DBH 4 HISTORY - THIRD TERM

AN AGE OF CONFLICT 1870-1945

1

1870-1945

CONFLICTS - KEY ASPECTS

• Imperialism / colonialism (1870-1885-1914).

• World War 1 (WW1) (1914-1918).

• Inter-war period (1919-1939).

• The Russian Revolution; Spanish Civil War; The Roaring Twenties; The rise of fascism.

• World War 2 (WW2) (1939-1945).

THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

PAGES 107-109

“SIMILAR” TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

• Economic causes:

• Medieval (rural) economy.

• Social causes:

• The ruler, an absolute monarch, Tsar.

• Political causes:

• The common people had no representation at all in the government.

• The people were sick and tired of WW1, and their situation.

FEBRUARY & OCTOBER

TWO REVOLUTIONS

• February Revolution 1917:

• Tsar and his family overthrown; people tired of not being listen.

• Russia becomes a republic; the execution of the Tsar and family.

• But, the new leaders kept Russia involved in WW1.

• October Revolution 1917:

• Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks, started a civil war.

• Ideas based on Karl Marx and The Communist Manifesto.

THE FIRST COMMUNIST STATE

UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS

• By 1920, L. Trotsky with the Red Army won the civil war.

• Lenin was the state’s leader.

• Leadership based on the Soviets.

• The Communist Party was the only legal party.

• From the theory (Marx) to the practice (Lenin): the Communist System in political form.

• Total opposition to the capitalism.

THE BASIC CHARACTERISTICS

COMMUNISM 101

• An ideology based on Karl Marx text, The Communist Manifesto.

• Communism = community versus Capitalism = individualism.

• Inversion of the social pyramid. (the power for the commoners).

• The profits of labor (production) would be distributed fairly by the state. (Everybody is going to have the basics, but the same basics).

• Opposing the exploitation system brought by capitalism, where the profit is only for the bourgeois factory owners.

WHO IS WHO IN THE COMMUNISM?

THE “BOOMING TWENTIES” - THE BIG DEPRESSION

PAGES 109-111

SIMILAR CRISIS TO OURS - “LIVING OVER OUR POSSIBILITIES”

“THE ROARING TWENTIES”

• 1920s, WW1 is left behind and it seems there is a real chance for peace. The feeling is that the peace is going to last.

• A generalized feeling of optimism.

• They learnt the lesson: it was impossible to repeat a horrific and terrible war like WW1 again.

• Society was becoming more advanced, and more comfortable thanks to the development of new technologies for the domestic markets (cars, planes, radios, cookers, bath-taps, etc.).

• The industrial development accelerated the consumer demand (people had money and they wanted to buy products).

A NEW POWER OUT OF EUROPE, FOR THE FIRST TIME

THE USA CENTURY

• The USA was the world’s most prosperous country.

• The perfect economic spot: cheap labor, high wages, mass production of goods.

• Billions of dollars loaned by USA to recover Europe from WW1.

• Cultural boom - jazz, art, fashion, architecture.

• The way to prove that “power” were the skyscrapers (symbol of the rise of the USA).

THE FIRST MODERN CRISIS

THE DEPRESSION

• Causes:

• 1929 (1919-1929 - the old good days turned to an end).

• Too much production = less demand (less buyers).

• Recuperation of the European economy after WW1.

• An excessive investment in shares.

• Consequences - "The Depression”.

• Wall Street Crash of 1929 - US banks tried to recover its loans from Europe; big depression in Europe; banks closed and economy collapsed.

SHARES?

CRISIS FOR DUMMIES

BASIC DICTIONARY

• Stock market.

• Share or shares.

• Buy.

• Sell.

• Floor.

• Collapse.

• Banks.

MODERN TIMES

A MOVIE RECOMMENDATION

EFFECTS OF THE DEPRESSION

PAGES 112

THE INFLUENCE OF THE FUTURE III REICH

GERMANY

• The Republic of Weimar.

• 1929-1933.

• Consequence:

• Adolf Hitler.

• National Socialism.

• “Freedom to re-arm”.

III REICH

THE INFLUENCE OVER EAST ASIA & THE PACIFIC OCEAN

JAPAN

• E c o n o m i c a l & p o l i t i c a l influence on the area.

• The need to expand their economy to sell their own products.

• 1932: invasion of Manchuria (China).

THE FASCISM’S GROWTH

ITALY

• Mussolini.

• Distract.

• Economic problems.

• Increasing power abroad.

• Goal: a new Roman Empire.

• “Napoleon” = emperor.

ROMAN EMPIRE

ITALY (1940-1943)

KEEPING THE STAKES HIGH

GREAT BRITAIN

• 3 mil l ion of unemployed brought the appearance of fascists groups.

• Democracy “survived”.

BRITISH UNION OF FASCISTS

THE BLACKSHIRTS

A COUNTRY DIVIDED

FRANCE

• Depression brought hit later in France.

• B u t , s a m e e c o n o m i c a l principles.

• Border tension with Germany.

• L i k e i n E n g l a n d , m a n y internal tensions with several extremist groups.

PHILIPPE PÉTAIN

ALWAYS LATE, LOSING TRACK OF WORLDWIDE EVENTS

SPAIN

• Many difficulties.

• Two dictatorships:

• 1923-1930.

• 1936-1975.

• Republic:

• 1931-1936.

• Monarchy:

• Until 1923.

ALFONSO XIII

1902-1923

PRIMO DE RIVERA

1923-1930 FIRST DICTATORSHIP

N I C E T O A L C A L Á ZAMORA

1931-1936 PRESIDENT REPUBLIC

MANUEL ARAÑA

1936-1939 PRESIDENT CIVIL WAR

FRANCO

1936-1975 SECOND DICTATORSHIPS

STARTING A NEW ERA, THE CAPITALISM

USA

• 13 millions of unemployed.

• Franklin Delano Roosevelt took the lead for Democrats.

• “New Deal”.

• Economy recovered.

• US economy marked the path for the rest of the world.

THE THEORY VERSUS THE PRACTICE

THE SOVIET UNION

• Lenin’s death in 1924.

• New leader: Joseph Stalin.

• Two facts:

• Cruel dictatorship.

• Began industrialization.

• By 1936, a world major power.

J O S E P H STALIN

THE RISE OF FASCISM PAGES 113-114

ITALY

DONEC QUIS NUNC

THE RISE OF FASCISM

• (Where do fascists movements develop their tentacles? The logic of fascist movements - useful factors for their development).

• 5 steps - taking advantage of the unpreparedness of the political institutions.

• (First, economics ) Financial crisis.

• Unpopularity of democratic governments (not able to solve the people’s problems).

• (Scapegoat) Some to blame (migrants more likely).

• High unemployment rate.

• Social unrest.

ITALY & GERMANY LOOK ALIKE

REASONS FOR THE RISE OF FASCISM

WEAKNESS OF

DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENTS

EXALTATION OF

NATIONALISM

ECONOMIC CRISIS

COMMUNISM

THREE RELEVANT ASPECTS

“FASCES”, “FASCIO”

• [1] Between 1919 and 1922 Italy had four different governments.

• Frustration after WW1 - winner’s side - no recognition.

• Strikes / demonstrations.

• No reaction by the different governments.

• [2] Benito Mussolini - 1921 - parliamentarian - “Fasci di Combattimento”.

• Authoritarian ideas took control over the government.

• [3] 1925 - Mussolini’s Italy = a dictatorship (no parties; no unions).

GERMANY

THE ORIGIN OF THE THIRD REICH

SITUATION IN GERMANY

EX-SOLDIERS FELT BETRAYED

UNEMPLOYMENT

ECONOMIC CRISIS MADE WORSE BY THE

POST-WAR REPARATIONS

THREAT OF A COMMUNIST REVOLUTION

INTERNATIONAL HUMILIATION

TOWARDS THE DISASTER

THE SEEDS OF DISCONTENT

• WW1 left Germany critically injured in their political, economic, social institutions.

• The Republic of Weimar could not solve any of the problems.

• Hitler took advantage of the discontent and won the elections in 1932 for the National Socialist Germany Workers party (Nazi party).

• 1933: Hitler was named Chancellor.

• Under his government, first measures, illegality of the political parties & creation of concentration camps to imprison his opponents.

THE NUREMBERG LAWS

SEPTEMBER 15, 1935

THE NUREMBERG LAWS ON CITIZENSHIP AND RACE

SPAIN - DICTATORSHIPS & REPUBLIC

PAGES 116-118

KEY ASPECTS: DICTATORSHIP

SPAIN: TWO DIFFERENT PHASES (1)

• The battle of Annual (Moroccan war).

• The Cánovas system was dying.

• Alfonso XIII accepts the coup d’erat.

• Miguel Primo de Rivera’s dictatorship:

• Supported by the high bourgeoisie; the church; big landlords.

• Goals: restore the public order and end Moroccan war.

• Measures: banned all political parties; forbade strikes; closed parliament; reduced the freedom of expression.

KEY ASPECTS: REPUBLIC (1)

SPAIN: TWO DIFFERENT PHASES (2)

• 1931: municipal elections — republican parties won — king forced to abdicate — 2nd Republic was declared.

• Solving problems:

• World economic crisis;

• The negative socio-economic situation**;

• Growing desire for regional autonomy;

• The influence of fascism and communism.

• **High illiteracy.

• **Underdeveloped agriculture.

• **Few landlords — too many dependent rural workers.

• **Hunger.

• **Misery.

• **Few industrial areas.

• **Old-fashioned army.

KEY ASPECTS: REPUBLIC (2)

SPAIN: TWO DIFFERENT PHASES (2)

• 1931 Constitution:

• Agricultural reform.

• Primary education (no church control).

• Votes for women.

• Civil marriage and divorce.

• Army reform.

• Petitions for autonomy.

KEY ASPECTS: REPUBLIC (3)

SPAIN: TWO DIFFERENT PHASES (2)

• 1993: elections — right and central parties won — fascist movement increased in importance with José Antonio Primo de Rivera and Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Jons.

CATHOLIC MONARCHS

TANTO MONTA

SPAIN’S SYMBOLS

“THE OLD GOOD DAYS”

KEY ASPECTS: REPUBLIC (4)

SPAIN: TWO DIFFERENT PHASES (2)

• February 1936 — Frente Popular won the new elections.

• Frente Popular = socialist + communist + republicans.

• The right wing and the military totally disagreed with the results.

• July 17, the leader of the African army Francisco Franco began a coup d’etat.

• July 18, other generals in the peninsula joined him.

• The coup d’etat failed, but the Spanish Civil War had begun.

THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR

PAGES 120

STEP 1

THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR

• Two main groups:

• “Republicans” (Reds) versus “Nacionales” (Blues).

• The Republicans represented the legitimate government; while the “Nacionales” were the rebels against the government.

• The Republicans got the support of the Soviet Union and the International Brigades (70,000 soldiers).

• The “Nacionales” got the help of Germany and Italy and their modern arms (200,000 soldiers).

STEP 2

THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR

• The “nacional” side was under the command of the fascists principles.

• There was only one legal political party (Falange).

• These two concepts were supported by Franco, and during his dictatorship they were implemented.

STEP 3

THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR

• 1936 - 1939, three long years of a long war.

• The fascists defeated the republicans.

• Franco’s dictatorship had begun (1939-1975).

THE BASQUE STATUTE PAGES 121

CIVIL WAR AND BEYOND

THE BASQUE COUNTRY

• October 1936: the Statute was approved by the Cortes (Parliament) for Araba, Biscay and Gipuzkoa.

• Jose Antonio Agirre was nominated as first “Lehendakari” of the “Jaurlaritza”.

• Summer 1937: The Basque Government capitulated and went into exile (Europe & America).

• The “nacionales” turned the economic agreement down until the end of the dictatorship.

CONTENT TEST