılır. 57. Hareketlilik,gelecekte bitmişlik,olumsuz " I" " he,she,it" , " çoğul" varsa " will not

have V3" kullanılır. 58. Hareketlilik,gelecekte bitmişlik,soru " I" " he,she,it", " çoğul" varsa " Will have

V3" kullanılır. 59. Hareketlilik,gelecekte bitmişlik,olumlu,uzun eylem " I" " he,she,it". " çoğul" varsa "

will have been Ving" kullanılır. 60. Hareketlilik,gelecekte bitmişlik,olumsuz,uzun eylem " I" " he,she,it" , " çoğul" varsa "

will not have been Ving" kullanılır.


61. Hareketlilik,gelecekte bitmişlik.soru,uzun eylem " I" " he,she,it"," çoğul" varsa" Will have been Ving" kullanılır.

62. Hareketlilik - ebilmek, geniş zaman,olumlu "I" , "he,she,it".çoğul varsa" "can+Vl" kullanılır.

63. Hareketlilik - ebilmek, geniş zaman,olumsuz "1", "he,she,it",çoğul varsa" "can't+Vl" kullanılır.

64. Hareketlilik - ebilmek, geniş zaman,soru "I" , "he,she,it",çoğul varsa" "Can....+Vl?" kullanılır.

65. Hareketlilik - ebilmek, geçmiş zaman,olumlu "I", "he,she,it",çoğul varsa" "could+Vl" kullanılır.

66. Hareketlilik - ebilmek, geçmiş zaman,olumsuz "I" , "he,she.it",çoğul varsa" "couldn't+Vl" kullanılır.

67. Hareketlilik - ebilmek, geçmiş zaman,soru "I" , "he,she,it",çoğul varsa" "Could....+Vl?" kullanılır.

68. Hareketlilik - meli,.- malı geniş zaman,olumlu "I", "he,she,it",çoğul varsa" "must+Vl" kullanılır.

69. Hareketlilik - meli, - malı. geniş zaman,olumsuz "1", "he,she,it",çoğul varsa" "must not+Vl" kullanılır.

70. Hareketlilik - meli,- malı( dış baskı) geniş zaman,olumlu "I" , "çoğul varsa" "have to+Vl" kullanılır.

71. Hareketlilik - meli, - malı( dış baskı), geniş zaman,olumlu "he,she,it""has to+Vl" kullanılır.

PRESENT TENSES Simple Present Tense Present Continuous Tense Future Tense Future Cont. Tense Future Perfect Tense Future Perfect Cont. Tense Present Perfect Tense Present Perfect Cont. Tense Can+Vl Must+Vl Should+Vl Have to + V1

PAST TENSES Simple Past Tense Past Continuous Tense Past Perfect Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense Would+Vl Could + V1 Had to + Vl Should + Vl

( Geniş Zaman) ( V1,Ves) ( Şimdiki Zaman) ( am/ is/ are Ving) ( Gelecek Zaman) ( will + V1 ) ( Gelecekte Süreklilik) ( will be Ving) ( Gelecekte Bitmişlik) ( will have V3) ( Gelecekte Bitmişlik Uzun) ( will have been Ving) ( Geçmişten bugüne) ( have / has V3) ( Geçmişten Bugüne Uzun) ( have / has been Ving) (~ebilmek) (~meli- malı) (~meli- malı, tavsiye,öğüt) (~meli, ~malı ) ( dış baskı)

(Geçmiş Zaman) ( Geçmişte Süreklilik) ( Geçmişten Önce) (Geçmişten Önce Uzun) (~erdi.ardı) (~ehildi) (~mek zorundaydı) (~meliydi)

(V2) (was/ were+ Ving) (had V3) ( had been Ving)


Seven Wonders of the World (ADVANCED)

There are seven wonders in the world. It is expected to be more in the future.

1. The Pyramids of Egypt These pyramids still stand and are situated on the Nile's west bank in Egypt. They were constructed to be the tombs of Egyptian monarchs in the period 2650- 1800 BC. The largest of all is at Giza and it was built for Pharaohs of the old Kingdom. The first built pyramid is called Great Pyramid on account of the fact that it is the largest and the hugest.

2. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Mausolus, King of Caria, died in 353 BC. His queen Artemisia decided to have Greek architects build a majestic memorial for him. Its shape is rectangular and it has an Ionic colonnade supporting a roof-like pyramid. It became so famous that monumental tombs have been called "Mausoleum" since that term. However it was harmed by the earthquake which occured before 1400 A.D. Some of the relics are still exhibited in the British Museum.

3. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon They were said that they were built by the Chaldean kings. The walls of Babylon were ornamented by the Hanging Gardens and some authors described in their novels glamourously. The gardens included various flowers, plants, trees and they were watered by the fountains. According to convention, the Chaldean King Nebuchadnezzar built the Hanging Gardens to satisy his wife but Greeks believed that they were built for Semiramis who was the daughter of the goddess Derceto.

4. The Temple of Artemis This temple was dedicated to Artemis at Ephesus in the 6th century BC but it was burned in 356 BC. It was rebuilt by the effort of all the cities of Asia. It was believed that its construction lasted 120 years. The temple was destructed again in 262 AD. The fragments from the coloums are exhibited in the British Museum.

5. The Lighthouse of Alexandria The lighthouse of Alexandria was constructed about 270 BC on a small Alexandria island in Egypt. This lighthouse was made of white marbel and it was said that it had been 400 feet high.

6. The Statue of Olympian Zeus It was placed in the great temple of Zeus at Olympia It was built in 457 BC. It was made of ivory,gold and precious stones. The sculptor Phidias seated on a throne which was ornamented with gold, ivory and preciouds stones. Emperor Theodorous I took it to Constantinople. It was harmed in a fire in Constantinople in 475 AD.

7. The Colossus of Rhodes It was a great bronze statue that it had another name the sun god Helios. The statue was constructed about 280 BC by the citiziens of Rhodes. According to the legend, the statue stood at the horbour entrance. It had 105 feet high which could stand only 56 years. It is said that the fragments of the statue remained there in Rhodes for 900 years.

• Translate the text.


VOCABULARY

There are ten words. You should memorize these words.

Admire : To approve of and respect someone or something We all admire her for the way of studying.

Approve : To believe that something or someone is good. / don't approve of smoking.

Respect : Admiration of someone's position or personal qualities. Of course I feel respect for my father.

Believe : To think that something is true. You can't believe anything she says.

Competition : A situation in which two or more people or trying to win the something The two factory were in competition.

Connection : A relationship between things. Do you know that there is a connection between smoking and heart disease?

Discover : To find or learn about something for the first time. Columbus discovered America in 1492.

Distance : The amount of space or time between two points. What is the distance from Ankara to Istanbul?

Reason : The ability to think and understand. (reasonable) His writings appeal to emotion rather than reason.

Emotion : The strong feelings. Love is a basic emotion.

If you are ready you can look at exercises.


EXERCISES

1. We must find a solution to this problem.

2. Everyone her success.

3. It is so important for him to win this

4. I don't in you because you are always lying.

5. After I learned the , I've decided how I will go there.

6. There is always between reason and result.

7. Being happy is a kind of

8. America was by Colomb.

9. Do you think that I'll such a bad decision.

10. Every student should to his teacher.

Answer Key:

1. reasonable 2.admires 3. competition 4. believe 5. distance 6. connection 7.emotion 8. discovered 9. approve of 10. respect


MY WORST VACATION (PRE-INTERMEDIATE)

1 went to Miami with my friends last summer. Firstly it was great but then it started to go wrong. We stayed at a hotel. It wasn't a luxurious hotel but it had everything in it. There was an old man next door. He was very strange. He never left his room and watched mysterious programmes. Everything was very weird. We started our holiday and we went to beach, in the evening we had dinner at the hotel's restaurant and at night we went to the disco to enjoy together. However one of my friends turned to our room to get his wallet that he had forgot before. He heard some strange noise coming from the next door. He became curious and started to listen and he decided to walk along the man's room. He found the door half opened. He saw the man while he was killing his dog with his own knife. The dog was dead but he was still going on snabbing it. It was the worst scene that he had ever seen. Suddenly the man looked back and my friend saw his bloody face. He got frightened and the old man started to run towards him. My friend escaped immediately and he decided to get to the lift but it was out of order. He went through the stairs but the door was locked. He trapped. The man started to get closer and closer. He was screaming and crying desperately. Then we became worried about our friend and decided to go upstairs. When the old man saw us. he immediately turned to his room again and he screamed. He said " This is your last night. You will die all."

We called the hotel attendants to explain the situation but they didn't believe us because the man was very wealthy and he had been living in that hotel for years. It stroke three at night and we decided to go back. The weather was so dull. Everybody was sleeping and the lights were off. We packed our luggage and opened our rooms door slowly. When we opened the door, it was too calm. The elevator was working. We pushed the button of the lift. if came to our floor. When we opened the door of the lift, we encountered the old man. He said " Where do you think you are going? Our night has just started." We began to run away. Fortunately he was too old to run. We saw his room's door opened. We couldn't get into our room because we had already locked it. We had to enter his room. We closed the door. He started to knock the door violently. We all saw the dead dog lying on the floor among all dead animals. He was a phsyco.

We tried to call the police but the telephone wires had already been cut. He had planned everything. He was about to break the door. We graviated to the windows but it was too high to jump. He managed to break the door and he entered into the room. He ran towards us by screaming " I will kill you all." We looked down and each other, we were going to jump or die. We all jumped down and I broke my left leg. The ambulance arrived and we went to hospital and we all decided not to go on holiday to Miami again.

IT WAS MY WORST AND MOST FRIGHTENING DAY I HAD EVER HAD.

• Read the text and translate it.

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UNEMPLOYMENT IN TURKEY (INTERMEDIATE)

Turkish youths can not find a job after they finish their universities. Why? Because there are a lot of people who want to have a well-paid job. But the working areas are too limited. So the government, private sector can not afford their demand. The companies have to choose the best one among them. They have some conditions to employ workers. These conditions are usually fluency in English and computer skills.The youths have to have some qualifications after they graduate from uni unfortunately a few of these young people are aware of the importance of these qualifications.

Firstly, the young people who are studying at the university should improve themselves in every field. They should talk over every subject and they should have a constant idea of life. However in Turkey the youths spend their time in pubs or in cafes chatting and dating. They don't really think their future and they just live the day " Carpe Diem*'. After they graduate from uni, they finally understand that something is wrong with their social and professional lives to get a job. But it is too late.

On the other hand they are too young to lead their own lives. Parents should lead them while they are studying at uni. Because they can not decide what they will live in the future. Moreover our country's life standards are not enough to find a job easily.

Consequently, life is too hard to live in Turkey. The youths should be aware of these difficulties against the business life. They should be well-qualified before they graduate from their universities to find a suitable and well-paid job for themselves easily. This is an inevitable result of living in Turkey for youths.

a. Find the unknown words and translate the text.


THE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS

Short adjectives ( One syllable)

Ending in one vowel (+) one consonant

Ending in - e :

Ending in - y :

Irregular adj:

Long adjectives (Two or more syllables)

ADJECTIVE

short young small big fat slim

wise

dry

good bad far

comfortable handsome

COMPARATIVE

shorter younger smaller bigger fatter slimmer

wiser

Drier

better worse further

more comfortable more handsome

SUPERLATIVE

the shortest the youngest the smallest the biggest the fattest the slimmest

the wisest

the driest

the best the worst the furthest

the most comfortable the most handsome

2. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

Forms of Adjectives

Regular Adjectives

Adjectives ending in "-y"

Adjectives ending in "-II

Adjectives ending in "able"

Adjective

careful slow soft

easy busy happy

full

capable comfortable

Adverb

caxefully slowly softly

easily busily happily

fully

capably comfortably


3. PRONOUNS Pronouns are used instead of nouns ( names of people and things) Subject Pronouns Object pronoun Possessive adjectives

I me my You you your He him his She her her It it its We us our You you your They them their

Position of subject and object pronouns:

• subject pronoun come before the verb.

• object pronoun come after the verb.

• He loves Her but she doesn't love him.

• Can you take me home?

• We can use pronoun and possessive instead of nouns:

• Emel teaches the children because she likes them

• Ali's father is an engineer and his sister is an engineer, too

l.Possessive Pronouns

mine yours

his, hers. its ours yours theirs

• I like Ali and Ahmet's house • I like their house • I like theirs.

These are our cars. Those are ours. This is your desk. This is yours. It is his bag. It is his.


2. Reflexive pronouns: myself yourself

himself, herself, itself ourselves yourselves themselves

The woman killed herself.

He looked at himself in the mirror.

They painted the room themselves.

4. NOUNS

Any word that has the plural is a noun

• The plural form of nouns

house houses pencil pencils notebook notebooks

• nouns ending in "ss" , "sh", "ch", or "x" :

address addresses crash crashes watch watches box boxes

• nouns ending in "y" following a consonant:

secretary secretaries country countries

• nouns ending in "y" following a vowel:

way ways monkey monkeys

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Irregular Plurals

man woman wife leaf foot life child knife thief

men women wives leaves feet lives children knives

thieves

5. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

Tülin's job is the same as Tank's. They're both doctors.

Tülin's job is different from Tolga's. Tolga is a pilot.

Tank's job is similar to Fehmi's. Fehmi is a dentist.

I look like my mother.

Cemil works a lot. An ant works a lot.

Cemil works like an ant.

6. ADJECTIVES& ADVERBS

a. Adjectives:

- Adjectives modify nouns.

Before nouns

• She looks as a clever girl.

• I have got brown eyes.

After "to be"

• The boy is handsome. • The books are interesting.

Opposite adjectives

• This room is hot. That room is cold. hot x cold • These bottles are empty. Those bottles are full empty x full • These shoes are clean. Those shoes are dirty . clean x dirty


• The pattern "adverb + participle + noun'" is common

He is a well known policeman. That policeman is men known.

She is a fully qualified teacher. This teacher is fully qualified..

Adjectives ending in " -ed" and " - ing

-ing participle indicates cause; describes things, events -ed participle indicates effect; describes people.

The film was interesting • I was interested in mathematics.

The film was so boring. Cem was bored with the story.

Irregular Adverbs

Adjective good fast hard high early

Adverb well fast hard high early


CONJUNCTIONS

A conjunction is a word that links words, phrases, or clauses.

There are six types of conjunctions:

1) Supporting Conjunctions 2) Contrasting Conjunctions 3) Giving Reason Conjunctions 4) Giving Result Conjunctions 5) Illustration Conjunctions 6) Amplification Conjunctions

1) Supporting Conjunctions

* Two actions must support each other in negative way or affirmative way. * The conjunctions written below have all same meanings but '"in addition to" have

a different usage.

Moreover Furthermore What's more Together with Not only that In addition that Along with On top of that As well as

In addition to

• He shouted at me. Moreover he slammed the door and went out furiously. Negative Negative

( He shouted at me and then he slammed the door.)

• He is clever. What's more he is handsome. Affirmative Affirmative

( This sentence is about his characteristic properties . The sentences are both affirmative.)

• My mother likes cooking a lot. In addition that she likes reading. Affirmative Affirmative

( My mother likes cooking and reading at the same time.)


Sentence ( Buna ek olarak/ Dahası)

+ Ving / Noun

• My mother likes cooking in addition to reading.

Ving

• My brother, Giirkan, is interested in stock exchange. Furthermore he is a geologist. Affirmative Affirmative

2) Contrasting Conjunctions

* Two actions must contrast each other. One negative ( - ) . one affirmative ( + ) action should be used.

* The conjunctions written below have all same meanings. "In spite of" and "Despite" have same meanings, too; but they have different usages.

a) Although Even though Though Notwithstanding In spite of the fact that Despite the fact that

Sentence ( Rağmen, aksine)

In spite of Despite

Although he studied hard, he failed from the exam. Affirmative Negative

( His studying a lot, he should pass the exam but he failed. Failing from the exam is a contrasting action.)

Even though she is very beautiful, she is very foolish. Affirmative Negative

( This sentence is about the characteristic properties . She is beautiful but she is foolish.)

Though she knows everything about me, she seems not to know anything. Affirmative Negative

( She knows everything about me but she doesn't seem to know.)

Notwithstanding he is on a diet, he eats a lot of chocolate. Affirmative Negative


+ Ving/ Noun (-e rağmen)

(His being on a diet, he shouldn't eat chocolate. So it becomes a contrasting action.)

• Be careful with the difference !!

In spite of the fact that it is snowing, I prefer going out with him. Negative Affirmative

(It is snowing but I prefer going out with him.)

In spite of snowing, I prefer going out with him. Negative Affirmative

( Meaning is the same as " in spite of the fact that" but after in spite of we should use Ving or noun.)

• Be careful with the difference !!

Despite the fact that it was raining, they went swimming. Negative Affirmative

Despite the rain, they went swimming. Negative Affirmative

( "Despite" and "In spite of have same meaning and usage. They are used with a noun or gerund ( Ving ).)

UNITY

• As it is shown in the picture, the conjunctions unite the sentences giving a negative or affirmative meaning, sometimes they give emphasize to the sentences.


b) However But Yet Still Nevertheless Nonetheless

+ Sentence ( Ama. ancak)

He is on a diet, but he eats a lot of chocolate. Affirmative Negative

( His being on a diet, he shouldn't eat chocolate.) He hurts me a lot nevertheless he hasn't apologized to me.

* They all have same usages and same meanings.

c) In contrast On the contrary On the other hand In other respect Conversely Contrarily

+ Sentence ( Aksi takdirde)

* The conjunctions written above are generally used in essays or compositions when we have a contrasting idea.

She likes man's thoughts. In contrast she is a feminist.

3) Giving Reason Conjunctions

* These conjunctions are used to unite cause and effect. They give the reason why the action has happened.

Because Since Owing to the fact that Due to the fact that For On account of the fact that For this reason Accordingly

+ Sentence ( Çünkü. - den dolayı)


Because of Owing to Due to On account of

• Look out the difference!!

She was late because she missed the bus. Effect Cause

She was late because of missing the bus. Ving

• Look out the difference!!

He failed the class due to the fact that he didn't study enough. Effect Cause

He failed the class due to not studying enough. Ving

4) Giving Result Conjunctions

* These conjunctions are used while giving the results of the actions.

a) So Therefore Thereby Thus Hence

+ Sentence ( Böylece)

She studies hard so she passes her class. Cause Effect

He didn't eat a lot of chocolate therefore he lost weight. Cause Effect


+ Ving/notin ( -den dolayı)

b) As a result To sum up Consequently As a consequence Finally To conclude As a conclusion

+ Sentence ( Sonuç olarak)

• The conjunctions below are generally used in compositions or essays while giving results.

To sum up, they were all right for their fights.

5) Illustration Conjunctions

• We use these conjunctions when we want to give examples.

+ Sentence ( Örneğin) For example For instance To exemplify To illustrate

There are lots of species that have mother children relationship. For example cats, dogs...

6) Amplification Conjunctions

As a matter of fact In fact Indeed Actually

+ Sentence ( Aslında)

He pretends to be stupid. In fact he is as clever as I am.


1. Coordinating Conjunctions

A coordinating conjunction connects words, phrases and clauses that have same grammatical

functions two nouns, verbs, adjectives.

Conjunctions

And

But

Or

So

What is linked

noun phrase+ noun phrase

Sentence+ sentence

Verb+ verb

Sentence + sentence

Sample Sentences

We have tickets for the opera

and the ballet.

The opera rehearses on

Tuesday, but the ballet

rehearses on Wednesday.

Have you seen or heard the

ballet by Grigorovich?

I wanted to sit in the front, so

ordered my tickets early.

2. Correlative conjunctions

A correlative conjunction is coordinating conjunction that works in pairs to connect

elements in a sentence.

Conjunctions

both and

either or

neither nor

not only but also

What is linked

Subject + subject

Subject+subject

Subject + subject

Sentence + sentence

Sample Sentences

Both my sister and my

brother can play guitar.

Either my mum or daddy has

phoned you. I am not sure.

Neither Evren nor Ali comes

to class.

Not only did the cat jump

over the fence, but it also

scratched the paint.


3. Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating Conjunctions, the largest class of conjunctions, connect subordinate clause to

main clause.

These conjunctions are adverbs used as conjunctions.

A subordinating conjunction connect elements with different grammatical function.

TIME

After

Before

When

While

Since

Until

CONJUNCTION

After

Since

While

Although

Because

When

CAUSE + EFFECT

Because

Since

Now that

As

In order that

So

SAMPLE SENTENCE

OPPOSITION

CONDITION

Although if

Though unless

Even though only if

Where as whether or not

While even if

In case (that)

We are going to eat after the concert finishes.

Since we've lived in New Yo rk, we have gone to

every exhibit at the metropolitan museum.

While I was waiting for you, I was reading my book.

Although I was very ill, I went to work.

I love my teacher because she teaches very well.

When the bell rings, the students must sit down


COUNTABLE and UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Countable nouns are the names of things that you can count.

A bus, five flowers, six hundred dollars Countable nouns have plurals.

An armchair Three armchairs

A telephone box Three telephone boxes

Uncountable nouns are the names of things that you can't count.

Water, music, orange juice, tea. beer. Uncountable nouns have no plurals ,too.

We can't use "a/an" with uncountable nouns

Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns

Desks

Chairs

Dictionaries

Pencils

Pens

Computers Scissors

Books

Notebooks

Vases

money

tea

water

coffee

jewellry

orange-juice rice

fish

information

happiness


A / an and some / any

We only use "a/ an" with singular countable nouns.

We use "any" with both countable and uncountable nouns.

( Chairs) He wants a chair. ( Countable) (Wine) 1 want some wine. (Uncountable)

(Pens) I need four pens. (Countable)

As a general rule, use some in affirmative (+) sentence, we use any in questions (?) and negative (-) sentences

I need some new shoes. (+)

Countable

I don't need any new skirts.(-)

Countable

Do you have any money in your wallet (?)

Uncountable

Note : When we ask for things or offer things we use some in questions, (polite request)

Would you like some milk?

Can I have some sugar, please?

a little/ a few:

a little : a small amount but enough ( uncountable)

a few : a small amount but enough ( countable)

little / few:

little : a small amount and not enough ( uncountable)

few : a small amount but not enough ( countable)


Examples:

a little/ little:

There is a little milk at home but it is enough for my cake.

There is little milk at home, we should buy some more.

a few/ few:

I have a few friends and we enjoy a lot.

I have few friends and I feel lonely.

* "a little" is used before uncountable nouns:

a little milk

a little sugar

a little tea

* "a few" is used before countable nouns:

a few students

a few friends

a few buildings

Exercises:

a. Do you have plenty of free time?

No, I don't have much time. I have a little.

b. Does she have many books?

No, she doesn't have many books. She has a few.

1. Are there a lot of people in the car?

2. Do you always drink milk in the morning?

3. Is there a lot of time before the film starts?

4. Did they do a lot of work last year?

5. Are there a lot of houses in this area?

6. How many apples are there in the basket?

7. How many films did you see last week?

8. Are there a lot of trees in that forest?

9. Do you have to put a lot of petrol in your car?

10. How much money did you give him?

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many/ much:

* "many" is used before plural countable nouns:

I don*t have many friends.

Does she write many books?

He didn't make many mistakes.

You didn't smoke many cigarettes.

* " much" is used before uncountable nouns:

He doesn't have much money.

We don't have much time.

They don't have much petrol.

We don't have much milk in the kitchen.

* Instead of "many" you can use;

a great number of / a good number of...

A great number of guests came to our party.

We did a good number of exercises this morning.

* Instead of " much" you can use;

a great deal of / a great amount of/ a good deal of / a good amount of...

There is a good deal of petrol in the car.

She wants to have a great deal of time.

I have a good amount of money. I am rich.



DIRECT SPEECH Simple Present

Present Continuous

Present Perfect Simple Past Past Perfect

Simple Future (will)

Future ( be going to)

MODALS can may (possibility) may (permission) will might must have to should ought to shall shall

Imperative

Yes / No question

INDIRECT SPEECH Simple Past

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

would

Was/were going to

could might could would might had to had to should ought to would ( future) should ( ask for advice)

Infinitive

If + noun clause

Change in time and place words:

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

now then, at that time

today that day

tomorrow the following day

the next day

yesterday the previous day

the day before

next month / year the following month / year

the next month / year

a month / year later

DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH


last month / year the month / year before

the previous month / year

in two d

five days

ays / weeks

/ weeks ago

two days / weeks from then

five days / weeks before

five days / weeks earlier

here

this

these

come

there

that

those

go

GENERAL DIFFERENCES

1) ( among, between difference)

I was sitting between Evren and Feyza.

They saw a rabbit among flowers.

" between" is used with two elements. "among" is used with more than two elements.

2) ( advice, advise difference)

He advised me to stop drinking alcohol. verb

Thank you for your advice. Noun


(three pieces of advice)

3) ( effect, affect difference)

He affected all of the employees by his speech. Verb

Advertisement has had a lot of effect on our sales. Noun

4) (all - whole difference)

* They are different from each other by their usage. They are same as meaning.

I have worked all my life.

I have worked my whole life.

All my life my whole life

All the effort the whole effort All this work this whole work

5) (Aloud - loudly difference)

aloud : adverb ( generally used by the verbs " read, think" ) loudly : adverb

we can't use" an advice" (It is uncountable) ( a piece of advice)

• Don't laugh so loudly. • Are we talking loudly?

- What did you say? - Nothing I was thinking aloud.

6) (am- pm. difference)

am. : 24:01- 12:00 pm : 12:01 -24:00

The banks open at 9:00 am. I will be at home at 11:00 pm mummy! Don't worry.

7 (arise- rise difference)

arise - arose - arisen : appear rise - rose - risen : increase

A problem has arisen. ( arise) l am afraid a difficulty arose. ( arise) The prices are rising. (rise) What time does the sun rise? ( rise)

8) (Die with prepositions) OF die of an illness die of hunger die of thirst die of wounds

FOR die for his/ her country' die for a cause

IN die in a war die in a battle die in a rebellion die in poverty die in a gas chamber

THROUGH die through neglect

BY die by the sword die by the knife


9) (drive- ride- pilot- sail difference)

drive : use car. tractor, train ride : use horse, camel, donkey, bike, motorbike pilot : use plane sail : use ship

drive - drove - driven ride - rode - ridden pilot - piloted - piloted sail - sailed - sailed

I can drive a car. He piloted a Concorde.

She can ride a bike. Do you know how to sail the ship?

10) (Economic- economical- economics difference)

be economical on petrol

economic history the country's economic future the government's economic policy a bad economic state study economics

This isn't a very economical method of heating. We must charge an economic rent. My son is studying economics at university.

11) ( drown- strangle- suffocate difference) drown strangle suffocate

: die in the sea, river, lake : kill someone by rope : kill someone by preventing the breath system

The woman drowned in the sea. The man was strangled with a piece of rope. He suffocated the sleeping man with a pillow.


PREPOSITIONS

A word expressing the relationship between a noun, a pronoun or a noun phrase and another element of the sentence.

Examples:

She doesn't go to school on Saturdays.

1. Prepositions of Place (some examples)

In

In Istanbul In the park In the house In the water In the book In the sky In the street

On

on Rumeli Street on the floor on the desk on the radio on television on the wall on the shelf

At

at Istanbul University at school at the station at the airport at the ceiling at work at dinner

2. Prepositions of Time and date

In

In August In 1977 In winter In the morning In the afternoon In the evening In the past In the future

On

on Sunday on Monday morning on Tuesday evening on Friday afternoon on Christmas Day on March 21s1

At

at noon at night at lunch at dinner at one o'clock at midnight at Christmas

• In time : at the time arranged

• On time : punctual

• In( a few minutes) : at the end of a period of time

Evren will come back in five minutes.


• At/by : (-de,-da)

at noon, four am. etc.( at the time precisely) by noon, four am. etc. ( before, not later than)

He is going to meet her at seven. He is going to meet her by seven.

• To / till ( until): (-e kadar)

I studied from 10:00 to 12:00. I studied from 10:00 till 12:00. She is going to stay here until Tuesday.

• For / since :

For : used before a period of time. (-dir, -dır) Since : used with a certain point in time. (-den beri)

for five years since 1996

for two months since July

"for"- "since" mainly used in " Present Perfect Tense"

• during: (boyunca)

Placed before known periods of time.

during 1949 during the Middle Ages during that time

3. Prepositions of travel and movement:

They travel by bus / car / train / boat/ sea /plane /air

They travel on foot.

They arrive in a country / town. They arrive at a village / hotel / theatre/ station. They travel / return / go /come home (without "to"). They arrive home (without "at"). They get on a bus, a train, a bicycle, horse They get off a bus, a train, a bicycle, a horse


4. Prepositions of position

in front of/ behind / along / among / over / /under / on / in / next to / near / above / below

- Amanda sits in front of Jack.

- The bus is behind the truck.

- The picture is above the blackboard.

- The book is under the table.

- The book is on the table.

5. Prepositions of direction:

up. down, along, across; through, into, between, among, up/ down

His office is up the stairs. Her office is down the stairs.

Along There're some expensive shops along Bağdat Street.

Across There's a hotel across the road.

• Between / among

Between : used with two persons and things

The sun is among the clouds. He sits between Ali and Fatoş.

6. No Preposition ( x )

* x what time do you go to school?

* I'll see Ali x this morning.

* She'll come...x next week.

* He saw his girl - friend ....x...last Monday.


A. Fill in the blanks with the proper preposition of travel and movement.

1) Did you come car? No, I came foot. 2) He and his mother go to school taxi every morning. 3) After a few hours they' II arrive our town. 4) She came home very late. 5) I arrived station and got the train.

B. Fill in the blanks with the proper preposition of time.

1) I can't sleep the afternoon.

2) Where were you your summer holiday?

3) I was born 20th of October.

4) Come ten Sunday afternoon.

5) They haven't been abroad last year.

6) She gets up seven o'clock the morning.

7) We work from 09:00 06: 00.

8) I'll be back five minutes.

9) Atatürk died 1938.

10) I have an appointment Monday 01: 30.

Answer Key:

A. 1. by , on 2. by 3. in 4. X 5. at. off B. 1. in 2. on 3. on 4. at, on 5. X 6. at. in 7. to / until / till 8. in 9. in 10. on. at


ADVANCED PREPOSITIONS

1 - concentrate on 2 - depend on 5 - break into pieces 4 - accustomed to 5 - against the law 6 - proud of 7 - afraid of 8 - be used to 9 - at night 10 - at midnight 11 - at noon 12 - at dawn 13 - out of sight 14 - love at first sight 15 - short of 16 - wait for 17 - in danger of 18 - on birthday 19 - rely on 20 - count on / trust sb for 21 - sorry for 22 - arrive at/ in 23 - sympathetic at 24 - laugh at 25 - by hand 26 - sensitive at 27 - speak to 28 - talk to 29 - arrest for 30 - climb up /down 31 - fill in 32 - via 33 - break into

34 - take pleasure in 35 - quarrel with 36 - reason for 37 - delighted with 38 - take no notice of 39 - impressed with 40 - lean over 41 - complain about sth to sb. 42 - care for 43 - hear from 44 - take care of 45 - on a diet 46 - recover from

103-off breath 104- under discussion 105- swim across the river 106-by request 107-in suit 108-typicalof 109-on strike 110-all over the world 111 -arrive in + open air 112-arrive at + close places 113-by sight (I know her by sight) 114-out of order 115-get under control 116- under control 117-in the end 118-in the beginning 119- at the end / beginning of + noun 120-on the way to work/home 121-on duty x off duty 122- in a mess 123-in a bad temper 124-be for 125-be against 126-in spite of 127-thankfor 128-at once 129-identical to 130-on the average 131 -be addicted to 132- in full agreement with + sb 133-concern with 134-persist in / insist on 135-pleasant to/ kind to 136-pleased with 137-fondof 138-keen on 139-listento 140-fall in love with 141-ask for 142-be interested in 143-on the main road 144- have difficulty in 145-have fun with 146-based on 147- focus on 148-capable of x incapable of 149-patient with x impatient with


47-get over 48-cope with 49-go on excursions 50-aware of 51 -curious about 52-content with 53-on + days 54-in + months 55- in + years 56-at + time 57-on + date 58-on the ground 59-on your left /right 60-in dark clothes / adress 61 -accuse of 62-blame for 63- charge with 63-put the blame on 64-arrest for 65-with salt / without salt 66-fed up with 67-tired of 68-remind of 69-responsible for 70-object to 71-subject to 72-be opposed to 73-have an objection to 74-in common 75-on business 76- prevent sb.from 77-stop sb.from 78-hinder sb.from 79-keep sb.from 80-jealous of 81-envious of 82-catch up with 83-look at 84-look up 85-great deal of 86-famous for 87-well-known for 88-insist on 89-die of+ illness 90-die for + sb/sth 91-agree with 92-in ink 93-by pencil 94-by mistake/by accident 95-on purpose

150-faithfulto 151-comment on 152- by + vehicle 153-on + foot 154-in + street 155- stay at 156-stare at 157-slow at 158-good/bad at 159-valid at 160-quick in 161-in my opinion 162-in business 163-word for word 164-shout at 165-approve of 166-lack of 167-spend on 168-deal with 169-have confidence in 170-introduce sb to sb 171 -be engaged / married to 172-apply for 173-gossip about 174-ashamed of 175-strict to 176-make of 177-involve in 178-consist of 179-believe in 180-by+author /poet 181-by heart 182-congratulate on 183-deal with 184-be attracted by 185-surprised with 186-under repair 187-at the moment 188-at present 189-on fire 190-specialize in 191 -save from 192-in charge of 193-on business 194-on paper 195-work for 196-transfer to 197-smile at 198-crash into 199-turn into


96-with pleasure 200-take delight in 97-apologize to sb.for sth. 201 -obvious to sb. 98-succeed in 202-dream about 99-get in touch with 203-dream of 100-by the way 204-operate on 101 -escape from 205-experienced in 102-similar to 206-put emphasis on

PREPOSITIONS Supply the missing prepositions - where necessary.

1) Many people don't approve capital punishment. 2) He was found guilty murder and condemned dealth. 3) You've charged us too much this meal. 4) the end of the century, most of our wildlife will have been destroyed. 5) How much money have you spent stationery? 6) I'd like to see him a week or so. 7) It rained all the weekend. 8) Are you aware the difficulties that lie ahead you? 9) Alice is a very good friend mine. 10) When will she be hospital? 11) On Monday I'm taking the day 12) He was wearing a coat torn sleeve. 13) He gave me a pat the back. 14) Ships are made steel. 15) Harrods is a famous store London. 16) He opened the can a can opener. 17) When you leave, make sure the gas is 18) He usually goes jogging early the morning. 19) Everybody admires him his wisdom and common sense. 20) We'd like to congratulate getting engaged. 21) You can't blame me your own mistakes. 22) Water consist hydrogen and oxygen. 23) a bedroom, clothes are kept a wardrobe. 24) How are we going to deal this problem? 25 ) Some of the tenants are angry about the lack car parking spaces the area. 26) Many residents don't have much confidence our new mayor. 27) I'd like to introduce you Phil, our next - door neighbor. 28) Jim was engaged Mary for there years, but then he married Laura. 29) Ken reminds me David, but they aren't related each other. 30) The staff are responsible their boss the decisions they make. 31) I'm tired waiting Sally to arrive. I object her unpunctuality. 32) On behalf of the students and staff, I'd like to welcome you our school. 33) The scientist needed an assistant to help the experiment. 34) They get on well each other because they have so much common. 35) Can I see the officer duty, please? 36) Has he gone Frankfurt business? 37) You're very good finding excuses! 38) He remained faithful the company even after he had been dismissed. 39) I can't prevent him telling lies.


40) Tony is jealous his younger sister. 41) I'm not familiar hovels and not very keen reading them. 42) Some students are slow understanding, but you should be patient them. 43) This passport is valid all countries expect Greece. 44) He's quick understanding, but he's capable remembering anything. 45) He ran so fast nobody could catch up him. 46) Why don't you look it in an encyclopedia? 47) It's rude to stare people. 48) The storm did a great deal damage the trees the town. 49) I think he's rather envious your suscess. 50) Bursa is famous its mosques. 51) I've seen Zuhal Olcay in lots of movies, but I've never seen her person. 52) Your Jacket is so much like mine that I put yours on mistake. 53) He died the principles he believed 54) Nobody dies a cold! 55) I agree you the date of the meeting. 56) The meeting was different the previours ones. 57) Here's a message of hope suffering humanity. 58) Have you read any books Mark Twain? 59) Multiply 2000 4. 60) Please write ink; it's hard to read if you write pencil. 61) Hundreds birds were sitting the telephone wires. 62) New York was founded the Dutch. 63) The picture seems to have been painted oil, not watercolour. 64) small towns people go work foot. 65) I'd do you a favour pleasure. 66) I know that his birthday was May, but I had forgotten that it was May 7. 67) He recovered serious illness. 68) You should apologize the teacher being so late. 69) She succeeded getting the job. 70) I'll get touch you later this week. 71) the way, have you found the keys? 72) His health is improving day day. 73) There's an old bridge the river? 74) I am looking forward hearing from you soon. 75) Look the exercise the bottom of page 22. 76) Those men have been working on the motor two hours now. 77) The kids stayed awake II 30 last night. 78) Their office is the sixth floor that building. 79) A monkey escaped the zoo jumping a very fence. 80) Miss Lynn translated the text word word. 81) Would you like to go a walk the park Tuesday afternoon? 82) He's learnt all the expressions heart. 83) Do you really think that she threw them away accident? 84) I'm going to apply a scholarship there. 85) Some people enjoy gossiping other people's affairs. 86) My plain is similar yours, but quite different Frank's. 87) These thin gloves aren't very suitable that kind of work. 88) It was certainly kind you to help me that difficult work. 89) You were very kind me when I asked you some help.


Answer Key:

l.of 2. in. to 3. for 4. by 5. on 6. in 7. X 8. of. X 9. of 10. at 11. off 12. with 13. on 14. of 15. in 16. by 17. off 18. by,in 19. about 20. on 21. for

23. inin 24. with 25. of , in 26. on 27. with 28. to,to 29. of, with 30. for, 31. of. for,to 32. at 33. for 34. with, in 35. on 36. to,in 37. at 38. to 39. from

40. of 41.with,on 42. at,with 43. at 44. in,of 45. with 46. up 47. at 48. of,on,in 49. of 50. for 51. in 52. by 53. for, in 54. of 55. with, about 56. from 57. about

59. with 60. in,by 61. of, on 62. by 63. by,with 64. in,to,on 65. with 66. 69. in 70. in,with, X 71. by 72. by 73. over 74. to

78. in 79. from , by,over 80. for 81. for, in, on 82. by 86. with ,from 87. with 88. of,with 89. to,for 90.

of 94. with 95. for 96. as, like 97. of 98. to 99.at,with

22. of about

58. by in.on 67. from 68. to.for 75. at ,at 76. in 77. until 83. by 84. for 85. about with,at 91. to 92. of 93. 100. to,to,with


90) Mr Meyer is a good person to work ..He's always good ..his employees. 91) Dogs are usually faithful their masters. 92) I think Roger is incapable handling such a hard job. 93) He said he was ashamed his friend's had manners. 94) Our conference was interrupted telephone calls several times. 95) This hotel is well known its pleasant atmosphere and fine fold.

96) Mr. Moore is often taken .a student because he looks.. so young. 97) He is tired ......hearing complaints every day. 98) The members were strongly opposed ......any radical changes.

99) Their country is very poor .............. ...natural resources. It is trying to become self - sufficient ......food.

100) Miss Bell is very strict the children in her class. She's particulary strict .... punctuality. However, her relationship the children is a happy one.

GERUND VERBS

• Teacher's Advice:

To learn gerund and infinitive verbs, it is enough to learn the gerund ones. The rest of them are infinitive ones.

A. Verb + Gerund ( Ving)

admit anticipate appreciate avoid can*t help can't stand complete consider contemplate defer

delay deny detest discuss dislike enjoy excuse finish forgive imagine

involve keep mean mention mind miss postpone practise quit recall

recollect recommend remember resent resist risk stop suggest tolerate understand


B. Gerund (Ving) after "to"

be/get accustomed to I "m accustomed to coffee. I'm accustomed to drinking coffee.

be/get used to I'm not used to thick clothes. I'm not used to wearing thick clothes.

look forward to I look forward to you. I look forward to having a letter from you.

be opposed to I'm opposed to cosmetics. I'm opposed to spending on cosmetics.

object to /have an objection to I have an objection to the plan. I have an objection to carrying out the plan in this way.

prefer something to doing something I prefer tea to coffee. I prefer playing tennis to playing basketball.

in addition to In addition to jeans, she bought lots of things. In addittion to buying jeans, she bought t-shirt.

C. Verb+ Preposition+ Gerund

abstain/refrain from

apologized for adjust to approve/disapprove of

argue about believe in

care about care for

comment on complain about

concentrate on consist of deal with

decide against

depend on (upon) dream of feel like forget about insist on

look forward to

object to

participate in plan on refer to

t a k e advantage of talk about

think about/of succeed in worry about

He has to abstain I apologized You have to adjust Do you approve We argued I really believe Do you care

I don't care I want to comment He complains You have to concentrate Being a good student consists I deal

from for to of about in

about for on about on of with

Seeing the cold weather, we decided against

To pass the exam depends He has always dreamed I feel She is trying to forget Do you still insist

on of like about on

What are you looking forward to

Why do you always object I participate What do you plan The chairman referred We should take advantage Last night.we talked She is thinking Are you sure you'll succeed Don't worry

to in on to of about about in about

smoking a cigar

being rude. eating English food his staying out? his staying out. working hard.

being smart?

going to that play. his solving problems having too much load learning English. studying regularly. speaking fluently

going on a day out. studying hard. being famous eating chocolate being deceived. wearing it? doing most?

my wearing it? formulating doing this weekend? expanding the firm living in a big city. economizing

going abroad persuading him? my working hard.

D. Verb+ Object+Preposition +Gerund

accuse someone of apologize to someone for arrest someone for blame someone for charge someone with complain to someone about congratulate someone on deter someone from devote oneself to discourage someone from forgive someone for involve someone in keep someone from prevent someone from punish someone for stop someone from suspect someone of thank someone for warn someone about/against

They accused the man of She apologized to me for They arrested the guard for I blamed her for They will charge him with I complained to the owner about 1 congratulated him on The storm deterred the climbers She devoted herself to Someone discouraged her from 1 can't forgive him for They didn't involve their father They kept me from What prevented him from You shouldn't punish the child for Her behaviour stopped me from They suspected him of I want to thank them for We warned the child against

robbing the bank.

being late. helping the robbers. making me late. falsifying him. shouting at us. being the top student.

from going on their climb.

bringing up her going in for the contest.

lying to me. in fighting their rivals.

working, coming here? being late.

making friends with her betraying his wife, helping me going too near the lake.


E. Adjective+ Preposition+ Gerund

accustomed to afraid of angry at appropriate for ashamed of aware of bored with capable of concerned about content with delighted at

different from essential to/for excellent in/at excited about exposed to famous for fed up with fond of generous about good at grateful to sb.for

feel guilty for be guilty of incapable of interested in jealous of keen on lazy about opposed to proud of responsible for similar to

sorry about successful in suitable for sure of (about) surprised at terrified of tired of be used to (accustomed to) worried about happy about

F. Noun + Preposition + Gerund

on account of = yüzünden in case of = durumunda difficulty in = sıkıntı çekmek in addition to = ilaveten ,yanı sıra in charge of = ile yükümlü in danger of = tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya in exchange for = karşılık olarak excuse for = mazereti olmak in favour of = lehinde olmak,taraftar olmak for fear of = korkusuyla in the habit of = alışkanlığında olmak in return for = karşılık olarak instead of = yerine interest in = ilgisi olmak in the course of = sırasında,esnasında in the middle of = ortasında need for = olan gereksinim reason = nedeni for the sake of = hatırı için,..uğruna in spite of = rağmen technique for = nın tekniği the point of = nın gereği ,..nın anlamı yok on the point of = yapmak üzere olmak


G. EXPRESSIONS + GERUND

It's no use /It' s no good... There is no point in .... It's worth /It's not worth .... a waste of time/money,energy.... Spend/ waste (time, money, energy)... Without doing... By doing... Go - gerund

(... bir yararı yok) (... bir anlamı yok) (...yapmaya değer/...yapmaya değmez) (...zaman/para/enerji kaybı) (...yaparak vakit geçirmek /para,enerji harcamak ) (...yapmadan,... yapmaksızın) (...yaparak) ( go + aktivite)

• It is no use waiting for him any more.

• There is no point in studying for your exam because it is too late.

• It is worth reading, it is the most exciting book I have ever read.

• It is a waste of time trying to wake him up. He likes sleeping a lot.

• He spends a lot of money buying clothes.

• You can't manage to speak English without studying.

• He became a successful businessman by working hard.

• I like going camping a lot.


UPPER and ADVANCED STRUCTURES A. CAUSATIVES

Let sb V1 birine izin vermek My father let me stay abroad.

Make sb V1 birinin bir şey yapmasına sebep olmak He made me laugh.

Have sb V1 birine bir şey yaptırmak I had my hairdresser cut my hair.

Get sb to V1 birine bir şey yatırmak I got my hairdresser to cut my hair.

Force sb to V1 birinin bir şey yapmasına zorlamak He forced me to stay here.

Have sth V3 bir şeyi yaptırmak I had my car repaired.

Get sth V3 bir şeyi yaptırmak

I got my car repaired.

B. IF CLAUSE

Type 0 ( always true)

If + Subj + Simple Present Tense + Subj+ Simple Present Tense

If you drop the egg. it breaks.

Type I ( real, present) If+Subj+Simple Present Tense + Subj+ will / (Present Modals)

If the weather is sunny. I will go on a picnic.

Type II ( unreal, present) If + Subj + Simple Past Tense + Subj + would / ( Past Modals)

If I were you. I would go home and sleep.

Type III ( unreal, past) If+ Subj + Past Perfect Tense + Subj + would/ could have V3

If I had invited him. he would have been contented.


If = Providing that Provided that Supposing that Supposed that şartıyla Assuming that On condition that

C. UNLESS - IF NOT

• "Unless" have to the some rules as " if clause" ( we have again Type I, Type II, Type III)

• If we didn't get on well, we could break down.

• Unless we got on well, we could break down

V2 could V1

Unless + Positive Sentence

• If the students hadn't understand the units. I could have explained them again

• Unless the students had understood the units, I could have explained them again

Past Perf. Tense could have V3

D. MIXED TYPE

• Type II-1

The time expressions of Present Continuous Tense are used in mixed type such as:

today now at the moment at present tonight this week/ year/month

For example:

If I were you. I will be at home now. Type II Type I

If I went to London. I can visit Buckingham Palace this week. Type II Type I


Present Cont. Time Exp.

• Type III-Type II

If she had been rude to you. you would be dismissed this Monday. Type III Type II

If I had been invited to the party. I would be in Evren's party now. Type III Type II

E. OMITTING IF

IF Type I

Should + Subj + V1 +Subj + will ( Present Modals)

If you study hard, you will be successful. Should you study hard, you will be successful.

IF Type II

Were+ Subj+Obj+ Subj + would ( Past Modals)

If you were you, I would go abroad. Were I you, I would go abroad.

Were+ Subj + to V1 +Subj + would ( Past Modals)

If I went to England, I would visit my best friend. Were I to go to England, I would visit my best friend.

If Type III

Had + Subj+ V3 +Subj+ would have V3

If I had seen him, I would have given your message. Had I seen him, I would have given your message.

F. NO SOONER THAN/ HARDLY ....WHEN/ SCARCELY WHEN

No sooner + had + Subj + V3+ than+ Subj+ V2 No sooner had I left home than the telephone rang. ( Tam evden çıkmıştım ki telefon çaldı.)

Hardly + had + Subj + V3+ when+ Subj+ V2 Hardly had I left home when the telephone rang. ( Tam evden çıkmıştım ki telefon çaldı.)


Scarcely + had + Subj + V3+ when+ Subj+ V2 Scarcely had I left home when the telephone rang. ( Tam evden çıkmıştım ki telefon çaldı.)

G. IT IS TIME / IT IS HIGH TIME / IT WAS TIME / IT WAS HIGH

TIME....

It is ( high) time + to V1 ( zamanı geldi) It is ( high) time+ Subj + V2 ( zamanı geldi)

It is time to go home. ( Eve gitme zamanı geldi.) It is time I went home. ( Eve gitme zamanı geldi.)

It was ( high) time + to have V3 ( zamanı gelmişti) It was ( high) time + Subj+had V3 ( zamanı gelmişti)

It was time to have gone home yesterday. ( Dün eve gitme zamanı gelmişti.) It was time we had gone home. ( Eve gitme zamanı gelmişti.)

H. IT IS + CARDINAL NUMBERS / IT WAS CARDINAL NUMBERS

It is + the first/ second time+ Subj+ have / has V3 It was + the first/ second time+ Subj+ had V3

It is the first time I have seen that film. ( Bu filmi ilk seyredişim.) It was the second time I had seen that film. ( Bu filmi ikinci seyredişimdi.)

I. WHEN/BEFORE/ONCE/ DIRECTLY/BY THE TIME/EVERY TIME/AS SOON AS AS LONG AS

When Before Once = Simple Past Tense Directly Simple Present Tense By the time Every time As soon as

When I arrive at the hotel, I will call you. When I saw him. he was working hard.

Before you go out, please call me. Before I left home, I had finished all my work.


Once I come home, I always take off my clothes. Once he saw his girlfirend with anybody else, she got upset.

Directly he arrives at his office, he informs about the reports. Directly the meeting started, it was two pm.

By the time he comes to Turkey, I will have graduated from university. By the time they went abroad, they had already learned English.

Every time I meet him, he is depressed. Every time I met him, he complained about his future.

As soon as my mother goes shopping. I will call you. As soon as I went out, the telephone rang.

J. BY THE TIME :

1) Present:

By the time + Simple Present + Subj + will + V1 will be Ving will have V3 will have been Ving

By the time they go to Ankara, they will absolutely visit Anıtkabir. I will have already finished my school by the time she returns to Turkey. By the time she comes home, I will be sleeping. By the time I finish university, I will have been living in Istanbul for 10 years.

2) Past:

By the time + Simple Past Tense + Subj + had V3 had been Ving

By the time she went home, I had already cooked her meal. By the time they arrived at the office, their boss had already finished his work.


K. WHILE/ JUST AS/WHILST/AS

While (-iken) Just as( -iken) Whilst( -iken) As( -iken)

= Present Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense

While I am working, he always sleeps. While my students were listening to me, I was teaching "Passive Voice".

L. AFTER/ BEFORE

After + Subj +had V3 + Subj + V2 Before + Subj + V2 + Subj + had V3

After they had negotiated about this topic, they got contented. Before she went abroad, she had learned English.

M. CERTAIN PATTERNS:

a. would rather / sooner b. would prefer c. prefer

1. Subj+ would rather+ V1 + than + V1

2. Subj+ would rather+ sb+V2+ than+ V2

3. Subj+would rather+have V3 +than+ have V3 ( past)

4. Subj+would rather+ sb.+had V3+than had V3 (past)

5. Subj+ would preief+ to V1 + than + to V1

6. Subj+ would prefer+ sb+ to V1 + than+ to V1

7. Subj+ prefer+ Ving+ to+ Ving

8. Subj+ prefer+ noun+to+noun

Let's look at them one by one:

1. Subj+ would rather+ V1 + than + V1

I would rather stay at home than go out. I would rather buy a new car than buy the second hand one.


2. Subj+ would rather+ sb+V2+ than+ V2

I would rather vou told the truth than told a lie sb.

She would rather f went there than waited for her here.

3. Subj + would rather +have V3 + than + have V3 ( past)

I would rather have gone to cinema than have stayed at home.

4. Subj + would rather + sb + had V3 + than + had V3

I would rather you had gone to an English Course than had gone to German Course.

5. would prefer + to V1 + than + to V1

I would prefer to watch a film than to listen to V1 to V1

6. would prefer + sb + to V1 + than + to + V1

I would prefer you to sleep earlier than to study that much.

7. prefer + Ving + to + Ving

I prefer dancing to playing a guitar.

8. prefer + noun+ to + noun

I prefer tea to coffee.


N. THE DISTRIBUTIVES

ALL, BOTH, HALF

These words can be used in the following ways:

Example:

1. All cheese contains protein All children need affection

2. All the people in the room were silent. Have you eaten all the bread?

3. I've invited all my friends to the party.

I've been waiting all my life for this opportunity.

4a. Who's left all this paper on my desk?

4b. Look at all those balloons!

Example:

1. Both children were born in Italy.

2. He has crashed both (of) the cars.

3. Both (of) my parents have fair hair.

4 You can take both (of) these books back to the library.

Example:

1. I bought half a kilo of apples yesterday.

2. You can have half (of) the cake. She gave me half (of) the apples.

3. I've already given you half (of) my money. Half (of) his books were in French.

4 Half (of) these snakes are harmless You can take half (of) this sugar.

NOTE: All, both, half+ OF: 'OF' must be added when followed by a pronoun:

All of you; both of us; half of them It is also quite common to add it in most of the above situations except when there is no article (No. 1 in all the tables above.)

N. THE DISTRIBUTIVES

EACH, EVERY, EITHER, NEITHER

These distributive words are normally used with singular nouns, and are placed before the noun.


Each, either and neither can be used with plural nouns but must be followed by 'of:

Each is a way of seeing the members of a group as individuals:

• Each child received a present.

• Each of the children received a present.

Ever)' is a way of seeing a group as a series of members:

• Every child in the world deserves affection.

It can also express different points in a series, especially with time expressions:

• Every third morning John goes jogging.

• This magazine is published every other week.

Either and Neither are concerned with distribution between two things -either is positive, neither is negative:

• Which chair do you want? Either chair will do. • I can stay at either hotel, they are both good • There are two chairs here. You can take either of them. • Neither chair is any good, they're both too small.

Which chair do you want? Neither of them - they're both too small.


PREFIXES, SUFFIXES

a. ISIM YAPAN SON EKLER ( SUFFIXES)

~ation inform-ation, communic-ation ~ion discuss-ion, depress- ion ~ity necess-ity, secur-ity ~ness loneli-ness, happi-ness ~ship friend-ship, champion-ship ~hood neighbour-hood, child-hood ~ence,~ance differ-ence, import-ance ~ment develop-ment, govern-ment ~sion deci-sion

b. SIFAT YAPAN SON EKLER ( SUFFIXES)

~ous ambiti-ous, danger-ous ~tific scien-tific, ~y scarr-y, nois-y ~ly friend-ly, lone-ly ~less home-less, use-less ~ful help-ful, care-ful ~ial industr-ial, ser-ial

c. SIFAT YAPAN olumsuz ÖN EKLER (PREFIXES)

~un unhappy,unpleasant ~in indirect, incapable ~il illegal, illeterate ~im impossible, improbable ~ir irregular

d. FİİL YAPAN olumsuz ÖN EKLER ( PREFIXES)

~dis disappear ~un unpack ~mis misunderstand,misuse


SUBJUNCTIVES

that + Subj + ( should) + V1

He advised that I (should) be here earlier. They commanded that the soldiers not be late again. She requested that he invite her mother. He insisted that his brother come with him. They demand that 1 be near them. She proposed that he come to dinner with her.

that + Subj+( should) + V1


ADJECTIVES

imperative essential important crucial significant necessary unnecessary vital proposal better natural fair just advisable reasonable

VERBS advise : öğüt vermek command : emir vermek arrange : düzenlemek beg : yalvarmak decide : karar vermek determine : belirlemek ask : sormak agree : onaylamak desire : hayran olmak order : emretmek request : rica etmek insist : ısrar etmek persist : ısrar etmek suggest : önermek propose : teklif etmek stipulate : öngörmek urge : cesaretlendirmek recommend : tavsiye etmek demand : talep etmek

It is necessary that he join the lessons. It is natural that they arrive so late. It is advisable that you memorize the new words and make up senteces. It was not reasonable that mv fiance want to go abroad.

NOUNS

law requirement regulation suggestion stipulation imperative importance significance necessity

that + Subj + ( should) + VI

It is a law that guilty person be punished. It is a necessity that you (should) work hard to be successful.


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