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7/21/2019 De oitocentos em diante
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Md bltbkdftbs di
mleftdfe `ltdreture pbrtuoudseNB[ JDQFEFMB OTLIEQD[
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Nbs Jdrfefmb Oulierds
Md bltbkdftbs
di mleftd
fe `ltdreture pbrtuoudse
5
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Kdsrlb Zdrmd
d e ibmdrflmemd
1
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B `lvrb md Kdsrlb Zdrmd(sdoulmb md e`ouies pbdsles mlspdrses, dm. rdvlste
pbr Keare` mb Fesklidftb, dm. lfdrve, !lsabe, "#$%&, pua`lkemb di "'' pbr
)l`ve *brtb, ui efb ep+s e ibrtd mb pbdte, tdi ui fk`db kdftre` mbfmd
lrremlei vrlbs suatdies. es, et b pr+prlb fk`db kdftre` mb `lvrb kbftdi, di
sl idsib, vrles reil-lke/ds3 pere user ui kbfkdltb md Md`du5d d Ouetterl, B
`lvrb md Kdsrlb Zdrmd ui rl5bie. 1ue` , dftb, b tdie kdftre` mb `lvrb;
=rete4sd me bpbslb dftrd e klmemd d b keipb.
: klmemd, di Kdsrlb, eb kbftrrlb mb ?ud ekbftdkd di Nuf?udlrb d Obids
!de` (?ud -brei eb dfkbftrb md 7eumd`elrd, kbib Kdsrlb, e`ls, teiai b -bl3
er`ds 7eumd`elrd 8 )bf>bu d prdssdftlu fbs sdus md`0rlbs
ibrfbs9& fb k>doe e sdr b ie`. Fbltd jdkgeme(pp. ' s?.& d B sdftlidftb
mui bklmdfte`(pp. #$ s?.& sb pbdies me d fe klmemd. Fb prlidlrb, > uie
sdfseb ml-use md ie`4dster, md tmlb, sp`ddf (e pdfe mbs
ierefbs9& 2 ?ud b pessdlb fb keipb fb perdkd kbfsdoulr mdad`er3
ui seumbsb os eierd`emb 8 6 es ker0kles `dltbses mb `uer;9 2 dstd b lf0klb
mb pbdie ?ud tdrilfe essli3 e, 8 Es ker0kles `dltbses mb `uer, 8 Adkb`>dstd4
td, p`lme d sb5lf>e, 8 E oelb`e mb tdu tdrkdlrb efmer9.*br sdu `emb, di B
sdftlidftb mui bklmdfte`, mdmlkemb e Oudrre Nuf?udlrb, b tbi iels vlareftd,
iels ml`ekdremb3 te`
id`efkb`le, 8 1ud es sbiares, b au`0klb, b =dDb, e ierdsle, 8 Mdspdrtei ui
mdsdDb easurmb md sb-rdr.9. 6, `dfmb4sd dstd lf0klb me prlidlre mes ?uetrb
;
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sdk/ds mb pbdie (Evd Ierles, Fbltd jdkgeme, Eb os, Gbres ibrtes&,
`diareib4fbs md *dssbe 2 id`>br, md `verb md Keipbs, ?ud vel, elfme, sdr
eftdklpemb fbutrbs pbdies. =bmevle, di B sdftlidftb mui bklmdfte`> iels
eftdklpe/ds md *dssbe. :ssli, fe sdoufme sdkb3 bre4id b kbreb
?ud sd dfk>d d ?ud sd ealsie.9 dlrb feve` -briemb pbr O`esobG& bidi ?ud
resobu evdflmes e roue d ds?uemrb, et kbib -brie md pbmdr kbftdr rdad`l/ds
d aerrlkemes3 doer eb rde`lsib md ?ud B
=
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`lvrb md Kdsrlb Zdrmdm kbfte; Md -ektb, b tdie mb rde`lsib sdiprd
lftrbmu5lmb md ibmb suatl` kbftre e e, di fbte
-lfe` e K`erlmemds mb su`("'$& d di Mb feture`lsib fe pbdsle, fbte -lfe` e B
eftl-krlstbmd "''S4'U, ibstremb mlstIfkle di rd`eb Q plfture md Kburadt 2
pbr?ud, ml5 d`d, b rde`lsib e dsttlke mb -dlb. 1ud b rde`lsib, md ?ud Kburadt
-bl b td+rlkb fes ertds vlsuels, trefs-brie bs dfbrids ?uemrbs me plfture md
ofdrb >lst+rlkb di dfbrids ?uemrbs sbard es odftds rurels (tdrre tdfdftds,
kekl?uds, keipbfdsds&, sbard e rure`lmemd (b ?ud et pbmle kepter b lftdrdssd
md Oudrre Nuf?udlrb&, ` lssb vdrmemd. 6 ?ud e rure`lmemd dsteve e-esteme
mbs lftdrdssds ert0stlkbs md Obids !de`, teiai vdrmemd. 6 pere Kdsrlb
Zdrmd; ?ud slofl-lke b keipb pere Kdsrlb Zdrmd;
keipb fb fdi b adi (kbib di Nuf?udlrb& fdi b ie`. :`ls, Kdsrlb
dst pbukb prdbkupemb kbi dste mue`lmemd mbs ve`brds. Hie ?ud butre vd5
rd-drd4sd ebs mdsprbtdolmbs me klmemd. es, kbi pdfe, kbi kbilsdreb 2
sdDe b `uipdfbu b vd`>b prb-dssbr md `etli. Ad-drd4sd4`>ds fe lftdfslmemd me
mdskrlb. Md -ektb, e lftdfslmemd me mdskrlb, ?ud sd mdsmbare pbr mlvdrsbs
p`efbs, ?ud krlei dftrd sl vrles lftdrsdk/ds, uie mes ierkes lfmlskut0vdls
me pbdsle md Kdsrlb 2 ?ud b -e5 sdr prdkursbr mb lftdrsdkklbflsib md *dssbe.
utre ierke e sue kbfmlb md j`fdur. )d b j`fdur, kbib dskrdvd
7eumd`elrd di @d pdlftrd md `e vld ibmdrfd, e dfkerfeb mb sp`ddf, mb
tmlb, me id`efkb`le ies, teiai, me sb`lmb mes d fes orefmds klmemds, mb
keilf>er sb5lf>b fes erkemes d fbs bu`dverms, Kdsrlb , fe pbdsle
4
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pbrtuoudse md bltbkdftbs, ui kesb flkb md j`fdur. E 7eumd`elrd. 6,
-ufmeidfte`idftd, Q *bd. *br lssb, e kbfsteftd drrIfkle mb du (sdiprd
mdsdspdremb fb usb me lftdrDdlb, mb vbketlvb, me lftdrpd`eb3 d du, d tu, d
f+s& uie ierke mlstlftlve me sue pbtlke.
Zb`tefmb eb pepd` mb keipb fe bare md Kdsrlb Zdrmd. Mlssd etrs ?ud b
keipb fb dre b adi (kbib di Nuf?udlrb& fdi b ie` 2 d ?ud dsse mlkbtbile
ve`bretlve `>d dre ?uesd lfml-drdftd. !dle4sd, pbr dLdip`b, dssd pbdie
prdtdfseidftd eutbalbor-lkb, F!s (pp. ""U s?.&. Fb >, e0, kbib fbutrb
pbdie ?ue`?udr, taue md ve`brds e`ouie. Kbib, sua`lf>d4sd, fb > fe
pbtlke md Kdsrlb ?ue`?udr rd-dr@fkle eb pbsltlvlsib (kbib di Nuf?udlrb bu
Obids !de`&. =umb sd pesse kbf-brid e feturd5e d es `dls mb idrkemb. :pdser
md ml5dr3
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drds lfekdss0vdls me klmemd (e pbard ab`se, eibrte`>bu4sd e
lmdle 8 Md v@4`e eprbLlier, sdftemb fe p`etdle, 8 Md t@4`e fui alf+ku`b
ibrme59, p. S& 4 bu bs dsabbs me lfo`dse, me e`di, me lr`efmdse, dssd
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Kem)fkles trlstds, mdmlkemb e Nbb md Mdus, dsse ibrmeklmemd dsaetd4sd di
B `lvrb md Kdsrlb Zdrmd. Fb >, e0, stlre. Krud5e, ?uefmb iultb3 bDd
dstbu krud`, -rdftlkb, dLlodftd9 (p. $&. :5dmuid, butres vd5ds3 er 8 =umb tdi ui kdrtb dsp0rltb sdkrdtb9 (p. ""&
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6ftrd Oudrre Nuf?udlrb d Obids !de`
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E ibrtd md M* +b"b md "'S. prlidlrb B eftl-Krlstb md "''S4'U. Oudrre
Nuf?udlrb epb`0fdb. Obids !de` mlbfls0ekb. Hi ui od+idtre. butrb
b lf-brid. :pdser md tumb, > lmdels?ud bs ufdi. pbsltlvlsib3 uiefe3 bemb d md Krlstb rdfesklmb (?ud
lip`lke b Dustb, b abi, b -d`l5 4 sd suastltu0ssdibs -d`l5 pbr ad`b t0f>eibs e
taue md ve`brds md *`etb& e-este Oudrre Nuf?udlrb md Obids !de`. :ssli
kbib e kr0tlke eb rbieftlsib3
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mbdftle mb rbieftlsib mdsordf>emb d pldoes;9 (p. \^\& d eb rbieftlsib
termlb3 b M. Nbb 4 ibrtb e
tlrb (dr+l rbiIftlkb. 1ud, pbr sue vd5, fufke pbmdrle ibrrdr essli3
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orefltb.9 (p. "&, essli kbide b pbdie.
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Obids !de`3
uie pbtlke mb ilstrlb
5;
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drid md )efte Alte, pua`lkemb di "'#. 6 te`vd5 sdDe mbs
tdLtbs iels lipbrteftds md Obids !de` sbard e sue pr+prle bare. ultb iels
mb ?ud e fbte me prlidlre dmlb md K`erlmemds mb su` ("'$&, lftltu`eme
E`ouies pe`evres2 ?ud -bl, fe sdoufme dmlb, ekrdskdfteme kbi ui `bfob
perore-b. B fdste dmlb, prdklseidftd, ?ud Obids !de` dskrdvd3
b3 4 df-li md tbme e
lmlbsslfkresle mdstes rdol/ds suevds d iuslkels mb klmdftd (...&9 (k-. b
prlidlrb mbs tr@s tbibs md K`erlmemds mb su`, dmlb md *dtrus, p. '#, kuDe
ore-le ektue`l5dl&. )ua`lf>d4sd, mdsmd D, ?ud e ?udstb me iuslke`lmemd
kdftre` fe pbdsle md Obids !de`. es, di es, dm. Ab`li, !lsabe, s8m, pp. "" s?.& vel iels `bfod3 dklmb, e `dvefter uie pbfte mb vu mb
^ofbremb, d mes kblses lfdspdremeidftd lfs+`ltes, seturemes md prdst0olb.
:?ul`b ?ud bs >bidfs, di kl@fkle bu di -l`bsb-le, pbmdi rdpd`lr, b ertlste pbmd
ekb`>dr d ibmd`er, kbi ui e`vb supdrlbr md 6sttlke pure.9 (p. ""& 4 dls bs
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7drtrefm, !lsabe, %W dm., s8m ["#$], pp. ""$4U& pbmd4sd `dr3 dl e d`bmle.9 7eumd`elrd, dfkbftre b--ieff. 6, dfkbftrefmb 7eumd`elrd, dfkbftre
*bd. :`ls, b pbdie di ?udstb tdrilfe essli3 b ds-rlkb, pb`lmb, 8 :bfmd kb`bs fus `u5di pe`lmeidftd. 8
54
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7d`e kbib b sdftlr e sdme mui vdstlmb 8 :rrester, kbib erreste e keume me
sdrpdftd. 88 (...&9 (pp. "%"4%&. 6 te`vd5 tdf>eibs e?ul, eb `bfob mdstd pbdie,
uie pbtlke 4 e pbtlke md Obids !de`3 uie pbtlke mb ilstrlb.
pbdie tdrilfe essli3 e mb idu areb3 8 6 ?udrb, fe tdfe5 slflstre mb
Mdsobstb, 8 Je5@4`e rdsse`ter kbib uie ib`e md eb9. Fdstd pbdie dst
?uesd tumb. :s dr 2 e
?ud sd >4md `dr diE iu`gdr md `utb ("#%&. -emb 2 b mdstlfb md Kei/ds (E
jbid md Kei%ds4 "''&, md 7bkeod (Ieterei-td; =bkeod 4 "#U&, mb pr+prlb
Obids !de`. 6 )etefs 2 b ?ud sd >4md `dr fe prlidlre vdrsb md B eftl-
Krlstb("''S&. Md -bre -lkei e`oufs pbdies me kbfvdrsb rd`lolbse, kesb me
sdoufme vdrsb md B eftl-Krlstb ("#'&, e ?ud ekrdskdftbu 4dsds sd`veodfs
("#'&, ,drdfemes md Gl`rlb fb k&u (s8m, "'#U&, Glst!rle md +dsus ("''& d
,dfgbre me id`efkb`le("#"&.
1ue` b pepd` me iu`>dr fe pbtlke md Obids !de`; pbdie Fdvrbsd
fbkturfem4fbs aesteftds plstes. :b kbftrrlb mb ?ud dskrdvd Kdk0`le 7errdlre
fe eftb`bole etrs rd-drlme 2 dr ad`e, ?uesd sdiprd di sltueb md fpkles
(...& [e]sslfe`e4sd (...& [f]b `dltb, pbr dLkd`@fkle b e`ter kbfseoremb e uie
dLpleb bu e ui sekrl-0klb mlvlfb9 (p. "$& 2 b sefoud -dilflfb, fe pbtlke
md Obids !de`, feme tdi e vdr kbi dLpleb bu sekrl-0klb, ies, sli, kbi
vlme, kbi broesib, slf+flib md vlme, md broesib. 7este `dr e `tlie dstrb-d
md Fdvrbsd fbkturfe3 e mb idu areb3 8 6 ?udrb, fe tdfe5 slflstre mb Mdsobstb, 8
5:
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Je5@4`e rdsse`ter kbib uie ib`e md eb9. Hi broesib ?ud lip`lke e dr, fe pbtlke md Obids !de`, e kbider pd`e lri d pd`e id, iels mb
?ud b ilstrlb 2 b li4pbss0vd`3 lstdrle, e`ies ?ud ulvei md tmlb, 8 =reob ui +`db
kbi ?ud ufDb es p`pdares mbrlmes 8 Mbs preftbs sdi rdimlb.9 (: idi!rle
md ilfge lri", p. %"&. Kbib dsteibs `bfod mb aeumd`elrdefb dr -rle d eflie`dske 4 kbib sd -bssd uie -dltlkdlre.
es, epdser md tumb3 dr4lri fdi e iu`>dr4id (dr4
eieftd, e ?ud prbplkle dr4eieftd ?ud `0rlb
d rbse fbutrbs pbdies.
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(pp. ""4'&. 6 fb -lfe` md Kerte ? iu`gdr md `utb b tbi md treolkbimle3
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prlidlrb eftl4Krlstb md Obids !de`3
ui tdetrb md abfl-retds
5
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: lmdle fb dre fbve fbs -lfels mb sku`b \^\3 kbiaetdr, etrevs me kl@fkle, b
mboietlsib me lordDe. K, Oudrre Nuf?udlrb m kbfte mlssb di E vd`glkd mb
pemrd dtdrfb("''$& 2 bfmd, fe fbte ?ud sdrvd md pbs-klb Q dmlb, sd rd-drd
e iels mbls `lvrbs kbip`didfterds3 Ibrtd mb pemrd dtdrfb d 7rbidtdu
`ldrtemb, prbDdktb ?ud fufke `dvbu e keab. 6 dLp`lke b p`efb essli3
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ertieff (b kbfkdltb md lfkbfskldftd&, e ?udi mdmlke b pbdie, dtk. sb di
sdoufme bu tdrkdlre ib 4 bu iels, elfme. *br butrb `emb, fe prbmub pbtlke
md Obids !de`, e per md iulte aefe`lmemd perfeslefe d8bu rbiIftlke, >
resobs odflels fe -brie kbib kbfstr+l b pbdie, vdrmemdlrb prd`mlb mb
ibmdrflsib. 1ud b ?ud sukdmd kbi b prlidlrb B eftl-Krlstb, b md "''S4'U.
B eftl-Krlstbmd "''S4'U perdkd tdetrb md abfl-retds 2 Obids !de` ?udr ?ud
sdDe ui pbdie dftrd b plkb d b trolkb (iels b trolkb, et3
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tdipb bs -lte, eieroe d dfloietlkeidftd, fe pdfuiare, d ?ud 3 4 e vls"b
dfsefoudfteme me Kbfskl)fkle Guiefe.9 (p. S%$& 4 d tdrilfe, essli, b
pbdie.
6i Mb feture`lsib fe pbdsle, e te` fbte -lfe` mb pbdie, Obids !de` rd-drd ?ud
tdftbu
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Feme mlstb ekbftdkd fb prlidlrb B eftl-Krlstbmd Obids !de`. Kb`>lmb di
7eumd`elrd (bidi tdu lrib, ibfstrb, tdu sdid`>eftd9, ml5 b eftl4
Krlstb (p. "#&& d Obdt>d (Jeustb&, b ?ud lftdrdsse e Obids !de` lstb3 uiefe.9 (p. S$&. 6
ekrdskdfte3 bf, d kbib dskrdvd Obids !de` fb suat0tu`b mb pbdie,
bidi, dfkbftre ui ve`br3 sdr b adi; Kbib dsteibs `bfod md
Fldt5sk>d... es kbib dsteibs pdrtb md E kefe`ge ("'&, md B trlutb md
sefoud("'&, mdE jbid md Kei%ds("''&, md Ieterei-td; =bkeod("#U&.
u, elfme, kbib dskrdvd Fdislb (lalm., p. S#&, mb pbdie Bs mdusds ibrtbs
md K`erlmemds mb su`("'$&3 eudr
te`vd5. 4 Mdsprd5es e u`>dr.9 (p. "S&. 6ls, dvdftue`idftd, uie rdspbste3
brrbr sdiprd sdftlr... 1ud >brrbr sdiprd pdfser...9 (p. '$&. 6 ` vel
Obids !de` eb dfkbftrb md *dssbe, mb *dssbe brt+flib d mb >dtdr+flib. u,
?udi sead, dste3 dlrbs ?ud rdstei ekdfmdi aerrlkes md e`ketrb
pere mdslf-dkter b aerkb mes dLe`e/ds dplmilkes. =bmb b fevlb eobre
l`uilfemb, fb idlb me fbltd tdfdarbse, kru5e b iribrd fdorb d `0?ulmb mb
ier, kbib ui pdlLd dLkdpklbfe`, bu ui ibfstrb kbr md -bob, Q -`br mes oues,
1;
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pd`b sl`@fklb bpekb me fbltd.9 (p. "US&. 6 ` vel Obids !de` eb dfkbftrb mb
surrde`lsib. =df>e `lmb bu fb 7eumd`elrd d )k>bpdf>eudr di prlidlre ib...
1=
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*btlkes mb mdkemdftlsib d mb sliab`lsib
di *brtuoe`
14
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,eoreibr("'#$& md 6uoflb md Kestrb ui `bfob pbdie mdkemlste. ?ud
kurlbsb fb pbdte ?ud lftrbmu5lu b sliab lsib di *brtuoe`, kbi Berlstbs
("'#&. Gbres("'#"& d ,l`ve("'#S& kbftlfuei e pbtlke sliab`lste. lmes d mbs rdkursbs dstl`0stlkbs usembs,
ui mds4suaDdktlver e suaDdktlvlmemd pbtlke, bu sdDe, ui treae`>er e `lfoueodi
pbtlke md ibmb e lr eb dfkbftrb mb kbfkdltb md @lvrb di e``eri. *br butres
pe`evres3 fb sliab`lsib fb > uie rdjdrdfkle`lmemd ies, sli, uie
trefsltlvlmemd,
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bu, id`>br, lfmdtdrilfeb slofl-lketlve mes pe`evres, d e mb sliab`lsib mbs
sbfs, ?uefmb e?ud`e trefsltlvlmemd bkbrrd fb p`efb mbs pr+prlbs slofl-lkeftds,
kbib ekbftdkd fb kesb md e`ltdre/ds, rlies lftdrfes, pere`d`lsibs -rslkb4
r0tilkbs, dtk.9 (Jdrfefmb Oulierds, 7b&tlke mb slib`lsib di 7brtuoe`, kb`.
=dies pbrtuoudsds, ^iprdfse Feklbfe` 2 Kese me bdme, !lsabe, "##, p.
SU&. 6, kbi dLtrdie pdrtlf@fkle, Jdrfefmb Oulierds ekrdskdfte3 fb tdrib veob e eadrture pere mbls keilf>bs3 ui
dspdkle`idftd vb`temb pere b `emb slofl-lketlvb me pe`evre pbtlke, b ?ue`
prlvl`dolerle, kbib 7eumd`elrd ml5, b sliab`lsib uflvdrse` butrb pere b `emb mb
slofl-lkeftd, b ?ue` prlvl`dolerle b ?ud pbmdr0eibs mdslofer pbr sliab`lsib
tdLtue`. Mer0eibs, fui mbs kesbs, rde`kd Q rd`eb efe`+olke dftrd
slofl-lkembs fb butrb, Q rd`eb efe`+olke dftrd slofl-lkeftds. 6 b baDdktlvb e
etlfolr sdrle, fb prlidlrb kesb, ui kbip`dLb d lieolfbsb seadr, b mdkljremb fb
sdoufmb, b kljremb, e vb5 dfloitlke ?ud -lkerle lsb`eme md tumb9 (p. %"&.
1udr b prlidlrb B eftl-Krlstb bu E iu`gdr md `utb md Obids !de`, ?udr
,eoreibrmd 6uoflb md Kestrb bpdrei iels eb f0vd` mb slofl-lkemb mb ?ud mb
slofl-lkeftd, iels eb f0vd` mb
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!u0s ^^ me 7evldre, 7eumd`elrd& b keftb stlib md ,eoreibr, bfmd, ?uesd fb
-li, sd pbmd `dr dstd dLkdrtb me -e`e md )eoreibr3
Fe vd`>e ketdmre`, 8 : !uLrle ml5le e ilsse, 8Zdstlme md pbftl-lke` 8 6, pd`es
rues, efmevei fues 8 !lfmes iu`>drds, vdfmdfmb adlDbs 8 Mbkds d fues,
perklei `ues, 8 !ues ebs adlDbs
6, pbukb iels emleftd3
*drouftdl4`>d3 4 6udi &s; 2ud essli pemdkds; C Irtlr sdi pe`ie C 6 e trlstd
rdspbfmdu3 4 7bls 2u); ' f"b kbfgdkds C E tue pr!prle e`ie
tdetrb md abfl-retds slofl-lke, essli, b bpdrer eb f0vd` mb slofl-lkemb, mb
mdkl-remb. 6, sdfmb essli, dssd dre b tdrrdfb me pbtlke mdkemlste, fb me
pbtlke sliab`lste.
Md -ektb, e``eri eftdvlu e pbdsle kbib bare md ertd tbte`. Mb idsib ibmb
?ud Reofdr, ?ueftb Q +pdre. Kbfsd?udftdidftd, ui d butrb ekeaei pbr sd
sltuer di tdrrlt+rlb idte-0slkb 2 ui tdrrlt+rlb idte-0slkb ?ud le md )k>bpdf>eudr
e Fldt5sk>d, pd`b idfbs b Fldt5sk>d me prlidlre -esd, b md "'%. Fldt5sk>d
?ud dskrdvd3 uiefb D fb ertlste, tbrfbu4sd bare md ertd3 b pbmdr
ert0stlkb me feturd5e lftdlre, pere setls-eb vb`uptubse mb Hfb brlolfrlb,
rdvd`e4sd e?ul sba bs errdplbs mb @Ltesd9 (B fesklidftb me treo&mle, trem.
=drdse A. Kemdtd, kb`. ares dskb`>lmes, vb`. ^, Ad`+olb moue dm., !lsabe,
"##, p. %'&. ^stb 3 b sdr >uiefb kbf-louremb pbr Mlbflsbs d pd`b
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ilstrlbs d`duslfbs9, bidi dst edrtbQ `ute prlibrmle` dftrd Mlbflsbs d :pb`b, dftrd @Ltesd d
sbf>b, dftrd )dr d :per@fkle.
:kbftdkd ?ud b mdkemdftlsib puofe pbr `ladrter b >bidi mb tmlb, me
fdvrbsd, b ie` -lflssdku`er, fdi ?ud sdDe etrevs mb >brrbr. els3 fb `liltd, b
mdkemdftlsib tdfte dsaber uie fbve taue md ve`brds 2 kbib b Fldt5sk>d
iels termlb, b mdE vbftemd md pbmdr. ^ssb dvlmdftd di Obids !de` bu di
Aeu` 7refmb. , kbftumb, fe ertd mdkemlste, ui pdsslilsib pesslvb, pere
user uie dLprdssb md Fldt5sk>d, uie tdftetlve md efu`er b ?ud > md trolkb
fe vlme. 6Ldip`b mlssb b kbfsteftd mdsdDb md efu`eb, uie efu`eb
rdmdftbre, mb du fe ibrtd 2 md ?ud b kbrpb mdkbipbfmb4sd pd`e ekb mbs
vdrids fes re05ds mes rvbrds, bs ds?ul-ds, es sdpu`tures, es -`brds d rvbrds
mbs kdiltrlbs sb e idt-bre lmde`. :krdskd e lstb tbme uie tditlke `ufer
?ud -eftesies, sbardfeture` d e`i, b dklmb, b ^fmd-lflmb9
(kbib dskrdvd Obids !de` fb pbs-klb e E iu`gdr md `utb&, idtdipslkbsd,
dsplrltlsib d bku`tlsib prddfk>di. *br lssb, e ertd mdkemlste uie ertd mb
sbf>b, me eper@fkle. Kbib b kesb dLdip`er md E iu`gdr md `utb bu md
,eoreibr. Fdstd, e pdrmlb d-dktlve4sd fb `uLb (efls, burb&, fes vleodfs (b
rldftd&, fb seadr (Q sdid`>efe mb Jeustb md Obdt>d&. Fe?ud`d, e pdrmlb
d-dktlve4sd fui eibr tbrfemb lipbss0vd` pbr keuse md ui ektb trefsordssbr d
trolkb3 b lfkdstb.
6i kbftrepertlme, b sliab`lsib, epdser me tditlke krdpusku`er d butbfe`,
dvlmdfkle, iels uie vd5 fes pe`evres md Fldt5sk>d, ui pdsslilsib ektlvb,
1
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uie dLe`teb trolke me vlme. 6uoflb md Kestrb, di
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id lfvemd.9 (@lrlsib jrustd; dlb md
sb`9 (lalm.,
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Zeskbfkd`bs (1`brds klf#dftes, "'#&, Mb `lvrb:`ie, md Abadrtb ds?ulte (Bs
Fbvbs, fc %, Kbliare, "'#&, mbls pbdies md Nbb !klb, E sbire d
,dfse$%ds mdskbfgdklmes (Mdskdfmb, "#"&, d mbls pbdies md :ft+flb
*etr0klb, E rdmdf$"b d ,drdflmemd. 6stds pbdies idrdkdi sdr `lmbs
lftdore`idftd. *br lssb, adi bu ie`, dskb`>b, et pbr keuse me mete, b md
:`adrtb s+rlb md Kestrb3
T fdvrbsds mb pbdftd T sefoud ruarb d blrb 8 Mb sb` ibrrdfmb dtdrfeidftd
`blrb, 8 d`efkb`le e5u` ?ud bs kbre/ds embe 8 bre sb-rdftd di ?ud e ilf>e
e`ie p`lme 8 )dftd eses e feskdr fui kbrpb md krls`lme, 8 6 e uie butre
^`usb dsp`@fmlme rdibe 88 T remlbsb krdpsku`b mbdftlb, 8 ^fsteftds
vdspdrels muie vb`ple ke`ie 8 :ftds ?ud mdse e fbltd, eftds ?ud vdf>e b
Jrlb, 8 6f?ueftb e `u5 mdskefse elfme fe ibftef>eC 88 )drdfel pere sdiprd e
-dard me ilf>e e`ie 8 :> mdsp`dfmbr ufol e ilf>e brte dstref>e
*btlke mb odstb suspdfsb, b sliab`lsib fui ?ud fbutrb pbdie, fuie ?ud
fbutre pbtlke, elfme vel tdfudidftd eb dfkbftrb mb mdkemdftlsib 2 e pbtlke
mb odstb dLdip`er. Fb b kesb mdstd dLkdrtb mb pbdie Ddmdf$"b md
:ft+flb *etr0klb (Bkdefb, "#$&3
Fb sdr lstb b lfstlftb, e prb-dkle, 8 md ?ud mds-dltbs d trefs-lourembs 8
vlvdrdibs fui s+, fuie >eribfle;... 88 )li, mdvd sdr3 eibr, sbf>b, dibb, 8
sb ds-brbs -darls m dfkerkdrembs 8 pere ?udi e Hflmemd e rdmdfb.
;1
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6, iels uie vd5, b rdordssb Q tdrre, Q tdrre4id, kbib fe ertd mdkemlste, e
rdmdfb. :?ul, pbri, kbi butre fbte slofl-lketlve3 e Hflmemd. )dr ekesb
dste Hflmemd b Hfb brlolfrlb mb Fldt5sk>d md B fesklidftb me treo&mle;
*dssbe`idftd, krdlb ?ud sli. 6, fdste Hflmemd dfkbftre4sd, teiai, e
eadrture pere e pbtlke mb seumbslsib, kesb md *eskbeds, di pertlku`er.
Hi butrb pbdie e ?ud id rd-drl etrs, d ?ud, pbr sdr iultb `bfob, sd tbrfe
lipretlkvd` trefskrdvdr fe 0ftdore, E ilsse fdore md dfrl?ud md
Zeskbfkd`bs. 6ls b lf0klb mb pbdie3
1udrb vdr4td rbDer dfsefoudfteme di k>brb, 8 6ftrd bs iurbs sdfls mui
k`eustrb idmldve` 8 Krdftd di Mdus fdoers b sdu b`>er kbr mburb 8 *ere
adadr kbi -rle b Kgeipeofdmb e`.
6std pbdie pbmle sdr b `tlib md E`ie p!stuie, md M. Nbb md Kestrb 2 d
pbmd, et, sdr `lmb e per mb `tlib pbdie mdssd `lvrb. =bmevle, >, e?ul, uie
lieodi,
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6 ?ud lipbrte ?ud b =mlb ep+s vdf>e d sd eaete 8 )bard f+s, e`eroefmb es
eses kbr md trdve, 8 )d b Ob5b fui ibidftb es e`ies errdaete 8 6 e ui
@Ltesd ? rdburs, mlea+`lkb es d`dve;
: rdburs, md "''S, b efb mb prlidlrb B eftl-Krlstbmd Obids !de`, ui `lvrb
md u_siefs, dia`ditlkb pere e ertd mdkemlste. :t pbr keuse me
sdLue`lmemd mb pdrsbfeodi mds 6ssdlftdsC
)d, uies vd5ds, b tmlb mdrlve md ui dLkdssb md `uLrle, kbib fb pbdie
kltemb md dfrl?ud md Zeskbfkd`bs, butres vd5ds, d vb`teibs e E iu`gdr md
`utb md Obids !de`, b tmlb kbfkbilteftd kbi e lipbsslal`lmemd mb ektb
sdLue`, sdDe pbr eutb bu pbr >dtdrb lipbslb (kbib b kesb di E iu`gdr md
`utb& 2 uie dspkld md sdLue`lmemd di suspdfsb, bfmd fb > fdi kestlmemd
fdi mdabk>d.
es, b ?ud lipbrte, md ibidftb, sua`lf>er di E iu`gdr md `utb, ?ud tdi b
suat0tu`b 7rbkdssb rulmbsb d slfou`er, d mdmlkemb Q idi+rle me lri mb
pbdte, b sdu eutbr3 M. !defmrb md :oul`er ?ud, fb mdkbrrdr mb te` prbkdssb
rulmbsb d slfou`er, -bl se`vb
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6speb 8 : oe`bpd e oe`bpd :b ^iprdvlstb :b ^iprbvvd`9, ,
dvlmdftdidftd, ui e`tdr4dob md Obids !de`.
6ste e`tdrlmemd, dstd dtdrbf0ile md *dssbe. Fb
kesb md Obids !de`, uie >dtdrbf0ile bku`tlste, pere4bku`tlste bu psdumb4
bku`tlste. Fb kesb md *dssbe, uie >dtdrbf0ile tdLtue`. els3 fb kesb md
Obids !de` d me ertd mdkemlste, b tdie eo`utlfembr b ilstrlb fbs
sliab`lstes, b tdie eo`utlfembr b veob. Kbi *dssbe, b tdie eo`utlfembr b
tdLtb, bs vrlbs tdLtbs 2 ?ud lip`lkei vrles iskeres, bs >dtdr+flibs. es,
*eskbeds, fui dfselb lftltu`emb ,eumbslsib d slib`lsib, pua lkemb fe
rdvlste E Joule (%W srld, fc "U, "#"&, dskrdvd3
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mdkemlste eb sliab`lsib d eb p+s4sliab`lsib. 6stevei, essli, eadrtbs bs
keilf>bs mb ibmdrflsib. 6, D eobre, e pdrspdktlve md *eskbeds sbard
sliab`lsib d seumbslsib -bl pdrtlfdftd fe kbfstrub mdssds keilf>bsC
;:
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Keil`b *dssef>e
bu b dspd`>b lftl`
;?
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bs, pbr?ud fb vbs -lLels; (...&
88 (...& 2 *br?ud lmds sdi ili, fb id `dvels; 88 )di v+s b ?ud sb bs idus
b`>bs eadrtbs; 8 2 dspd`>b lftl`, idus b`>bs peobs (...&9.
, e?ul, fdstd dLkdrtb md ui pbdie md Keil`b *dssef>e (K`dpslmre d butrbs
pbdies, bro. Nbb md Kestrb s+rlb, kb`. *bdsle, dm. tlke, !lsabe, "#U#, p.
%&, "ietrle pere idmlter. 6i prlidlrb `uoer, ui tdie rdkbrrdftd fe sue
pbdsle3 es ?udst/ds di tbrfb mb b`>er. Mdpbls, e lipbsslal`lmemd me -lLeb
mes lieodfs, b ?ud `dve e ui butrb tdie rdkbrrdftd fe sue pbdsle3 bs b`>bs
eadrtbs d ibrtbs 4 bs b`>bs df?ueftb dspd`>bs lftdls.
lk>ed` Jrldm, di 4gd Ibidft bj Kereveoolb(*rlfkdtbf Hflvdrslt_ *rdss, FdG
Ndrsd_, %"&, use e rdspdltb me bare mb plftbr mbls kbfkdltbs ?ud tremu5di
mbls ibidftbs fb ektb md plfter3 uie
idre rd`eb vlsue` bu +ptlke kbi e lieodi bu kbi e lieodi4ertd-ektb. *br
butres pe`evres3 d kbftrest adtGddf t>d tGb ibidfts (...& ls adtGddf t>d
ertlstXs adlfo lf t>d pelftlfo (br et `dest kbftlfubus Glt> lt lf t>d bfoblfo
prbkdss a_ G>lk> t>d pelftdm lieod Ges `elm mbGf bf t>d kefves& efm -lfmlfo
>lisd`- butslmd t>d pelftlfo, b- mlskbvdrlfo t>et >d >es adkbid fbt Dust
mdtek>dm aut mlstefkdm -rbi lt, lf e rd`etlbfs>lp b- iutue` -eklfo (e`sb iutue`
5Hsb dste dmlb di vd5 md uie iels rdkdftd, kbi ml-drdftd ore-le d broefl5eb
mbs pbdies. K-. Keil`b *dssef>e, K`dpsOmre, dm. kr0tlke md *eu`b Jrefk>dttl, Ad`+olbmXoue, !lsabe, "##$.
;7
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jrdd#lfo& t>et -lrst dstea`ls>ds t>d pelftdm lieod esef lieod efm Glt> lt t>d
pelftlfo es e plkturd, es -ufmeidfte``_ emrdssdm tb e vldGdr 4 lf t>d -lrst
lfstefkd, tb t>d ertlst >lisd`- (...&.9 (p. #&. 6, fe `lf>e mdstds ibidftbs,
Jrldm kbfvbke b keftb "U md /druse`diid ldrete("$'"& md =br?uetb =essb d
Dlfe`mb d Erilme ("U"4%& md :fflae`d Kerrekkl,
?ud rdprdsdfte plktbrlkeidftd e?ud`d keftb mb pbdie plkb. :?ul, Alfe`mb
b`>e4sd fb b`>er md :rilme ?ud, fb dspd`>b ?ud d`d sdoure, sd b`>e d eb b`>er
mb eiemb 2 kbib sd Alfe`mb, lidrolfmb (ibidftb liidrslvd& fb b`>er me
iu`>dr eieme, etrevs mb dspd`>b rdkupdressd b sdu b`>er d b md :rilme
(ibidftb spdku`er&. :`i mlssb, e kdfe basdrveme pbr mbls keve`dlrbs 4 D
pere fb -e`er mb dspdktembr (b prlidlrb mbs ?uels b plftbr&.
=e`vd5 b lf0klb mdstd pbdie md *dssef>e ("'U4"#%U&, =refkb d vdrid`gb, sd
lfskrdve fe ef`lsd -dlte pbr Jrldm sbard Kereveoolb3
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e, b rdkb`>lidftb.
e e`ie `Ifoulme d lfdrid. 8 >
1udi pumdssd mds`l5er sdi ru0mb 8 Fb k>b suilr4sd, kbib -e5 ui vdrid...9
(p. "$#&.
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b`>bs ?udrdi mdspbser4td, 8 Ad-`dktlr4td vlrodi e sdrdfe lieodi9 (p. "#"&
bs, ?ud ui ibidftb 8 *drskruterei fbs idus, kbib vb
trlstds9 (p. "#& er, 8 )d e`ouie mbr
id -drd, di auske md ui earlob9 (p. %""&. 6stds pbdies vb, e ls, md
dfkbftrb e Dlfe`mb d Erilmemd Kerrekkl.
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G8iusmd Aeu` 7refmb
bu b kbftektb mb ilstrlb
=1
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: dLprdssb e 2 mb pr+prlb Aeu`
7refmb. %es, b ?ud slofl-lke dste dLprdssb;
Mdftrd es iultes pe`evres basdsslves di G8ius, uie md`es Dbob 2 d,
essbkleme e d`e, ui dLk`eietlvb ?ud lip`lke dster di Dbob, Dboer. Nboer b ?u@;
1ud Dbob; Hi Dbob dftrd vlme d ibrtd. 6, kbfsd?u@fkle mdstd Dbob dftrd vlme d
ibrtd, surodi fb pdrsbfeodfs ies -loures 2 e -loure mes -loures, kbib
dskrdvd 7refmb d surod ui dspeb3 e vl`e.
B kurlbsb kbib es -loures md G8iusdvbkei b rbieftlsib md Jrldmrlk> d b
dLprdsslbflsib e`dib (kesb mb ibvlidftb Mld =rk9d&. es, teiai ui
prdkursbr mb dLprdsslbflsib e`dib3 ufk>. u b ibvlidftb ,dkdss"b
Zldfdfsd (e`oui `lit, e md-brieb d e eflie`lmemd di )k>ld`d d
bbsk>e, pbr dLdip`b&. =eiai kurlbsb kbib e vl`e lip`lke e plfture md
md K>lrlkb, e skub`e idtejlslke. Fbtd4sd ?ud tbmbs dstds ibvlidftbs mes ertds
vlsuels sb eftdrlbrds Q pua lkeb md G8ius3 "#". )d Aeu` 7refmb
kbf>dkle e`ouies mdstes bares bu fb, mdskbf>db.
*br butrb `emb, G8ius lip`lke lidmleteidftd tr@s fbids3 *bd, 7eumd`elrd,
Fldt5sk>d. =r@s fbids dssdfklels mb -lfe` md bltbkdftbs. Md -ektb, > di
G8iusb krlid, es -`brds mb ie`, e vlme. =bmevle, sd Aeu` 7refmb kbf>dkle
dstds eutbrds bu fb, mdskbf>db teiai.
1Aeu` 7refmb, G8ius, K0rku`b md !dltbrds, !lsabe, "#'U, p. ".
=;
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ius slofl-lke -drtl`lmemd. Md ?ud -drtl lmemd sd trete fdste pdrdorlfeb
lftdrlbr, fdstd ?udstlbfer tb remlke` ?ud s+ mdlLe Q vlste e rvbrd (e `loeb me
tdrre eb ku& d e pdmre (dstruture, supbrtd&; : rdspbste dste3 e -drtl`lmemd mb
lfstlftb, e -drtl`lmemd me vlme df?ueftb lfstlftb. 6, e?ul, 7refmb tbke eb md `dvd
fb pdfseidftb md Fldt5sk>d. es, tdfmb bu fb `lmb Fldt5sk>d, vel iels
`bfod, kbftlfuefmb e ekbipef>4`b3 sd e -drtl`lmemd e vlme df?ueftb lfstlftb,
dftb fdkdssrle uie fbve taue md ve`brds. Kbib di Fldt5sk>d, b pefb md
-ufmb e ibrtd md Mdus. =bmevle, pere 7refmb, e eus@fkle md -, suaDekdftd
Q ibrtd md Mdus, lip`lke ui kbrtdDb md ibrtbs (e -loure mes -loures, kbib
dskrdvd&, sdid`>eftd eb epbke`lpsd 2 uie dspkld md epbke`lpsd prb-efb,
bfmd b >bidi (df?ueftb alk>b& sd dfkbftre kbi b >bidi (teiai df?ueftb
alk>b& fb iels prb-ufmb me sue mbr. fmd b >bidi, ?ud fb pbmd sdr Mdus,
sd essuid df?ueftb -loure mbs ibrtbs. *br lssb, ?ue`?udr rdmdfb , e?ul,
lipbss0vd`. Adste e mbr bu b -d` kbib b flkb pbftb md uflb dftrd b >bidi d
bs ibrtbs.
re, sd mbr bu -d` sb b flkb pbftb md uflb dftrd >bidi d ibrtbs, b lfstlftb
sbardp/d4sd Q `dl. Me0 b krlid, df?ueftb iefl-dsteb remlke` me >uieflmemd,
mb sdr4sd >uiefb. 6, eb ve5lb mes erkemes md *bd, bu eb ve5lb mes vl`es (;&
md md K>lrlkb, kbftrep/d 7refmb b ve5lb me vl`e 2 fufs d fbutrb, md ui
ve5lb md -eftesies ?ud sd trete. Kbib di 7eumd`elrd 2 bfmd vdibs mds-l`er
ui kbrtdDb md ilsdrvdls, kepe5ds mbs iels >brrdfmbs krlids. Md -ektb, di
7eumd`elrd d 7refmb es -`brds mb ie` dstb biflprdsdftds.
==
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*btlke mb pdsslilsib, e md 7refmb, rdste4`>d kbib se0me b ealsib.
ealsib mbfmd sedi bs ibrtbs eb dfkbftrb mb >bidi. es, teiai, b
ealsib di ?ud e rvbrd tdfte e`kefer b ku, bu di ?ud e pdmre kbfsteftd
idteibr-bsd sdmlidfteme. ealsib md ui lfsteftd 2 ?ud, fb `liltd, b
>ius, b kbftektb mb ilstrlb. u sdDe3 e vlme. : vlme kbib e vlme mbs alk>bs.
: vlme df?ueftb lfstlftb. : vlme df?ueftb orltb. Kbib fe k`dard plfture md
ufk>.
=4
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*btlke md *eskbeds
di ,diprd
=:
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,diprd md =dlLdlre md *eskbeds -bl dmltemb, di vlme mb pbdte,
sukdsslveidftd di "'#', "#%, "#"$ d "#%. 6, kbib ekbftdkd kbi e sue
bare pbtlke suasd?udftd, sb-rdfmb sdiprd e`tdre/ds. :pdfes irl%ds
("'#$&, ?ud *eskbeds ekeae pbr rdkuser, =d`b ("'#U&, =d`b* Idmlte$%ds, ^^
pertd ("'#& d: ilfge e`ie("'#'&, ?ud du selae, fb sb-rdrei ibml-lke/ds.
Ml5le b pbdte ?ud bs sdus pbdies tlf>ei slmb pua`lkembs lftdipdstlveidftd,
b, ^ vb`., !lvrerle 7drtrefm, !lsabe, s8m, p. ""'&. =bmevle, dftrd e vdrsb
md-lfltlve md @ (pp. "4& d e me %W dmlb, prd-lrb dste d, ?ueftb E
emb b vu`tb me ilf>e lfsplreb, lstb , e
sdfslal`lmemd eb dfloie mes Kbuses, e etltumd lf?uldte, lftdrrboembre me e`ie,
b lfstlftb me )eumemd9 (p. ""'&. :vlsefmb, pbri3
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sb-rdrei es pbdsles mb prdsdftd vb`uid di feme `>ds e`tdrerei e dss@fkle
dsplrltue` prliltlve9 (p. ""'&.
1ue` , dftb, di *eskbeds,
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: sdmub mb ealsib, sbard b ?ue` e vdrtlodi dsvbee, uie >drefe mb
rbieftlsib 2 d, teiai, mb mdkemdftlsib d mb sliab`lsib (Nbb md Mdus, b
Oudrre Nuf?udlrb md Bs ,lip`ds, Fbard, di pertlku`er ui pbdie lfekeaemb
?ud -loure di Mdspdmlmes(*brtb, "#%&, B Mdsd'emb, Nbb !klb drei pbdtes
?ud emilreve&. =bmevle, fb rbieftlsib, mdkemdftlsib d sliab`lsib, b du
kbf-rbfte4sd epdfes kbfslob idsib. Fb essli, di *eskbeds. du, fd`d, b
tbmb 2 ui tbmb ?ud lfk`ul Mdus. du e
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u sdDe3 kbib fuie ibdme, e kevdrfe dskure eadrte fe rbk>e b vdrsb md
?ud b br,
b ?ud krle dftrd d`ds uie tdfsb e )eumemd. : )eumemd br, orltb. 6 dstd orltb , e-lfe`, b du pbtlkb
df?ueftb tbmb3
uil`md d p`lme
kefb, 8 :fme Mdus e sbf>er e fbltd d e `u5 mb mle 8 :ssli fe ilf>e >uiefe
d k+silke d`dole, 8 1ud sd pdrkutd :`i, 8 :trevs mb sdu rltib dskurb, vdDb
e`oui3 8 )bu du, fe ilf>e mbr, prdsdftd d vlvb.9 (p. "%%& 2 dskrdvd *eskbeds
di e, fvbe estre`, 8 1ulirlke -loure ietlfe`, 8 ^ieodi md e`ie
di tdrre ibmd`eme. 88 )bu b >bidi md sl idsib -uoltlvb 8 Jeftesie e md`lrer,
ilstrlb vlvb, 8 : `bukure md Mdus, b sbf>b d b feme.9 (p. "%S&.
1udr pd`b lf0klb mb pbdie
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b iufmb mes lmdles fb dst prbDdktemb -bre me kevdrfe 2 dst, kbib fb
eretustre md Fldt5sk>d, fb kbreb mb >bidi, sdDe df?ueftb vlsb mb )updr4
>bidi di Fldt5sk>d, sdDe df?ueftb eperl$"bmb du pbtlkb di *eskbeds. *br
lssb idsib, b per dtdrflmemd 8 tdipb mdkbrrd mb per vlme 8 dLlst@fkle (ibrtd
lfk`u0me&. brrbr 2 ?ud feme sbu di ili 8 6 du
sbu 6 du sbu, 8 Fdssd lfsteftd di ?ud vlvb d D pessbu, 8 Fb epdfes ?udi
sb-rd, ies e mbr, 8 : mbr md Mdus, 8 )dftlfmb4sd -eftesie, ` fbs kus9 (p.
"&.
*eftd0ste, *eskbeds; Fb b krdlb. Mdus, ?ud bs pbdies Zeob(pp. "U4"& d
6ulfte me pe# (pp. "US4"'%&, dstd mdmlkemb e Nuf?udlrb d kbi dvlmdftds
45
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rd-`dLbs me pbtlke md Fbard, ekeaei pbr kbfvbker, Mdus , mdsmd ?uefmb 8 Zlvdibs; Kbib du slftb e
ilf>e vlme, 8 Fe prliltlve fbltd, D ekdfmlme, 8 N prb-ufme, erreloeme fe
idi+rle, 8 Aelefmb e `u5 mb eibr3 8 eibr, b dtdrfb sb` eftdrlbr 8 :b sb`, ?ud
e sue lieodi trefslt+rle.9 (p. "'S&.
u sdDe3 Mdus teftb b
dfkbadrtbC MdusC9 (p. "'"&, fb pbdie Zeob lmdftl-lke dstd tdrib kbi
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"&, bfmd e lf-Ifkle 8 K`erlmemds ilstdrlbses, 8 Adkbrme/ds
seumbses, 8 =biei -loure 2 vdmd 2 fe mlstIfkleC9 (p. "%&. =bmevle,
*eskbeds ekrdskdfte, d dstd b -li mb pbdie3
e sbiare dskure.9 (p. "U"&. Kbib ?udi ml53 e d (idsib di tbrfb mb kbfkdltb md vlme, prdsdftd fdssd `lvrb
lfekeaemb d sdilfe` ?ud E vbftemd md pbmdr&. 6, eprbLliefmb4sd md
Fldt5sk>d tlf>e, -brbseidftd, ?ud bpdrer ui kurtb4klrkultb fe e`dobrle me
kevdrfe md *`etb. : pertlr me0 -lke e )eumemd kbib slf+flib md Mdus d md
lf-Ifkle rdsoeteme. : pertlr me0 -lke e )eumemd kbib slf+flib md vlvdr. : pertlr
me0 -lke e )eumemd kbib eperlb. : pertlr me0 -lke e )eumemd kbib mbr ?ud ,
teiai, e`dorle. 6 -lke, elfme, uie pdroufte +avle3 trete4sd md uie pbtlke bu
md ui slstdie -l`bs+-lkb; Zb`tdibs eb prlfk0plb mdstd tdLtb. !bob e0 sd -e`bu mb
iepe ?ud *eskbeds kbfstrulu pere e lftdrprdteb md ,diprd. es, teiai
e0 sd -e`bu mes verleftds md dmlb pere dmlb, mb `lier mb pbdie 2 vdDe4sd,
pbr dLdip`b, e pb`lssdile ?ud feskd me klsb mbs vdrsbs. re, dstd treae`>b
eb f0vd` me `lfoueodi, me lieolfeb d mb kbf>dklidftb (idsib -l`bs+-lkb&
pr+prlb me pbdsleC
4;
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*eskbeds d e idi+rle
bu uie pbtlke mb seumbslsib
4=
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:s idi+rles md *eskbeds ("W dm., "#% bu "#%'&fb sb adi idi+rles, fb
sdftlmb mbs idibrle lstes 2 sb, eftds, kbib e idi+rle bpdre, slip`dsj`esgds. :`ls, Aeu` 7refmb, di kerte e *eskbeds md "#%', dskrdvd, kdrtdlrb3
efmb fbs sdrds d fb iufmb 2 d elfme e
dskbrrdr. E vb`te muie ds?ulfe d ?uefmb idfbs sd dspdre, ob`pds etrs md
ob`pds, p/d4fbs kere e kere kbi sdrds d kblses ?ud surodi kbib rd`Iipeobs
d `bob mdseperdkdi pere rdeperdkdrdi ?uefmb dsteibs mdsprdvdflmbs.9 (p.
"S&.
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rde`lmemd 2 fb `liltd, e vdrmemd. *br lssb, *eskbeds dskrdvd3 bs
surodi me fbsse kdoudlre. )urodi d mds-e5di4sd fes trdves.9 (p. U&.
Kbib pbmd b >bidi, pere *eskbeds, vb`ter e kbiufoer kbi e rde`lmemd;
?ud ?ud, fdstd iufmb md l`usb, pdriltd te` rddfkbftrb; 1ud `u5 pbmd
rdsoeter b >bidi mes sbiares; : rdspbste slip`ds3 e lf-Ifkle 2 id`>br, b
tdipb me lf-Ifkle3
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, pere *eskbeds, fui prlidlrb ibidftb, ui epd`b mb lfml50vd`. Fb. B,
epdfes, uie eadrture eb )dr, ?ud b tdipb me lf-Ifkle kbide pbr kuiprlr. *br
butres pe`evres3 fe kbfmlb md >evdr uie eadrture eb )dr ?ud, fb `liltd, sd
pbmd d-dktuer b epd`b mb lfml50vd` md ?ud e idi+rle, dsse er me lf-Ifkle, e eadrture eb )dr 2 d, me0, Q vdrmemd.
: vdrmemd ?ud eperdkd fui uflvdrsb dspdktre`, md -eftesies. 6 fb pbmle sdr
mbutre iefdlre. *eskbeds ml4`b vrles vd5ds d md vrles iefdlres. *br
dLdip`b3 bu, etrs md f+s, ?uefmb dftribs fdstd iufmb -lker mb `emb md -bre,
di p`dfb Zkub lf-lfltbC9 (p. $&. Fb `liltd, pelrer, pdtrl-lkemb. B sdr ui
-eftesie ?ud e idi+rle pdriltd, dkdi. Feskdi md ili
rvbrds, -`brds d bs ibrtbs lrrbipdi, vlvbs, mb idu sdr. Mdseperdb fuie
turae md -eftesies3 N fb sbu du sbu bs butrbs. 6ls b orltb md Mdus eb krler b
iufmb.9 (p. $"&.
Md -ektb, b b`>er me lf-Ifkle ui b`>er md mdilurob. re, e?ul,
prdklseidftd, ?ud *eskbeds ui fdb4p`et+flkb3
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e`ie, e pe`evre lfeuoure`3 seumemd.
uiefb D uie seumemd, e vd`>lkd mb fbssb
sdr mlvlfb.9 (p. '%&
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vlrtumd, lftdoreibs di f+s b dspeb, b prdtrltb d b pbrvlr d, e`kefefmb bs
`liltds me kbfskl@fkle, mdskbrtlfeibs, ` md klie, uie fbve Ade`lmemd, iultb
diabre `bfo0f?ue d lfmdklseC *rdssdftlib4`e d dstd prdssdftlidftb b iels
e ?ud pbmdibs esplrer. B b slfe` >uiefb.9 (p. "#&. uiefb9 md ?ud
dstes idi+rles 2 ?ud fb sb idi+rles 2 sb pbrtembres. uiefb9
md
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*eskbeds d e seumemd
bu b tdip`b mb ilstrlb
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)dfmb b t0tu`b mdstd dstumb 7eskbeds d e ,eumemd(d`d ore-e e pe`evre kbi
ielsku`e& d b suat0tu`b, bu b 4dip`b mb Ilst&rlb, uie dLprdssb ?ud surod
fui tdLtb mdE Joulebu fui pbdie, kb`bke4sd, ektb kbft0fub, uie ?udstb3 b
?ud e )eumemd pere *eskbeds;
*ere rdspbfmdr Q ?udstb, > mbls `lvrbs md pbdies eLlels3 Ierfus("#""& d
Ddordssb eb pere0sb ("#"%&. 6, elfme ?ud Ierfus tdf>e -bre pbtlke,
Ddordssb eb pere0sb;pbr?ud mdieslemb mbutrlfrlb, iels perdkd prbse pbtlke
2 kbi dkbs mlsteftds md Obids !de`, b Obids !de` md B eftl-Krlstb (b
prlidlrb B eftl-Krlstb md "''S4'U&. :`i mlssb, > bs ertlobs di E Joule(md
"#" di mleftd& d es kbf-dr@fkles (rduflmbs di =dlLdlre md *eskbeds, E
seumemd d b seumbslsib, :ss0rlb Y :`vli, !lsabe, "#''&. *br -li, > es
albore-les d e prbse rbiefdske. 6ls e ala`lbore-le ektlve 2 md ?ud vbu tdr di
`lf>e md kbfte, -ufmeidfte`idftd, e pbdsle d bs tdLtbs td+rlkbs.
?ud , dftb, e )eumemd pere *eskbeds; : rdspbste, eperdftdidftdslip`ds, rbme di tbrfb me !diarefe d mb MdsdDb, me brtd d me Zlme (fb
kbf-ufmlr kbi dLlst@fkle&, mb *essemb d mb Juturb 4 ui Juturb sdastlkb,
idsslIflkb (me0, dvdftue`idftd, Jdrfefmb *dssbe tdr kb`eabremb di E Joule,
elfme ?ud fbs tdLtbs e0 pua`lkembs, kesb md E fbve pbdsle pbrtuoudse, sd
e-estd md *eskbeds, pdrspdktlvefmb b ibmdrflsib, eb kbfslmdrer b
pbdie kbib ui broeflsib, lstb , b tdLtb kbib ui di4sl4idsib, d fufke
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rdidtdfmb pere b eutbr, d elfme, kbfsd?udftdidftd, mds4suaDdktlver b suDdltb
pbtlkb&, bfmd e Aee `us0eme sd lip/d md fbvb, rd4feskd. Me0, Dusteidftd,
Ddfeskdf$e 7brtuoudsesdr b fbid mb ibvlidftb krlemb, dftrd butrbs, pbr
*eskbeds.
=bmevle, d pbr lssb -e`dl md Ierfusd md Ddordssb eb pere0sb, fe pbdsle, d
mbs tdLtbs td+rlkbs, *eskbeds rdordsse eb rbieftlsib e`dib di mues
mlrdk/ds3 e Aee, pbr ui `emb 4 vdDe4sd e pbdsle md `mdr`lf d b prlidlrb
Fldt5sk>d, b Fldt5sk>d rbiIftlkb, b md B fesklidftb me treo&mle("'%&, d b
sdoufmb Fldt5sk>d, b ?ud vel et kkd gbib("'''& pbr butrb `emb, e ibrtd md
Mdus (Ndbv, pere *eskbeds& 4 d e?ul dfkbftre b Essli je`eve Leretustre
("''4'$&, md Fldt5sk>d (Fldt5sk>d vrles vd5ds rd-drlmb fe bare md
*eskbeds&, kbib pbftb md pertlme, pd`b idfbs. Me0 es -loures md * d md
Krlstb di Ddordssb eb pere0sbd es -loures md erIfus (s0il`d md eretustre&,
me Keipbfdse, me )eumemd di Ierfus.
=di4sd -e`emb (d *eskbeds teiai b -d5& mb peftd0sib me seumemd. =e`,
tbmevle, perdkd4id drremb. , lssb sli, di *eskbeds ui vlte`lsib pr+Llib mb
Fldt5sk>d -lfe`, b mdE vbftemd mb pbmdr ("#"&, tdLtb p+stuib d sdilfe` ?ud
*eskbeds fdi sd?udr mdvle kbf>dkdr. Kbib > uie ierke dvlmdftd mb kefter
prbvdfe` 4 bfmd e eieftd, pdreftd e pertlme mb eiemb (eieftd d eiemb sb
pe`evres basdsslves di Ierfus d diDdordssb eb pere0sb, e?ul etrevs md
:mb d 6ve&, suspdfmd b odstb dftrd e !diarefe d b MdsdDb, pere user mbls
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kbfkdltbs md *eskbeds (suspdfsb mb odstb uie dLprdssb md Olbrolb
:oeiadf di ,tef#d&. re, dsse suspdfsb mb odstb fb kefter prbvdfe` d
oe`elkb4pbrtuou@s, kesb mes keftloes md eilob d md eibr, fdi iels fdi
idfbs e seumemd. Me0, prdklseidftd, e butre srld md eftlfbiles ?ud surod fb
*eskbeds mbs tdLtbs td+rlkbs d me pbdsle3 e sdrre d b ier, b du d e ekb, bs
-eftesies, b lsb`eidftb, b 6sp0rltb (kbib *eskbeds ore-e& d b Kbrpb (teiai
kbib *eskbeds ore-e&, e `ute (di prb` md uie fbve ibre`, dvdftue`idftd
adalme fe feturd5e, ?ud e Aee `us0eme eftdv@ (!diarefe, *essemb, :ibr&
efufkleme (MdsdDb, Juturb, Zlme& pd`b, d e pe`evre md *eskbeds, supdr4
>bidi.
re, Dusteidftd fdstd dieref>emb ?ud vel md *`etb ebs fdb4p`et+flkbs, mbs
of+stlkbs e Fldt5sk>d, md 7drfermli Aladlrb e Kei/ds d ebs rbiefkdlrbs
pbpu`erds, md Zlrletb e M. )daestlb, kbi mdsprd5b bu lfml-drdfe pbr :-bfsb
dfrl?uds, Oerrdtt, drku`efb, `lvdlre ertlfs, 6e (b prlidlrb pbr?ud `loemb e
Abie, eb ketb`lklsib, bs butrbs pbr?ud dstrefodlrembs&, ?ud sd tdkd e pbtlke,
kbib b sdu ?u@ md `bukure, kbib d`d pr+prlb b rd-drd, md *eskbeds. *br ui
`emb, uie pbtlke (p+s4&rbiIftlke 2 *eskbeds, d d`d ?udi b ml5, v@4sd kbib
ui ieob. *br butrb `emb, d kbfsd?udftdidftd, uie pbtlke mb du 2 ui du
lftdrlbr, ealsiemb, ealsse`, kbib e sdrre kbi b fdvbdlrb d b `uer, butrb fbid
pere ds-lfod. Md -ektb, *eskbeds fufke mluturfb. *eskbeds sdiprd
fbkturfb, -eftesie bu sbiare md sl idsib, kbib d`d sd rd-drd e Mdus (ui
mbs sdus `lvrbs md pbdies, md "#, ui `lvrb fbtvd`, lftltu`e4sd prdklseidftd
Es sbires&. 6 fb pbmle sdr md butre iefdlre. : seumemd , e`i me
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suspdfsb mb odstb, uie pdtrl-lkeb, Q lieodi md dmuse. *dtrl-lke e kese
di ru0fes, bs -eil`lerds ibrtbs, b kb teiai ibrtb, e -bftd mb tdrrdlrb, e
dLlst@fkle. 7di pbmd *eskbeds rd-drlr4sd eb ad`b (t0tu`b md ui `lvrb md pbdies
md "'#U4#&, eb Dustb, eb vdrmemdlrb md *`etb. 7di pbmd *eskbeds rd-drlr4sd
Q Zlme d eb :ibr, df?ueftb rd4feskdfe. 7di pbmd *eskbeds md-dfmdr uie
fbve ibre`, mds4vd`eme pbr ui eia0oub supdr4>bidi d pd`es -reoes
fdvbdftes d df`ueremes, dfslidsiemes pd`bs alk>bs. 7di pbmd *eskbeds
md-dfmdr e Aee `us0eme, kbf?ulstembre (pere sdiprd pdrmlme, mlob du& rd4
fesklme, biflpbtdftd d biflprdsdftd (kbib b Ndbv ?ud b pbdte, dftrdteftb,
ml5 tdr ibrrlmb&. 7di pbmd *eskbeds fdoer b pbsltlvlsib d b prbordssb
lfmustrle`, fdoeb dsse ?ud vlf>e D mb mdkemdftlsib d mb sliab`lsib.
Kbftes -dltes, -lke ui td+rlkb basdsslvb (b kru5eidftb md * d md Krlstb, me
Zlme d me brtd, mb MdsdDb d me !diarefe 2 di suie, me )eumemd&, md ?ud
e pb`ilke kbi :ft+flb )rolb d es kbf-dr@fkles mb adi kbfte, d ui pbdte
kbi resobs -u`oureftds, kesb md ,diprd ("'#'&,Es sbires, Ierfus 2 bu
mdsse fbtvd` `dole me sb`lm"b, di `doles("#"%&.
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J`brad`e
d b fb ?udrdr
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es `efes uie e
uie 88 *drml ilf>es oe`dres dftrd bs od`bs 8 1ud sd e-ufmerei sbard ui ier
md aruie... 8 2 =eftbs dskb`>bs 1udi pbmle v@4`bs; 4 8 Mdltdl4id eb ier d fb
se`vdl fdf>uie 88 *drml e ilf>e tee, b idu efd`, 8 : ilf>e kbte md eb, b
idu kbrkd`, 8 *drml idu d`ib md blrb d pdmrerles... 88 )badi4id ebs `albs
sp lkes dstref>es... 8 )bard b idu kbreb pdsei ibftef>es... 8 `>b
essbiareme es ilf>es ibs ve5les...9. S
6std b ^\ mbs \ sbfdtbs ?ud t@i pbr t0tu`b dstd vdrsb md Kei/ds3 e mdpbls md
ibrte. Hi fb ?udrdr kbib b mbs tr@s keseidftbs. Hi fb ?udrdr (?ud,
e-lfe`, ui ?udrdr kerrdoemb md eialoulmemds& fe rd`eb kbi b lrib. Hi
fb ?udrdr ?ud e sue ibrtd 4 sulk0mlb bu bvdrmbsd. 6 pbr e0 -bre.
=J`brad`e 6spefke, ,bfdtbs, dmlb lftdore`, ""W dm., !lvrerle =everds ertlfs, *brtb, "#U$, p.
"S$.
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Fb fdob dste eabrmeodi albor-lke, ?ud bs pbdies d bs kbftbs sustdftei.
=bmevle, b ?ud id lftdrdsse di J`brad`e e suspdfsb mb odstb 4 fb e sue
efu`eb. Hi fb ?udrdr di suspdfsb. 6i ?ud e suspdfsb mb odstb b
pr+prlb pbdie, id`>br, b essbiarb pdreftd b pbdie, pdreftd es ibs
ve5les ?ud b pbdie mdlLe.
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*dssbe, vlslte md Fldt5sk>d,
bu bs *r0fklpds mb Orefmd 6L0`lb
!dlb kbib ?udi pesse. 6 fbs k`sslkbs, fbs ke`ibs, fbs ?ud, sd sb-rdi, b fb ml5di, ?ud
id slftb seoremb trefsduftd, ufolmb pdrdorlfb, kbftdip`embr sdi re5b mb iufmb sdi
prbp+sltb, *r0fklpd mb Orefmd 6L0`lb, ?ud mdu, pertlfmb4sd, eb `tlib idfmlob, e dsib`e
dLtrdie me sue mdsb`eb.$
*dssbe47drfermb )berds
4@lvrb mb mdsessbssdob, vb`. ^^, broefl5eb d -lLeb md lfmltbs md =drdse )bare`
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".
ibs?ultb md Fldt5sk>d
1uefmb Fldt5sk>d dskrdvd fdssd `lvrb sdilfe` ?ud E vbftemd md pbmdrN3
er uflvdrse` d d?ultetlvb; )+ b pbmdrs tdr mdpbls md
pesser pbr ui orefmd fidrb md lfmlvlmue`lmemds, md te` -brie ?ud e tue
`tlie lfmlvlmue`lmemd tdf>e fdkdsslmemd md tbmes es butres, di -ufb md`e
idsie9 ("''"4"''%&, `bob fbs bkbrrd dstd -reoidftb md "''$3 bs. : ds-lfod teiai tdi b`>bs >, pbr kbfsdoulftd, mlvdrses
dspklds md vdrmemd9.
6std vdrmemd9 , kbib sd sead, b mlfeilter me idte-0slke bklmdfte`,
me idte-0slke ?ud vlf>e mdsmd *`etb. 6 b -uib d b k>dlrb me mlfeiltd dstb
`bob fes prlidlres `lf>es md Ekdrke me vdrmemd d me idftlre di sdftlmb
d.treibre`,' kbib b tbrfe dvlmdftd e -au`e, ibmb md dLprdssb e`>dlb Q
-l`bsb-le.
:Fldt5sk>d, @e vb`bft& md pulssefkd, t. ^^, tdLtd tea`l per Jrldmrlk> Rnr5aek>, trem.Odfdvlhvd 7lef?uls, Oe``lierm, *erls, %%, p. '#, V # mb !lvrb ^Z,Idlb-mle ddtdrflmemd. Ad-drlr4fbs4dibs e dste bare, mbreveftd, kbib Z*. :s tremu/ds md Z*sb ilf>es.
?Z*, t. ^, p. ', V %" mb !lvrb prlidlrb; Kr0tlke mbs ve`brds supdrlbrds rd`eklbfembskbi e vlme*
7Fldt5sk>d, Bres dskb`glmes, vb`. ^, trem. d`oe bbk 1uemremb, Ad`+olb Moue dm., !lsabe,
"##. Ad-drlr4fbs4dibs e dste bare, mbreveftd, kbib :Z.
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B kbi b -li mb Fldt5sk>d rbiIftlkb, b md B fesklidftb me treo&mle, sdDe fe
dmlb md "'% (kbi b suat0tu`b e pertlr mb dsp0rltb me i8slke&, sdDe fe dmlb
md "'' (kbi b suat0tu`b bu iufmb ordob d pdsslilsib&, ?ud sd kbide e
md`lfder b Fldt5sk>d -uturb. re, lstb ekbftdkd kbiEkdrke me vdrmemd d me
idftlre fb sdftlmb d.treibre`, mb vdrb md "'. =dr dstd tdLtb slmb ui
mdsdfvb`vlidftb md ui eut+ore-b b-drdklmb e Kbslie Reofdr fb fete` md
"'%;
Fes polfes md Ekdrke me vdrmemd d me idftlre fb sdftlmb d.treibre`dst, Q
dLkdpb mb 6tdrfb Adtbrfb mb dsib, tbmb b Fldt5sk>d -uturb3 e rdkuse mb
>uieflsib d mb lftd`dktue`lsib (Fldt5sk>d fufke pbmdrle suaskrdvdr dste
essdrb md :feLobres3 dklidftb, bfmd sd lfste`e
`ltdre`idftd b ibs?ultb md Fldt5sk>d, ?ud >4md `dver eb kbfkdltb md
pdrspdktlvlsib e ef`lsd mb pepd` me `lfoueodi (es
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?uesd feme iels lfkbfkda0vd` mb ?ud b eperdklidftb
fbs >bidfs md ui lipu`sb >bfdstb d purb pere e vdrmemd9 (p. %"U&. 6ls uie
mes kr0tlkes ?ud -briu`e Q sbkldmemd md -lfels md bltbkdftbs. *ere ekrdskdfter3
dlrb me mlfeiltd lip/di4sd, remlke`idftd. Nustb, ad`b d
vdrmemdlrb, bs kbfkdltbs eLlels me idte-0slke bklmdfte` mdsmd *`etb, mb `uoer
e ui flkb kbfkdltb3 vlme. 6 b kbfkdltb vlme lip`lke ?ud b )dr teftb b )dr
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vlme.9.SS 6 dstd dfufklemb, bfmd dkbe Aeu` 7refmb, Q sdid`>efe mes
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id`>br, suspdfmd4e (d&. 6 sd e eadrture eb ilstrlb rd`dve md eutdftlklmemd, e
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-lfe` mdEkdrke me vdrmemd d me idftlre fb sdftlmb d.treibre`, b ?ud kbib ?ud
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eudr.
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Fe `lf>e ?ud vel mb rbieftlsib eb seumbslsib, b du pbtlkb b kdftrb mb
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rd-drd fe kerte md "4"4"#$ e Kesels bftdlrb, pere -e5dr lrrbipdr bs tdLtbs
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1eustbmd *dssbe
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tumb -reoidftbs, -reoidftbs, -reoidftbs9. 6 b ?ud e-lrie sbard b @lvrb mb
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ilst&rlb mb iufmb b prlidlrb tdie, d bs rdsteftds sb, sukdsslveidftd, B
gbrrbr md kbfgdkdr, E je`)fkle mb pre#dr d mb eibr, B tdibr me ibrtd. 6 b
7rlidlrb 1eustbtdrilfe kbi Mbls ml`bobs, bs ml`bobs dftrd Jeustb d b Zd`>b
d dftrd Jeustb d erle. 6i kbftrepertlme, e dmlb md =drdse )bare` Kuf>e,
1eustb* 4reo&mle su'dktlve, kbi iultb iels -reoidftbs, dst broefl5eme di
klfkb ektbs, kbi ?uetrb dftrdektbs d ui -lfe`. 6skrdvd =drdse )bare` Kuf>e3
ui butrb d`didftb fb kblfklmdftd. Fe dmlb md 6muermb Jrdltes
me Kbste, b 7rlidlrb 1eustblftdore4sd fbs pbdies mreitlkbs. :`ls, dskrdvd
*dssbe fui epbfteidftb sb`tb ?ud 6muermb Jrdltes me Kbste pua`lke fe
dmlb me tlke3
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eie ektbrds. (C& tlpb slfttlkb mb mreie etlfod e sue p`dfltumd fb
mreie di vdrsb. *br sdr di vdrsb etlfod b iLlib me dLprdssb vdrae` md ui
tdipdreidftb, ?ud di vdrsb sd ekdftue iultb iels ?ud di prbse. *br sdr
mreie rdmu5 dsse [dLprdssb] vdrae` Q baDdktlvlmemd.9 (*, p. S&.
6ste fbte earefod Fe j`brdste mb e`gdeidftb, B ierlfgdlrbd 7rlidlrb 1eustb.Kbib epbr, dftb, e 1eustbb suat0tu`b md treomle suaDdktlve;
*ere ili, dvlmdftd ?ud b 7rlidlrb 1eustb, dvdftue`idftd pd`e broefl5eb
tditlke, aesteftd pr+Llib mb *dssbe brt+flib. *br butrb `emb, 1eustb*
4reo&mle su'dktlve, aesteftd iels pr+Llib mb prlidlrb B eftl-Krlstb md
Obids !de`. Kbib bs `dr, dftb; Krdlb ?ud s+ pbmd >evdr uie rdspbste3
etrevs md uie ie`>e lftdrprdtetlve ?ud bs earefDe. 6, pere lssb, e dmlb md
=drdse )bare` Kuf>e iels d-lke5.
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.
*d`e aruie
: dstruture mb 1eustbmd *dssbe aesteftd slip`ds. sdu tdie eLle` b
brrbr Q ibrtd9 (J=), p. %&. es, kbi b >brrbr Q ibrtd, > b >brrbr eb
ilstrlb, butre pe`evre pere ibrtd. 6, s+ pbmd >evdr b >brrbr Q ibrtd bu b
>brrbr eb ilstrlb, sd >buvdr kbfskl@fkle mlssb idsib, sd sd pdfser dssd
ilstrlb.
B k`erb ?ud b >brrbr Q ibrtd, mdrlvemb md pdfser b ilstrlb, lip`lke ui
sb`lpslsib, lip`lke e efu`eb mb butrb (kesb md erle d mb sdu eibr pbr
Jeustb, pbr dLdip`b&. butrb sdiprd, pere Jeustb, e lfkbfskl@fkle. :pdfes
bdu, b du md Jeustb, ?ud , fb `liltd, b du `ltdrrlb, kbfskldftd. 6, e?ul,
dfkbftreibs b *dssbe brt+flib.
=eiai dfkbftreibs b *dssbe brt+flib fe flke pbsslal`lmemd md kbftrerler b
>brrbr eb ilstrlb3 e l`usb. : l`usb e vlme kbib sbf>b bu b sbf>b kbib
vlme, e b9 (J=), p. "#&, bfmd tumb sd suspdfmd3
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Md -ektb, sd e rde`lmemd mbr, sd brrbr tumb9 (J=), p. $& bu sd
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ili b >brrbr md seadr =umb 8 *br?ud b >brrbr md seadr tumb b dLtrdib 8
(C&9 (J=), p. "S&.
6 b pbdie, b pbdie md *dssbe, -lke di suspdfsb fdstd slfe` or-lkb3 (C&.
*br?u@; 1udi sead sd e rdspbste fb dst fdstds vdrsbs3
b fb kbf>dkdi 8 sbf>b (C& md ?udi sb -loures, 8
*br?ud b iufmb fb s+ (C& sbf>emb 8 es mdftrb md ui sbf>b ui butrb
sbf>b 8 6i ?ud sbf>embs sb bs sbf>embrds 8 =eiai.9 (J=), p. U%&.
6, iels uie vd5, b slfe` or-lkb (C& rd-drd4sd e `ekufes fb tdLtb md *dssbe.
=e`vd5 pbr?ud bs sbf>embrds sb sbf>embsC 1udi sead;
6i kerte e rlb 7dlrb, meteme md " md Jdvdrdlrb md "#", pua`lkeme pd`e
prlidlre vd5 fb Mlrlb 7bpu`ermd %'4^^4"#$, d lfk`u0me fes 7olfes 0ftlies d
md eutb-lftdrprdte$"b(dm. tlke, !lsabe, s8m ["#UU], pp. %# s?.& *dssbe dskrdvd3
b e e`ie fui dstemb md replmd5 lmdetlve tb lftdfsb ?ud prdklsb
-e5dr me ilf>e etdfb ui kemdrfb md epbfteidftbs, d, elfme essli, teftes
sb es -b`>es ?ud tdf>b e dfk>dr, ?ud e`ouies sd pdrmdi, pbr d`es sdrdi
teftes, d butres sd fb pbmdi `dr mdpbls, pbr kbi iels ?ud iulte prdsse
dskrltes. :s lmdles ?ud pdrkb keusei4id uie tbrture lidfse, sbardvlvdi4sd
531
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fdsse tbrture, dskureidftd butres. Z. ml-lkl idftd lieolfer ?ud Aue mb
:rsdfe`, di ietrle md ibvlidftb, tdi slmb e ilf>e pbard keade. Zdrsbs
lfo`dsds, pbrtuoudsds, reklbk0flbs, tdies, prbDdktbs, -reoidftbs md kblses ?ud
fb sdl b ?ud sb, kertes ?ud fb sdl kbib kbidei bu ekeaei, rd`Iipeobs
md kr0tlkes, iurirlbs md idte-0slkesC =bme uie idte-0slke, idu kerb rlb,
?ud vel me aruie 2 pere e aruie 2 pd`e aruieC (C&9.
=bme uie idte-0slke ?ud vel me aruie pere e aruie, etrevs me aruie, ,te`vd5, e iels arl`>eftd md-lflb me bare pdssbefe. *br lssb idsib, prdtdfmdr
vdr fb 1eustbuie mlidfsb me treomle dLlstdfkle`, di pertlku`er e treomle
dLlstdfkle` md *dssbe, kbib b -e5 6muermb !burdfb di 1eustb bu e vdrtlodi
bftb`!olke, b prd-klb Q dmlb md =drdse )bare` Kuf>e, ?uesd ekdrter fb
e`vb. Adpltb3 ?uesd. ^stb pbr?ud, fb idlb md
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kbib rd`Iipeob 8 1ud tlvdssd uie vb5 d uie dLprdssb, 8 Od`bu4id pere
sdiprd di butrb sdr [C]9 (*J8*, p. S&.
u di butrbs sdrds. 1udr ml5dr, fbutrbs -reoidftbs, pd`e aruieC
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S.
6p0`bob
: bare md *dssbe 2 d, ?uefmb mlob *dssbe, rd-lrb4id ebs >dtdr+flibs, sdil4
>dtdr+flibs, pdrsbfeodfs `ltdrrles 2 essdid`>e4sd Qs ietrlbs9es, es
kbf>dklmes abfdkes russes mbfmd sedi abfdkes etrs md abfdkes. 6 1eustb,
md -ektb, vdi mdtrs, mbutrbs -reoidftbs. Zdi md :`dLefmdr )derk>,U dssd
prbtb4*dssbe. Kblfklm@fkle bu fb, )derk> ui oidb md *dssbe3 feskdu fb
idsib mle, fb idsib i@s, fb idsib efb d fb idsib `bke`3 " md Nuf>b md
"''', di !lsabe. :`i mlssb, dftrd "# d "#" suastltulu pretlkeidftd
*dssbe.
?ud md`d dst pua`lkemb fe dmlb md !u0se Jrdlrd earefod bs efbs md "#S
e "#". Mdpbls > bs pbdies fb metembs. 6, e`i mlssb, bs -reoidftbs3
7rlidlrbs jreoidftbs("#4"#S, esslfembs :`dLefmdr )derk>&, kbi dkbs mdObids !de`, -reoidftbs md B vd`gb kestd`b("#S4"#$, sdi esslfeture&, md
Bmd eb ier(te`vd5 md "#S, sdi esslfeture&, md Bmd ? i8slke(sdi mete d
sdi esslfeture&.
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6skrdvd, kdrtdlre, !u0se Jrdlrd3
, dLprdssb fui dstl b
mdkemdftd, kbi `elvbs rbiIftlkbs d sliab`lstes, pbmdibs vdr ?ud d`d D
lftdore b iels lipbrteftd me tditlke pdssbefe3 e lfkepeklmemd md sd ml5dr b
sdftlmb md prdmdstlfeb d md ilssb e rde`l5er e mvlme pdriefdftd d e
pdrkdpb ?ud tumb dfvb`vd b dLkdssb md sdr d md pdfser ?ud b lipdmd md
sdftlr bu md tdr pe5 b sdftlidftb md dLk`usb bu md ml-drdfe di rd`eb ebsbutrbs e sue kbfsteftd trlstd5e di bpbslb Q -d`lklmemd e`>dle b idmb mb
oflb d me `bukure ?ud sdftd di sl d e auske pdriefdftd me pbdsle, me
ad`d5e, mb easb`utb.9 (p. S'&.
es, te`vd5 b iels basdsslvb di )derk> 2 ?ud fbid md prbkure, md auske 2
sdDe b tdie mb tdipb, me `bukure d me ibrtd, df?ueftb tdie flkb, pbr?ud bs
kbfkdltbs dstb lftdr`loembs. 6, kbfsd?u@fkle mdstd tdie, b mb >bidi fbard
pbr bpbslb eb >bidi ibmdrfb, fbrie` d ids?ulf>b, pettlkb fuie
tref?ul`lmemd ?ud -e`te md eialb. 6, e?ul, fdste kbfsd?u@fkle, *dssbe
eprbLlie4sd md Fldt5sk>d. :`ls, b fbid pr+prlb mdste pdrsbfeodi `ltdrrle
:`dLefmdr, b ?ud rdidtd pere e eftloulmemd ordkb4`etlfe. Krdlb ?ud dstd
sbfdtb,Joule kdoe, md "#U, vel md dfkbftrb eb ?ud ekeab md ml5dr3
bidfs
mdskbf>dkdi; 8 1ud mbr di tue -rbftd dst prdsdftd; 8 1ud pdfes di tdu
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pdltb b flf>b tdkdi; 88 Mes kblses ?ud ebs >bidfs id`>br vb, 8 7d`d5e
e`ouie Q e`ie td kbfml5 8 6 p`b iufmb `dves tue lf?uldteb 8 Jdk>eme di
sbrrlsb ?ud b b`>er mdsml5. 88 Fb tdu lieolfer stref>es `bukures, 8 *dfser
ielbr, ?ud feme pbmd `loer, 8 1ud kblse, dftrd kblses, tu prbkures; 88 1ud
pdfseidftb auskes sdi ek>er; 8 =du dsp0rltb tdi eses, pre ?ud e`tures; 8
1ud e`te vlsb `>d m+l et kdoer;9 (pp. #4#$&.
B dvlmdftd ?ud e oule kdoe, kbi dkbs fldt5sk>defbs, b pr+prlb du pbtlkb.Hi du pbtlkb ?ud prbkure ()derk>& b pr+prlb fbid. Hi du pbtlkb ?ud,
mb`brbseidftd, fe sue lf?uldteb remlke`, dst pere e`i mbs >bidfs 2 d,
kbib te`, pere e`i mb adi d mb ie`. Hi du pbtlkb ?ud fuie pdriefdftd
auske ()derk>& mb ilstrlb lfsbfmvd`, e0, fb `liltd mbs `liltds, kdoe md teftb
pdfser b ?ud fb pbmd sdr pdfsemb.
B kurlbsb ?ud b kbftrepbftb pbss0vd` mdstd sbfdtb sdDe dstd pbdie, B
pe`ge$b, teiai md "#U, kbi dkbs md Aeu` 7refmb, d ?ud kbide essli3
e d slflstre 8 Kbi
ui sdftlmb e`i mb ?ud sd tdid 2 8 Hi pe`>eb di sdu orbtdskb se`ter 8 6
k>brb eb v@4`b, kbib uie krlefe 8 Kbi `orlies md emu`tb, di mbr dstrdid. 88
Fb > td`>emb, kbib fb > k>b 8 brrbr 6 tumb -bre mb dspeb 8
^ip`ekevd`idftd, vdDb4b e pu`er 2 8 b pe`>eb d b iels ui vb (C&9 (pp.
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Jekl`idftd sd mdprddfmd ?ud b pe`>eb slf+flib mb du pbtlkb. Kbib
-ekl`idftd sd mdprddfmd ?ud dstd pe`>eb, ?ud surod fe idftd `buke, -bre mb
dspeb d mb tdipb, fui pbdie kbfstru0mb di kIiere `dfte, s+ pbmd tdr b
mdstlfb mb pe`>eb md 7refmb3 mdspdf>er4sd d ibrrdr. Fb essli, kbftumb,
fb pbdie. 6tdrfb rdtbrfb md sl idsib, kbib e `bukure, b pe`>eb e
suspdfsb mb tdipb. 6, pbr lssb idsib, librte`. u sdDe3 b pe`>eb fb sdu
sdr4pere4e4ibrtd tbrfe4sd librte`, kbib e oule ?ud, md teftb vdr (dftdfme4sd3
pdfser&, sd tbrfe kdoe, Q sdid`>efe mes ds-lfods 2 ?ud, fe sue kdoudlre, fb
-e`ei, epdfes lfmlkei.
Md -ektb, tbme e pbdsle md *dssbe 2 >dtdr+flibs, sdil4>dtdr+flibs,
pdrsbfeodfs `ltdrrles 2 fb -e`e, lfmlke. ^fmlke di )derk>, di *dssbe
brt+flib, di Zlkdftd Oudmds d di 7drfermb )berds e kbfskl@fkle mb ilstrlb
d b sdu >brrbr. ^fmlke di Kedlrb b peoeflsib. ^fmlke di Adls e klvl`l5eb
ordkb4`etlfe. ^fmlke di Keipbs b -uturlsib d, iels termd, b mdkemdftlsib mb
>bidi ibmdrfb. Kbib sd ui efd` lfml50vd` md uie ?ue`?udr sdrpdftd,
pbsslvd`idftd fldt5sk>defe, earlssd b keilf>b mb mdkemdftlsib pere fd`d sd
-dk>er, mdpbls. ^stb, epdser md Kedlrb sdr b idstrd.
=eiai 1eustb uie bare mdkemdftd, kbib vlibs. 6 uie mes mlvlses md
Jeustb, kbib vlibs teiai, 3
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dslteb
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N ?ud tumb sb sbf>bs d tumb sbf>er; 88 *dreftd b ilstrlb bskl`e e
vbftemd 8 6i `ute mlvlmlme mdftrb mb pdfser, 8 6 e Ae5b kdmd, ?ue` kbaermd, 8
Fb dfkbftrer 8 els mb ?ud es kblses di sl rdvd`ei sdr, 8 es ?ud d`es, pbr sl
s+, fb mdlLei vdr.9 (p. ""&.
B dste kdoudlre 2 ?ud fdi Kedlrb fdi Adls sd?udr b`>ei, b prlidlrb pbr
keuse mb peoeflsib, b sdoufmb pbr keuse mb dplkurlsib d kdptlklsib 2 ?ud
dst pbr mdtrs md )derk>, md *dssbe brt+flib, md Zlkdftd Oudmds, md
7drfermb )berds. 6, e`i mlssb, dste kdoudlre ?ud b tdie md 1eustb.
=eiai, e0, fb > tdipb. =eiai, e0, > b dtdrfb rdtbrfb mb idsib3 b
>brrbr me kbfskl@fkle mb ilstrlb, b >brrbr me ibrtd. :pdfes Keipbs -d5 mlssb
`eoud. s butrbs, tbmevle, sdoulrei b keilf>b mes ds-lfods. )+ ?ud D fb
>evle fdi ds-lfods fdi keilf>b. :pdfes mdsb`eb, kbib fb -reoidftb B
vd`gb kestd`b, md )derk>. u fdste pesseodi mb pbdie Mdsd'b, md "#3
, ui mdsdDb, uie sdmd 8 Md ilf>e`ie u`trepesser, 8 Me kbfskl@fkle
rbipdr, 8 Fb sdl kbib, es eses tdr 8 Me `ue d fd`es vber 8 *re ` mbs iurbs mb
sb-rdr. 8 6roudfmb ui vbb iels busemb, 8 :`i me fbltd, d`dvemb, 8 )ualr iels
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Me pbdsle d mb pdfser3
ui lfmltb md *dssbe ("#"'&
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555
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".
Me pbdsle3
ui lfmltb md *dssbe ("#"'&
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1udi fe vb5, fb di sl, vlvdu easbrtb.
)d sdr bidi pbukb, d orefmd s+
6i mer vb5 eb ve`br mes fbsses pdfes
6 eb ?ud md sbf>b d fbssb -lke di f+s
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elbr elfme sdr kbib b Mdstlfb
1ud tdi b sl`@fklb pbr sdu >lfb
6 kuDe -ekd fufke sd ibstrbu.
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%.
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mb pdfser d mb pbdter
:perdftdidftd, dstd pbdie md *dssbe, pua`lkemb fe Jb`>e md ). *eu`b md ""4
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lipbrte. ?ud lipbrte pdfser kbi b pbdie.
Fui kursb efufklemb pere b sdidstrd md lfvdrfb md "#S"4"#S%, E idtej0slke
md Fldt#skgd("#S&, dftrdteftb emlemb d suastltu0mb pbr B glfb md G[`mdr`lf
]Idi!rleT, d fbutrb md "#SS4"#S$, lftdrrbiplmb fe sdoufme sdssb,
e`ob, tbmevle, ?ud id
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rddfvle pere e pbdsle.Essli je`eve Leretustre, md Fldt5sk>d, ui dLdip`b
mdssd mds`l5er mb pdfser mb pdfsembr pere e pbdsle. Kbib e pbdsle md
`mdr`lf , elfme fb mltb md dlmdoodr, ui mds`l5er me pbdsle pere b pdfser
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es, pdreftd dste essdrb, dlmdoodr pdroufte4sd pd`e pbdsle. ?ud e
pbdsle; ?ud pbdter; 6 e kbfk`usb, ?ud >4md, e`ls, dster prdsdftd
fbutrbs dskrltbs, kesb md fkeilfgeidftb pere e pe`evre ("#$#&, dste3 e
pe`evre pbtlke e kese mb sdr d b pbdte b sdu pestbr.
re, sd e pe`evre pbtlke e kese mb sdr d b pbdte b sdu pestbr, d sd eobre(e
pe`evre md dlmdoodr fb kursb md "#SS4"#S$&, kbib D di "#% (`bob fb
prlidlrb perore-b md ,dr d tdipb&, b sdr dst di bk`usb, e eadrture eb sdr
s+ pbmd mer-sd pdreftd3 ". b -li mb pdfser mbs pdfsembrds, lstb , me
idte-0slke, te` kbib e kbf>dkdibs md *`etb e dod` 2 bre, b -li mb pdfser
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fbutrb ekbftdkd ui rdordssb eb pdfser ordob, ?ud teiai ui pbdter. els,
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pbmdr md Fldt5sk>d. ?ud, pere dlmdoodr, bpdre fb pdfser md Fldt5sk>d b
kbfkdltb md vbftemd md pbmdr (Dufteidftd kbi bs kbfkdltbs md fl>l`lsib,
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pbmdr b fbvbve`br. 6, df?ueftb fbvbve`br, bfmd sd mdsvd`e e vdrmemd d sd
eard ui e-vlr. re, dssd e-vlr e eadrture eb sdr 2 rdsoeter b sdr me bk`usb.
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.
*dfser kbi b pbdie
6std pbdie md *dssbe feme tre5 md fbvb sbard e pbtlke mb *dssbe brt+flib.
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b rbieftlsib, iels kbfkrdteidftd kbi e pbtlke mb sliab`lsib. 6 b ?ud
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slib`lsib di 7brtuoe`, ^FK, !lsabe, "##, p. SU&. :`ls, > e`ob md iels
veobmb ?ud e prlidlre dstrb-d mb pbdie3 drefe. 1ud >drefe;
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elbr elfme sdr kbib b Mdstlfb 8 1ud tdi b sl`@fklb pbr sdu >lfb 8 6 kuDe -ekd fufke sd
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fb pbdie 2 e vb5 md ui ibrtb, epdfes e vb5 mb suDdltb pbtlkb pbmd sdr e
vb5 md ui ibrtb. )dfmb essli, b suDdltb pbtlkb m-sdfb pbdie df?ueftb
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