Dd1 low file size

Design Development 1

Western edge of PenninesHigh rainfallLow peat contentFast water runoSheep farmingH

IGHLANDS

Millstone Grit Carboniferous Limestone Bee Sandstone Penrith Sandstone Bee Sandstone MudstoneST

EEP

HIL

LSID

E

FARM

LAND

LOWLAND

CARL

ISLE

LOWLAND

IRIS

H S

EAFast ow of water Obstacles try to slow the owAbrstaction of water

Picking up pollutantsEroding eldsObstacles obstructing owFlood plane, high house pricesCrop and livestock farming

Flood planeHigh house pricesFlood defences

FloodingPollutionsObstaclesFlood defences

Flood planeCompeting with sea and river levelsFlood defences

Rising in sea levels caused by the melting of ice caps due to climate change

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LAMINARFLOW FILTRATION IRISH SEAABSORPTIONThe different issues require various solutions to resolving them, this is where heterogeneous fits into the picture. By having varied stages of the strategy will allow each localised issue to be tackled and resolved effectively, but still work as an overall system of reducing tension between the anthropocentric and biocentric caused by water.As previously mentioned, water is governed by topography and geology, therefore to resolve issues connected to water, these will be manipulated to form a more effective system.

Key Aim of Absorption is to increase water retention at the source of the rivers in the Pennines, therefore reducing runoff. This is achieved through the re-introduction of peat bog, a more beneficial ecology.

Key Aim of Flow is to decrease the rate of water flow down the valley sides and to reduce the side effects of water abstraction. This is achieved through series of pools, similar to how a natural stream behaves, however has a greater capacity to hold water.

Key Aim of Laminar is to boost the suffering local economy through diversifying sources of income and enhancing yields. This is achieved through varying degrees of water across the flatter areas of the valley. With small layers of water over crop fields, yields will increase. With greater layers of water over small areas a greater variety of produce can be grown.

Key Aim of Filtration is to lower pollution rates in the water system and reduce the effect of flooding in settlements. This is achieved through biocentric cleaning systems, such as reed beds, willow stands and gravel beds.

Strategy Development

Western edge of PenninesHigh rainfallLow peat contentFast water runoSheep farmingH

IGHLANDS

Millstone Grit Carboniferous Limestone Bee Sandstone Penrith Sandstone Bee Sandstone Mudstone

STEE

P H

ILLS

IDE

FARM

LAND

LOWLAND

CARL

ISLE

LOWLAND

IRIS

H S

EAFast ow of water Obstacles try to slow the owAbrstaction of water

Picking up pollutantsEroding eldsObstacles obstructing owFlood plane, high house pricesCrop and livestock farming

Flood planeHigh house pricesFlood defences

FloodingPollutionsObstaclesFlood defences

Flood planeCompeting with sea and river levelsFlood defences

Rising in sea levels caused by the melting of ice caps due to climate change

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NaNaPb PbPbPb P P

P

K

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er R

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tion

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Throughout.

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Throughout.

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iver

sity

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Rete

ntio

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Ada

ptab

ility

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LAMINARFLOW FILTRATION IRISH SEAABSORPTION

ABSORPTION

FLOW

FILTRATION

Mercia Mudstone

Bee & Penrith Sandstone

Carboniferous Limestone

Millstone Grit

Ordovician

LAMINEAR

Mountain bikingZorbingTerraced outdoor pools (slows run off) Gorge walking

Recreation Underground

Outdoor pools

Caving

Buxton Bottled Water, water filtered through layers of limestone in Peak District

National White Water RaftingCentre, North Wales, Bala

Cheddar Gorge, Somerset. Cavingand cheese production work side byside

Gorge Walking, South Wales activityrun by Outdoor Education Centre

Wookey Hole, Somerset. Similarattraction, cheese in a cave

Agen Allwedd Cave, Wales.Caving and cave diving takes place here

Maccesfield Zorbing Centre,need a hill, a zorb and barriors

Sparth outdoor pool, Huddersfield, popular pool

Bottled Water from Spring

EU Bottled Water Federation abstract 0.02% of availableresource from source to besustainable.

River ExampleNearby river, Croglin, has 0.4 MegaLitres per day available.Sustainable abstraction:400,000 x 0.02= 8,000LNo. of Bottles for Croglin:8,000/0.5= 16,000 bottles

Ca-Mg

H2O

Recreation (Rafting/ Mountain Biking/ Zorbing)

Fall from approx. 600m to 250m in a space of 2.5km, 350m drop over 2500m. Gradient of 1:7

Recreation (Outdoor pools/ Rock Climbing/ Caving)

Limestone is dissolved by water creating underground streams,caves and tunnels. Shake or Sink holes are created when the limestone below the surface collapses.

Limestone is dissolved by water creating underground streams,caves and tunnels. These caves are cold, often hold large bodiesof water (where rock is less permeable) and dark. These things can be ultiliesed in a variety of ways for anthropocentric gain.

1:7 gradient

0.02% of 0.4 ML

16,000BOTTLES OF WATER

per DAY

Large structureBottling plant sited on spring lineRoads to and from factoryLarge will need to be dug to access water

Underground streamand spring

Layers of limestonewhich filter the water

Slope of land

Minimal infrastuctureA small amount of facilities need to be provided for these activities.The landform or water is the only real element that is needed.Landform manipulation in place to enhance the activityPathways and signage

Minimal impact is made onnatural processes due to the

engagement of the activity.Some damage will be sustainedhowever, nothing that could not

be restored through management.Some loss of habitats or

exploiting them.

Minimal infrastuctureA small amount of facilities need to be provided for theseactivities.The landform or water is the only real element that is needed.Landform manipulation in place to enhance the activity.Pathways and signage

Minimal impact is made onnatural processes due to the

engagement of the activity.Some damage will be

sustained however, nothing that could not be restored

through management.Some loss of habitats

or exploiting them.

Large scale infrastructure.If caves are not found, wouldrequire large excavation whichcannot be justified.Facilities need to be provided,scuba centre, etc.Roof structure stabilised.Pathways and roads.

Large amount of impactdependant on cave

presence or not.Disturbance to naturallandform and habitats.

Encourage new habitats

Rock climbing

Scuba diving

Scuba diving

Cheese production

Caving

Bat Habitat

110C

Gorge walking

Bristol Roman Baths, water taken from a natural underground spring

Szechenyi Baths, Hungry, take water from a thermal spring (warmer due to climate)

Center of Alternative Technology, useshydro power from a high reservoir torun a lot of machines

Taken by Adam Burton, from bbc.co.uk/nature/places/United_Kingdom.Thick deciduous woodland buffer down the centre of thepicture

E Moorhouse and Sons Ltd, existing quarryin the valley that mines St. Bees Sandstone

The Hartley limestone quarry, an existing limestone quarry near Kirby Steven

Rammelsberg Mine, Germany. A water wheelis used to power the mining, small scale however

How water travels throughlimestone, limestone studyin Ireland

Energy Resource

Taking advantage of the fall of theland and the flow of water down thehillside.Power = head x flow x gravityHead is 300m (the fall)Flow rate is 0.4 ML per day (Croglin example) = 4.6L a secondGravity 9.8300 x 4.6 x 9.8 = 13,524W/s

Woodland Buffer

A native deciduous woodlandalong the terraced edges wouldslow run off speed further anddecrease the amount of water flowdown the hillTrees tolerant of exposed, hillsideareas would need to be chosen.

Mining

Bee Sandstone, Penrith Sandstone and Limestone are mined in the valley. These stones are used forbuilding, cement and glass production.

Spa (thermal waters/ minera/ mud bath)

Minerals are picked up from thewater flowing through the limestone. Various spa uses forthis mineral water...Thermal watersMineral waterMud bathsIce bathsSwimming pools

Ca-Mg

300m

4.6L/s

Gravity 9.8 m/s2

H2O

Average mine6,000 tons

per day

13.5kW per second

Large scale structuringneeded.Well construction, possible exposure of spring.Bath house or outdoor pools.Roads/ paths leading.

Exposure of well/ springExploiting the mineral waterUnderground river network

Large scale structureOpen cast miningTracks/ RoadsLarge machineryLarge open space

Exposure of rock facesMore cliffs

Loss of existing habitatImpossible for wildlife to stay

in the same area as mining

Large amount of structureTurbines and housingCables required to carry powerback to grid or homesRoad to install structure

Fall of slopeSpeed of flow

Extraction of stone tocreate terraces

2

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Biocentric Infrastructure






Very little structure needed.Bank stablisation may needto occur, while trees establish.

New woodland structure.New habitat.

Could effect water levelsin a negative way; too much

taken out.



Buxton Spring Water Stream on a Gradient

Water Cycle Chehalis River Basin, Washington, USA- Flood water study

Blanket Bog in North Wales

Water Interaction with Limestone Swale on a Gradient or Berm

Absorption is utilising a natural process of where groundwater is collected. As rainfalls some soaks into the surrounding soils, some of the water will travel underground till it is forced upwards by a rock strata that it cannot penetrate and joins surface water in rivers in the form of a spring. This is a very slow process and it can take several years for water to reach the surface. If the amount of water going into the soils could be increased, then significantly less would be present to cause flood problems.

At the Chehalis river basin, a project is underway to reduce flooding in the city of Aberdeen, Washington, by increasing the amount of water retained at the source of rivers in the valley. The sources of the flood water are indicated by this map and are the target areas for the scheme.

This diagram depicts how a stream functions on steep gradients, forming pools and falls. By flowing in this way, the over all flow rate is reduced and a greater amount of water is stored.

They utilise the natural properties of the geology. Water is filtered through layers of rock then comes to the surface as a spring. This process is similar to a part of Flow.

Water reacts with limestone to form deep caverns and holes. This property can be utilised to allow more water to join the groundwater system and reduce surface water flow.

Similar to how a stream forms, but this man made system is made up of a series of long trenches. This performs in the same way as a stream, however has a greater capacity of holding water.

The LiFE Bog Project at Lake Vyrnwy seeks to restore blanket bog to the hills surrounding the lake. This is to increase the quality of the water entering the lake and improve wildlife numbers. Although this scheme is for a different intention, it is similar to this stage of the strategy.

Precedents for each Stage

ABSORPTION

FLOW

FILTRATION

Mercia Mudstone

Bee & Penrith Sandstone

Carboniferous Limestone

Millstone Grit

Ordovician

LAMINEAR

Freshwater Shrimp Farming Freshwater Oyster Farming Nile Basin IrrigationFreshwater Fish Farming

Natural Filtration Technique Reed Bed Purification System Brockholes Reed Bed Water Treatment

This natural filtration system is already within the valley, however, due the high concentration of pollutants in the water, it cannot cope alone. It is a slow process and requires a lot of time to purify water, so need to be used in conjunction with other processes.

Reed beds have a greater capacity in dealing with pollutants and the types of pollutants than the natural gravel bed filtration system. This should still be used with other processes to achieve the greatest effect.

At Brockholes grey water is processed through reed beds before it enters the River Ribble as clean water and removed of harmful substances to the natural environment.

The Nile basin is a classic example of irrigation increasing yield of the land. Without the system of ditches and pumps, most of the Nile basin would be desert. By introducing water across a greater surface area the effects of a severe down pour are mediated.

These three forms of aquaculture; shrimp, oyster and fish, can be used to diversify the local economy and also be performed along side other stages of the process in the pools created. By diversifying the economy it is strengthened against unpredictable events, like diseases such as foot and mouth.

12 3

RIVER EDEN

H2O

4

1

2 3

RIVER EDEN

H2O

4

1

2 3

RIVER EDEN

H2O

4

1

2 3

RIVER EDEN

H2O

4

Strategy linked with Map

The strategy can be simply depicted, gaining a clearer view of the intention of each stage. Absorption is to increase groundwater flow, where as flow is about slowing and increasing the length the water must travel, laminar is about increasing water levels in certain areas to gain potential benefits and filtration is about cleaning the water before it enters the main water body in the valley.

Showing the bands of the strategy over a contour map of the valley. The placement of each band is dependant on the topography of the land and the geology underneath it. The edges of each band are defined as a clear line here, where as in reality, each stage would blur into the next and is governed by topography and geology, not aesthetic appearance on a plan.

1

2 3

RIVER EDEN

H2O

4

12 3

RIVER EDEN

H2O

4

1

2 3

RIVER EDEN

H2O

4

1

2 3

RIVER EDEN

H2O

4

1

2 3

RIVER EDEN

H2O

4

1

2 3

RIVER EDEN

H2O

4

AbsorptionThis stage is about retaining and holding water nearer the source. This is through introducing a new ecology that works with the geology and topography of the area. By retaining water at the source it will mean less water in the system lower down the valley.

1

2 3

RIVER EDEN

H2O

4

1

2 3

RIVER EDEN

H2O

4FlowThis stage is about slowing the momentum of run off down. By slowing the run off, flash floods will have less of an impact on the system. Through slower releases of water, the impact of erosion is lessened. This also collects the water and therefore reduces the effects of abstraction.

1

2 3

RIVER EDEN

H2O

4LaminarThis stage is about spreading the water, increasing the surface area which will improve water soaking away. Through moving water around and at varying levels it will allow a great range of anthropocentric activities.

1

2 3

RIVER EDEN

H2O

4 FiltrationThe final stage is about an existing problem in the valley but also needed after stages 1-3. Once the water has travelled through the system, it will require cleaning of pollutants, such as fertilisers. This processes occurs before the water enters the main body of water, the Eden river.

MILLSTO

NE GRIT

FLOW

LAMINAR

FLOW

ABSORPTIO

N

LAMINAR & FILTRATIO

N

CARBONIFERO

US LIMESTO

NE

CARBONIFERO

US LIMESTO

NE

ORDO

VICIAN

LAKE DISTRICTPENNINES

BEE SANDSTONE

MUDSTO

NE

PENRTIH SANDSTONE

R. EDEN+600m

+600m

0m

300m

300m 100m100m

Generic Axonometric

As previously mentioned, each stage is tailored to a particular topography and geology. This link it demonstrated here.

Generic Axonometric with Strategy

MILLSTO

NE GRIT

FLOW

LAMINAR

FLOW

ABSORPTIO

N

LAMINAR & FILTRATIO

N

CARBONIFERO

US LIMESTO

NE

CARBONIFERO

US LIMESTO

NE

ORDO

VICIAN

LAKE DISTRICTPENNINES

BEE SANDSTONE

MUDSTO

NE

PENRTIH SANDSTONE

R. EDEN

Where each stage of the strategy sits in relation to topography and geology of the valley.

GEOLOGY

ELEVATION

Absorption Area

Area Approx 2,300km2 or 10% of catchment area

Area Approx 23,700km2




Elevation +600m & +300m

Millstone Grit Area

Flow Area

Elevation 500-300m

Carboniferous Limestone Area

Laminear Area

Elevation 300-100m

Bee Sandstone Area

Filtration Area

Elevation 100-0m

Mudstone Area

STRATEGY ABSORPTIONFLOW

LAMINAR FILTRATION

GEOLOGY

ELEVATION

Absorption Area







Millstone Grit Area

Flow Area

Elevation 500-300m


Laminear Area

Elevation 300-100m

Bee Sandstone Area

Filtration Area

Elevation 100-0m

Mudstone Area


LAMINAR FILTRATION

GEOLOGY

ELEVATION

Absorption Area







Millstone Grit Area

Flow Area

Elevation 500-300m


Laminear Area

Elevation 300-100m

Bee Sandstone Area

Filtration Area

Elevation 100-0m

Mudstone Area


LAMINAR FILTRATION

This strategy covers a huge area, but does have the capacity to change and adapt depending on the topography and geology present. Flow and Laminar utilise the majority of the area of the catchment, yet may not necessarily have the greatest impact on the water system. Absorption is the smallest of areas, accounting for only 10% of the catchment area, however, will have the greatest impact on water quality, water retention, carbon retention in soils and greatest change.

Strategy over key Factors

GEOLOGY

ELEVATION

Absorption Area







Millstone Grit Area

Flow Area

Elevation 500-300m


Laminear Area

Elevation 300-100m

Bee Sandstone Area

Filtration Area

Elevation 100-0m

Mudstone Area


LAMINAR FILTRATION

GEOLOGY

ELEVATION

Absorption Area







Millstone Grit Area

Flow Area

Elevation 500-300m


Laminear Area

Elevation 300-100m

Bee Sandstone Area

Filtration Area

Elevation 100-0m

Mudstone Area


LAMINAR FILTRATION

ABSORPTION

FLOW

LAMINAR

FLOW

Beef Farming Recreation Biomass HabitatHoneyBlock DrainsViews

LAMINAR & FILTRATIO

N

ABSORPTION

FLOW

LAMINAR

FLOWEnergy Resource Recreation Spa HabitatBuffer

LAMINAR & FILTRATION

Each part of the overall strategy is about helping the anthropocentric in gaining a greater capacity to adapt to unpredictable events. Certain key processes are being put in place; drain blocking in absorption areas, pools and falls in flow, thin layers of water flooding large areas of land in laminar and filtering systems intending on reducing pollution in the water. These key processes have released a series of opportunities that the anthropocentric can gain more from. These opportunities also feed into increasing the anthropocentric capacity to adapt.

Brainstorm of Ideas

ABSORPTION

FLOW

LAMINAR

FLOW

Watercress & Shrimp Fish Mussels Control of WaterCropsLivestock


ABSORPTION

FLOW

LAMINAR

FLOW

Biomass Thatch Urban Waste Control of WaterAgri. WasteSewage


ABSORPTION

FLOW

LAMINAR

FLOW

Processing plant toconvert material into

electricity.

Hook up to the gridor links to houses.

BIO

MAS

S BU

RNIN

G

BLO

CK D

RAIN

SLAM

INAR & FILTRATION

Heather BalesHeather bales are used to block drains, previouslydug to improve pastureland, however manybenefits can be harvestedfrom removing the ditches

ExposureBat BoxesSimply to enhance

the numbers alreadyfound in sink holes.

Exposure of rock orsmall cave networkwill provide habitat for a rare existingspecies.

HABI

TAT

Factory Link to Grid

Access is needed to transport hives

to site and harvest.

HONE

Y

FactoryA processing housefor bottling and distribution. Temp.and in low valley.

Access

Access for tourists toappreciate the views towards Carlisle and

beyond.

The area is veryexposed to theelements, shelterwould make theexperience moreenjoyable.

VIEW

S

ShelterAccess

Carlisle

BEEF

FAR

MIN

G

Existing FarmsFarms will be able tofarm the new ecology. Few species can thrivein these conditions;Belted GalawaysHighland Cow can stay on the land all year.

AccessAccess to the pasture

land will need to beprovided for feeding.

Belted Galaways

A building to houseinformation and

equipment for theactivities.

Access to the recreational areas.

Exploiting the sink holes tocontain some activities

RECR

EATI

ON

AccessCentre

Exposure

2 3 4 5 5 6

1

Absorption

The key process for absorption is blocking of drainage ditches put in place during the Second World War to create more agricultural land. This land is poor quality and could perform much better without the draining of the land. By blocking the drainage channels the old ecology will re-populate the area; blanket bog. Very few plant species can grow in these conditions, mainly Heather or Calluna vulgaris. Heather can be utilised in many different ways and this is what has given rise to many of the anthropocentric opportunities in this brainstorm.

Biodiversity

Peat bog

Heather (Calluna vulagris)

Bat habitat

Production (food & recreation)

View to Carlisle

Honey


Rock climbing

Beer and whiskey flavourings

Biomass burning powers 16 homes

Soap and shampoo flavourings

Beef farming on peat bog

Surface

2400mm of rainfall

Caving

Sink holes, limestone below surface collapsing

Water Control

Peat bog absorbs water

Block drainage ditches

Sub-surface

Aquifer

Stone creates distinctive landform

Millstone Grit

Management pointsFiltration required

The ideas can be grouped into the categories above. Water control and sub-surface are key ideas or points.

Biodiversity

Peat bog


Bat habitat

Production (food & recreation)

View to Carlisle

Honey


Rock climbing


Biomass burning powers 16 homes



Surface

2400mm of rainfall

Caving

Sink holes, limestone below surface collapsing

Water Control

Peat bog absorbs water


Sub-surface

Aquifer

Stone creates distinctive landform

Millstone Grit

Management pointsFiltration required

Carlisle

Belted Galaways

This creates the newecology from which allactivities stem.This also is low impactto begin the process.

BLO

CK D

RAIN

S New ecology of wetland iscreated by blocking drains.This will sustain a communityof wildlife, after a few months;time for new ecology to grow.HA

BITA

T By introducing these at thisstage it establishes this area as a place to walk and appreciate the view.It is also a low impact,subtle changes first.

ROUT

ES &

VIE

WS Once the uplands has established

as a place, somewhere to go;recreational activities can start to takeplace, such as rock climbing insink holes or caving in deeperones.

RECR

EATI

ON Once the new ecology has

had a significant time to establish and grow, farmingcan be introduced. Theserequire less structure asopposed to biomass burning.

BEEF

& H

ONE

Y This is the largest impacton the area. The heather isnow well established, hasspread, good density andcan be harvested.The system is establishednow with access and otherlinks to other areas.

BIO

MAS

S BU

RNIN

G

1 2 3 4 5 6

One Unit of Time One Unit of Time One Unit of TimeOne Unit of TimeOne Unit of Time

Absorption

The ideas (or opportunities) within each stage of the system needs to be introduced in stages, due to the fact an intervention needs to wait till the previous idea establishes. There is a logical order of introducing each idea. This moves the landscape in different directions over time.

Right hand page:Each opportunity needs to be analysed on its merits to the system, this is in terms of what built structures it might need, the resources it needs and what it produces. In the next few pages, these ideas have been analysed and sorted into whether they are viable or not.

Carlisle

Calluna vulgaris

Calluna vulgaris 1m2

Sell Gill hole, near Pennine WayGoogle Earth Image near Cross Fell,showing shake holes

Churn Milk hole, near Pennine Way

Caving/ Rock Climbing/ Sink holes

Limestone nearer the edge of the Pennines is dissolved by water,creating underground streams andcaves. Land collapses due tolimestone bedrock and creates shake/ sink holes.

Bat habitat

Limestone nearer the edge of the Pennines is dissolved by water,creating underground streams and caves. Land collapses due tolimestone bedrock and creates shake/ sink holes.

MinimalClimbing centrePathsDirections/ Maps

Exposure of rock facesLoss of some ecology


Flavourings, very little needed to produce one product.

Wool dyeing

0.5kg of heather is needed to dye 1 ball of wool. Thus 5m2 of heatherwould be required to dye enough wool for the average jumper.

Views/ Tourist Industry

High topography 880m above sea level.

Devils Sinkhole StateNatural Area, Texas, USA: Home to 4 million bats

Home Wool dyeing processfrom Painted Fish Studio

Bowmore Whiskey, made using clean water through upland and heather honey

Fraoch Heather Ale, heather is used to flavour the drink

Salt Spring Heather Ale, heather is also used to flavour the drink

Natural Wool Dyeing, colour taken fromHeather from flickr.com

Natural Wool Dyeing, colour from Heather and Lichen from wordpress.com

Eden Valley from Hartside, from Val Corbett Photography

View from Cross Fell along Ardale Beck, mountain along Pennine Way, from Cross Fell Circuit

View from Cross Fell to Alston, mountain along Pennine Way,from Cross Fell Circuit

Noctule Bat, photgraph from Westmorland & Furness Bat Group, Cumrbia

Sell Gill hole, near PennineWay


Large amount of structureAbstraction of water neededHarvesting of some heather flowersRoads and distillerary neededBottling factory

Large heather plantation neededSteady flow of water, pure and clean

Peat is sometimes used to fuelburners to create flavour, but is

unsustainable at rate of burning


Minimal to noneExposure of cavesBat boxes to encourage mammalsinto the sinkholesBat walks

Exposure of part of cavesystem or rock faces

Increase in bat roosts

Medium amount of structure neededPath network/ routesShelter, resting pointsSignage

Loss of some habitat space

Loss of heather plantation space

Management of view/ area

Minimal on upland areaHarvesting of heather requiredHeather plantationRoads to plantationProcessing factory sited elsewhere

Large heather plantationLarge harvesting machinery

could damage the habitatTopography guidesplantation structure




0.2kg ofWOOL

Parts of the plant are cropped

10 Ballsof Wool

for 1JUMPER

Flavoured Water from heather goes

into the WHISKEY

Heather flavoursthe ale/ beer in the

fermentation process

4,900L of water produces 410L

of whiskey

(Heather (Calluna vulagris))Biomass burning

High/ dry areas of uplands could sustain heather. Heather can be cut or burnt every 7 years as a minimum. This helps keep the plants healthy. This will powerhome indefinitely because theheather is on a cycle of harvesting.

50Ha heather planted area1m2 area can create 1kg of dry matter

1ha = 10,000kg1kg = 16MJ of energy through burning10,000 x 16 = 160,000MJ per hectare

160,000 x 50 = 8,000,000 MJ totalenergy produced over the area

3.6 MJ = 1kWh amount of energy converted to electricity

8,000,000 / 3.6 = 2,200,000 kWh

Average house in the UK consumes 20,000 kWh annually

20,000 x 7 = 140,000 kWh power consumption for 1 house for 7 years

Energy produced / amount needed to power 1 house for 7 years

2,200,000 / 140,000 = 16 Houses could be powered for 7 years

then start again


Beef Farming can be viable on heather plantations.The livestock can be left up on the hill all year and help maintain the heathland.

Honey Production

Heather honey is produced very quickly. Bees best situated within the heather.


Soaps and shampoos have heather within them, this adds fragrance and colour. Depending on the scale of the industry more or less heathermaybe needed.

128g of heather is used per bar (1kg)0.128kg to equals approx. 0.128m2, small area needed to produce a significant amount of product.


Water is retained through the vegetation creating peat, which absorbs water.

Belted Galaways

Livestock slows sucession;removal of small trees andshrubs

South Downs National Park, Belted Galawaysgrazing

Heather Hills Farm, Perthshire,Scotland. Small scale

LIFE Bog Project, drainage blocking using heather bales

Scottish Heather Two Soap Gift Box, Highland Soap Co.,

Soap in a tin - Heather, TheScottish Fine Soap Company

Proctor & Gamble Factory (P&G), West Thurrock, London

Curbar Edge, Peak District, Highland cow grazing

Agilonby Beck, Pennines, Eden Valley. Current setting

Highland Cow

50ha area of heather

1/7th cut annually

Year

1

Year

2

Year

3

Year

4

Year

5

Year

6

Year

7

16 HOMES OFF

THE GRID

MinimalA simple road leading to heather cropDependant on the size of the buisness, may need heavy machinery to harvest or by handProduction could be sited off heather area

Large heather plantationHeavy harvesting machinery


MinimalLivestock can stay on the hills year roundExisting farms can provide for them

Decrease in pioneering species;shrubs and trees

Increase in heatherLarge heather plantation

MinimalInstallation of heather bales to blockdrains can be done by machineryBales grow over with vegetation

Current drain Heather bale placed Water level raises

Increase in water content in the soil

Increase in peat content in the soilCreates peat bog; change of ecology

Requires more structureProcessing factory in lowlands (seasonal)Cables to link up to houses or grids

1/7th cut each year to minimise impact

Requires movement ofspecies

MinimalA track/ road (dependant on scale of buisness)Lowlands; honey processing factory (temporary; seasonal)

Large amount of heather plantation in drier areas

of the uplandsSustaining a wide

variety species

0.128kg1kg of SOAP






Carlisle

Calluna vulgaris






Bat habitat






Wool dyeing



































0.2kg ofWOOL


10 Ballsof Wool

for 1JUMPER


into the WHISKEY




of whiskey







8,000,000 / 3.6 = 2,200,000 kWh





then start again



Honey Production







Belted Galaways










Highland Cow


1/7th cut annually

Year

1

Year

2

Year

3

Year

4

Year

5

Year

6

Year

7

16 HOMES OFF

THE GRID

















variety species

0.128kg1kg of SOAP






Ideas within Absorption

Carlisle

Calluna vulgaris






Bat habitat






Wool dyeing



































0.2kg ofWOOL


10 Ballsof Wool

for 1JUMPER


into the WHISKEY




of whiskey







8,000,000 / 3.6 = 2,200,000 kWh





then start again



Honey Production







Belted Galaways










Highland Cow


1/7th cut annually

Year

1

Year

2

Year

3

Year 4

Year

5

Year

6

Year

7

16 HOMES OFF

THE GRID

















variety species

0.128kg1kg of SOAP






Carlisle

Calluna vulgaris






Bat habitat






Wool dyeing



































0.2kg ofWOOL


10 Ballsof Wool

for 1JUMPER


into the WHISKEY




of whiskey







8,000,000 / 3.6 = 2,200,000 kWh





then start again



Honey Production







Belted Galaways










Highland Cow


1/7th cut annually

Year

1

Year

2

Year

3

Year

4

Year

5

Year

6

Year 7

16 HOMES OFF

THE GRID

















variety species

0.128kg1kg of SOAP






Not V

iable

Not V

iable

Viable

Viable

Due to no significant sink holes or rock identified.

Low yield for lots of heather. Conflicts with other processes.

Large yield and low impact on surroundings.

High output. Allows anthropocentric to adapt to changing climates.

Carlisle

Calluna vulgaris






Bat habitat






Wool dyeing



































0.2kg ofWOOL


10 Ballsof Wool

for 1JUMPER


into the WHISKEY




of whiskey







8,000,000 / 3.6 = 2,200,000 kWh





then start again



Honey Production







Belted Galaways










Highland Cow


1/7th cut annually

Year

1

Year

2

Year

3

Year

4

Year

5

Year 6

Year

7

16 HOMES OFF

THE GRID

















variety species

0.128kg1kg of SOAP






Ideas within Absorption

Carlisle

Calluna vulgaris






Bat habitat






Wool dyeing



































0.2kg ofWOOL


10 Ballsof Wool

for 1JUMPER


into the WHISKEY




of whiskey







8,000,000 / 3.6 = 2,200,000 kWh





then start again



Honey Production







Belted Galaways










Highland Cow


1/7th cut annually

Year

1

Year

2

Year

3

Year

4

Year

5

Year

6

Year

7

16 HOMES OFF

THE GRID

















variety species

0.128kg1kg of SOAP






Carlisle

Calluna vulgaris






Bat habitat






Wool dyeing



































0.2kg ofWOOL


10 Ballsof Wool

for 1JUMPER


into the WHISKEY




of whiskey







8,000,000 / 3.6 = 2,200,000 kWh





then start again



Honey Production







Belted Galaways










Highland Cow


1/7th cut annually

Year

1

Year

2

Year

3

Year

4

Year

5

Year

6

Year

7

16 HOMES OFF

THE GRID

















variety species

0.128kg1kg of SOAP






Not V

iable

Not V

iable

Viable

Low yield for lots of heather. Conflicting with other processes. Large infrastructure required.

No significant sink holes or caves found in the area.

Easily fits into processes. Need some human interaction in area.

Carlisle

Calluna vulgaris






Bat habitat






Wool dyeing



































0.2kg ofWOOL


10 Ballsof Wool

for 1JUMPER


into the WHISKEY




of whiskey







8,000,000 / 3.6 = 2,200,000 kWh





then start again



Honey Production







Belted Galaways










Highland Cow


1/7th cut annually

Year

1

Year

2

Year

3

Year

4

Year

5

Year

6

Year

7

16 HOMES OFF

THE GRID

















variety species

0.128kg1kg of SOAP






Carlisle

Calluna vulgaris




C

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