DDP Praxair Double Displacement Processmarkholtz

Immiscible Gas Displacement Recovery

Reserve Growth for Higher Recovery

Efficiency

Miscibility

Miscibility reduces the interfacial tension between gas and oil to zero

Modified from zain et al., 2005, SPE # 97613

Miscible - capable of mixing in any ratio without separation of two phases

Slim Tube Test Example

Immiscible and Miscible GDR

5 to 15 %Stability override

Reduces oil viscosity, Swells oil, Miscible displacement

Miscible

10 MCF/STB oil produced

5 to 15 %Stability override

Reduces oil viscosity, Swells oil

Immiscible

Typical utilization

Typical recovery (%OOIP)Issues

Recovery mechanismProcess

Modified From Taber & Martin, 1983

6 MCF/STB oil produced

N2 .. The process can recovery oil in the immisclible mode.

Immiscible CO2 Flooding Recovery Mechanisms Oil Swelling Viscosity Reduction 3 Phase Flow Oil Mobilization (Kr effects)

Accelerated oil recovery, higher core flood recovery (Olsen et. al., 1992, Dale & Skauge, 2005)

Improved Volumetric Sweep Efficiency

Modified from Fernandez and Pascual. 2007 Spe # 108031

Gas Displacement Recovery Reserve Growth Applications

Miscible Displacement Pressure Maintenance

Pressure maintenance condensate and retrograde condensate reservoirs

oil reservoirs Gas Assisted Gravity Drainage Immiscible DisplacementGas cap gasOil reservoir IWAG

Mixed Gas ApplicationsDriving agent for slug/bufferMixed gases for density control

Morrow N2 Pressure MaintenanceColorado Kansas

Oil Lease Pressure Maintenance Response

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Monthly Oil Production (STB)Monthly Water Production (STB)

N2 System Installed

April 2007 June 2010

Morrow Immsicible Pressure Maintenance

Simple On site N2 Application N2 Pressure Maintenance is Resulting in Reserve

Growth of 385,000 STB Over lease life N2/primary production ratio is 0.63 Extends production over 6 years

Gravity DrainageDouble Displacement Processz The process of gas

displacement of a water invaded oil column has been termed Double Displacement Process (DDP). The DDP consists of

injecting gas up-dip and producing oil down-dip.

DDP is efficient gravity drainage of oil with high gas saturation.

Oil displaces water and gas displaces oil downstructure.

N2 injectorProducer

Gravity DrainageDouble Displacement Process (DDP)

zUp-dip Gas Injection into a Dipping Reservoir is one of the Most Efficient Recovery Methods.

Recovery efficiencies of 85 % to 95 %

z Increases Sweep Efficiencyz SoDDP decrease of 35% ( Hawkins field)

z Increases Displacement Efficiency Oil film flow is an important recovery mechanism

z Film flow connects the isolated blobs of residual oil in the presence of gas

Strong water wet Positive spreading coefficient

Modified from Ren et al., 2000)

Oil Spreading and Film Flow

Spreading Coefficient is a Function interfacial tension.

Positive Spreading Coefficient is a Function of Interfacial Tension Between Fluids

High Spreading Coefficient and N2Injection Reduced Soby Half.

Gravity Drainage - General Design

z Critical velocity analytical model

z Simulation model dependent on 3 Phase relative permeability

Effected by film flow Effected by saturation history Typically from 2 phase correlations Depend on the direction of flow (i.e.,

be directionally anisotropic)

Vc is critical velocity rate (ft/day) is density differencek is permeability (darcies) is dip angle is porosity (fraction) is viscosity difference

= sin741.2 kVc

Where

(Hill 1952)

Hawkins Field Reservoir Characteristics

Porosity 28 %, Permeability 3,396 md Swi 9.6 % (Dexter sands)

Average formation dip 6 degrees Oil gravity 12 30 Oil viscosity 2-80 cp, 3.7 cp average Boi 1.2225 bbl/STB, Original GOR 370 scf/STB Pi = 1,985 psi, Ti 168 F DDP Sorg < 10%

Hawkins FieldDouble Displacement Process

Lawrence et al., 2003

Double Displacement Process Schematic

Tests of Water vs Gas-Liquid Drainage

Hawkins Example,Woodbine Dexter ss.

Offshore Field Nitrogen Gravity Drainage -PEMEX

Cantrell ComplexzLargest offshore field worldwidezRanks 6th in the worldzCurrent production

Crude Oil: 2,100 MBDGas: 770 MMCFD

zOperation wells: 221zWell average production: 9,500

MBD

Source: The Worlds Giant Oil Fields, Research Report of Simmons & Co. InternationalGlobal Oil, Gas Fields, Sites Tallied Analyzed, Oil Gas Journal

Production Increase from N2 Injection

Oil and Gas Journal 2006 EOR Survey

Gas Assisted Gravity Drainage(GAGD) Field Examples

Mauddud Field, Bahrain, GAGD Obtained reserve growth from 25% to 41 % of OOIP 16% increase (Kantzas et al., 1993)

Oseberg Field, gas injection w/o water flood Coulummes-Vancouriois field, France (Denoyelle et al., 1986)

N2 after CO2, well in pattern displayed a 4 fold production increase 14 Mscf/STB Utilization was recorded

Alberta Pinnacle Reef Floods (Wizard Lake, Westpem Nisku D), Reserve Growth of 15-40% OOIP. (Howes, B. J., 1988)

West Hackberry, LA, Reported 30% OOIP Reserve Growth Others include; Weeks Island, Bay St Elaine, Intisar Libia,

Handil, Borneo, Samaria Field Mexico, Cantarell Hawkins, Tx, Exxon

Immiscible Water Alternating Gas(IWAG) a successful IWAG can potentially show a faster

response that a miscible flood with less cost Significant tertiary oil recovery efficiencies have been

observed as a result of immiscible WAG displacements.

Moderate IFT reduction Oil recovery mechanism is 3-phase and hysteretic

effects 13% Residual oil saturation was reached in core

studies. Gas-oil immiscible displacement has a higher

microscopic sweep efficiency that water-oilFrom Righi, et al, 2004, SPE 89360

Mechanisms For Immiscible WAG1. Improved Volumetric Sweep with Water Following Gas

Presence of free gas causes Krw in 3-phase flow to be lower than water-oil saturated pores, thus diverting water to unswept rock

2. Oil Viscosity Reduction Changes mobility ratio of water-oil displacement more favorable in the case of

(initially) undersaturated oil.3. Oil Swelling by Dissolved Gas

Residual oil contains less stock tank oil, thus increasing recovery even in the absence of any Sor reduction.

4. Interfacial Tension (IFT) Reduction Gas-oil IFT is lower than water-oil, allows gas to displace oil through small

pores throats not accessible by water alone (under a give pressure gradient).5. Residual Oil Saturation Reduction Due to 3-phase and Hysteresis Effects.

In water-wet rock, trapping of gas during imbibition cycles can cause oil mobilization at low saturations and an effective reduction in the 3-phase residual oil saturation.

Immiscible with no Solubility Effects Recovered 18% over waterflood

Normalized to waterflood recovery

IWAG Results With CH4 vs N2 Simulation with

history match of CH4 IWAG

No Discernable difference between CH4and N2 IWAG production prediction

CH4 IWAGstarted

Simulated IWAG

From Mohiuddin et al., 2007, SPE # 105785

Mechanisms for Reduction of WaterfloodSor in the Presence of Free Gas

Gas Trapping Water imbibition in the presence of a gas phase saturation

leads to free gas trapping Oil Mobilization and Reduction

Trapping of a gas in the presence of water-oil system residual oil, causes a fraction of the oil to be mobilized based on 3-phase oil relative permeability.

3-Phase Gas and Water Mobility In WAG cycling secondary drainage paths ( increased Sg in

the presence of water and oil), produce Krg values that decrease in each cycle rather than retracing the same drainage Krg path. This results in effective mobility control of the gas

Based on Rel perm core results Sorg about =2/3 Sorw

Immiscible WAG, Micromodel Tests Stable Oil Layers Were Formed Between Water and Gas Phases. High Sor Case, gas traveled through oil channels, moving :

Oil to production Oil into water flood channels

Low Sor Case, gas traveled through oil channels and large water channels moving : Oil to water filled pores Blocking some water flood channels

Additional Oil Recovered By: Water displaced oil that had refilled the water channels during gas injection Water displaced oil in other regions because of gas blocking of water

channels Waterflood recovery 28%, Gas Flood recovered another 20.5 % of OOIP

Modified From Dong et al., 2001, JCPT

3 Phase Pore level Interaction Initially gas only moves into the oil bearing pores because the

threshold capillary pressure into water saturated pores is much higher.

Oil forms a continuous layer between gas and water. Film flow can allow more oil to move out of the pore.

From Dong et al., 2001, JCPT

2 Menisci

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Experimental Immiscible CO2 Gas Flooding The Average Tertiary

oil recovery was 14.7 % of OOIP

Injection of a Single Slug WAG was very efficient

20.6 % Reserve Growth was Obtained from 4 WAG cycles.

Zhang, et al., JCPT 2/2010

Kuparuk River IWAG Example Gas Saturation Reduces

Water Mobility Reduces water handling Increases sweep

efficiency Mechanism Results in

Lower residual Oil Saturation

From Ma and Youngren,1994 SPE # 28602

From Ma and Youngren,1994 SPE # 28602

Kuparuk River IWAG Example Production Results

Offshore India IWAG

Laboratory Tests Generated a 14.5 % Increase In Displacement Efficiency Pilot Displayed:

Oil Production increase Water cut decrease

Simulation Resulted in 9.5 % OOIP Reserve Growth

Ramachandran et al., 2010 SPE # 128848

Immiscible Floods and Pilots

Dodan Field, Turkey, Turkish Pet., 60 MMSCF/D ( 1998 production) Carbonate reservoir, at 1,500 m (4,900 ft) depth 9- 15 API, 300 -1000 cp

Lick Creek Field Ss, Arkansas, after 5 years CO2 injection = 14.1 BSCF & 1 MM STB

oil produced. 17 API, 160 cp

Willmington Field pilots Fault block 3 tar zone Fault Block 5, 14 API, 180-410 CP demonstrated incremental tertiary oil recovery

Ritchie Field Arkansas, CO2 utilization 6.0 Mscf/STB, 16 API, 195 cp

Huntington Beach Field 14 API, 177 cp oil

Immiscible CO2 Pilots,Forest Reserve and Oropouche Fields, Trinidad

Implemented After Natural Gas and Water injection

Conducted in a Gravity Stable Mode Oil 17-29 API Reserve Growth Ranged from 2-8 % of OOIP

and Projected to be 4-9 % Utilization Rates Ranged from 3-11 Mscf/STB

From Mohammed-Singh & Singhal, 2005

Summary/Conclusions Miscibility Isnt a Holy Grail There are Fundamental Immiscible

Displacement Mechanisms that Produce Reserve Growth in Watered-out Rocks

Experimental Data Indicates why Immiscible Gas Displacement Works

Pilot and Field Applications Have Proven Immiscible Displacement

Summary of EOR Reserve Growthz Future Reserve Additions in Large, Light Oil, Mature Fields will

Primarily come from GDR.

z Reserve Additions Will Occur Through:1. Pressure maintenance2. Miscible displacement3. Immiscible displacement4. Gas assisted gravity drainage 5. Mixed gas applications: driving agent/density control

zGDR Typically increases both Sweep and Displacement Efficiency in Oil and Gas Reservoirs.

z Reserve Growth Targets can range from 10 to 45 % of OOIP/OGIP

Immiscible GDR has 2 components Instantaneous response due to gas displacing oil Secondary response of fluid-fluid interaction, Viscosity

reduction, swelling, relative permeability

Dong et al.,2005 jcpt

Gravity DrainageSecond Contact Water Displacement

zWaterflooding after a gravity drainage gas displacement recovery (GDR) project

zWater displaces the thin film oil

zGas fills the trapping pore center as residual saturation

zApplicable after significant gas breakthrough

Modified from Ren et al., 2000)

Gravity Drainage - General Design

zObtain piston (no gas fingering) like displacement Horizontal gas-oil contact Have gravity dominate the gas flow

zOptimize the time between gas injection and oil production. As fast as possible without gas fingering

zThe greater the dip angle the higher the injection & production rates w/o gas fingering

The greater the dip the more effective the gravity drainage

Hawkins GAGD Production Strategies Adjust gas injection rate Level fluid contact by balancing oil production Maintaining optimum oil-column thickness Wells perforated a the base of the oil column Perforations made 25 -30 below GOC Per-well arate set a 250-400 bbl/d liquid

Drawdown 50 100 psi

Hawkins Production History

EFB implemented 6 injectors

ASU startup 4/1991

Injection reduced to 15 mmscf/day

Discovered in 1940 developed on 20 acre spacing

Field unitized Inert gas injection began

Offshore Field Nitrogen Injection - PEMEX

Cantarell, Reservoir Characteristics*Area (Sq miles): 48Average thickness (feet): 167-2,920Crude Oil gravity (API): 17-22Formation age: Paleocene, Cretaceous and EocceneReservoir rock: naturally fractured carbonatesPermeability range (darcies): 2-4Porosity range: 8-12%Main drive mechanisms: gravitational segregation, gas cap expansion and nitrogen injection to maintain pressure

*Considers the average of the makes four Cantrell reservoirs.

Gravity Drainage In Fractured Chalk

SPE paper 113601, Karimaie & Torsaeter 2008

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Time (day)Time (day)

Core flood experiments

Core Flood ExperimentsComparing Applications

Six foot Berea core flooded immiscibly

IWAG 58% of residual oil recovered

GAGD, 65% of residual oil recovered

From Rao et al., 2004

Under-Saturated Reservoirs

Oil viscosity reduction is found to be the dominant mechanism in severely under-saturated reservoirs.

Simulation of a reservoir with Pb = 1,875 psi and Pi =3,500 psi resulted in 6-9 % OOIP reserve growth

Milne Point field data supported lab and simulation.

Ning & McGuire, 2004, SPE # 89353

Evidence of Waterflood AlterationImmiscible Gas Injection Differential Pressure Variation

Initial high P, with So and Swi

With waterflooding P decreases with increasing Sw

With gas injection P decreases rapidly, from Sg increase and thus low viscosity,

Water injection causes a sharp DP increase

The sharp DP increase indicates that gas injection modifies the water mobility in the water swept regions. Thus more oil is recovered. Modified From Dong et al., 2001, JCPT

N2 as Driving Agent for slug/buffer (chase gas)

St Elaine PilotGravity stable N2 after CO2

84.4 metric tons/D CO2injected or 1/3 Pore volume

9 month pilot

N2 slug after CO2 , CH4 & n-butane mixture

From Palmer et al., 1984,

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N2 injection rate; 136.1 metric tons/day (2.62 MMSCF/day

Critical velocity: 2.2 ft/d

CO2 front velocity designed at 1.6 ft/d or 70% of critical

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CO2 Injection WellProducer

Structure Map 8,000 ft sand

Immiscible Gas Displacement RecoveryMiscibilityImmiscible and Miscible GDRImmiscible CO2 Flooding Recovery MechanismsGas Displacement Recovery Reserve Growth Applications Morrow N2 Pressure MaintenanceOil Lease Pressure Maintenance ResponseMorrow Immsicible Pressure MaintenanceGas Displacement Recovery Reserve Growth Applications Gravity DrainageDouble Displacement ProcessGravity DrainageDouble Displacement Process (DDP)Oil Spreading and Film FlowGravity Drainage - General Design Hawkins Field Reservoir CharacteristicsHawkins FieldDouble Displacement ProcessTests of Water vs Gas-Liquid DrainageOffshore Field Nitrogen Gravity Drainage -PEMEXProduction Increase from N2 InjectionGas Assisted Gravity Drainage (GAGD) Field ExamplesGas Displacement Recovery Reserve Growth Applications Immiscible Water Alternating Gas(IWAG)Mechanisms For Immiscible WAGImmiscible with no Solubility EffectsIWAG Results With CH4 vs N2Mechanisms for Reduction of Waterflood Sor in the Presence of Free GasImmiscible WAG, Micromodel Tests3 Phase Pore level InteractionExperimental Immiscible CO2 Gas FloodingKuparuk River IWAG ExampleKuparuk River IWAG ExampleOffshore India IWAGImmiscible Floods and PilotsImmiscible CO2 Pilots, Forest Reserve and Oropouche Fields, TrinidadGas Displacement Recovery Reserve Growth Applications Summary/ConclusionsSummary of EOR Reserve GrowthSlide Number 37Gravity DrainageSecond Contact Water DisplacementGravity Drainage - General DesignHawkins GAGD Production StrategiesHawkins Production HistoryOffshore Field Nitrogen Injection - PEMEXGravity Drainage In Fractured ChalkCore Flood Experiments Comparing ApplicationsUnder-Saturated ReservoirsEvidence of Waterflood AlterationImmiscible Gas Injection Differential Pressure VariationN2 as Driving Agent for slug/buffer (chase gas)St Elaine PilotGravity stable N2 after CO2

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DDP Praxair Double Displacement Processmarkholtz