De Orilla a Orilla

8/2/2019 De Orilla a Orilla

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[HWKDINM KLDIPM[IMBM EH PHBHZXHDMXBIPH[ÎEME NMUDINM MBE[^ KHDDL

@MNXDUME EH CXAMBIEMEH^ Y HEXNMNIBNHBU[L EH IBPHÛIOMNIB Y @L[AMNIB CXAMBÛINM

EH L[IDDM M L[IDDM

#HÛXEIL^ ^LK[H DIUH[MUX[M H^WMLDMY PHBHZLDMBM)

Wl{Aioxhd Am{nlu{ioimbl D"

Nm{mnm~ , Am{zl eh ;7=;


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Eh l{iddm m l{iddm" H~uxeil~ ~lk{h diuh{mux{m h~wmldm y phbhzldmbm Aioxhd Am{nlu{ioimbl D"

;

W{dlol

î nlal kxhbl~ dhnul{h~$ md ulam{ h~uh dik{l hbu{h dm~ ambl~$ dl mk{ial~wl{ hd beinh y {hnl{{hal~ hd ~xam{il eh dl~ uham~ }xh u{mum$ wh{niki{mal~ }xhdm diuh{mux{m eh H~wmm y Phbhzxhdm ~h{b dm~ mohbuh~ nhbu{mdh~ eh dm lk{m

a~ eh~umnmel$ }xh hddm~ wh{aiui{b }xh hd mxul{ xb wlhum y xb n{uinl$ hb h~uhl{ehb eh w{hhaibhbnim $ eh~m{{lddh hb ul{bl m mxul{h~ pihjl~ y bxhpl~ yo{mnim~ m pi~ilbh~ bxhpm~ y pihjm~ dm blnib eh }xh dm wmdmk{m wluinm h~ xbk~}xhem eh l{iddm~ ì{ah~$ xb ibo{h~l hb h~umbnim~ bl hswdl{mem~ y xbm{hdmnib eh xbiph{~l~ {hnl{emel~"

Y h~ul ah ddhpm m whb~m{ }xh eh cmkh{ h~n{iul yl h~uh dik{l $ elbehAioxhd Am{nlu{ioimbl cm eincl l{iddm~$ yl cxkih{m h~n{iul am{h~6 elbeh dki~mo{m~$ yl wxh{um~6 elbeh ahal{im~$ {hnxh{el~" Y$ m~$ ~i xb kxhb dhnul{cxkih{m ulamel hb ~x~ ambl~ hd dik{l iamoibm{imahbuh wl{ a h~n{iul$ mdei{ioi{~h md beinh$ hbnlbu{m{m dl~ uhsul~ h~u{xnux{mel~ hb u{h~ ~hnnilbh~uiuxdmem~ nlb dl~ ~x~umbuipl~: am{h~$ wxh{um~ y {hnxh{el~" Eh h~um ~xh{uh$ y dl }xh u{mul eh ehni{$ ~h x~hb xbm~ wmdmk{m~ x lu{m~$ dl~ el~ cxki{mal~ h~n{iul{hu{inmahbuh hd ai~al dik{l$ wxh~ dm~ l{iddm~ eikxjmb am{h~$ dm~ ki~mo{miamoibmb wxh{um~ y dm~ ahal{im~ ibphbumb {hnxh{el~ y }xh h~ul~ ~lbib~i~uhbuhahbuh dl~ m~xbul~ nmwiumdh~ }xh {hnl{{hb h~uh dik{l" ^x uuxdl$ nlalphal~$ h~ hdlnxhbuh:Eh l{iddm m l{iddm" H~uxeil~ ~lk{h diuh{mux{m h~wmldm yphbhzldmbm " Wmxum dm u{mph~m y ~h m`h{{m m dm~ ai~am~ moxm~ }xh pm{hnl{{h{" ^h hbuihbeh bmpl nm{omel eh m`hnul~ diuh{m{il~ y hddl dh `mnidium du{mph~m" Cmnh ~x bmphomnib wl{umbel xb oh~ul eh ibuh{aibmkdh o{muiuxe"Pmal~ m hswdinm{bl~"

[hbh lncl uhsul~ y hd bah{l ym mui~km nlb hawhl xbm ddmamem m dm~iahu{m hb dl~ el~ xbiph{~l~ uhauinl~ }xh nlbplnm" Hb hd w{iah{l eh hddl~$h~n{iul{h~ h~wmldh~ {h~xdumb lk~h{pmel~ hb xbm w{lwxh~um eh eidlol~n{xzmel~ hb elbeh ~h ibuh{{xawhb nlb~umbuhahbuh plnh~ y dhboxmjh~ }xhmbchdmb ~lbiel~ eh xbm m{albm }xh bxbnm mdnmbzm{b" Plnh~ h~nm~mahbuhambiem~ y ì{am~ }xh mb ~lb h~wh{mbzm eh xbm wh{whuxmnib }xh ym wm{hnhbcmkh{ nlb}xi~umel" Hd ~hoxbel xbiph{~l wh{aiui{ dm hpmdxmnib eh h~n{iul{h~phbhzldmbl~$ blak{h~ {hnlblniel~ wl{ hd mwdmx~l ~l~uhbiel eh dm wl~uh{ieme#u{h~ o{mbeh~ eh bxh~u{m diuh{mux{m nlal M{ux{l X~dm{ Wihu{i$ Aioxhd Luh{l ^y Me{imbl Olbzdhz Dhb) l wl{ hd u{ixb`l eh dl~ omdm{elbh~ wluinl~ ehd

w{h~hbuh"Hd nibh$ dm wibux{m y dm wlh~m kl{em{b xb binl aluipl hb ul{bl m dm

ìox{m ehd mnul{ Kx~uh{ Fhmulb$ hb xbm ~hnxhbnim }xh l`{hnh{ dl~ wdmbl~nmwumel~ wl{ Emd$ Dl{nm y Mdkh{ui" Hd n{uinl wlhum$ ~ib hakm{ol$ bl }xih{h enlbuibxieme m h~ul~ h~nm{nhl~ y am{nm {xakl cmnim dl~ wxh{ul~ eh Nl~um`{hem#xb h~n{iul{ }xh cm~um hb ~x blak{h ddhpm o{mkmem dm wm~um eh dm u{moheim:`{m nl~um eh ~x hsi~uhbnim y eh ~x n{hmnib eh wm{uinxdm{ hsi~uhbnimdi~al) y mdm{{ikm{ m ~x l{iddm ~h u{lwihzm nlb dl~ ibuh{aibmkdh~ wm~iddl~ eh dm u{i~uhzm~xinieil$ wldl~ wm{m hbuhbeh{ dm bmux{mdhzm ehBxh~u{m hdhom $ xb dik{l }xhwm{hnh dm ehndm{mnib eh xbm ph{eme cxambm wh{ambhbuh" Hd h~uxeil h~ m}x

meha~ eh xbm pi~ib eh nh{nmbm m`hnuipm ombmem wl{ dm ~lk{iheme ehdmbdi~i~$ xbm ibuh{{lomnib ~lk{h hd ~xinieil nlal nlb~umbuh u{mjb eh xbm


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wlh~m }xh pihbh eh dm axh{uh y m dm axh{uh pm #hd n{uinl ~h w{hoxbum wl{ xbmh~wi{iuxmdieme }xh bhnh~ium dmnh{m{ hd nxh{wl hb xbm ohbh{mnib hb dm }xumakib$ Omk{ihd @h{{muh{$ Jx~ul Mdhjl y Jl~ Mox~ub Olyui~ldl mnlawmm{b mNl~um`{hem md nmemd~l)" H~u ndm{l }xh wm{m hd w{l`h~l{ Am{nlu{ioimbl ~{h~xdum uham nmwiumd eh ibph~uiomnib #y xbl eh dl~ uham~ nmwiumdh~ eh

ibph~uiomnib diuh{m{im)$ md wxbul eh }xh dl hpmdm nlb~umbuhahbuh hb ~xnlaw{lai~l~ elnul{mdh~$ nxym uh~i~ {hemnum nlal nlbjxbul y nlal ehumddh hb hdw{h~hbuh #umakib dl cm eh~m{{lddmel hb mdoxbl~ eh ~x~ nx{~l~ xbiph{~ium{il~$nlal hb hd ~haibm{ilWlh~m y hb`h{aheme $ einumel hb dm H~nxhdm eh Dhu{m~ ehdm Xbiph{~ieme Nmudinm Mbe{~ Khddl)" Hd {hnl{{iel whbib~xdm{ wm{hnh nh{{hb ul{bl m dm~ `idm~ eh dm wlh~m a~ jlphb$ xbm nlb~umbuh eh hswdl{mnib hb dl~h~uxeil~ n{uinl~ ehd mxul{$ ym hb~mymem wm{m Phbhzxhdm hb ~x mbuh{il{ dik{l mbdi~i~ eh dm wlh~m:Dm~ plnh~ eh dm Cie{m" Dm wlh~m phbhzldmbm eh dl~ ml~ 97 #wxkdinmnib nlbjxbum hbu{h dm Xbiph{~ieme Nmudinm Mbe{~ Khddl$ hNm{mnm~$ y dm~ Heinilbh~ Axnxodi`l$ hb A{iem$ ehd ml ;77;)" Ehumddmbel dl}xh `xh dm h~n{iux{m jlphb h~wmldm$ ~h lnxwm eh nxmu{l w{lumolbi~um~ eh dmbxhpm wlh~m: Am{m bohdh~ W{hz Dwhz$ Jxmb Mbulbil Olbzdhz Iodh~im~$Ambxhd Pidm~ y Fi{ahb X{ikh" Wm~mem dm {hpi~ib eh h~ul~ mxul{h~${hw{h~hbumuipl~ eh xb cmnh{ wlh~m eh~eh dm dikh{ume }xh mwl{umbh~wi{iuxmdiemeh~ axy wh{ux{kmel{m~ eh dl nlbphbnilbmd #dhhal~ wihzm~ axy~xoh~uipm~$ nlal dm eheinmem m AmnElbmde$ jxbul m lu{m~ }xh wlhuizmb dmnm{bmdieme y dm i{m l }xh w{laxhphb hsu{mm~ bmux{mdhzm~ wm{m dl~ eil~h~)$h~uxeil~l$ u{lnmel hb nlawidmel{ #lu{m `mnhum eh ~x }xhcmnh{ wluinl$hb~mymem hb ;778$ hb nlmxul{m nlb Jl{oh Ox~umpl Wl{uhddm$ ~h{ ~x mbuldlomeh wlhum~ bmniel~ md mawm{l eh dm Xbiph{~ieme Nmudinm$ ulwl~ oh{aibmd ehmdoxbl~ blak{h~ nmwiumdh~ eh dm wlh~m nlbuhawl{bhm phbhzldmbm$ uiuxdmem>7,87 $ y }xh bl~ nxwl umakib hd clbl{ eh w{ldlom{)$ bl~ l`{hnh xbm K{hphaxh~u{m mbuldoinm eh h~ul~ wlhum~$ hb nxhbum eh }xh ~h{b plnh~ wlnlnlblniem~ hb bxh~u{m~ mxdm~ wluinm~ y nxyl~ ulbl~ y {h~wi{mnilbh~ wxeih{mb~h{ ib~wi{mel{h~ hb dl~ uh{{iul{il~ n{ilddl~"

Dm ~hnnib phbhzldmbm eh h~uh dik{l l`{hnh xb ulbl wm{nimdahbuhei`h{hbuh md eh dm h~wmldm" Hswdl{m #{h!hswdl{m) mxul{h~ y lk{m~ h~uhdm{h~ diuh{mux{m nlbuhawl{bhm eh Phbhzxhdm m dm dxz eh ibuh{w{humnilbh~ wh{~lbmdh}xh wh{aiuhb hd eh~hakm{mzl nmbbinl y hd mdhjmaihbul eh pi~ilbh~ pinimem~ hbdm nlaw{hb~ib eh h~um uh{bm eh m~u{l~ eh bxh~u{m diuh{mux{m" Dl hbnlaimkdhm}x$ h~ }xh h~ul ~h mdnmbzm ~ib ehndm{mnib hsw{h~m y ~ib pmbmodl{im mdox

Hd w{l`h~l{ Am{nlu{ioimbl cm dlo{mel xb X~dm{ }xh bl h~ hd X~dm{ eh ~ihaw{h$ xbLuh{l }xh bl h~ hd cmkiuxmd y xb Me{imbl }xh cxkih{m hbnmbumel md ai~alMe{imbl"

Mw{lsiam dl~ nlbnhwul~ eh iehbuieme y diuh{mux{m y ~h mwlym hb X~dm{Wihu{i wm{m dmbzm{ md mi{h dm pmdh{l~m ibuh{{lomnib }xh ~xwlbhb dl~ pimjhbxh~u{l~ c{lh~ eh `innib #l eh {hmdieme): hd `{mnm~l nlal iehbuieme


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Lu{l umbul wle{m ehni{~h ehd h~uxeil h~n{iul m wm{ui{ ehNm~m~ axh{um~ "Hd mxul{ ni{nxbbmphom dm blphdm eh Luh{l îdpm wm{m {lawh{ dmbzm~ m `mpl{ xbm dhnux{m ibhswh{um y eh~nxiemem$ mjhbm m ulem nlaw{hb~ib ambiwxdmem wl{ dm nihbnim l dm ibuhdiohbnim mnmeainm$ nlal pm eh ~mdpmahbul eh xbmblphd~uinm }xh dm nl~uxak{h cm nlbohdmel hb dl~ uawmbl~ eh dl

h~uh{hluiwmel" Dm nlb`h~ib y dm nlbndx~ib bl wxhehb ~h{ a~ {hphdmel{m~ ehxbm ohlahu{m h~wi{iuxmd ~ib am{nm~ w{hh~umkdhniem~ y ~ib bl{uh nih{ul" Chm}x$ nlbndx~ib y nlb`h~ib: Cmkh{ah mkmbelbmel m dm dhnux{m eh ~x~woibm~ ~ib {xakl ndm{l$ wh{aiui m xb uihawl xbm nlaw{hb~ib mkm{nmel{meh xb ~hbuiaihbul w{lwil$ phbhzldmbl$ }xh ym bl ah wh{aiui{m {ho{h~m{ eh h~hpimjh eh ibinimnib haw{hbeiel$ nlal eijh{m$ cmnh ym a~ eh u{hibum ml~" L{uizy ~x~ cmkiumbuh~ ~h ambuhbe{b$ cm~um }xh dm ahal{im dl wh{aium$ ibaxumkdh~hb mdob dxom{ ibnih{ul ehd nl{mzb" Dm eh{{lum ehdm nihbnim ehpihbh hb u{ixb`leh dm ~xkjhuipieme"

Wm{mWm~ wl{uuid ~h w{lwlbh xbm eipmomnib }xh ib~whnnilbm dl~`{moahbul~ eh piem eh dm~ ci~ul{im~ `hahbibm~ hb dm `maidim ehd w{lumolbi~um ehdm blphdm" Hd uhsul ibemom hb dl~ mwl{uh~ }xh dm~ plnh~ eh axjh{ uihbhb eh~x~umbuipm~ hb dm nlb`l{amnib eh Mbe{~ Km{mzm{uh$ mnumbuh nhbu{md ehd dDm ibuhbnib n{uinm wm{hnh ah{lehm{ hb xb ibuhbul }xh em {mzb m dl }xh hdw{lwil mxul{ whb~mkm eh ~x~ axjh{h~ eh ìnnib: Hb ai blphdm ulem~ dm~axjh{h~ ~lb pnuiam~" Ulem~ ~x`{hb u{moheim~ h~wmbul~m~"

Nih{{m hd pldxahb xbm nlbu{ikxnib n{uinm ~lk{h dm wlh~m phbhzldmbm ehdm enmem ehd 97$ amuh{im eh h~whnimdieme ehd w{l`h~l{ Am{nlu{ioimbl$ hb`lnmehb hd mbdi~i~ ~lk{h hd nmwuxdl }xh hb hddm lnxwmb dl~ w{hail~ ibuh{bmnilbmdh~eh wlh~m lul{omel~ wl{ ib~uiuxnilbh~ nxdux{mdh~ eh makm~ l{iddm~" Hb nlbn{hul$dm {h`dhsib ~h lnxwm eh nibnl blak{h~ axy ah{iul{il~: Dxi~ Al{hblPiddmaheimbm #W{hail W{hz Klbmdeh)$ Dxi~ Hb{i}xh Khdalbuh #W{hail WmzNm~uiddl y W{hail Melbmi~ eh Wlh~m)$ M{ux{l Oxui{{hz Wdmzm #W{hail eWlh~m ^l{ Jxmb Ib~ eh dm N{xz)$ Mdhsi~ [lah{l #W{hail [mal~ ^xn{h) yMd`{hel Ch{{h{m ^mdm~ #W{hail Wmz Nm~uiddl)" Hd ibuh{h~mbuh uwinl eh ~lnildldiuh{m{im l eh ibex~u{im nxdux{md wh{aiuh xbm axy muibmem y bxu{inim {h`dh~lk{h dm nxmdiìnmnib eh h~ul~ nh{uahbh~$ ~x iawl{umbnim$ ~x hbnmbul y ~xnmwmnieme wm{m hbuhbeh{~h lk~h{pmul{il eh dm mnuipieme ~ihaw{h km{lau{inm edm wlh~m" Hd h~uxeil nlbexnh i{{hbxbnimkdhahbuh m xb ìbmd eh mì{amnib ~lk{hdl }xh cm ~iobiìnmel dm w{lexnnib wluinm phbhzldmbm a~ {hnihbuh: Umd {mzb

nlb~uiuxyh$ wl{ umbul y jxbul m lu{l~ m{oxahbul~$ xb ibeinil ph{emeh{l eh dm mdumnmdieme eh dm wlh~m phbhzldmbm eh dl~ duial~ ml~"

Ch ehjmel ibuhbnilbmdahbuh wm{m h~uh duial dxom{ hd nlahbum{il }xh}xi~ih{m cmnh{ ~lk{h hd h~uxeil ki~mo{m eh h~uh dik{l$ hd }xh ~h dh eheinm mdwme{h Km~idil Uhjhel{ hb ~x `mnhum eh wlhum" Am{nlu{ioimbl$ ~x ei~nwxdlmo{mehniel$ dl lk~h{pm m {mz eh xb dik{l eh {h~lbmbnim~ ibh~wh{mem~:Pm{imnilbh~ hnldoinm~ nlb mwbeinh " Cmnihbel ~xym~ dm~ `xbnilbh~ eh xbw{eiol nl{mzb$ hd h~uxeil ehd wlhum y hd wlhum h~uxeimel ei~u{ikxyhbhaluipmahbuh dm ~mbo{h a~ pipiìnmel{m eh dm wmdmk{m y dm {ihomb wl{ dm~ ell{iddm~ wluinm~ }xh dh ~i{phb eh nm~m~ phbu{inxdm{h~ md dik{l ulel" W{h~hbum m

wlhum }xh m wxbul eh mdnmbzm{ ~x~ ~huhbum ml~ ~h l`{hnh wl{ w{iah{m phz m xbwkdinl dhnul{ }xh amyl{ahbuh bmem ~mkm eh d nlal nxdul{ ehd ph{~l l }xh$


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h~nm~mahbuh$ dl nlblnm wl{ dm wm{nimdieme }xh l`{hnmb mdoxbl~ wlnl~ uhsul~$uaiemahbuh pi~ikidizmel~ hb mdoxbm~ {hpi~um~ eh wlnm l biboxbm album #nlbclb{l~m~ hsnhwnilbh~$ nlalWlh~m eh Phbhzxhdm $ dm nleinimem wxkdinmnibehd amh~u{l Wm~nxmd Phbhom~ @idm{el)" Aioxhd dl kilo{m`m y dl eikxjm hb hh~wmnil ehd uhsul wluinl$ nlal ~i }xi~ih{m nlawm{ui{ hd eh~nxk{iaihbul eh xb

uh{{iul{il {inl hb aibh{mdh~ eh w{hnil~l~ }xidmuh~ y eh {m{m~ ohldlom~"Nihbuiìni~um$ dm lk{m eh Uhjhel{ oh~um xbm hnldlom }xh ~mbhm dl~ wm{mjhbmux{mdh~ wl{ elbeh w{mnuinm ~x mbemex{m eh {hdioil~l wlhum$ xbm exwdinieme unm{m m dm dhboxm h~wmldm$ y eh dm }xh d ~h hbuihbeh$ ~ib `l{axdm{dl$ ch{hehnlaw{lahuiel" H~ub mdd wm{m w{lkm{dl dm~ pm{imnilbh~ nm~uhddmbm~ y dmphbhzldmbm~$ mdm{eh eh ìbm ibuh{uhsuxmdieme y eh mal{ w{l`xbel m dm diuh{muhb bxh~u{m dhboxm" Uhsul~ }xh nhdhk{mb dm~ ìox{m~ y dm~ nl~m~" Wihzm~ }xibemomb hb dm {mzb ulwlbainm eh dl~ h~wmnil~ bmux{mdh~ y hb dm {mzb mbaineh dl~ m~hbumaihbul~ cxambl~" Wlh~m }xh hswdinm dm wlh~m eh~eh dmw{leiomdieme ehd h{xeiul" Xb hawhl w{ldlbomel wl{ w{luhoh{ dm u{meinib y wl{ph{dm oh{aibm{ hb dm aleh{bieme #m{uh~ hnldoinm~ hb dl~ el~ nm~l~)" Hbu{humbul~ mnih{ul~ hb hd dik{l }xh w{ldlomal~$ dm nlbeinib nhbu{md nlb dm }xh hdw{l`h~l{ Am{nlu{ioimbl eh~umnm dm lk{m eh Uhjhel{ h~ xbl eh dl~ }xh dxnh a~ibei~nxuikdh$ wxh~ cmnh }xh hb h~uh mxul{ nlb`dxymb y }xh o{mnim~ m d uhbomb~x ibinimnib hd {h~ul eh dl~ uwinl~ }xh nlawlbhb hd dik{l"

Md nlahbzm{ h~um~ wmdmk{m~$ mdxemal~ md ~hbuiel eh w{l`xbel ynlb~umbuh mo{mehniaihbul nlbph{uiel hb {h~wi{mnib mnlawm~mem hb dm~woibm~ eh h~um lk{m" Cmy }xh ehni{ }xh h~ dm o{muiuxe ~x ~hbuiaihbul a~amex{l" Mo{mehnh m dl~ mxul{h~ #m dl~ }xh cm eheinmel ~x~ eh~phdl~ n{uinl~)$mo{mehnh m dl~ maiol~ #m dl~ }xh cm eheinmel nmem xbl eh dl~ h~uxeil~) ymo{mehnh m dm wlh~m #m dm }xh cmnh w{lumolbi~um eh ~x h~n{iux{m)" Xb dik{l ~h m~ihbum ~lk{h hd oh~ul eh dm o{muiuxe ah{hnh hd {h~whul a~ o{mbeh y dmnlbìmbzm a~ wdhbm$ wxh~ dm h~n{iux{m n{uinm bl h~ ~ibl hd a~ mal{l~libuhbul eh mo{mehniaihbul mexniel mbuh dm wmdmk{m n{hmuipm #hb h~uh m~whndibo~uinm y wluinm ~h cmnhb xbm y dm ai~am nl~m)"

Ddhomel m h~uh wxbul$ ~dl {h~um {hulam{ ai~ wmdmk{m~ ibinimdh~ y{hnlblnh{ mcl{m }xh elbeh yl ehnm am{h~$ uihbhb }xh ~h{ l{iddm~6 elbeh ylwxh{um~$ ki~mo{m~6 y$ ìbmdahbuh$ }xh dl~ {hnxh{el~ ~lb ~dl ahal{im~eh~om~umem~ wl{ dm wlh~m" Hd wlhum n{uinl cm uhbiel {mzb y wm{m ehal~u{mnh~u h~uh dik{l bmniel md nmdl{ eh dm o{muiuxe y md mawm{l eh dm wmdmk{m h~uu

@{mbni~nl Jmpih{ W{hzMnmehaim Phbhzldmbm eh dm DhboxmXbiph{~ieme Nmudinm Mbe{~ Khddl


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AHAL[IM

Dl~ h~uxeil~ diuh{m{il~$ a~ kihb dl~ {h~xdumel~ eh h~ul~ h~uxeil~$}xhemb m{{ljmel~ wl{ dm am{hm eh dm ibph~uiomnib kmjl ei~uibul~ {lwmjh~: hdhb~myl nm~xmd l mnmeainl$ hd m{unxdl ~ldiniumel l ~x{oiel h~wlbubhmahbuh$hd ib`l{ah eh ibph~uiomnib$ dm alblo{m`m l dm uh~i~ M dm phz$ h~um `l{amlkhehnh m dm~ ni{nxb~umbnim~ hb dm~ }xh ~h w{lexjl hd bmx`{moil: hd wx{l wdmnhwl{ ibemom{ hb xb uham$ dl~ h~uxeil~ `l{amdh~ #eh beldh mnmeainm)$ l dl~ei~uibul~ nhbu{l~ eh ibph~uiomnib }xh hsiohb {h~xdumel~ nmem umbul" Ulel~uihbhb hb nlab }xh dm h~nlohbnim ehd m~xbul nm~i ~ihaw{h h~ pldxbum{im yalpiem wl{ ibuh{h~h~ wh{~lbmdh~ }xh ~xhdhb {h~xai{~h hb lk~h~ilbh~ a~ lahbl~ ei~`{mzmem~ eh lnm~ib" Hd u{mkmjl w{h~hbuh {hnloh nm~i ulem~ h~um~wl~ikidiemeh~$ nldhnumbel mdoxbm~ nlbncm~ m{{ljmem~ wl{ hd ldhmjh m dm~ wdmw{lexnul ehd bmphom{ hbu{h hd ;778 y hd w{h~hbuh" H~ul~ ml~ h~uxpih{lbam{nmel~ wl{ ai wh{iwdl hbu{h dl~ nx{~l~ eh Elnul{mel hb ^mdmambnm$ H~wmm$eh~eh blpihak{h eh ;778 y cm~um jxbil eh ;77?$ y wl{ ai {hul{bl y {hib~h{nibhb ai~ dmkl{h~ mnmeainm~ hb dm XNMK$ Nm{mnm~"

Hd nx{~l eh Elnul{mel h~umkm l{ihbumel md h~uxeil eh dm diuh{mux{mh~wmldm h ci~wmblmah{inmbm eh dm pmboxm{eim y dm wl~ pmboxm{eim" Dh~nlohbnim ah wh{aiui l{ombizm{ nm~i ulem~ dm~ amuh{im~ hb ul{bl m dmw{lexnnib diuh{m{im h~wmldm$ wxh~ ai eh~hl h{m {h`l{zm{ hd nmaibl }xh ymcmkm {hnl{{iel hb hd w{ho{mel eh dm XNMK" M~$ ~mdumkm eh nx{~l~ ~lk{h dohbh{mnib ehd ;? y ~x~ wlhum~$ dm ddmamem w{lalnib wluinm eh dl~ nibnxhbum$cm~um dm a~ {hnihbuh wlh~m h~wmldm" Bl lk~umbuh$ el~ m~iobmux{m~ #~ihaw~iobmem~ wl{ hd ibuh{~ w{lwil) uhbmb }xh ph{ nlb dm l{iddm eh dm }xh w{lphbol:diuh{mux{m phbhzldmbm y whb~maihbul ci~wmblmah{inmbl" Eh h~um ambh{m$w{huhbem ibemom{$ ~ihaw{h m ~mdul~$ h~wlbubhmahbuh #ehbu{l eh dm dikh{um}xh uh l`{hnhb dl~ h~uxeil~ `l{amdh~)$ hb dm~ {hdmnilbh~ }xh ehkm ~xwlbh{ a~}xh hpiehbuh~ hbu{h dm~ dhu{m~ eh makm~ l{iddm~"

Ai {hibnl{wl{mnib m dm~ dmkl{h~ mnmeainm~ ~xwlbm em{ nlbuibxieme mh~um~ k~}xhem~$ wh{l mcl{m ai{mbel hd `hbahbl eh~eh ai dxom{ eh l{iohb ynlb dm ahal{im eh dm wh{~whnuipm }xh ah l`{hni ph{ hd m~xbul eh~eh dmwhbb~xdm ik{inm" Hd ox~ul wl{ dm ibph~uiomnib ~h cmkm m`imbzmel nlb dhswh{ihbnim elnul{md y m dm plnmnib elnhbuh ~h iawx~l xb amyl{ hawhl wl{dm ibemomnib hb dl~ uh{{iul{il~ eh dm diuh{mux{m" ^i ~h ~xwlbh }xh ulel w{l`h~l{

ehkh ~h{ wl{ bmux{mdhzm xb ibph~uiomel{$ dm amyl{m eh dm~ phnh~ hd elnhbuhxbiph{~ium{il #bl eiomal~ ym hd eh dm hexnmnib aheim) ~h pm nlbpi{uihbel wlnlm wlnl hb xb h~whnimdi~um hb u{mb~aiui{ nlblniaihbul~ #h~ul umakib h~ xbm`mdmnim$ hb ~hbuiel h~u{inul) y mkmbelbm xbm dmkl{ }xh$ mxb}xh bhnh~m{im}xhem {hdhomem wl{ nxh~uilbh~ eh uihawl"

^x{oh$ hbulbnh~$ h~uh u{mkmjl kmjl dl~ ehblaibmel{h~ nlaxbh~ ehdwh{lel m }xh wh{uhbhnhb dm~ ibph~uiomnilbh~ y dm uhauinm ~ihaw{h nhbu{mem hbdm~ diuh{mux{m~ h~wmldm y phbhzldmbm" Eipieiel hb el~ o{mbeh~ ~hnnilbh~:Ehdiuh{mux{m h~wmldmy Eh diuh{mux{m phbhzldmbm$ ~um~ h~ub xbiem~ wl{ xbnmwuxdl!ki~mo{m }xh nlbuhawdm makm~ ambi`h~umnilbh~6 ~h u{mum ehd u{mkmjl

ibuiuxdmel Pm{imnilbh~ hnldoinm~ nlb mwbeinh: hd wmi~mjh y dm au{inm nlalhplnmnib l dm wlh~m eh Km~idil Uhjhel{" H~uh wlhum #}xihb `xh{m bxh~u{l


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w{l`h~l{ eh Diuh{mux{m H~wmldm III$ ex{mbuh hd w{ho{mel)$ h{m l{ixbel ePiddm`ìdm$ wxhkdiul eh Zmal{m$ H~wmm" Pibl m Phbhzxhdm wxh~ ~x lìnil~mnh{elumd m~ dl ei~wx~l y mn cmdd uih{{m w{lwinim wm{m hd nxduipl eh ~x~plnmnilbh~$ dm elnhbnim y dm hb~hmbzm$ wh{l umakib hd mklbl bhnh~m{il wm{m}xh m dl~ ~huhbum ml~ pih{m wxkdinmem ~x w{iah{m y binm lk{m eh n{hmnib #h

dik{l eh wlham~ ibndxiel hb hd uuxdl ehd nmwuxdl hb nxh~uib)" Hd uham eh dmuih{{m y dl~ jxhol~ au{inl~ ~lb dl~ el~ hjh~ nhbu{mdh~ eh ~x wlh~m" Xbm uih{{m}xh ~h u{mb~axum{$ wl{ m{uh y amoim ehd dhboxmjh ehd wlham$ eh dm~ pm~umddmbx{m~ nm~uhddmbm~ eh dm uih{{m bmumd hb hd hsxkh{mbuh wmi~mjh eh dm~phbhzldmbm~" Dm au{inm u{meinilbmd h~wmldm$ m xb uihawl$ ~x`{i{ dl~ nmakil}xh iawlbh dm hswh{ihbnim y hd nlblniaihbul eh dm dhboxm h~wmldm hb h~umbxhpm `l{am ehd cmkdm }xh h~ hd nm~uhddmbl cmkdmel$ dhel y h~n{iul hb neiolphbhzldmbl" Hd u{mkmjl ~i{pi nlal nldl`b md nx{~l Bl~umdoim y {hblpmnib ehpihjl~ ahu{l~ hb dm d{inm h~wmldm nlbuhawl{bhm"

Dm w{iah{m wm{uh$ mk{h nlb xbm ibemomnib wl{ u{h~ ambi`h~umnilbh~m{u~uinm~ ci~wmbm~: dm wlh~m$ hd oxib nibhamulo{ìnl y hd nlddmoh" Ulelhddl~$ ni{nxb~n{iul~ m dm hsw{h~ib ~x{{hmdi~um" Dl~ wlham~ eh [m`mhd Mdkh{u~x dik{lYl h{m xb ulbul y dl }xh ch pi~ul ah cm chncl el~ ulbul~ #=9;9)$ hdoxib eh dm whdnxdmPimjh m dm dxbm #=9;9!=9>7)$ eh Om{nm Dl{nm$ y dm lk{mwd~uinm eh Emd$Hd nm~maihbul eh Kx~uh{ Fhmulb $ nlawm{uhb bl ~dl dm h~uuinm~x{{hmdi~um }xh nmawhmkm wl{ h~l~ ml~ hb H~wmm$ ~ibl umakib dm ìox{m }xw{lumolbizm h~um~ u{h~ ambi`h~umnilbh~: dm ehd o{mb mnul{ ehd nibh axel Kx~uh{Fhmulb" Jxbul m Ncmwdib$ Fhmulb `xh meai{mel y mndmamel wl{ dl~ ~x{{hmdi~um~h~wmldh~ y ~x {h~iobiìnmnib hb h~ul~ u{h~ w{lexnul~ h~uuinl~ h~ w{xhkm ehhddl" Kx~uh{ Fhmulb hb hd m{uh y dm diuh{mux{m h~wmldh~ #[h~hambuizmnib ~x ìox{m hb lk{m~ eh Mdkh{ui$ Om{nm Dl{nmy Emd)$ `xh hd w{lyhnul ìbmdw{h~hbumel wm{m mw{lkm{ hdnx{~l Nibh y diuh{mux{m hb dm Ohbh{mnib ehd ;?"

îoxh hd u{mkmjl eheinmel m xb wlhum }xh bl ~dl `xh ~l~dmymel wl{ ~xohbh{mnib$ ~ibl ibndx~l wl{ dm piem" A~ mb$ ~x am{oibmnib uxpl }xh ph{ nlbd ai~al: Bxh~u{m hdhom $ eh Md`lb~l Nl~um`{hem: dl~ w{iah{l~ wm~l~ eh dmambl nlb dm axh{uh$ mclbem hb ~x w{iah{ dik{l #w{iah{ W{hail Kl~nb ehWlh~m)$ }xh hb mwm{ihbnim~ ulempm bl emkm nxhbum eh ~x lk~h~ib wl{ dmìbiuxe eh dm piem y ~x plnmnib eh ~xiniem" Dxhol eh nlbuhsuxmdizm{ehkiemahbuh wlhum y lk{m$ ~h wh{~ioxhb m}xhddl~ ~iobl~ }xh al~u{m{b md`xux{l ~xiniem hb aheil eh xb dik{l nm~i ~ihaw{h ndm~iìnmel nlal piumdi~um" Dm

ibph~uiomnib ~i{pi nlal {h}xi~iul ìbmd eh xb nx{~l ~lk{h wlh~m h~wmldm"@ibmdahbuh$ Pi~ium m dm jlphb wlh~m h~wmldm" Xbm ai{mem m nxmu{l

plnh~ {hnihbuh~" H~uh u{mkmjl uihbh xb lkjhuipl ~iawdh: amum{ dm nx{il~ieme~lk{h dl }xh ~h h~n{ikh y wxkdinm hb uham wlh~m hb dm~ duiam~ ohbh{mnilbh~eh dm diuh{mux{m h~wmldm" Nxmu{l wlhum~ y ~x~ lk{m~ ~lb h~nxe{imel~ nlb ljla~ nh{nmbl m dm ~mbm ambm wl{ cx{om{ hb dl }xh bl ~h nlblnh #l bl ~h uihbhnh{uhzm eh hddl)$ }xh nlb plnmnib n{uinm" Ph{ y eh~nxk{i{ ~lb dl~ ph{kl~ }xhahjl{ eh~n{ikhb dm mnuipieme }xh mn ~h haw{hbeh nlb dm~ plnh~ eh Am{mbohdh~ W{hz Dwhz$ Jxmb Mbulbil Olbzdhz Iodh~im~$ Ambxhd Pidm~ y Fi{ahbX{ikh"


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Dxhol ehd nmwuxdlKi~mo{m$ ym hswdinmel$ nlbuibmb dl~ u{mkmjl~ }xhnlb`l{amb dm ~hoxbem wm{uh ehd dik{l$ }xh ~lb nxmu{l" W{iah{l$ xbm pi~ib ehbxh~u{m ambh{m eh hbuhbeh{ hd axbel y hbuhbeh{bl~ m bl~lu{l~ ai~al~ hbDiuh{mux{m h iehbuieme: el~ nlbnhwul~ nlawdhahbum{il~ hb hd whb~maihbul eh M{ux{l ~dm{ Wihu{i$ hb~myl w{h~hbumel wm{m nh{{m{ hd nx{~l ehd elnul{mel

uiuxdmel Whb~maihbul Dmuiblmah{inmbl" Hb hd mawdil wmbl{mam eh dm~ iehm~nlbnhkiem~ hb bxh~u{l uh{{iul{il$ }xi~ial~ ibemom{ hb hd iehm{il eh xbl ehbxh~u{l~ a~ o{mbeh~ {hw{h~hbumbuh~ bmnilbmdh~ ehd ~iodl SS" îb exemmdoxbm$ hd Amh~u{l ~dm{ nlb~uiuxyh xbm wm{mem lkdiomem md alahbul eh{hnl{{h{ dm {xum eh }xihbh~ ~h whb~m{lb m ~ ai~al~ y {h`dhsilbm{lb ~lk{h h~uhnlawdhjl axbel" Xbm {hpi~ib hb ul{bl m nlbnhwul~ ci~u{inl~$ mbu{lwldoinl~ ydiuh{m{il~ }xh emb nxhbum eh bxh~u{l alel eh whb~m{ y ~hbui{" Hb xbm ph{~ib$kmjl hd ai~al uuxdl$ h~uh nmwuxdl cm ~iel wxkdinmel wl{ hdMbxm{il ehd Ib~uiuxul eh Ibph~uiomnilbh~ Diuh{m{im~ $ eh dm XNP$ hb hd ml ;770"=

Nm~m~ Axh{um~ : ni{nxbbmphombel i~dluh~ eh dm ahal{im l eh dm dhnux{mnlal mnuipieme ibiniuinm$ hd ~ioxihbuh nmwuxdl$ h~ xbhjh{ninil hb~my~uinlh~n{iul m w{lw~iul ehd Clahbmjh }xh dm H~nxhdm eh Dhu{m~ eh dm XNMKl{ombizm{m md mxul{ eh h~um blphdm ib~iobh eh bxh~u{m diuh{mux{m$ Aioxhd Lîdpm$ m w{lw~iul eh nxawdi{~h hd w{iah{ nhbuhbm{il eh ~x bmniaihbul" ^h u{mumeh xb uhsul }xh wm{uh eh dm hswh{ihbnim wh{~lbmd nlb hd uham eh dm dhnux{mnlbnhkiem nlal mnuipieme }xh mk{h dm~ wxh{um~ m pm{il~ axbel~: hd eh dmiamoibh{m blphdh~nm ehd mxul{$ ndm{l h~u$ wh{l umakib hd eh dm dhnux{m ai~amnlal wl~ikidieme nih{um eh xbm bxhpm `l{am eh nlaw{hbeh{ hd axbel$ hb dl~ml~ eh dm meldh~nhbnim y dm~ hsiohbnim~ mnmeainm~ eh dm Hexnmnib Aheimphbhzldmbm" ^xh{uh hb~myl!n{binm wh{~lbmd$ ~h pm al~u{mbel xb pimjh hb hd}xh hd c{lh bl h~ ~dl hd wh{~lbmjh }xh w{lumolbizm dm~ mnnilbh~$ ~iblumakib hd jlphb dhnul{ }xh ehkm hb`{hbum{ xbm mnuipieme nldhoimd$u{meinilbmdahbuh m~xaiem nlal uheil~m" H~uh uhsul umakib cm ~iel lkjhul ehwxkdinmnib$ h~um phz kmjl dm `l{am eh dm heinib hdhnu{binm";

Hd uh{nh{ nmwuxdl$ Dl~ w{hail~ ibuh{bmnilbmdh~ eh wlh~m: mdoxbl~ nm~l~m nlb~ieh{m{ hb dm wlh~m phbhzldmbm eh dl~ blphbum$ nlb~uiuxyh xbl eh h~l~nldhumzl~ eh ibph~uiomnilbh~ amyl{h~" ~uh ~h eh~w{hbeh eh ai~ ibemomnilbh~hb dm wh}xhm omdmsim eh dm wlh~m phbhzldmbm ehd ìb ehd ~iodl SS$ nxylnldl`b eh{ip hb aiDm~ plnh~ eh dm Cie{m" Dm wlh~m phbhzldmbm eh dl~ ml~ 97 $ wxkdinmem md mdiab wl{ Heinilbh~ Axnxodi`l y dm XNMK$ hb hd ml ;77;"

H~h dik{l$ w{hni~mahbuh$ `xh hb ~x alahbul ai u{mkmjl eh m~nhb~l mbuh{il{"Am~ h~um bxhpm ibnx{~ib hb dm wmdmk{m wluinm ìbi~hnxdm{ w{huhbem cblum{ nal$ hbu{h h~m~ plnh~ w{nuinmahbuh eh~nlblniem~$ cmkm nibnl wlhum~eiobl~ eh {hpi~ib wxh~ `xh{lb ei~uiboxiel~ nlb ~hbel~ w{hail~ibuh{bmnilbmdh~" ^h u{mum eh xbm ai{mem m dm w{lexnnib omdm{elbmem eh Mdh[lah{l$ M{ux{l Oxui{{hz Wdmzm$ Dxi~ Al{hbl Piddmaheimbm$ Hb{i}xh Khdalbuh y

= Am{nlu{ioimbl D"$ Aioxhd" #;770)" Diuh{mux{m h iehbuieme: el~ nlbnhwul~ nlawdhahbum{il~ hb hd

whb~maihbul eh M{ux{l ~dm{ Wihu{i" Nm{mnm~" Mbxm{il IID #II Humwm)" Bl =5" P I !II" w"w" 88!05; Am{nlu{ioimbl D"$ Aioxhd #;773) Nm~m~ Axh{um~ : ni{nxbbmphombel i~dluh~ eh ahal{im l eh dm dhnux{mnlal mnuipieme ibiniuinm" Elnxahbul hb dbhm #cuuw:,, "`xbemal~"nla,aam{nlu{ioimbl"cua )
http://www.fundamos.com/mmarcotrigiano.htmhttp://www.fundamos.com/mmarcotrigiano.htmhttp://www.fundamos.com/mmarcotrigiano.htmhttp://www.fundamos.com/mmarcotrigiano.htm


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Md`{hel Ch{{h{m ^mdm~" H~uh u{mkmjl umakib `xh lkjhul eh wxkdinmnib$ wl{ d[hpi~um wl{uxoxh~mBxh~u{m Ma{inm $ hb einihak{h eh ;77?">

Hd whbduial u{mkmjl eh h~um ~hoxbemwm{uh ~h uiuxdm Dm dlnx{m$ dmhsndx~ib y dm axh{uh: dm~ axjh{h~ y hd aihel hbWm~ wl{uuid $ eh Me{imbl

Olbzdhz Dhb$ }xh `xh w{h~hbumel nlal ibph~uiomnib ìbmd md Nx{~l ~lk{hDiuh{mux{m Phbhzldmbm$ eh dm Nuhe{m Jl~ Mbulbil [mal~ ^xn{h$hb dmXbiph{~ieme eh ^mdmambnm" Hb ~uh ~h cmnh xbm {hpi~ib m dl~ wh{~lbmjh~`hahbibl~ ehd axbel blphdh~nl eh h~um lk{m eh Olbzdhz Dhb" Mdd ~hehaxh~u{m nlal umdh~ hbuiemeh~ ~lb w{h~hbumem~ nlal wh{~lbmjh~nlbehbmel~ m mnnilbh~ am{oibmdh~$ a~ kihb eh nm{nuh{ nlawdhahbum{il$ehbu{l eh dm mnnib nhbu{md blphdh~nm" [h`dhjl ehd wmwhd eh dm axjh{ hb dm~lniheme phbhzldmbm eh lu{l{m$ dm~ axjh{h~ hb h~um blphdm ~h pmbnlb~u{xyhbel md{hehel{ eh dm~ ìox{m~ am~nxdibm~$ nlb hpiehbuh wh{~lbmdieme$wh{l eh ambh{m i{{haheimkdh nlbìbmem~ m xbm hsndx~ib ~lnimd ~hmdmem`xbemahbumdahbuh wl{ dm w{eiem eh dm {mzb$ dm am{oibmnib ~lnimd l dm axh{u

M h~um heinib eioiumd ch mmeiel xb duial nmwuxdl uiuxdmel Mnh{nm eh dmwlh~m$ hd wlham y hd dhum{ol w{h~iehbnimd$ u{mkmjl }xh ~i{pi eh hwdlol m dmbhnh~m{im heinib ehExh{ah x~uhe$ ~hl{ W{h~iehbuh< #hb dm nldhnnibEhKld~iddl$ ehd O{xwl Heiul{imd [mbela Clx~h Albemel{i$ ;7=7)$ hdhakdhauinl wlham eh Nmxwldinb Lpmddh~" Mdd w{huhbel eh~hbu{mm{ dl~ai~uh{il~ }xh ~h ohbh{mb nxmbel hb xb ai~al n{i~ld ~h ahzndmb dm {hmdieme ydm ìnnib d{inm }xh$ eh~eh hbulbnh~$ w{lexni{b xbm a~ }xh ~hb~ikdh wniam"Hb h~m lwl{uxbieme hd uhsul ibph~uiomuipl }xhe iaw{h~l nlb xbm iawh{elbmkdhh{{mum }xh$ mncmnmem m dl~ exhbeh~ }xh cmnhb u{mph~x{m~ hb dl~ umddh{}xhe nlb xb w{{m`l ei`nid eh hbuhbeh{" Mcl{m w{huhbehal~ hbahbem{ dm`h{inm mnnib"

[hxbi{ h~ul~ u{mkmjl~$ cijl~ eh xb alahbul h~whnimd y eh xbm ai~amwm~ib bmux{md$ mxbmel~ umakib wl{ ~x l{iohb hb xbm dhboxm }xh h~ dm ai~amy ~h eiph{~iìnm hb el~ l{iddm~$ {hw{h~hbum xbm dmkl{ bhnh~m{im wm{m dxnnlbu{m dm ei~wh{~ib y hd ldpiel" Dl~ omdhlbh~ pmb y {ho{h~mb" Wm~mb eh xbm mlu{m l{iddm nlb ~x nm{omahbul eh dhu{m~ ehdm~ kxhbm~ dhu{m~ eh xbm ahjl{dhboxm: dm h~wmldm"

Aioxhd Am{nlu{ioimbl D"Nm{mnm~$ am{zl eh ;7=;

> Am{nlu{ioimbl$ Aioxhd #;77?) Dl~ w{hail~ ibuh{bmnilbmdh~ eh wlh~m: mdoxbl~ nm~l~ m nlb~ieh{m{ mnh{nm eh dm wlh~m phbhzldmbm eh dl~ blphbum" Wl{ul" [hpi~um Bxh~u{m Ma{inm" Bl 5" w"w" =;8!=>8"


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EH DIUH[MUX[M H^WMLDM


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KXÛH[ FHMULB HB HD M[UH Y DM DIUH[MUX[M H^WMLDH^#[H^HAMBUIZMNIB EH ^X @IOX[M HB LK[M^ EH MDKH[UI$ OM[NMDL[NM Y EMD)

Wm{m Dxi~ Om{nm Jmak{ibm

Bl h~$ hb ulel nm~l$ hd ndl b }xh bl~ cm{{h{ m ambekxdm kmuihbuh" Bi xb alahbulehjmal~ eh ~lb{h{$ bl mbuh d ~ibl mbuhbl~lu{l~ ai~al~"""

Dxi~ Kxxhd

]xiz~ bl ~hm l~mel mì{am{ }xh ~i mdob wh{lel eh dm ci~ul{im eh dmh~uuinm l`{hni xbm a~ bmux{md y ndm{m nlibniehbnim hb dm~ eiph{~m~ {hmm{u~uinm~$ ~uh wh{lel h~ wl{ axncl! hd eh dm~ pmboxm{eim~" Ulel h~halpiaihbul }xh pihbh oh~ubel~h eh~eh dl~ ibinil~ eh dm aleh{bieme$ nlk{m{h~whnimd iawxd~l ex{mbuh hd ìb ehd ~iodl SIS y nlaihbzl~ ehd ~iodl SS#whb~hal~ umb ~dl hb dm `mal~m Hswl~inib eh Wm{~ y hb hd mxoh mnhdh{meleh dl~ wl~u!iaw{h~ilbi~um~) y m{{ikm{ bmux{mdahbuh m dm~ wdmym~ eh d

pmboxm{eim~ hb dm~ w{iah{m~ enmem~ ehd ~iodl wm~mel"* * *

Hd nibh h~ xbm ambi`h~umnib m{u~uinm l{ioibmem wl{ hd clak{h aleh{bl"H~ ehni{$ }xh m ei`h{hbnim eh lu{m~ m{uh~ nlal dm wibux{m y dm diuh{mux{m$hjhawdl$ bl pihbh ~ioxihbel dm {xum eh dm mbuioheme$ wxh~ bl cm phbiel eh~ehhd `lbel eh dl~ uihawl~$ hb dm nmph{bm w{hci~u{inm l hd ax{md {xwh~u{h$ nlal xb{iul eh pihjm~ amoim~ #Piddhom~ Dwhz$ ;778:==)" Umawlnl ~h oh~u hbu{meinilbh~ l{mdh~$ hb hd klnm m klnm$ hb dm~ nlb~hjm~ mawm{mem~ wl{ hnlbumel{ idxaibmel uhbxhahbuh wl{ dm `lomum$ nlal h~ hd nm~l eh dm diuh{mux{mhb ~x~ `l{am~ l{ioibmdh~ ehd aiul y dm dhyhbem" Hd nibh bl: hd m{uhnibhamulo{ìnl h~ w{nuinmahbuh hd binl }xh h~ cijl eh dm aleh{bieme$ wxh~~x{oh hb dm `h{im eh dm aleh{bieme y ~h h{ioh w{lbumahbuh hb hd w{iah{ nlb}xi~umel{ eh dm nxdux{ m eh am~m~" Dl~ ei~uibul~ hswh{iahbul~ ddhpmel~ mnmkl wl{ dl~ `luo{m`l~ ehd ~iodl SIS$ nxdaibm{b `hdizahbuh hb hd ibphbul eh dl~ch{ambl~ Dxai{h hb =395"""

* * *

H~m `x~ib eh dm~ m{uh~$ eh dm }xh cmkdkmal~ md w{ibniwil$ l h~mnlibniehbnim a~ kihb! l nlawdhahbumnib eh dm~ eiph{~m~ ambi`h~umnilbh~m{u~uinm~ }xh phbm m cmddm{ dhncl hb dm~ pmboxm{eim~$ uihbh h~whnimd mnlo


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dm ddmamem Ohbh{mnib ehd ;? #l ehd ;8$ l eh dm mai~ume l hb dm jlphbdiuh{mux{m$ hbu{h dl~ umbul~ blak{h~ nlb }xh ~h dh cm ehìbiel)" Y h~ }xh dm{mwiehz hb dm ~xnh~ib eh iaohbh~$ dm iaw{h~ib eh `xbeinib eh wdmbl~$ dminlbinieme ~iaxdubhm }xh w{lwlbm h`hnuipmahbuh hd nibh$ h~umkm hbnlbnl{embnim mk~ldxum nlb hd m{ui~um eh dm pmboxm{eim$ }xihb h{m {h~xdumel lk

ehd clak{h x{kmbl$ ahnmbizmel$ aleh{bl$ eh dm wlnm" Y$ wl{ umbul$ dl~h~uhum~ eh dm Ohbh{mnib ehd ;? nlibnieih{lb hb wlnm y h~w{iux nlb hd nibh$nl~m }xh wlehal~ mblum{ hb el~ ph{uihbuh~: wl{ xb dmel$ hd nibh eh ib`dxhbnimm{u~uinm #wh{aum~hbl~ hd amd x~l ehd nmdiìnmuipl)$ eh `xh{uh uhbehbnimemem~um$ wh{l wm{uinxdm{ahbuh ~x{{hmdi~um #Hbu{hmnul [hb Ndmi{$ =9;5!6Hamf!Kmfim Amb [my$ =9;0!6 Dm h~u{hddm eh am{ Amb [my$ =9;3!6 y$wl~uh{il{ahbuh$ Xb wh{{l mbemdxz Kxxhd$ =9;9!y Dm Heme eh L{l Kxxhd$ =9>7!$ wl{ blak{m{ mdoxbl~ ìdah~)6 y$ wl{ hd lu{l dmel$ hd o{mb nibhnainl bl{uhmah{inmbl #`xbemel hb dl~ wh{~lbmjh~ inbinl~ eh Ncmwdib$ Fhmulby Ddlye""")

Nlb hd w{iah{l eh dl~ uiwl~ eh nibh ahbnilbmel~$ hd clak{h ehpmboxm{eim ~mui~`mnm ~x~ bhnh~iemeh~ ahum`{inm~6 nlb hd ~hoxbel$ ~hiehbuiìnmkm nlb h~um ~xh{uh eh mbui!c{lh y wh{aium dm nmum{~i~$ umakibbhnh~m{im"

* * *

ûh`mb Z hio$ hb ~x mxulkilo{m`m uiuxdmem Hd axbel eh myh{ #=95=)$mì{amkm }xh dl~ ml~ }xh pmb eh~eh =9;5 cm~um =9>> {hw{h~hbum{lb dm duiamlwl{uxbieme wm{m hd axbel" H~uh whb~maihbul h~ wm{uh ehd h~w{iux n{hmel wl{ dm nlbnihbnim ibuhdhnuxmd eh dm wl~oxh{{m ehd =5 #l ehd $ ahjl{ ddmamel$ wh{lelibuh{kdinl)" Y h~ ~um dm wlnm hb dm }xh hbam{nmal~ bxh~u{m~eipmomnilbh~6ndm{l h~u$ wlnm eh wm{uinxdm{h~ {h~lbmbnim~ hb hd nlbuhsulh~wmld"

* * *

Nlal ~h ~mkh$ cxkl xbm humwm hb }xh hd nibh bl cmkdmkm: hd nibh ~idhbuhl nibh axel" Bl lk~umbuh$ dm nmwmnieme nlaxbinmuipm eh ~x~ nibhm~um~ y

mnul{h~$ ~lk{hwm~mkm y km~umbuh! axncl eh dl }xh ~h cizl eh~wx~ nlb dmddhomem ehd nibh ~lbl{l"

Hb h~uh obh{l ehd nibh axel$ ~lk{h~mdh blumkdhahbuh hd ddmamel~dmw~uinf l nibh nainl axel: `xbemahbumel h~whnimdahbuh hb ~iuxmnilbh~ ehhb{hel$ oldwh~$ nmem~ y$ ~lk{h ulel$ hb xb h~w{iux eh iblnhbnim y nmbel{$nlal axy wlnl wle{mal~ ph{ eh~wx~ hb dm~ ~xnh~ipm~ humwm~nibhamulo{ìnm~" Wh{uhbhnhb m h~uh uiwl eh nibh ìox{m~ eh eiahb~ilbh~auinm~ umdh~ nlal dl~ ym blak{mel~ Cm{lde Ddlye$ Ncm{dh~ Ncmwdib$ Cm{{yDmboelb y$ dm ìox{m lkjhul eh h~um ibemomnib$ K~uh{ Fhmulb"

* * *


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K~uh{ Fhmulb nlb~uiuxy$ nlal ~h cm ~hmdmel$ xbm eh dm~ o{mbeh~ìox{m~ ehd nibh nainl axel" H~$ }xiz~$ jxbul m Ncmwdib$ xbl eh dl~ ahjl{h~eh ulel~ dl~ uihawl~"

M ei`h{hbnim eh Ncm{dlu$ bl al~u{mkm hb ~x~ whdnxdm~ hd axbel eh dm~km{{imem~ wlk{h~ eh dm ib`mbnim elbeh n{hnih{m hd mnul{!ei{hnul{ eh l{iohb ibod~A~ kihb$ Fhmulb h{m hd nibhm~um uwinmahbuh bl{uhmah{inmbl y ~x~ w{iah{l~u{mkmjl~ nainl~ w{lphbmb eh dl~ bah{l~ }xh ex{mbuh ~x bihz ibuh{w{hum{m jxbul m ~x~ wme{h~ #dl~ el~ Fhmulb)$ mn{kmum~ y mnul{h~ eh pm{ihemeh~"

M~ }xh$ eh~eh xb nlaihbzl$ dm nm{{h{m nibhamulo{ìnm eh Jl~hwc@{mbni~ Fhmulb #=398!=900) }xihb ym cmkm h~umel hb dl~ h~nhbm{il~ eh~eh dl~u{h~ ah~h~ eh heme! ~h ph am{nmem wl{ xb h~uidl w{lwil$ kihb ei`h{hbnimel eh dmw{nuinm ncmwdibh~nm" Ibndx~iph$ ~lb axncl~ dl~ h~whnumel{h~$ n{uinl~ hci~ul{imel{h~ ehd nibh$ }xihbh~ mì{amb ehd ibohbil y dm ~xwh{il{ieme ehd nainlh~umelxbiehb~h" Bl lk~umbuh$ ahjl{ ~h{m ~hmdm{$ jxbul md h~uxeil~l eh dm piemy lk{m eh Fhmulb$ ^mdpmel{ îbz$ dl ibbhnh~m{il eh dm mk~x{em ambm ehnlawm{m{ el~ wh{~lbmdiemeh~ umb ei~uibum~ hbu{h ~$ ym }xh mwhbm~ uhbmbbmem hb nlab ~mdpl ~x ohbimdieme" #=995:w{dlol)

Umd phz hd hawhl eh mdoxbl~ wl{ w{h`h{i{ m Fhmulb ~lk{h Ncmwdibw{lphbom ehd chncl eh }xh hd w{iah{l eh hddl~ h{m nlb~ieh{mel eh dl~ ahjl{h~n{hmel{h~ eh omo~ #~hnxhbnim~ nainm~) y$ umakib$ wl{}xh h~ ~mkiel }xhmdoxbl~ eh h~ul~ `{moahbul~ `xh{lb nheiel~ m Ncmwdib #hd nm~l$ wl{ hjhawdl$ehd alahbul hb }xh $ hb Dm }xiah{m ehd l{l #=9;8)$ Ncm{dlu nlnibm y nlahxbm klum)$ wl{}xh bl hbu{mkmb hb dm~ u{mam~ eh dm~ whdnxdm~ eh ~x n{hmel{"

Kx~uh{ Fhmulb `xh nlblniel nlb hd aluh eh nm{m eh wmdl$ wxh~~x h~uidl~h `xbemkm$ w{hni~mahbuh$ hb dm ~h{iheme l iawm~ikidieme eh ~x {l~u{l `{hbuh mdm~ a~ eiph{~m~ ~iuxmnilbh~ eh nm{nuh{ haluipl: bl {h$ bl ddl{m$ bl axh~u{m hda~ abial mui~kl eh eldl{""" hd clak{h }xh bxbnm {h }xhem nlal ~hddll{ioibmd ehxb ahal{mkdh nmwuxdl ehd nibh nainl" #Klbhu Aljinm$ ;77>:??) Y$mb a~$ wxheh mì{am{~h }xh bl ~dl ~h u{mumkm eh xb h~uidl$ ~ibl bl~mu{hphal~ m m~hph{m{! eh xbm nlbpinnib" H~ul$ wl{ dl ahbl~$ wxheheh~w{hbeh{~h eh h~um~ wmdmk{m~ ehd ai~al Fhmulb: dm lkdiomnib eh xb mnul{

nainl h~ cmnh{ {h{ y nlbu{m a~ ~h{il dl cmom$ a~ ~h{ hd h`hnul }xhw{lpl}xh ~lk{h hd wkdinl" #Niumel wl{ Klbhu Aljinm$ ;77>:??)

M umd wxbul iawmnu #y ulempm dl cmnh) h~um nm{mnuh{~uinm mnuxmniFhmulb }xh mxul{h~ nlal Dxi~ Kxxhd ddhom{lb m ph{ hb ~x {l~u{l xbm hsw{h~ib}xh dl ioxmdmkm m dl~ lkjhul~ #xbm ~xh{uh eh nl~iìnmnib)$ nl~m }xh eh mdobalel {h`dhjmkm xbm cxambieme ~iboxdm{$ {mymbm hb dm m~hw~im" #Kxxhd;777:=38) Am~ ~lk{h h~uh m~whnul bl~ {h`h{i{hal~ woibm~ eh~wx~"

@mdum{m ~hmdm{$ wm{m nlbndxi{ h~uh k{hph wh{l lkdiomel mwm{umel ~dm ìox{m eh Fhmulb$ hb }x nlb~i~ui dm heme el{mem eh h~uh wh{~lbmjh""" Wxh~

~um h~ jx~umahbuh dm }xh nlibniei nlb dm piem nxdux{md eh Dl{nm$ Emd y Mdkh{


14/108


=5

Eincm wlnm mkm{nm dm w{lexnnib wh{~lbmd eh Fhmulb6 h~ ehni{$ hdalahbul hb }xh wxheh nlakibm{ ~x~ w{lwim~ {hmdizmnilbh~ nlal ei{hnul{$ nlb~x wm{uinxdm{ ibuh{w{humnib mnul{md" Bl~ {h`h{ial~ m xb alahbul eh ~x ci~ul{imw{l`h~ilbmd hb }xh hd ai~al clak{h h~ n{hmel{ y aheil eh hsw{h~ib eh ~x~iehm~" Ulel hddl nlibnieh nlb ~x {hul{bl md nibh dxhol eh dm wmx~m `l{zmem }xh

~h eih{m md ~h{ ddmamel m `l{am{ ìdm~ hb hd `{hbuh eh dm W{iah{m Oxh{{m AxbeM ~x {ho{h~l$ hd w{lexnul{ eh dm Wm{malxbu ehnieh ~x~uiuxi{ m @muuy M{kxn#nlb }xihb Fhmulb u{mkmj hb pm{il~ ìdah~) y Kx~uh{ m~xah dm ei{hnnib m{u~uineh h~m nlawmm y$ meha~$ ei~wlbh eh xb h~uxeil m ~x blak{h"

Hbu{h dm bxah{l~m ìdalo{m`m eh h~um wlnm ~dl ahbnilbm{hal~ dm~~ioxihbuh~ #wl{ {mzlbh~ }xh ~h `xbemahbumb$ w{iah{l$ hb dm `mam y dmwlwxdm{ieme eh dm~ whdnxdm~ y$ ~hoxbel$ hb hd ox~ul wh{~lbmd):

! Dm km{nm #Uch Klmu) =9;=! Dm nmk{m #Uch Olmu) =9;=! Dm nm~m hbnmbumem #Uch Clxbuhe Clx~h) =9;=! Dm dhy eh dm cl~wiumdieme #Lx{ Cl~wiumdiuy) =9;>! Hd bmphombuh #Uch Bmpiomul{) =9;5! Hd aleh{bl ^ch{dlnf Cldah~ #^ch{dlnf J{") =9;5! Hd {hy eh dl~ nl kly~ #Ol _h~u) =9;8! Hd am}xibi~um eh dm Ohbh{md #Uch Ohbh{md) =9;0! Hd nldhoimd #Nlddhoh) =9;?! Hd nmah{mamb #Uch Nmah{mamb) =9;3! Hd c{lh ehd {l #ûhmaklmu Kidd J{") =9;3! Wlk{h Uhbl{il #Wm{dl{$ Khe{lla mbe Kmuc) =9>=

Umakib cmy }xh eh~umnm{ ~x wm{uiniwmnib hb Nmbeidhjm~ #Diahdiocu)$=98;$ hb dm }xh ~x~ k{hph~ wh{l `l{aiemkdh~ mwm{inilbh~ wm{hnhb cmkh{~hehkiel m xb Ncmwdib uhah{l~l ehph{~h lwmnmel6 y hb Hd axbel h~u dlnl$dlnl$ dlnl #Iu~ m ame$ ame$ ame l{de)$ eh =90>"

* * *

Cmnh xbl~ wlnl~ ml~$ hd bm{{mel{ nldlakimbl @h{bmbel Pmddhjl$ hb ~x

pi~ium m Nm{mnm~ nlb aluipl eh {hniki{ hd W{hail [axdl Omddhol~ wl{ ~x blphdmuiuxdmemHd eh~km{{mbnmeh{l $ y dxhol eh xb nibh!`l{l m w{lw~iul eh dmw{lyhnnib eh dm whdnxdmDm pi{ohb eh dl~ ~inm{il~ $ km~mem hb dm bm{{mnibclabiam eh Pmddhjl$ mì{amkm nmuho{inmahbuh }xh hd nibh h{m xb m{uh ahbl{y }xh jma~ wle{m mdnmbzm{ dm w{l`xbeieme y o{mbehzm eh dm diuh{mux{m" Ww{lplnm{ m dl~ nibhm~um~ }xh ~h cmddmkmb m dm ah~m eh ei~nx~ib dh~ dmbzmkm~ioxihbuh {hul: Eombah x~uheh~ nlb }x iamohb {hw{h~hbum{mb dm wmdmk{mhuh{bieme$ y mmem nxmd}xih{ iamohb ~h }xhem{m nl{um"

Y cmnh wlnl dhmal~ hb xb m{unxdl eh Jl~ Mbulbil Am{ibm #ym wh{eielhb dl~ dmkh{ibul~ eh dm ahal{im) }xh bl h~ ph{eme }xh xbm iamohb pmom a~

}xh aid wmdmk{m~$ wxh~ ~hob ~x m{oxahbumnib hd lnmbl eh dl~ ieilam~ h{mpm~u~ial y {inl hb wl~ikidiemeh~ nlb {hdmnib md axbel eh dm~ iaohbh~"


15/108


=8

Hb ìb$ hjhawdl~ nlal dl~ mbuh{il{h~ wlehal~ hbnlbu{m{dl~ eh xb dmel ylu{l ehd {l: m{oxahbul~ m `mpl{ eh dm diuh{mux{m l hb mwlyl m dm iamohb #~hm~um hb alpiaihbul l h~uuinm)" Dl ibei~nxuikdh h~ dm ib`dxhbnim }xh$ hb ~x~{h~whnuipm~ ci~ul{im~ y hb dm nlab$ cmb uhbiel xbm~ m{uh~ hb lu{m~" M~$ hd nib

}xh eh~eh ~x~ ibinil~ cm uhbiel xbm ph{uihbuh }xh ibuhbum nlwim{ hb `lbel y`l{am m dm diuh{mux{m$ ioxmd cm ~iel amuh{im y h~w{iux hb axncl~ n{hmel{h~ hbu{h ~ul~$ hb dl~ h~n{iul{h~ #umd hd nm~l eh dl~ m{ui~um~ }xh lnxwmb h~umeipmomnilbh~)"

A~ }xh xbm hsmnum {h`h{hbnim n{lbldoinm$ nxmbel hd ph{~l eh Mdkh{ui{hzm Yl bmn!{h~whumeah-!nlb hd nibh$ `dlum hb hd makihbuh xbm idxaibmnib:dl~ h~n{iul{h~ eh dm pmboxm{eim h~umkmb ib`dxhbnimel~ wl{ hd nibh y pipmb hb xnlbuhsul hb hd }xh h~uh m{uh cijl eh dm aleh{bieme! h{m xbm w{h~hbnimibei~nxuikdh hb dm wlnm"

Dxi~ Om{nm Albuh{l$ hb Hd nibh y dm ai{mem aleh{bm #niumel wl{ Jiabhz Aiddb$ ;77>:;00)$ h~umkdhnh dm mìbieme hbu{h hd m{uh nibhamulo{ìnl ydm jxphbuxe n{hmel{m ehd alahbul: Dm pmboxm{eim ~x{oh nlal hd w{lnh~lhsu{hal eh dm aleh{bieme$ y mdd h~umkm hd nibh$ ahu`l{m uid eh ~x l{oxddl y ~xu{moheim #""") H~ hd obh{l ahjl{ ehìbiel iehldoinmahbuh wm{m {hw{h~hbum{ dmaleh{bieme"""

Y h~ }xh dm bmux{mdhzm ai~am eh dl nibhamulo{ìnl hbnmjmkm nlb hdh~w{iux eh h~l~ ml~$ cijl eh dm~ x{kh~$ dm ibex~u{im #dm w{lexnnib hb am~m)$ ahnmbizmel y dm umb ahbumem eh~cxambizmnib eh dm piem ehd clak{h" Wl{ hddl$dm l~nx{ieme eh dm ~mdm eh nibh ~h{ w{lwinim wm{m dm oh~umnib eh dm~ iaohbhb hd h~whnumel{!wlhum"

Bl hbu{m{hal~ mn m h~umkdhnh{ dm~ {hdmnilbh~ y bmux{mdhzm eh dm iamoh`dainm y dm ahbumd #wl{}xh bl h~ ~uh hd h~wmnil w{lwinil wm{m hddl)$ y ~dl bl~nlb`l{am{hal~ nlb ~hmdm{$ jxbul m Oxiddh{al eh Ul{{h$ }xh makl~ uiwl~ ehiaohbh~ ~h nlawdhahbumb y }xh hd mxul{ eh dm~ pmboxm{eim~ ~h ~hbum m ulblnlb hd nibh""" Hd Nibham {hnl{um$ hb~makdm y m{albizm dl~ eiph{~l~ wm~mjh~ ehdm {hmdieme nlb xbm w{hni~ib meai{mkdh$ ehjmbel {hexniem dm piem m ~x h~nxhuh~hbnimdieme eibainm$ ~xw{iaihbel ibuh{pmdl~ pmnl~ y hbdmzmbel dl~ hwi~leil~nlb k{lnch~ }xh mjx~umb dm uhb~ib hswhnumbuh" #niumel wl{ [lzm~$=930:=83)

Y$ nlal ~um$ lu{m~ axncm~ nium~ wle{mb ibeinm{~h hb {h`h{hbnim m dm{hdmnib nibh!lu{m~ m{uh~ }xh$ ibndx~iph$ ddho m nlb~uiuxi{~h hb uwinl eh n{uinm h~uuinm ehd alahbul: Kxxhd$ Hw~uhib$ eh Ul{{h$ y xbl~ nxmbul~ a~"""

* * *

Dl~ ibuho{mbuh~ eh dm Ohbh{mnib ehd ;?$ cijl~ eidhnul~ eh dm~pmboxm{eim~ y$ a~ mb$ eh dm aleh{bieme$ pipih{lb wdhbmahbuh h~um ~iakil~i~

nibh!m{uh" ^mkhal~$ o{mnim~ m eiph{~l~ uh~uialbil~ #Al{hbl Piddm$ Dl{nm$Kxxhd$ Mdkh{ui$ hun") }xh mdd ~h eih{lb xbm~ iawl{umbu~iam~ ~h~ilbh~ y phdme


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=0

nibìdm~$ dm~ nxmdh~ cmb ~iel eh~n{ium~ ìhd y mawdimahbuh wl{ [lab Oxkh{b#=999)"

Hb h~uh h~wmnil wlehal~ hbuhbeh{ nal dl~ h~n{iul{h~ h~wmldh~ ehpmboxm{eim wm{uiniwm{lb nlal h~whnumel{h~ hsiohbuh~ y am{mpiddmel~ ehd nibh

pmboxm{ei~um #hx{lwhl$ `xbemahbumdahbuh) y ehd nibh bl{uhmah{inmbl #a~ ehnm{nuh{ wlwxdm{)" Jxbul md ìda iumdimbl$ mdhab$ `{mbn~$ eh ulbl hswh{iahbumdeh mpmbzmem #dm pmboxm{eim ~h cmkm hsu{mwldmel eh dm wd~uinm y dm diuh{dm w{lexnnib nibhamulo{ìnm$ ei{ Oxkh{b$ =999)$ wxeih{lb dl~ {h~iehbuh~m~i~ui{ m dl ahjl{ ehd nibh nainl axel h~umelxbiehb~h" Hb ulel nm~l$ hb a~eh xbm lwl{uxbieme mì{am{lb dl~ h~whnimdi~um~ eh dm wlnm #Kxxhd$ wl{ hjhawdl) }xh hb h~uh nibh nainl axel h~umkm wdm~amem dm a~ wx{m h~hbnimehd clak{h nlbuhawl{bhl m hddl~" Hb nih{um `l{am wlem mì{am{~h }xh dm~whdnxdm~ emem~um~ y ~x{{hmdi~um~$ wl{ xb dmel$ y dm~ ehd nibh nainl axel$ whd lu{l$ h{mb dm~ nm{m~ eh xbm ai~am albhem: dm eh dm }xh mnxm{lb dl~ m{ui~umehd ;?$ kmjl hd {lwmjh eh dm diuh{mux{m$ hd oxib nibhamulo{ìnl l dm wd~uinm"""

Oxkh{b l`{hnh xbm ibuh{h~mbuh y {hphdmel{m nium eh N" K" Al{{i~$ hb hd~hbuiel eh dm {hdmnib nibh!diuh{mux{m: }xihbh~ phmb l ìbomb ph{ wlh~m hb hdnibh uhbmb ~x nlbu{mwm{uiem hb }xihbh~ kx~nmkmb dm cxhddm eh dm~ whdnxdmdm wlh~m #niumel wl{ Oxkh{b$ =99:=7?)" Am~ h~uh ieidil #nlal umakib dlnmdiìn)$ bl ~h diaiu nlal ph{hal~! md nibh y dm diuh{mux{m$ ~ibl }xh dmibuh{uhsuxmdieme mdnmbz umakib m dm wd~uinm$ wxh~ul }xh dm ~iakil~i~ eh dm cmkd{mal~ ~h eil hbu{h hd nibh y dm ibuhdhnuxmdieme {h`xoimem hb dm [h~iehbnimeh H~uxeimbuh~ #hb hd nm~l }xh bl~ lnxwm)"

Eincm ib`dxhbnim `xh ndm~iìnmem wl{ [lab Oxkh{b hb nxmu{l {xk{l~`xbemahbumdh~:

m) Dm ib`dxhbnim uhauinm: wxh~ dl~ wlhum~ ~h bxu{ih{lb eh xb bxhpliamoibm{il #lkjhul~$ makihbuh~ y ~iuxmnilbh~)$ }xh u{m~dmem{lb m dmh~n{iux{m"

k) Dm ib`dxhbnim hb hd x~l eh dl~ wh{~lbmjh~ ehd ddmamel ~um{ !~y~uhanibhamulo{ìnl: }xihbh~ w{h~um{lb bl ~dl ~x ìox{m ~ibl$ hb mdoxbl~nm~l~$ ~x~ w{lwim~ plnh~$ {h~hambuizmem~ hb dl~ uhsul~"

n) Dm ib`dxhbnim `l{amd: ph{iìnmkdh hb hd x~l eh h~u{xnux{m~$ {iual~$ìox{m~ {hu{inm~ l h`hnul~ eh albumjh ib~wi{mel~ wl{ hd dhboxmjh

nibhamulo{ìnl #Oxkh{b$ =999:=7?) e) Dm ib`dxhbnim lbuldoinm: wxh~mdoxbl~ mxul{h~ #^mdibm~$ Mdkh{ui)u{mum{lb eh ibjh{um{ hb ~x~ h~n{iul~ dl~ w{hnhwul~ uh{inl~ ehd nibh#w{hnhwul~ m{u~uinl~ l ~lnimdh~)"

H~um~ ib`dxhbnim~$ ~lk{h ulel dm~ u{h~ w{iah{m~ #nhbu{mem~ hb dm ìox{mKx~uh{ Fhmulb nlal hjhawdl eh h~uh `hbahbl)$ wxhehb ph{iìnm{~h hb mdoxbm~hsw{h~ilbh~ wd~uinm~ y$ ulempm a~$ hb dm hdmkl{mnib eh oxilbh~ m{u~uinl~"Axh~u{m eh ulel hddl dl ph{hal~ hb dl~ ~ioxihbuh~ mwm{umel~$ eheinmel~ m xbmpi~ib mbmduinm eh nxmu{l uhsul~ #uhsul hb ~x mnhwnib ~haildoinm)wh{uhbhnihbuh~ el~ eh h~ul~ m [m`mhd Mdkh{ui$ y dl~ el~ {h~umbuh~ m @heh{in

Om{nm Dl{nm y ^mdpmel{ Emd""" ulel~ hddl~ nlb ~hbem~ wm~mbum~ hb [h~iehbnim eh H~uxeimbuh~"


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* * *

Nxmbel Mdkh{ui wxkdinm dl~ w{iah{l~ wlham~ ehYl h{m xb ulbul y dl }xh

ch pi~ul ah cm chncl el~ ulbul~ $ cmnim =9;9$ hbDm Omnhum Diuh{m{im $ lnx{{hb#nxhbum Om{nm Jmak{ibm$ ~,`) lu{l~ chncl~ eh ioxmd u{m~nhbehbnim wm{m dmm{uh~: ~h {hmdizm y h~u{hbmXb wh{{l mbemdxz y Om{nm Dl{nm h~n{ikh ~x oxib ehPimjh m dm dxbm " H~ ehni{$ nl{{hb dl~ ml~ hb }xh dm ~iakil~i~ nibh!diuh{mux{mmdnmbzm xbl eh ~x~ wxbul~ nxdaibmbuh~"

Eh umb wm{uinxdm{ dik{l eh dlo{l~ hpiehbuh~ hb dm w{lexnnib wluinm ehMdkh{ui y eh dm diuh{mux{m h~wmldm hb ohbh{md! bl~ nhbu{m{hal~ hb dm {hpi~iel~ uhsul~: Kx~uh{ Fhmulb kx~nm wl{ hd kl~}xh m ~x blpim$ }xh h~ xbmph{emeh{m pmnm y Bluinim{il eh xb nldhoimd ahdmbndinl$ makl~ nhbu{mel~ hbdm ìox{m ehd nainl bl{uhmah{inmbl"

Mbuhnhehbuh~ m h~ul~ uhsul~ dl~ hbnlbu{mal~$ ehbu{l eh dm ai~amOhbh{mnib ehd ;?$ hb @heh{inl Om{nm Dl{nm #Hd wm~hl eh K~uh{ Fhmulb$=9;8) y ^mdpmel{ Emd #Hd nm~maihbul eh Kx~uh{ Fhmulb$ =9;8)" Umd `xh hdiawmnul }xh nmx~ hb h~um Ohbh{mnib dm ìox{m ehd nlaheimbuh }xh$ nlalphal~$ bl ~dl ~h {h`dhj hb dm wlh~m ~ibl umakib hb hd oxib diuh{m{il y hb dmwd~uinm"

Dm {hdmnib hbu{h hd nibh axel y dm wlh~m h~ a~ }xh hpiehbuh ~iulamal~ nlal km~mahbul h~uuinl eh makl~ dm iamohb" Wm{hnh{m$ hbulbnh~$}xh ~h u{mum eh xbm ~ibulbm bmux{md y$ dm plz$ h~h nlbnhwul mb km~umbmk~u{mnul wm{m ~mkh{ m nihbnim nih{um hb }x nlb~i~uh ~um nxmbel eh wlh~m ~u{mum$ dm plz ehnmal~! wle{m ~h{ hd hdhahbul blphel~l l nlawdhahbul eh dmiamohb hb hd ddmamel nibh axel"

U{uh~h eh xbm hdhom md nibh ~ib ~lbiel l$ ~hbniddmahbuh$ eh xbib~u{xahbul l h~uaxdl wm{m dm wlh~m #umd y nlal mì{amb Om{nm Jmak{ibm yKxxhd)$ dl~ wlham~ ehYl h{m xb ulbul""" {h~wlbeh bl ~dl m dl }xh cmkm hbhd makihbuh$ ~ibl m xb wm{uinxdm{ w{lnh~l h~uuinl!h~wi{iuxmd eh [m`mhd Mdkh{ui"Umd w{lnh~l `xh hd ai~al }xh ohbh{$ mwm{uh ehd dik{l }xh bl~ lnxwm$ ~x~u{mkmjl~lk{h dl~ bohdh~ #=9;9)$ h~n{iul hbu{h hd ;? y hd ;3$^h{albh~ y

al{mem~ #=9>5)$ h~n{iul hbu{h hd ;9 y hd >7$ yNmd y nmbul #=9;9)$ hd nxmd ~hoh~u hbu{h hd ;0 y hd ;?"

Hd w{iah{ wlham$ Kx~uh{ Fhmulb kx~nm wl{ hd kl~}xh"""$ cm ~ielibuh{w{humel mawdimahbuh wl{ dm n{uinm #Al{{i~$ ;77;6 Oxkh{b$ =9996 Om{nJmak{ibm$ ~,`)" Umb h~ m~ }xh h~ w{nuinmahbuh ibhpiumkdh$ md cmnh{ ~x dhnuxnmh{ hb mdoxbm~ {hwhuinilbh~"

Hb w{iah{ dxom{$ h~ eh eh~umnm{ }xh hd uhsul eh Mdkh{ui bl nlb~i~uh hbxbm ph{~ib wluinm eh dm whdnxdm hb dm }xh ~h ib~wi{m #Ol _h~u $ =9;8)$ ~iblumb ~dl h~l: xb wlham ib~wi{mel hb$ l eh `xh{uh~ {h`h{hbnim~ m$ h~m whdnxdm"

M~$ hd wlhum nlbpih{uh md mnul{ axel hb xbm plz }xh dh wh{aiuh hsw{h~m{~h$ mdm wm{ }xh dm~ iaohbh~ ehd uhsul {haiuhb m alahbul~ ehd ìda" Eh h~um `l{am$


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=3

hd n{uinl }xh mkl{eh hd h~uxeil eh h~uh uhsul #y ehd {h~ul eh dl~ }xh nlb`l{ambhd dik{l)$ ~dl wle{ ~h{pi{~h eh dm~ ei`h{hbuh~ whdnxdm~ nlal ah{m {h`h{hbnim"

Hd wlham hb nxh~uib #xbl eh dl~ u{h~ }xh dhyh{m Mdkh{ui hb dm `mal~m~hsum ~h~ib ehd Nibh Ndxk$ m ambh{m eh ibuh{aheil l hbu{hmnul)$ nlaihbzm nlb

xb Fhmulb nlbumbel dm~ cxhddm~ eh dm pmnm$ h~nhbm }xh bl mwm{hnh hbOl _h~u y }xh nlaihbzm m em{ wi~um~ md dhnul{ eh }xh ~um umb ~dl h~ xb wxbul ehwm{uiem wm{m hd uhsul"

Dm whdnxdm h~ xbm eh dm~ a~ nlblniem~ eh Fhmulb y h~$ }xiz~$ dm }xhl`{hnh xbm mbuldlom eh dl~omo~ a~ o{mnil~l~ }xh wlemal~ {hnl{em{: dmh~nhbm ehd u{hb y dl~ km{{idh~ #xbm ph{emeh{m axh~u{m eh dm~ nxmdiemehni{nhb~h~ ehd mnul{)6 hd l{ehl eh dm pmnm6 dm wi~uldm abiam y dm `xbemibmehnxmemahbuh o{mbeh wm{m ~um6 dm hdmnib hbu{h Kx~uh{ y dm pmnm Lam{{lbh~ }xihbh~ ~ihbuhb xbm hsu{ml{eibm{im hawmum6 dm h~nmdh{m eh nxh{emwm{m ~xki{ md nmkmddl6 dm~ {h~h~ wl{ dm~ nmddh~ y uihbem~ eh Ncinmol6 hd ei~eimkdl wm{m nxmd bxhpl `dmxui~um eh Cmahdib! oxim{ md ombmel cmnim dl~ {heidh~6y$ wl{ duial$ dm h~nhbm ìbmd elbeh Fhmulb w{hìh{h nlal {hnlawhb~m m dm pmnmhb dxom{ eh m dm khddm cijm ehd pihjl ombmeh{l"

Bl uhahal~ h}xiplnm{bl~ ~i ~h mì{am }xh h~um h~$ wl~ikdhahbuh$ xbleh dl~ ìdah~ a~ ~x{{hmdi~um~ y$ wl{ umbul$ a~ wluinl~ eh Fhmulb" Y h~ulhswdinm{m$ wl{ ~ ~ldl$ hd wl{}x uxpl h~m o{mb mnloiem hb dl~ n{nxdl~ibuhdhnuxmdh~ ehd alahbul h ib~wi{ dl~ wlham~ y dm~ lk{m~ }xh chal~ phbielnlahbumbel" Bl lk~umbuh$ wm{hnh }xh dm w{lyhnnib ehd ìda bl nl{{i nlb dmai~am ~xh{uh hbu{h hd o{mb wkdinl y dm n{uinm nibhamulo{ìnm eh dm wlnm"

Pldpihbel md wlham$ lk~h{pmal~ nal Fhmulb mì{am$ w{iah{l$ y dxhol~h w{hoxbum ~lk{h dm wl~ikidieme eh }xh ~x~ zmwmul~ #dl~ wih~ hb dm uih{{m}xhwmb ehbu{l eh dm~ cxhddm~" Y$ md ib~umbuh$ ~h wdmbuhm ~lk{h dm w{lnhehbndm~ ai~am~: ~h{b umdh~ wi~mem~ dm~ eh xb uikx{b$ xb hdh`mbuh {hnib bmniexb wmul$ xbm wxdom l xbm nlel{biz< Eh h~uh alel ~h ei~xhdphb dm {h`h{hbnimnibhamulo{ìnm y hd lkjhul ehd uhsul #dm pmnm)" Xb m~xbul eh iehbuieme"

Ibuh{nmdmem~ nlb dl~ o{iul~ eh K" Fhmulb w{hoxbumbel wl{ Ohl{oibm #hdblak{h bl nlbnxh{em nlb hd eh dm ncinm eh dm whdnxdm$ wh{l ~ dm {h`h{hbnim mdl~ kioluh~ ehd wme{h)$ mwm{hnhb xbm~ lblamulwhym~ hbu{h wm{buh~i~$

{hw{h~hbumuipm~ eh plnh~ eh ei`h{hbuh~ mbiamdh~$ }xh {hnxh{emb dl~ nm{uhdh~ eheidlol }xh ~xhdhb mwm{hnh{ hb hd nibh axel"

Dm~ eiph{~m~ {h`h{hbnim~ md {hibl mbiamd wm{hnhb hplnm{ nlb~umbuhahbuhdm nlbeinib ibohbxm eh h~ul~ hb aheil ehd nlbuhsul cxambl" Jx~ul y umdnlal mwm{hnh hd wh{~lbmjh eh Fhmulb hb hd wlham y hb dm whdnxdm" M~ bl~ulwmal~ hb hd uhsul$ meha~ eh nlb dl~ ym ahbnilbmel~$ nlb dm dhncxzm$ dm{mum$ dl~ o{iddl~$ dm pmnm"""

H~ m~lak{l~l lk~h{pm{ nal h~m ibohbxieme #m `mdum eh lu{l u{aibl)$h~h ~iawdh h~um{ mc ehìbh md wh{~lbmjh eh Fhmulb hb hd wlham y hb hd ìda$

nlal xb ~h{ hb h~umel eh wx{hzm$ mjhbl m dl~ ibuh{h~h~ y m dm~ ni{nxb~umbnim~ehd clak{h"


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=9

Bl h~ eh hsu{mm{$ wxh~$ }xh m [m`mhd Mdkh{ui cmym ib~wi{mel h~umwhdnxdm wm{m {hn{hm{ y {hnlbuhsuxmdizm{ m xb wh{~lbmjh }xh hbnm{bm dm h~eh dm wx{hzm cxambm iehmd }xh$ hb aheil eh dm n{i~i~ }xh dh~ uln pipi{$ml{m{mb dl~ clak{h~ eh dm~ pmboxm{eim~"

Eh umd `l{am }xh }x a~ em }xh ~h u{muh eh xbm exdnh bim l eh xbmph{emeh{m pmnm l$ a~ kihb$ eh xbm bim y xbm pmnm$ m dm phz" Hd lkjhul eheh~hl ehd Fhmulb ehd wlham$ a~ mdd ehd wh{~lbmjh nibhamulo{ìnl$ ~hnlb`xbeh y ~h `xbeh wm~ipmahbuh nlb hd wmi~mjh wluinl eh makm~ ci~ul{im~: dmeh dm ìnnib ehd wlham$ dm eh dm {hmdieme ìnnilbmd ehd ìda"

* * *

Nlddhoh #Hd nldhoimd )$ =9;?$ h~ dm whdnxdm }xh ~i{ph eh wdmum`l{am{h`h{hbnimd wm{m hd wlham Bluinim{il u{i~uh eh xb nldhoimd ahdmbndinl$ ehMdkh{ui" H~uh uhsul uihbh ~x~ mbuhnhehbuh~ hb hd dik{l^lk{h dl~ bohdh~ #=9;9)$hb elbeh hd wlhum hplnm nlb nih{um u{i~uhzm ~x~ em~ eh nldhoil6 km~um dhh{$ wl{hjhawdl$ Dl~ bohdh~ nldhoimdh~$ ph{emeh{m axh~u{m eh ahdmbnldm wl{ dmheme h~nldm{: dm~ h~u{hddm~ h{{mbuh~ ~lb bil~ }xh iobl{mb dm m{iuauinm"#Mdkh{ui$ ;77;:=5=)

Bxhpmahbuh h~umal~ mbuh xbm whdnxdm }xh$ hsndx~ipmahbuh$ h~ ~dlaluipl eh ib~wi{mnib wm{m dm h~n{iux{m wluinm$ ibndx~l a~ }xh hb hd wlhammbuh{il{" Wxh~ hb h~uh ìda ~h axh~u{m m xb mdxabl mphbumjmel #[lbmde$ibuh{w{humel wl{ Fhmulb)$ }xihb wl~hh cmkidiemeh~ wm{m dl~ h~uxeil~$ wh{l blwm{m dm~ mnuipiemeh~ ehwl{uipm~"

Wh~h m }xh hd m{oxahbul bl ~h {h`dhjm wm{m bmem hb hd uhsul eh Mdkh{ui#dm~ wh{iwhnim~ eh [lbmde wl{ h~um{ md biphd ehd mbuic{lh y nlb}xi~um{ m dm nc}xh eh~hm)$ dl~ em~ eh ndm~h h~nldm{ ~lb {h`h{iel~ ndm{mahbuh" Y h~ul h~ dl}xh hb `l{am meai{mkdh dlo{m al~u{m{ hd wlhum eh Neiz" H~ul y bmem a~"

Hd uhsul ~h ibinim nlb xbm dhnnib: dm ehndibmnib eh dm wmdmk{m bihph"H~um ehal~u{mnib eh lkjhuipieme #xbm ndm~h""" y eh dmub-)$ ~h nlbjxom nlb hduuxdl ehd uhsul d{inl hb hd }xh hd u{aibl bluinim{il nmdzm wh{`hnumahbuh nlb dmw{huhbeiem pi~ib eh~mwm~ilbmem ehd m~xbul"

îb hakm{ol$ dm nlbu{meinnib bl ~dl ~h hbnxhbu{m hb hd uuxdl {h`h{iel#bluinim{il!ahdmbndinl)$ ~ibl }xh ~h mwleh{m eh ulel hd wlham" Dm ai~amwmdmk{m bihph h~u nm{omem eh nih{um pmom u{i~uhzm l$ wl{ dl ahbl~$ ehehuh{aibmem nm{om wdx{i~habuinm" Md uh{aibm{ dm ehndibmnib pihbhb dl~ ph{~}xh {hamumb dm uhb~ib }xh {hnl{{h hd wlham:

Dm dxbm u{m~ dm bihph Y h~ul~ w{lblak{h~ hsu{mpimel~ wl{ hd {ly h~um nlbjxomnib u{i~u~iam wh{eiemhbu{h dl~ {kldh~

W{iah{l dm iamohb eh dm dxbm$ hawm{hbumem ~x kdmbnx{m nlb hd wmi~mj

bhpmel" Dxhol$ xbl~ w{lblak{h~ wh{~lbmdh~ }xh ~h wh{~lbiìnmb hb ~xhsu{mpl wl{ xb {l }xh ~h ddhpm dl~ {hnxh{el~" Wl{ duial$ xbm nlbjxomnib


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}xh$ meha~ eh~h{ axy u{i~uh$ umakib ~h wih{eh u{m~ xbl~ {kldh~" Mnxeh mdm ahbuh$ dm ~hawiuh{bm iamohb ehd bil }xh ehjm pmom{ ~x ai{mem a~ mdd ehdl~ n{i~umdh~ eh dm phbumbm eh xb ~mdb eh ndm~h~"

Hd wlhum #l$ ahjl{ eincl$ hd cmkdmbuh d{inl) ~h eh~elkdm y hbam~nm{m u{m~

hd blak{h }xh ì{am hd wlham: Kx~uh{ Fhmulb" Xbm phz a~ dm a~nm{m ~i{phwm{m }xh hd wh{~lbmjh ~hdhnnilbmel eiom dl }xh ei{m dm plz ehd wlhum"

Hb dm whdnxdm$ dm al{mdhjm bl wxheh ~h{ a~ hpiehbuh: hd ìbmd {hw{h~hbuhd u{ixb`l eh dm clbh~uieme nlbu{m dm ~lniheme mo{h~ipm" #îbz$ =995:38) Hb hdwlham h~m clbh~uieme ~h u{mb~axum hb dl }xh Fhmulb l`{hnh nlal nlb~umbuheh ~x~ wh{~lbmjh~: dm wx{hzm eh h~w{iux hb xb axbel hb hd }xh ~h h~ulkdiomel m pipi{"

* * *

Nlblniem h~ dm mìnib eh Dl{nm md nibh$ am~ umd hbux~im~al bl ~h diaiu mdm h~n{iux{m wluinm #nlal hd nm~l ehd uhsul ck{iel$ }xh cm ~iel nmumdlomelnlal wlham hb w{l~m$ Dm axh{uh eh dm ame{h eh Ncm{dlu$ =9;3)$ ~ibl }xh ~x~k{mzl~ mdnmbzm{lb dm h~n{iux{m ehd oxib nibhamulo{ìnl: Hd wm~hl eh Kx~uh{ Fhmulb #=9;8) y Pimjh m dm dxbm #=9;9!>7)$ wl{ hjhawdl"

Hb hd oxib eh Om{nm Dl{nm }xh mcl{m bl~ ibuh{h~m$ mwm{hnh xb Fhmulbehbu{l eh xb axbel mk~ldxumahbuh ~x{{hmd$ ddhbl eh ~akldl~$ nlalw{lumolbizmbel xb ~xhl" Wm{uiniwmb$ meha~ ehd w{lwil Kx~uh{$ nxmu{l cijl~ eh~uh$ xb omddl$ xb kcl$ xbm plz y xbm jlphb mah{inmbm" H~ul~ wh{~lbmjh!~akldl~ ~h axhphb hb xb nlbuhsul hsu{ml$ bmem w{hni~l$ y ~h idxaibmb hbu{h~ md hbu{hnclnm{~h l hbnlbu{m{~h xbl~ nlb lu{l~" H~ ehni{$ nlal hb dl~~xhl~$ dl~ wh{~lbmjh~ ~dl uihbhb ~hbuiel #y ~hbuiel~ ei`h{hbuh~) nxmbelhbu{mb hb nlbumnul nlb lu{l~" H~ xb wlnl dm uhl{m eh dm wlh~m wx{m ehAmddm{a nxmbel ~h {hìh{h m dm~ wmdmk{m~" Wl{ dl umbul$ umdh~ ~hbuiel~ hàh{l~ y wih{ehb ~x blnib hb dm aheiem hb }xh ehjmb eh mwm{hnh{ l ~hmdhjmb eh dl~ lu{l~"

Hbu{h dm~ ibuh{w{humnilbh~ }xh dm n{uinm ~h cm mphbux{mel m h~umkdh#Oxkh{b$ =999$ ;77>6 Om{nm!Mkme$ ;77>6 Al{{i~$ ;77>)$ }xiz~ ~hm dm eh N"K{imb Al{{i~ dm a~ mnh{umem$ wl{ nmxuhdl~m y eh~w{hjxinimem" H~uh n{uinl

{hìh{h m xb Fhmulb hbam~nm{mel y a~nm{m m ~x phz$ iakxiel hb xb axbel}xh dh cmnh ~hbui{~h hsu{mbjh{l wh{ambhbuh$ y bl diaium ~x ibuh{w{humnib mhswdinmnilbh~ eh nm{nuh{ ~hsxmd$ umd y nlal dl cmnh nlb umbul w{hjxinil [labOxkh{b" H~ a~$ Al{{i~ ~h {hìh{h m xb Fhmulb h~nmwmel eh dm wmbumddm y }xhnmaibm wl{ dm piem" Umb ~dl ei{mal~ }xh ~i kihb h~ nih{ul }xh Fhmulb ~mdh ehdm wmbumddm dl cmnh ~dl wm{m hbu{m{ hb xbm ~xh{uh eh ~xhl y bxbnm wm{m hhb dm {hmdieme"

Dm ibnlch{hbnim eh dm~ mnnilbh~ m~ dl ehaxh~u{mb #m~h~ibm m ~x~ cijl~nlb xb `md~l nxnciddl$ wm~hm hb kinindhum$ ~h ulwm nlb dm ncinm mah{inmbm y b~mkh nal mnuxm{ bi {h~wlbeh{ y$ ìbmdahbuh$ kh~m m dm jlphb }xh ~h cm

eh~amymel)" H~ul {h~wlbeh a~ kihb m xbm h~whnih eh iehbuiìnmnib ehd mxul{{hmd #Dl{nm) nlb xb wh{~lbmjh }xh$ mcl{m$ ~h hbnxhbu{m a~ eh~mawm{mel y


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hsu{mmel }xh bxbnm$ wxh~ul }xh ym bl ~h u{mum ~dl ehd axbel mo{h~l{ eh dm~whdnxdm~ ~ibl ehd axbel ib`l{ah ehd ~xhl"

Dm~ ibuh{w{humnilbh~ hb hd l{ehb eh dm clal~hsxmdieme ehd wlhum blehjmb eh ~h{ xbm dhnux{m a~" Wh{l a~ mdd eh dm nlbeinib ~hsxmd eh Dl{nm y

~x ~xwxh~um w{lyhnnib hb Kx~uh{ Fhmulb$ w{h`h{ial~ ~hmdm{ dm nlawdhjiemeehd mdam eh xb ~h{ cxambl #wlhum$ wm{m a~ ~hm~) }xh ph hb hd wh{~lbmjh hdai~al h~umel eh hsu{mhzm hb xb axbel }xh dh h~ nmem phz a~ pm~ul ymjhbl"

* * *

Jx~umahbuh$ h~uh oxib diuh{m{il #}xh ehblaibmal~ m~ wl{ hd nlbuhbielahum`{inl eh dm~ mnlumnilbh~$ iawl~ikdh~ eh {hw{h~hbum{) wm{hnh cmkh{ ~iel dm{h~wxh~um eh Om{nm Dl{nm mdnlddmoh eh Emd$ Hd nm~maihbul eh Kx~uh{ Fhmulb#=9;8)" Nxhbum Oxkh{b #=999:550!55?)$ mawm{mel hb Imb Oik~lb$ }xh h~umlk{m }xh Emd cinih{m y hbpim{m m Dl{nm w{lkmkdhahbuh cmym uhbiel dm ibuhbnieh wxbzm{ md o{mbmeibl wm{m }xh nlbu{m~um{m dm {hmdieme nlb dm ìnnib: Fh~ihaw{h {hw{h~hbumkm wh{~lbmjh~ uaiel~$ ~ldium{il~$ hbmal{meizl~$ wh{l bxbnmnl{{h~wlbeiel~6 y hdnlddmoh mdxeh md amu{ialbil ehd clak{h {hmd nlb dm mnu{izBmumdih Umdameoh" M~$ mì{am Oxkh{b#=999:55?): ^h wxheh h~whnxdm{ mnh{nmeh ~i h~uhnlddmoh chuh{l~hsxmd `xh xb ibuhbnilbmel ahb~mjh hb ndmph xbmmeph{uhbnim nl{eimd ehd wibul{ md wlhum hb xb alahbul hb }xh ~x buiam mai~umew{lexnm zlbm~ eh h}xplnl~ ~hbuiahbumdh~"

Eh bxhpl hd w{hjxinil #}xh$ ibexemkdhahbuh$ uihbh ~x mu{mnuipl)" Am~ blehkhal~ ldpiem{ }xh Emd #jxbul nlb Kxxhd y Dl{nm) meai{mkm m Fhmulb y dlw{h`h{m wl{ hbniam eh xb Ncmwdib a~ ~hb~ikdh{l y$ wl{ umbul$ hswxh~ul mbuh dm~lniheme" Kx~uh{$ wl{ ~x wm{uh$ nlb ~x mwm{hbuh `mdum eh haluipieme$ ~h mjx~uma~ md wh{~lbmjh hb dl~ ox~ul~ eh h~ul~ ibuhdhnuxmdh~ pmboxm{ei~um~"

Hdnlddmoh h~u nlawxh~ul eh dl ~ioxihbuh: el~ `lulo{m`m~ eh Fhmulb#xbm nl{{h~wlbeihbuh m ~x iamohb hb hd ìda Hd Bmphombuh$ =9;56 y lu{m hbxbm wl~h uwinm nlb u{mjh$ nl{kmum y ~lak{h{l hsu{m!wdmbl ~lk{h ~x~ wih{bm~)~hi~ {hnl{uh~ mdx~ipl~ md ~ld$ dm dxbm$ dm mdibhmnib eh wdmbhum~$ hd ~i~uhay dm {hdmnib ehd ~ld nlb dm~ h~umnilbh~ ehd ml6 y$ ìbmdahbuh$ {hnl{uh~ mi~dm}xh ~xwlbhal~ eh dm n{binm wh{ile~uinm ehd hbmal{maihbul y dm mnhwumnib

eh Fhmulb wl{ wm{uh eh Umdameoh"Dl~ hdhahbul~ {h`h{iel~ m dm dxbm y hd ~ld #~lk{h ulel mwm{hnh hd ~ld) ~lb

axy w{lkmkdh~ mdx~ilbh~ m dl `hahbibl y dl am~nxdibl6 wh{l umakib ibeinmb hdwm~l ehd uihawl$ hd l{ehb n~ainl$ hd ibhpiumkdh h~umel eh dm~ nl~m~" Ehkmjlehd {hnl{uh }xh {hw{h~hbum dm mdibhmnib eh dm Uih{{m$ Phbx~ y Ah{nx{il nlb h^ld$ wxheh ph{~h xb uhsul ambx~n{iul bl ehd ulel dhoikdh #meil~ #~in) @heh{inl m}x u{h~ wmdmk{m~ idhoikdh~!ux Emd ^mdpmel{""")" Dm mdibhmnib wdmbhum{imwm{hnh ~dl ~h{pi{ hb ~x nm{nuh{ inbinl$ }xh ~hahjm xb dmbzmaihbul l xbmu{myhnul{im h~wmnimd""" xb pimjh eh wm{uiem$ hb ehìbiuipm"

H~u a~ }xh eincl }xh xbm lk{m eh m{uh #wibux{m$ wlham$ a~inm) h~ dl}xh h~ hb ~x w{lwim ai~aieme" M~ }xh nxmd}xih{ ibuh{w{humnib }xh cmomal~$


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~h{ diaium{ dm hbuieme eh dm lk{m m xb ah{l nm{nuh{ wl~umd: hd h{{l{ eh }xhn{hh{ }xh dm lk{m ~dl pmdh ~i h~ wl{umel{m eh xb ahb~mjh" K~uhbl~$ hbulbnh~$nlb`l{am{bl~ nlb mnhwum{ h~uh nlddmoh eh Emd nlal xbm axh~u{m a~ ehdibuh{~ eh dm ibuhdhnuxmdieme eh dm wlnm wl{ dm ìox{m eh Kx~uh{ Fhmulb"

* * *Dm dxz uhakdl{l~m }xh ~h w{lyhnum hb dm~ l~nx{m~ ~mdm~ eh nibh$ idxaibm

{l~u{l~ m phnh~ cih{uinl~$ m phnh~ ~lb{ihbuh~" Hb dm enmem eh dl~ ml~ phibuh$axncl~ eh h~l~ {l~u{l~ wh{uhbhnih{lb m dl~ h~n{iul{h~ h ibuhdhnuxmdh~h~wmldh~" H~m dxz {h`dhjmkm hb dm~ wxwidm~ eh h~ul~ m{ui~um~ bxhpm~ iehhsw{h~ilbh~ }xh$ hb h~l~ ai~al~ ml~$ nlahbzm{lb m ~h{ wxkdinmem~"

@{hbuh m dm lk{m eh Mdkh{ui$ Dl{nm y Emd$ ~lb{h umakib hd h~whnumeWl{}xh Fhmulb dlo{ ~mdi{ eh dm wmbumddm y ~mdum{$ ehìbiuipmahbuh$ m dm wokdmbnl"""

@XHBUH^ ELNXAHBUMDH^

! MDKH[UI$ [m`mhd#;77;) ^lk{h dl~ bohdh~,Yl h{m xb ulbul y dl }xh ch pi~ul ah cm

chncl el~ ulbul~ " Ame{ie" Nuhe{m"

! K[IMB AL[[I^$ N"#;77>) Dm wmbumddm nibhamulo{ìnm nlal h~whjl hb Nh{bxem$

Dl{nm y Mdkh{ui"HbDiul{md " Admom" ~,m" Bl ;>8"Dm wlh~mehd nibh

! K[IMB AL[[I^$ N"#;77;) W{dlol m lk{h dl~ bohdh~,Yl h{m xb ulbul y dl }xh ch pi~ul ah cm chncl el~ ulbul~ $ eh [m`mhd Mdkh{ui" Ame{ie"Nuhe{m"

! KXXHD$ Dxi~#;777) H~n{iul~ eh Dxi~ Kxxhd " Ame{ie" Woibm~ eh H~wxam"

! NMBL$ Jl~ Dxi~#=9?>) Dm wlh~m eh dm ohbh{mnib ehd ;? " Ame{ie" Oxmem{{mam"

! EHKINFI$ Mbe{h W"


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;>

#=99?) Ci~ul{im eh dm wlh~m h~wmldm ehd ~iodl SS " Ame{ie"O{hel~"

! @XBEMNIB @HEH[INL OM[NM DL[NM

#=99=) @heh{inl Om{nm Dl{nm hb dm [h~iehbnim eh H~uxeimbuh~ " ~,d"@xbemnib @heh{inl Om{nm Dl{nm"

! OM[NM!MKME OM[NM$ Am Uh{h~m#;77=) Hw~uhib y Dl{nm: Wlh~m y nibh " HbDiul{md " Admom" ~,m" Bl

;>8" Dm wlh~m ehd nibh

! OM[NM JMAK[IBM$ Dxi~#~,`) Dm hdlnxhbnim ehd nibh axel: nibh y wlh~m hb [m`mhd

Mdkh{ui " HbNdm{b " #amuh{imd `lulnlwimel hbu{homel wl{ dmnuhe{m$ ~ib a~ emul~)

! OIA@H[[H[$ Wh{h#;778) Nibh y diuh{mux{m " Km{nhdlbm #H~wmm)" ^his Km{{md"

! OXKH[B$ [lab#=999) W{lyhnul{ eh dxbm" Dm ohbh{mnib ehd ;? y hd nibh "

Km{nhdlbm #H~wmm)" Mbmo{mam"

#;77>) @mbum~am~ ~hsxmdh~ dl{}ximbl~ " HbDiul{md " Admom" ~,m"Bl ;>8" Dm wlh~m ehd nibh

! JIABHZ AIDDB$ Mbulbil#;77>) Hd nibh y dm diuh{mux{m eh pmboxm{eim hb Hx{lwm" HbDiul{md "

Admom" ~,m" Bl ;>8"Dm wlh~m ehd nibh

! [LZM^$ Jxmb Ambxhd#=93?) Dm ohbh{mnib ehd ;? eh~eh ehbu{l " Ame{ie" I~ual"

! ^IBZ$ mdpmel{#=995) Kx~uh{ Fhmulb " Km{nhdlbm #H~wmm)" [lymd Kllf~$ ^"D"

! ^L[IM LDAHEL$ Mbe{~#=933) Pmboxm{ei~al y n{uinm diuh{m{im hb H~wmm " Ame{ie" I~ual"

! PIDDHOM^ DWHZ$ Ambxhd#~,`) O{mbeh~ nd~inl~ ehd nibh " Ame{ie" Heinilbh~ JN"

@xhbuh hdhnu{binm

! _hk L`inimd eh [m`mhd Mdkh{ui" cuuw:,, "{m`mhdmdkh{ui"h~, V=3!7;!;770Q


24/108


;5

BXHÛ[M HDHOM$EH MD@LB^L NLÛM@[HEM: DL^ W[IAH[L^ WM^LÊH DM AMBL NLB DM AXH[UH

Wm{m Pnul{ Om{nm eh dm NlbncmWm{m N~m{ [hmd [mal~

y meha~ eh dm mx~hbnim y meha~

eh wh{eh{ dl~ nmaibl~ eh h~um uih{{m$

}x h~ dm axh{uh<

Md`lb~l Nl~um`{hem

Bxh~u{m hdhom $ =959

Hb dm diuh{mux{m$ dl ai~al }xh hb dm piem$ xbm nl~m wxheh ~h{

dl nlbu{m{il eh dm lu{m y ~h{ umb ph{eme nlal hddm"

Khbjmab W{mel

^xiniem~$ ;77>

Hd 3 eh amyl eh ;770$ ~h nxawdih{lb 37 ml~ ehd bmniaihbul eh Md`lb~lNl~um`{hem$ wlhum h~wmld$ L{ixbel eh U{{hom #D{iem)" ^xiniem$ wm{m a~~hm~" Dhjl~ ehd al{kl }xh wxhem ~x~nium{ h~uh duial emul$ hb ~x wlh~m!}xiz~ a~ }xh hb dm eh nxmd}xih{ lu{l! wxheh lk~h{pm{~h xbm lk~h~ipmmdx~ib m dm axh{uh" ^x lk{m$ }xh wle{m {h~xai{~h hb u{h~ uuxdl~ #Bxh~u{m hdhom $ =9596Nlawmh{m eh cly $ =9006 y xinieil~ y lu{m~ axh{uh~ $ =9?5)$~mdpl xbm heinib uiuxdmem3 wlham~ $ }xh dxhol ~h {h`xbei{ hb ~x ~hoxbeldik{l$ y mdoxbl~ uhsul~ ~xhdul~$ w{h~hbum hd uham eh dm ìbiuxe eh dm piem nmnlal xbm nxh~uib lk~h~ipm }xh cmnh whb~m{ a~ hb xbm ~xh{uh eh plnmnib$}xh hb nxmd}xih{ lu{m nl~m"

Nlal wlehal~ lk~h{pm{ m dl dm{ol eh ~x w{lexnnib$ hb Nl~um`{hem ~hpm wh{ìdmbel h~um uhauinm eh~eh xbm h~whnih eh uaiel h~nm{nhl nlb xbm{hmdieme umboikdh }xh mwm{hnh hb ~x piem eh~eh hd `mddhniaihbul ehd wme{h nlal nlbu{mwm{uiem md nmbul wl{ dm piem #}xh mblum Jmiah @h{{b hb ~x~

h~uxeil~)$ hb ~x w{iah{ uuxdl$ wm~mbel wl{ hd hsi~uhbnimdi~al }xh ~h mwleh{meh ~x ~hoxbel dik{l$ cm~um nlbph{ui{~h hb ph{emeh{m plnmnib y nmbul md mnul eh


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mdzm{ dm ambl nlbu{m ~ ai~al$ }xh wlehal~ blum{ hb ~x lk{m w~uxam$ elbehdm axh{uh w{lplnmem bl ~dl h~ lkjhul nhbu{md ~ibl }xh pihbh mnlawmmem wl{xb nmbul m dl~ wlhum~ ~xiniem~$ dl }xh wm{hnh{m m ~iawdh pi~um xbm amnmklk~h~ib hb hd wlhum"

î kihb md dhh{Bxh~u{m hdhom $ hd ~mdel m{{ljmel w{helaibm hb wl~iuipl#h~ ehni{$ wm{hnh a~ kihb xb dik{l h~wh{mbzmel{$ hb hd }xh hd uham eh dmaxh{uh ~dl ìox{m{m nlal nlbu{mwm{uiem eh dm piem)$ bl wlehal~ ehjm{ eh blum{nal dl~ wlham~ hb dl~ }xh hd hsi~uhbnimdi~al y dm axh{uh pmb nlb}xi~umbel dmuhauinm eh nmem xbl$ wm{hnih{mb ~h{ dl~ a~ hdmkl{mel~ y ~hbuiel~" Hb lu{m~wmdmk{m~$ hb h~uh dik{l ibinimd eh Nl~um`{hem axncl~ eh dl~ wm~mjh~ h~ubelaibmel~ wl{ xbm mnuiuxe piumdi~um$ h~wh{mbzmel{m$ wl~iuipm6 ~ib hakm{oumakib mwm{hnh dl }xh wle{mal~ ehblaibm{ dm iamoibh{m eh dm axh{uh$ nlalhdhahbul nih{ul y mìmbzmel hb dm ~habuinm ehd dik{l" Hbulbnh~$ h~uh duialnmawl eh ~iobiìnmnilbh~$ }xh pm m w{helaibm{ #l ahjl{ eincl$ m {hibm{) hb ~xw{lexnnib wluinm wl~uh{il{$ nlk{m h~whnimd ibuh{~ md alahbul eh cmnh{ dm~ei`h{hbuh~ dhnux{m~ }xh wh{aiuhBxh~u{m hdhom " Wl{ hddl$ hb dm~ w{h~hbuh~dbhm~$ ibuhbum{hal~ mkl{em{ h~uh m~xbul y nlbu{ikxi{ nlb xbm ibuh{w{humniwh{~lbmd eh h~uh nmbul ibinimd eh Md`lb~l Nl~um`{hem"

* * *

Hb w{iah{ dxom{$ ehkhal~ mnhwum{ }xh bxh~u{l wlhum h~ xb ~xiniem y }xhdm uhauinm hb ul{bl m dm axh{uh y m dm ìbiuxe eh dm piem$ bl wxhehnlaw{hbeh{~h ehjmbel eh dmel dm~ pini~iuxeh~ hswh{iahbumem~ hb piem wl{ hdmxul{ {hmd" Hb lu{m~ wmdmk{m~$ ~i kihb h~ nih{ul }xh dl~ wlham~ w{h~hbumb pln}xh w{lbxbnimb dm~ wmdmk{m~ #hd nlb~mkiel cmkdmbuh d{inl) y }xh h~um~ plnh~lb w{lexnul$ m ~x phz$ eh xb mxul{ nlb piem {h`h{iem y ph{iìnmkdh hb dm {hmdiemey bl ~dl hb dm ìnnib diuh{m{im$ umakib ehkhal~ hbuhbeh{$ m~$ }xh dm plz h~uw{l`xbemahbuh ehdiaiumem wl{ dm ehd clak{h y bl ~dl wl{ dm ehd cmkdmbuh"

Dm `{hnxhbnim ehd ~xinieil hb dl~ n{hmel{h~ {h~xdum iaw{h~ilbmbuh" ]xiz~wl{}xh hb ~x~ lk{m~ wlehal~ {m~u{hm{ mdoxbl~ ~iobl~ }xh mbxbnimb umb u{oinlìbmd" Y$ hbu{h dl~ m{ui~um~$ eincm `{hnxhbnim mxahbum nlb~ieh{mkdhahbuh nxmb~h u{mum eh diuh{mul~ y wlhum~" Xbl bl wxheh ~ibl ~hbui{~h ~l{w{hbeiel wl{ dmo{mb `{hnxhbnim ehd ~xinieil y eh dl~ ibuhbul~ eh ~xinieil hb hd akiul eh dmdiuh{mux{m$ y wl{ ~x h~nm~hz hb hd eh dm wibux{m y dm a~inm #K{hblu$ =993:=?5)$

}xiz~ h~whnxdm h~uh mxul{! wl{}xh eh mdoxbm ambh{m dm iamohb wd~uinm y hd~lbiel mwdmnmb dm ahdmbnldm }xh ~h hb~mm nlbu{m dl~ h~n{iul{h~" Bl ~mkhal~}x `{xul w{lcikiel ulnm dm wmdmk{m h~n{ium"""

Wxh~$ nlal wlehal~ ph{iìnm{ hb dl~ h~uxeil~ kilo{ìnl~ }xh ~h cmbchncl ~lk{h Nl~um`{hem$ ~lk{h ulel hb hd eh Jmiah @h{{b #=93=)$ ~uh h{m xbclak{h ahdmbndinl$ md }xh hd hsidil pldxbum{il$ dm bl~umdoim y xb nlal ~hbuielehd `{mnm~l #mnxemal~ mn m dm ym nlblniem mbnelum eh ~x hsndx~ib ehdaxbel eh dm diuh{mux{m$ eh dm ci~ul{im eh dm wlh~m h~wmldm$ nlb hd ~h{ lkpimhb dm~ eiph{~m~ heinilbh~ eh dm mbuldlom eh Nm~uhddhu)$ }xh dl mnlawmm{mex{mbuh ulem ~x piem"


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Dl nih{ul h~ }xh$ h~h hwi~leil Vehd }xh axncl eh~wx~ Oid eh Kiheamcm{ xb ahm nxdwm hb xb m{unxdl hbu{h nlb`h~ilbmd y ~hbuiel#=937:;>?!;>9)Qam{nm{ w{l`xbemahbuh dm mnuiuxe eh Nl~um`{hem `{hbuh m dm uhauinm eh dmaxh{uh$ nl~m }xh wlehal~ ph{iìnm{ nlb hd ~iawdh chncl eh }xhBxh~u{m hdhom h~ mbuh{il{ m dl~ chncl~ y ~x~ lu{l~ el~ dik{l~$Nlawmh{m eh cly y ^xinieil~

y lu{m~ axh{uh~ $ ~h{b eh emum wl~uh{il{""" H~ul$ bl~ mphbux{mal~ m ehni{$}xiz~ cizl }xh hd oh{ahb }xh ~h cmddmkm hb ~x w{iah{ dik{l #ulempm eh ulblh~wh{mbzmel{)$ nmakim{m {meinmdahbuh hb ~x lk{m ~ioxihbuh"

Hb ulel nm~l$ y pldpihbel md m~xbul }xh cly bl~ lnxwm$ hbBxh~u{m hdhom #W{hail Kl~nb eh =959) wlehal~ lk~h{pm{ nal dm axh{uh mom{{m ehdm ambl md jlphb Nl~um`{hem y dh al~u{m{ ~x w{lwil nmbul }xh ym bl dlmkmbelbm{ jma~" î m h~ul ~xamal~ hd ~xinieil eh lu{l~ wlhum~$ nlawmh{l~eh w{lalnib #Omk{ihd @h{{muh{$ hd ;? eh mk{id eh =9?;6 Jx~ul Mdhjl$ hd == ehhbh{l eh =9?96 y Jl~ Mox~ub Olyui~ldl$ hd =9 eh am{zl eh =999)$ wle{mal~hbuhbeh{ }xh dl~ eh{{luh{l~ d{inl~ y piumdh~ eh Nl~um`{hem$ nlbexnmb ~x~wm~l~ wl{ xb nmaibl ~hmdmel wl{ hd ndiam hsi~uhbnimdi~um }xh dl ehdiaiumkm" Ehmdoxbm ambh{m$ bl hb pmbl$ mì{am @h{{b }xh dm wh{m w{iam nl~um`{heimbh~um{m ~hmdmem wl{ hd aihel ib`mbuid m dm hb`h{aheme y m dm axh{uh }xhib~umdm m Md`lb~l wm{m ~ihaw{h hb xbl eh dl~ hjh~ }xh hsw{h~m{ nhbu{mdahbuhdm ìdl~l`m eh dm wlnm hb dm }xh hawhzm{m m h~n{iki{ wlh~m: hd whb~maihbuhsi~uhbnimdi~um$ ehbu{l ehd nxmd ~h eh~dibem nlb w{hni~ib hd aihel m dl~ lu{l~!eh dm mbox~uim hd aihel m xbl ai~al l hd aihel md aihel" #@h{{b$ =93=:;>)

* * *

Mì{amal~$ hbulbnh~$ }xh hbBxh~u{m hdhom dl~ uham~ ch{ambmel~ ehdaihel$ dm mbox~uim$ dm axh{uh y dm bmem #hd pmnl)$ ~lb ib`dxhbnim ei{hnum eh}xh `dlumkm hb hd mi{h eh dm H~wmm eh hbulbnh~: hd Hsi~uhbnimdi~al" Dm~dhnux{m~ eh Nmax~$ ^m{u{h y Amd{mxs$ wl{ hjhawdl$ `xh{lb lkdiomem~ y bmux{mdhb dl~ ml~ eh `l{amnib eh Nl~um`{hem"Hd aiul eh ^~i`l $ nlb hd uham ehd~xinieil6Dm bx~hm y ~x nlbnhwul eh dm bmem6 hd mbm{}xi~al ~hbuiahbumd ehAmd{mxs6 ~lb dl~ uham~ y dm~ lk{m~ }xh nium @h{{b #=93=:;5!;8) wm{mnlaw{lkm{ umdh~ w{h~xwxh~ul~""" Eh h~um `l{am$ Ah{~mxdu #Hd hsu{mbjh{l ) y[l}xhbuib #Dm bx~hm ) nlbexni{mb dl~ cxh~l~ ehd jlphb y ~hb~ikdh h~w{iux ehNl~um`{hem wl{ dm~ ~hbem~ ehd mk~x{el y dl~ w{lkdham~ eh dm hsi~uhbnim$ }xhwlehal~ ph{iìnm{ hb ~x lk{m w{iah{m"

Bxh~u{m hdhom h~ xb hsuhb~l wlham nlawxh~ul wl{ ~hi~ nmbul~$ }xh ~hehal{mb hb xbm~ ~h~hbum woibm~$ mw{lsiamemahbuh" Hd dik{l h~uh~u{xnux{mel nlal ~ioxh: Nmbul IDm axh{uh ei~u{ikxyh ~x~ wm{uiniwmnilbh~ 6Nmbul IICmkdm hd clak{h 6 Nmbul IIICmnim bl~lu{l~ dm piem pihbh 6 Nmbul IPNm~uiddl mk~l{khbuh 6 Nmbul PHd whdio{l hsi~uh" Hd nmbul }xhem{ 6 Nmbul PIDl~ u{iol~ ~lb nih{ul~" Mdhjhal~ dm axh{uh " Nlal wlehal~ blum{ hb dl~ ~xkuuxdl~ai~al~ eh dl~ nmbul~$ el~ nmawl~ ~habuinl~ nlbu{mwxh~ul~ #lnlawdhahbum{il~


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am~ bl wl{ hddl mjhbm m dl cxambl }xh$ m ìb eh nxhbum~$ ei~uiboxh m dm d{inmulem$ ~lnimd l wh{~lbmd"

H~um nlbu{mwl~inib eh ~iobl~ }xh ahbnilbmal~$ h~ dm axh~u{m eh nindleh nlbu{m{il~ }xh ~h ibinim nlbBxh~u{m hdhom y }xh ddhom{ m dm piem eh dm

axh{uh y dm axh{uh eh dm piem }xh lk~h{pm{hal~ hb ~x~ lk{m~ wl~uh{il{h~" Hdw{iah{ nmbul ~h ibinim nlb xb wlham w{uinl #ei~hmel hb nx{~ipm~)$ ~xh{uh ehibu{lexnnib md nlbjxbul eh h~uh mwm{umel" Mdd bl~ cmkdm dm plz eh xbl~`mbum~am~ u{i~uh~ eh lu{l axbel$ mel{mnilbh~ ~mn{dhom~ eh dm~ `l{am~ eh dmblnch$ ìh{m~ el{aiem~ l axh{um~$ {h~hnm~ {mam~ }xh `l{am{b dmzl~ wm{mmw{i~ilbm{ m dm~ oxidm~$ ~iobl~ ibh}xplnl~ eh dm dikh{ ume y dm piem" ^h u{mum ehxb wlham ehb~l$ wdhbl eh iaohbh~ y ~akldl~$ }xh nlbu{m~um nlb dm chncx{mehd {h~ul eh dl~ uhsul~ eh h~uh nmbul$ a~ eh~w{hbeiel~ eh {hu{inm~ yahu`l{m~" Hd dhboxmjh ~h ul{bm{$ wxh~$ hb dl~ wlham~ ~ioxihbuh~$ hb xbl a~eh~wljmel$ a~ ei{hnul$ wh{l }xh w{l`xbeizmb hb dm~ nxh~uilbh~ duiam~ eh dmhsi~uhbnim" M~$ hbulbnh~$ eh~umnmal~ hd wlham }xh ibinim eh h~um `l{am: Cmaxh{ul ai wme{h" Xb uhsul }xh hplnm dm mx~hbnim wmuh{bm hb hd bil }xh `xhNl~um`{hem$ wh{l }xh mcl{m ~h w{hoxbum wl{ dl }xh cmk{ a~ mdd eh dm piem"Dm binm {h~wxh~um h~u hb ambl~ ehd wme{h }xihb$ wm{mejinmahbuh$ ym blwle{ {h~wlbeh{"

Dm w{hlnxwmnib wl{ dm axh{uh wm{hnh lnxwm{ hd hwinhbu{l ehd nmbul$ yehd dik{l ulel y dm piem$ eh h~um ambh{m$ ~dl }xhem{ nlal uhdb eh `lbel$ hbh~uh uuxdl y hb dl~ }xh mkm{nm{b hd {h~ul eh ~x lk{m"

H~uh eh~w{hbeiaihbul eh {hu{inm~ y l{bmahbumnilbh~ ibbhnh~m{im~ hb hddhboxmjh$ m~ nlal dm k~}xhem nlb~umbuh eh xb a~ mdd }xh jx~uiì}xh y e~hbuiel m dm {hmdieme$ }xh cx{oxh hb dm bmem wm{m cmddm{ {h~wxh~um~ duiamdl }xh ddhpm m Nm{dl~ Km{{md #;77=) m ehblaibm{ m Nl~um`{hem nlal a~uinl ehdm axh{uh$ a~uinl eh dm bmem" Am~ dl nih{ul h~ }xh hsi~uh xbm h~whnih ehwh~iai~al ohbh{mdizmel hb ulem ~x lk{m$ }xh w{lplnm h~m k~}xhem nlb~umbuheh h}xidik{il hbu{h dm blnch y hd em$ dm uibihkdm y dm dxz" ]xiz~ wl{ h~ul Jmiah@h{{b cmym m~hph{mel }xh dm wlh~m eh Nl~um`{hem h~ xbm ~ib`lbm hb bho{ly kdmbnl$ hb axh{uh y piem" #=93=:>?)

Hb h~uh dik{l ibinimd dl~ nmbul~ I y P ~lb dl~ }xh ~h nlb`l{am{b eh~eh hddmel eh dm l~nx{ieme$ aihbu{m~ }xh hd {h~ul #II$ III$ IP y PI) dl cm{ eh~eh hd dmel

eh dm dxz" Hb hd w{iah{l$ dhhal~ ph{~l~ md mzm{ }xh ehaxh~u{mb dl ~hmdmel:Ai{m ai nxh{wl {hwl~mbel mdh{um$ Hb hd axbel l~nx{hnh" Ulel h~ blnch$dl~ nmawl~ bl oh{aibmb$ bl `dl{hnhb$ bxh~u{m ~mbo{h$ , wl{ dm `dhncm ~lak{mu{m~wm~mem$ Dm axh{uh$ {kld eh cmak{ihbum~ {mnh~$ Dm axh{uh #""") , o{nmuhe{md eh ìhdh~" H~$ wxh~$ a~ }xh lkpim dm pi~ib wh~iai~um ycxbeiem eh dm~nl~m~""" Hd axbel ~h l{ombizm y ~h hbuihbeh eh~eh dm l~nx{ieme y dm axh{uh$w{ibniwil nih{ul eh dm ci~ul{im `maidim{ ehd wlhum #dm axh{uh ehd wme{h) }xh l`{hxbm bxhpm wuinm eh dm~ nl~m~"

Hd nmbul P #Hd whdio{l hsi~uh" Hd nmbul }xhem{ )$ {hw{h~hbum$ hb dmh~u{xnux{m ehd dik{l$ xbm ~xh{uh eh {ho{h~l ibh~wh{mel hb hd iawxd~l piumd }xh

l`{hnmb dl~ nmbul~ II md IP" H~ hd ai~al l~nidm{ eh nmem wlham$ wh{l ddhpmel mdm amn{l h~u{xnux{m ehd dik{l ulel" Hb h~uh }xibul mwm{umel ehd dik{l$ wlehal~


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dhh{ el~ wlham~ }xh dl nlb`l{amb: Dm nmuhe{md y hd uihawl y lu{l ~ib uuxdl }xhnlaihbzm Cx{mnb eh eldl{ ~lk{h hd axbel" Makl~ uhsul~ {hw{h~hbumb dmnmem mbuh~ eh {halbum{ hd pxhdl" Am~ }x nmem: ph{~l~ eh~ldmel{h~$iaohbh~ eh h~wmbul$ }xh wm{hnih{mb mbxbnim{ hd cxbeiaihbul ehìbiuipl$ hdu{ixb`l eh dm axh{uh: `xh{uh~ wihe{m~ eh aihel$ ~ihaw{h eh~eh dl ibpi~ikdh dm

nmuhe{md bl~ ddmam$ dm ibbhnh~m{im mbox~uim$ dm km~um{em n{hhbnim$ , eh wh}xh bxh~u{m dxz y bxh~u{m~ moxm~$ eh dm piem$ , wm{m hd am{ l~nx{~ial bmnhb$dl~ cxaideh~ #""") nlb~u{xyhb nmuhe{mdh~ eh aihel"""h~ul$ hb hd wlham =" Hb hd~ioxihbuh$ eh bxhpl dl~ nmawl~ ~habuinl~ eh dm axh{uh elaibmb dl~ ph{~l~:eldl{$ nmdl{$ nmawl~ h~u{idh~$ cxaideh~ y cxaiddmel~$ hsuhb~l h~ui{nld$wxl eh ~mbo{h$ nml~$ leil$ ph~ukxdl `{l$ mdnlkm wh}xhm$ y wm{haeh nlbum{"""

Wl{ lu{m wm{uh$ hd Nmbul II l`{hnh xb w{iah{ u{ixb`l eh dm piem$ dxhol eh umdoxk{h w{uinl" Hd Nmbul III h~ piumdi~um$ dxaibl~l$ wh{l ~lk{h ulel$ wdhbl eh~iobl~ phohumdh~ }xh mwxbumb md {hbmniaihbul" Hd Nmbul IP w{h~hbum hd uham edm axjh{ #nm~xmdahbuh hd wlham Dm axjh{$ h~ hd binl hb w{l~m eh ulem dmlk{m nl~um`{heimbm)$ nlal nlawdhahbul y ~mdpmnib eh dm plz }xh bl~ cmkdm hbdl~ uhsul~" Y hd Nmbul PI$ nlawxh~ul wl{ xb binl y hsuhb~l wlham$ w{lwlbhmdhjm{ dm axh{uh$ bhom{dm ~i h~ bhnh~m{il$ y ìbmdizm nlb xb k{ibei~ wl{ dm piem

Hb wlnm~ wmdmk{m~ {h~xah @h{{b hd nlbuhbiel ehd dik{l:

M~ }xh dm ei~wl~inib ìbmd ehBxh~u{m Hdhom ~h ibinim nlb xb nmbul~lak{l$ ~h hdhpm cmnim dm dxz piumd hb dl~ u{h~ ~ioxihbuh~$ nmh eh bxhplhb dl l~nx{l hb hd w{sial nmbul y ~h hdhpm ehni~ipmahbuh hb hd duial"#=93=:>3)

Wle{m mdoxihb #~lk{h ulel ~i dlo{m ~mdpm{ hd lk~unxdl }xh iawlbh hd~mkh{dl ~xiniem y hd al{kl }xh ~h eh~w{hbeh eh hddl)$ mì{am{ }xh h~uh dik{libinimd eh Md`lb~l Nl~um`{hem ~h hbnxhbu{m md am{ohb eh dl~ el~ {h~umbuh~#wxkdinmel~ eihni~ihuh y phibuinibnl ml~ eh~wx~)$ wl{ nxmbul hd ~mdel odlkmd$ib~i~uial~$ hbBxh~u{m Hdhom $ h~ wl~iuipl" Bl lk~umbuh$ xb wlnl eh muhbnibbl~ wh{aiuh mw{hnim{ axncl a~ dl~ wlham~ }xh oi{mb hb ul{bl m dm bhomnibeh dm piem$ ibndx~iph$ nlal ahjl{ dlo{mel~""" eh a~ nmdieme h~uuinm" îbhakm{ol$ h~ul ~dl h~ xbm mw{hnimnib ~xkjhuipm$ bl nlaw{lkmem nlb am{nm~uhsuxmdh~$ wl{ bxh~u{m wm{uh" binmahbuh h~u ~x~uhbumem h~um mì{amnib ~dm km~h ehd wdmnh{ h~uuinl y dm w{l`xbeieme eh dm~ iaohbh~ }xh cm ohbh{melbxh~u{m dhnux{m"

A~ nlbphbihbuh h~ ~hmdm{ }xh dm axh{uh h~ ym hwinhbu{l ehd dik{l y xbmbxbnil eh dl }xh ~h{ ~x lk{m wl~uh{il{$ hb elbeh$ ehìbiuipmahbuh$ ombm ulelhd uh{{hbl y w{l`xbeizm hb hd bicidi~al y dm nl~alpi~ib bhomuipm ehd wlhum"

* * *

Wh~h m dl~ h~`xh{zl~ wl{ bl nmh{ hb dm u{mawm eh dm~ dhnux{m~w{hjxzomem~$ nxmbel hd ~xinieil h~ dm ehni~ib }xh lnxwm dl~ uiuxdm{h~ hb dm piemeh xb h~n{iul{$ ei`nid h~ bl kx~nm{ hb ~x lk{m dl~ {m~ol~ }xh eh mdoxbm ambh{mmbxbnihb hd ìb u{oinl" Y h~um~ am{nm~ hb dl~ uhsul~ #m u{mp~ eh dm~ iaohbh~$


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;9

dl~ uham~ y dl~ wh{~lbmjh~) bhnh~m{imahbuh phbe{b w{hmbxbnimem~ wl{ dm lu{mdhnux{m iaw{h~nibeikdh: dm eh dm kilo{m`m ehd mxul{"

Hb Nl~um`{hem$ hd hsidil pldxbum{il #pipi{ axncl~ ml~ hb Dlbe{h~$Oibhk{m$ Wm{~ y lu{m~ nixemeh~)$ hd mdhum{omaihbul hb }xh dl ~xai dm hsndx~i

}xh eh d cinih{mb Jl~ Am{m Nm~uhddhu y Jmiah Oid eh Kiheam eh dm ci~ul{im ehdm wlh~m h~wmldm$ dm ahdmbnldm nlb }xh dl nm{mnuh{izm{mb ~x~ maiol~nlblniel~$ wm{hnhb ~mzlbm{ hd nmdel eh nxduipl w{lwinil wm{m xb h~n{iul{ ~xiniem"Dm~ ehw{h~ilbh~ hb dm }xh ~h pil ~xaiel hd wlhum$ h{mb hd {h~xdumel doinl ehdhb`{hbumaihbul ehd mxul{ m dm ahdmbnldm y hd ~xinieil nlal wl~ikidieme" Dl~~hbuiaihbul~ a~ buial~ y dl~ nm{mnuh{h~ eh dm wh{~lbmdieme$ bl ~ihaw{hwlehal~ meipibm{dl~""" m ahbl~ }xh dm wmdmk{m wluinm$ m}xhddm }xh ~ihaw{hwhbhu{m hb hd mdam y ulnm `lbel$ bl~ dl {hphdh"

M`i{amb dl~ w~i}ximu{m~ }xh dl~ ~xiniem~ bl ~xhdhb mbxbnim{ hd mnul }xhwlbe{ `ib m ~x~ piem~" Bl lk~umbuh$ cmy h~n{iul{h~ #nlal hd nm~l eh Omk{ihd@h{{muh{$ }xihb eijl nxmbel nxawdi dl~ u{hibum }xh bl ddhom{m m dl~ nibnxhbumxbl) }xh ~ dl cmnhb" Nl~um`{hem$ wh~h m dm~ ~hmdh~ }xh hbpimkmeh~h~wh{memahbuh m ~x~ maiol~$ ehnieh wlbh{ nlul m ~x~ em~$ eh ambh{mmk{xwum$ xbm blnch eh ehw{h~ib$ hb dm }xh ~x ~hoxbem h~wl~m whb~mkm }xh~h cmkm dhpmbumel h~m blnch$ nlal umbum~ lu{m~$ wl{}xh h~umkm h~n{ikihbel"Nlbumkm$ wm{m hbulbnh~$ nxm{hbum y ~ihuh ml~$ xbm piem am{nmem wl{ dm axhy xbm eheinmnib m dm wlh~m }xh bl dlo{ ~mdpm{dl"

H~um u{moheim$ ~ib ~mkh{dl$ ym h~umkm mbxbnimem" ]xiz~ eh~eh dm axh{uehd wme{h$ }xh dl am{nm{m wm{m ~ihaw{h$ }xiz~ eh~eh }xh eil piem m dm axh{uhnlb ~x~ w{iah{l~ wlham~ hbBxh~u{m Hdhom """ H~m `mueinm blnch$ cmnh uihawlh~umkm mbxbnimem:

Dm blnch ~h mnh{nm$~x~ wm~l~ eh~wih{umbhd nxh{l eh~bxelehd clak{h }xh h~wh{mdm embzm"

Hawihzm dm a~inm"Hd mnl{eh h~ nl{ul"^dl xbm wm{hjm

kmidm"Dl ahjl{ ehd kmidh$hd k{mzl mal{l~l}xh nih dm ~mbo{h"Nibux{m xbm phz$xbm phz umb ~dl$y ulel hd wdmnh{~mdum$y ulel hd eldl{mnmkm"

Bmem" Bmeih" Bmeih$bmem"


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>7

Pinul{il~l$ binl$mdul y wleh{l~l$hd kl~}xh ~ib uihawlhsuihbeh ~x `{m{mam"

#Md`lb~l Nl~um`{hem"Bxh~u{m hdhom " Nmbul I" Wlham =)

@XHBUH^ ELNXAHBUMDH^

! KM[[MD$ Nm{dl~

#;77=) Ahal{im~ " Km{nhdlbm" Whbb~xdm"! K[HBLU$ Wcidiwwh

#=993) Hd ohbil y dm dlnx{m " Km{nhdlbm" Heinilbh~ K"

! NLÛM@[HEM$ Md`lb~l#;775) Wlh~m nlawdhum " Km{nhdlbm" Ux~}xhu~ heiul{h~"

! NXK[M EH AIOXHD$ Amjl#=990) Md`lb~l Nl~um`{hem l dm ib~xìnihbnim eh dm wmdmk{m " Hb

Mnum~ ehd Nlbo{h~l Jmiah Oid eh Kiheam y ~x Ohbh{mnib

Wluinm " Pld II" Zm{molzm" Eiwxumnib Ohbh{md ehM{mob,Ehwm{umahbul eh Hexnmnib y Nxdux{m"

! @H[[B$ Jmiah#=93=) Md`lb~l Nl~um`{hem " Ame{ie" Heinilbh~ Jnm{"

! OMDDH[L$ Jl~ Dxi~#=939) Mbuldlom eh wlhum~ ~xiniem~ #=??7!=938)" Ame{ie" @xomz

Heinilbh~ Xbiph{~ium{im~"

! OID EH KIHEAM$ Jmiah#=937) Eh~wx~ eh dm axh{uh eh Md`lb~l Nl~um`{hem " HbHd wih eh dhu{m" Hb~myl~ =988!=9?9 " Km{nhdlbm" N{uinm"

! DWHZ M[BMD$ ^mdpmel{#;778) Hd wlhum eh dl~ daiuh~ y hd ìd~l`l eh dm aleh~uim " HbDm

ib~iobim #{hpi~um hdhnu{binm)" Ei~wlbikdh hbcuuw:,, "dmib~iobim"l{o,;778,hbh{l,nxd\75>"cua VNlb~xdum: =9,75,70Q

! WHE[MZM JIABHZ$ @hdiwh y Aidmo{l~ [LE[OXHZ NNH[H^#;778) Ambxmd eh diuh{mux{m h~wmldm" U" SII" Wl~oxh{{m:

ibu{lexnnib y d{inl~ " Wmawdlbm" Nbdiu heinilbh~"
http://www.lainsignia.org/2005/enero/cul_043.htmhttp://www.lainsignia.org/2005/enero/cul_043.htmhttp://www.lainsignia.org/2005/enero/cul_043.htm


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>=

! WHM$ Nm{ahb#=990) Dm nl~alpi~ib ~iakdinm eh Md`lb~l Nl~um`{hem " HbMnum~

ehd Nlbo{h~l Jmiah Oid eh Kiheam y ~x Ohbh{mnib Wluinm " Pld II" Zm{molzm" Eiwxumnib Ohbh{md ehM{mob,Ehwm{umahbul eh Hexnmnib y Nxdux{m"

! [LPI[M$ Wh{h#;770) Dm wh{~lbmdieme wluinm eh Md`lb~l Nl~um`{hem " Elnxahbul

hb dbhm" Ei~wlbikdh hb:cuuw:,, hk"xed"h~,ehwu,`idnh`,~n{iwux{m,{lpi{mnl~um`{hem"cuad VNlb~xdum: =9,75,70Q
http://web.udl.es/dept/filcef/scriptura/roviracostafreda.htmlhttp://web.udl.es/dept/filcef/scriptura/roviracostafreda.htmlhttp://web.udl.es/dept/filcef/scriptura/roviracostafreda.html


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>;

PIÎUM M DM JLPHB WLH^M H^WMLDM #XBM AI[MEM M NXMU[LPLNH^ [HNIHBUH^)

Wm{m Nm{ahb [xiz Km{{ilbxhpl

Xb wm~ bl ddhom m nlblnh{~h wl{ nlawdhul ~i bl hbu{mal~ hb nlbumnulnlb ~x ohlo{m`m h~wi{iuxmd" Dm wlh~m$ wmdmk{m hah{oiem eh h~l }xh ddmamalhd mdam ehd h~n{iul{ #}xihb$ m ~x phz$ h~ ~i~ao{m`l eh ~x uihawl)$ bl~ wh{aiuhxb mnh{nmaihbul a~ nh{uh{l m dm nm{ulo{m`m mbainm eh xbm bmnib" Y ~i hdwlhum h~ jlphb$ ki~ll$ eh {hnihbuh emum #}xh bl w{hni~mahbuh uihbh h~ul }xhph{ nlb `hncm~ l emul~ ci~ul{ilo{ìnl~ ~iawdh~)$ ~i ~h u{mum eh dm ddmamem jlphbwlh~m eh xb uh{{iul{il eham{nmel wl{ m}xhddl }xh bl~ cmkdm eh xb wm~$hbulbnh~ dm pi~ium md dxom{ nlk{m bxhpl~ amuinh~ eh nlaw{hb~ib"

Ai {hnihbuh pimjh m H~wmm$ nxym km~h eh lwh{mnilbh~ }xi~l hd mzm{ }xh`xh~h dm ym auinm nixeme eh ^mdmambnm$ hb dm Nm~uiddm w{l`xbem$ ah wh{aiwhbhu{m{ eh ibaheimul hb hd axbel eh ~x~ dhu{m~" ^h {h~wi{m hb ~x~ nmddh~$mab eh hb dm~ heiìnmnilbh~ mbuioxm~ y aleh{bm~ }xh nlb`l{amb ~x phbh{mkdhXbiph{~ieme$ ulem xbm ci~ul{im pibnxdmem m xbm wmdmk{m #dm wmdmk{m) nlblneh dm piem$ dm }xh wh{aiuh mnnheh{ m xbm ibuh{w{humnib ehd axbel nlb ai{memlkdinxm$ }xh ei{mal~! h~ dm ai{mem a~ w{hni~m$ mxb}xh ~xhbhwm{mejinl" Dl~ nldhom~ #w{l`h~l{h~ y nlawmh{l~ }xh w{lbul nlawm{ui{mb dmeeipm eh dm mai~ume) eh ibaheimul wx~ih{lb hb ai~ ambl~$ m u{mp~ eh dm{hnlahbemnib buiam l ehd jxinil w{l`h~ilbmd$ xbm ~h{ih hdiui~um eh wlhum~ }xh$eh~eh hbulbnh~ y wl{ h~h ~iawdh mnul eh nmam{meh{m d{inm$ wm~m{mb m `l{amwm{uh eh h~m wdymeh }xh i{{haheimkdhahbuh bl~ mnlawmm{ cm~um hd ìbmd ehdnmaibl$ y }xiz~ a~"

Eh ambl ~mkim #dm eh dm E{m" Nm{ahb [xiz Km{{ilbxhpl) pibl m wm{m{ehdmbuh eh ai~ ljl~ dm mbuldlomWlh~m hb ^mdmambnm }xh$ m w{lw~iul eh dl~;87 ml~ eh ~x hbu{mmkdh Wdmzm Amyl{$ heium{m dm @xbemnib ^mdmambNixeme eh Nxdux{m hb hd ;778" Dm~ woibm~ w{hdiaibm{h~$ ~hbuiem ibu{lexnnibeh dm W{l`h~l{m Nm{ahb$ bl~ nlbexnh wl{ dm~ nmddhjxhdm~ eh dm nixeme }xh pmb mem{ hb hd ain{lnl~al~ eh dm Wdmzm$ wh{l umakib hb dm~ wmdmk{m~ eh ~x~wlhum~" Eh~eh Eihol eh Ul{{h~ Piddm{{lhd #=09>!=??7) cm~um Mbkmd Bhz#=955!=93?)$ pmal~ eh~mbembel xb nmaibl hawhe{mel wl{ cxaideh~$eh~nlblniem~ y om~umem~ wihe{m~$ m~ nlal wl{ lu{m~ a~ dx~u{l~m~$ nlb dm

wuibm }xh lul{om hd w{h~uioil$ dm `mam" Blak{h~$ wxh~$ nlal dl~ eh Om~wm{Ahdncl{ eh Jlphddmbl~$ Jl~ eh H~w{lbnhem$ Elb Aioxhd eh Xbmaxbl$ Jl~Am{m Omk{ihd y Omdb y Nm{ahb Am{ub Omiuh$ cmddmb dhncl hb dm~ woibm~h~um heinib" Eh~eh hd hsmdumel {lambuini~al cm~um dl~ mi{h~ {hblpmel{h~ ehdym wm~mel ~iodl SS$ pmal~ cmnihbel dm mbuh~mdm m xb wm{ eh wlhum~ blp~ial~{h~iehbnimel~ hb dm nixeme y bmuipl~ eh dm w{lpibnim: Jxmb Mbulbil OlbzdhzIodh~im~ y Am{m bohdh~ W{hz Dwhz" H~um duiam `xh dm mamkdh wxh{umhbu{mem m xbm ci~ul{im eh {hnihbuh emum }xh$ dxhol$ mbem{mal~ hb ~ldium{il$ dm ambl ehd mzm{ y dm kxhbm w{lpiehbnim"

H~wmm h~ xb wm~ eh~nlblniel l$ m dl ~xal$ ~dl mui~kmal~ mdoxbl~

nm{mnuh{h~ aheimbuh dm~ chbeijm~ }xh bl~ l`{hnh ~x wlh~m" Mdoxbl~ wl~hhbìdu{l~ }xh wh{aiuhb mnnheh{ m ~x nlblniaihbul wl{ aheil eh dm~ ei~niwdibm~ a~


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eiph{~m~: dm ci~ul{im$ dm nihbnim$ hd m{uh$ hd ehwl{uh Lu{l~ nlbumal~ nlb dmeincm eh }xh hb dm {hjiddm ehd ~xaieh{l }xh nlb`l{am bxh~u{m ahbuh$ ~h mum~nmbwmdmk{m~ dmeibm~$ h~}xipm~$ ~h~omem~ hsu{mm~" Mdoxbl~$ }xih{l ehni{$uhbhal~ dm ~xh{uh eh hbu{m{dh m xb wm~ wl{ hd mh{lwxh{ul elbeh eh~whomb ymuh{{izmb dm~ iaohbh~ ehd wlham"

* * *Dm whdpi~ }xh pm ~ihbel

Ddmam hd eh~uibl m dm wxh{um y$ m~$ wl{ hd pi~iddl lk~h{pmal~ m xbm axjhdboxiem$ mx~uh{m$ eh wmdmk{m ~xmph y eh ~xmph~ ulbl~" Ehu{~ eh h~m mamkdìox{m ~h lnxdum xb ul{khddibl eh plnmkdl~ ex{l~$ ~wh{l~$ m{{miomel~ hb dmhbu{mm ehd cxambl ~h{ }xh ~h eh~w{hbehb hb {uainm~ lbexdmnilbh~ y ddhombcm~um bxh~u{l~ lel~ m wh~m{ eh dm dhnux{m ~idhbnil~m"Am{m bohdh~ W{hzDwhzh~ l{ixbem eh Pmddmeldie y ehd ml =90?" [h~ieh hb ^mdmambnm$ elbehhjh{nh `xbnilbh~ elnhbuh~$ einumbel$ hbu{h lu{m~ eiph{~m~ nuhe{m~$ dm eh Uhmu{Dmuiblmah{inmbl$ h ibph~uiombel aibxnil~mahbuh dm wmdmk{m wluinmphbhzldmbm$ ~lk{h ulel m u{mp~ eh ~x~ plnh~ `hahbibm~" Hb ~x cmkh{eh~umnmb xbl~ nxmbul~ uuxdl~ eh wlh~m:U{mumel ~lk{h dm ohlo{m`m ehd eh~m~u{h #Asinl$ =99?)$Dm ~ldm amuh{im #Mdinmbuh$ =993)$Nm{bmdieme ehd `{l #;777)$Dm mx~hbuh #Nnh{h~$ ;775)$Dik{l ehd m{{hkmul #Wdm~hbnim$ ;778) yAmuh{im {h~h{pmem #Nm{mnm~$ ;770)"

Dm wlh~m$ bl nmkh exem$ h~ xbm `l{am eh mxulnlblniaihbul" Wl{ umbuldl~ wm~iddl~ }xh {hnl{{h xb wlhum uihbhb mdol eh ibiniuinl hb dm nlaw{hb~ib ehdw{lwil ~h{" H~ul pmdh umbul wm{m }xihb dhh$ nxmbul wm{m hd }xh h~n{ikh" Y nxm}xihb u{mzm hd ph{~l h~ axjh{$ h~m nxmdieme ehd h~w{iux }xh hbnm{bm hb dmnlbu{mwm{uiem$ dm hsw{h~ib eh dm `haibieme$ hb ~x~ u{h~ h~umeil~ #dm elbnhddmaxjh{ y dm ame{h)$ h~ xbm phum }xh bl wxheh ~l~dmym{~h" Cmy h~`xh{zl~hbl{ah~ wl{ bl ei`h{hbnim{ dm h~n{iux{m eh axjh{ eh dm ehd clak{h" Pmdh }xhmakl~ wl~hhb dm ai~am w{l`xbeieme$ m{uh~ wm{mdhdl~ hb dlo{l~$ wh{l h~ ulbulu{mum{ eh lnxdum{ dm~ ei`h{hbnim~ hb nxmbul m dm ambh{m eh nlbnhki{ hd axbelW{hz Dwhz bl h~nmwm m h~um~ mì{amnilbh~" Y$ mwlybelbl~ hb dm~nlbph{~mnilbh~ }xh chal~ ~l~uhbiel$ umawlnl n{hl }xh hddm u{muh eh bhom{dl"^x~ uhsul~$ jx~umahbuh$ cmkdmb eh~eh xb yl `hahbibl }xh ~h {hnlblnh nlalumd$ mxb}xh bl ~h nlaw{hbem eh xb ulel" Xbm plz$ wxh~$ `hahbibm$h~nxe{imel{m eh ~x w{lwim bmux{mdhzm" Hd u{lwl~$ dm iamohb$ dm ahu`l{m$~akldl$ mnxehb wm{m {hph~ui{ xbm h~hbnim }xh ibuhbum hswdinm{~h y hswdinm

ulel eh~eh ~x ai{mel{" Dm phbumbm$ dh chbeiex{m$ hd ljl aoinl m u{mp~ ehdnxmd ~h lk~h{pm dl }xh mnlbuhnh y dh mnlbuhnh$ ~lb hd ib~u{xahbul y hd aheilwl{ hd nxmd ~h mnnheh md axbel w{lwil y hsuh{bl"

Dm whdpi~ }xh m~hox{m dl }xh ~ly$ yl ai~am ah h~nlbel hb aiahal{im$ }xih{l ~h{ xbm bim y pldph{ cm~um hd pihbu{h$ Hb dm am#~h {hìh{h m ~x ci~ul{im ) h~uly ~ldm nlal ~ihaw{h$ Cmzah m{hm$ plduid$ pmwl{l~m$ dhhal~ hb dm~ dbhm~ ehNm{bmdieme ehd `{l " Cmkdm eh~eh xb yl `hahbibl y ~h{hìh{h m ~ ai~am nlal umd" H~ dm cmkdmbuh ehd wlham$ ~lak{m hsuhbeiem eh dmmxul{m {hmd$ }xh bl ~h hbam~nm{m a~ }xh hb dm wmdmk{m$ wh{l ~dl wm{eh~bxem{~h$ l`{hnh{~h hb wm{mejinm mnuiuxe" Lu{l umbul ehkh mì{am{~h eh ~x~

lu{l~ dik{l~" Axum hd cidl nlbexnul{ eh nmem pldxahb" Ehd `{l ~h wm~m m dmmx~hbnim$ eh ~um md m{{hkmul$ eh umd nlbeinib m dl }xh ~h {h~oxm{em eh d


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>5

ibuhawh{ih eh dm~ wxkdinmnilbh~" îhaw{h dl ai~al$ kxnhmel{m eh ~x w{lwimbmux{mdhzm$ luhmel{m eh cl{izlbuh~ }xh cmkdmb l bihomb dl wl{phbi{$ Am{mbohdh~ W{hz Dwhz einh eh ~$ eh ~x nm{bh y eh ~x h~w{iux$ eh ~x dlnx{m y ~x~l~ihol dmuihbuh"

Wl{ dm~ ammbm~ am{ncl m nmzm{ hd ki~lbuh$ah nxk{l nlb dm wihd w{iah{m eh ai axbel$dm~ `dhncm~ ~lb ehd clak{h }xh mnlawmm~x ~xhl y dl mnlawm~m nlb hd al$d am{ncm wl{ ~x dmel y ~x ph{hemwm{m h~n{iki{ ~x wm{uh eh dm ci~ul{im"Hb dm am h~uly ~ldm nlal ~ihaw{h$ldihbel hd aihel mu{lz y h~h {hoxh{leh cxhddm~ }xh nlbexnhb md nlakmuh"H~m~ lu{m~ axjh{h~ bl nmzmkmb!dm~ }xh ai{mb eh~eh mbuh~ y ~lb{hb!$mdhbumkmb hd `xhol y ~x hpiehbnimlnxdum~ hb dm ~lak{m eh ~x pihbu{h$amuh{bm~ y nxkih{um~ eh amz"Wh{l mcl{m dl~ uihawl~ ~lb ei~uibul~$dm u{ikx bl nlblnh dm ahal{im$ch mw{hbeiel dm~ am{nm~ ehd phbmkdly hbulbnh~ cmol al hd ~x`{iaihbuleh mu{mwm{$ eh m{{ljm{ md mbiamdcm~um ~x axh{uh h~n{ium eh~eh ~ihaw{hy ddhpm{dl m{{m~u{mbel$ eh~lddmem$umakib yl eh~uhiem eh ~x ~mbo{h"Nxmbel pxhdpl m dm um{eh ah ~ihbul m ddl{m{wl{}xh meph{u }xh hd aihel h~ ibìbiul$y u{miol {lux{mem~ ~lk{h hd {l~u{ldm~ am~$ dm~ ch{iem~ eh dm dxncm"^ly {h~wlb~mkdh hbulbnh~ eh xb whemzlibahb~l ehd eldl{ hb dm nlbuihbem$eh }xh nxawdmb ~x wdmzl mdoxbm~ dhyh~nlal dm xbiph{~md `h{lnieme$eh xb u{lzl eh dm nm{bh y eh dm do{iamnlb }xh hd ki~lbuh ~i{ph ai ~x~uhbul"#EhNm{bmdieme ehd `{l $ ;777)

* * *

Hd a~nxdl y hd nh{hk{l

Bxbnm ~mk{hal~ }x umbul ~h mdiahbum dm piem eh dm ìnnib" Eh dl }xh ~uhbhal~ ~hox{ieme h~ eh }xh axncm~ phnh~ h~um duiam ~h bxu{h eh ~ ai~am$xbm y lu{m phz" î xbm ph{eme nlal xb uhawdl h~ }xh hd wlhum {hìh{h hb ~x~uhsul~ dl }xh dm {hmdieme dh pm einumbel$ bl dl h~ ahbl~ }xh hb a~ eh xbmlnm~ib dm diuh{mux{m ai~am h~ `xhbuh wm{m ~ w{lwim" Umakib wle{mal~ eipie


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>8

dm piem hb m}xhddm }xh ~x`{ial~ {hmdahbuh y m}xhddm lu{m }xh hswh{iahbumal~hb bxh~u{l hjh{ninil dmkl{md eim{il" M~$ dm wlh~m ehJxmb Mbulbil OlbzdhzIodh~im~#^mdmambnm$ =905) ehpihbh xb jxhol nlb~umbuh hbu{h dl pipiel m u{mp~eh dm~ dhnux{m~ y dl }xh ddmam{mal~ dm hswh{ihbnim w{lwim nlb dm {hmdieme"

Hb xbm hbu{hpi~um eh cmnh xb wm{ eh ml~$ hd wlhum m`i{amkm hd pmdl{ ehdm wlh~m mbuh dm nxdux{m eh am~m~$ {h`l{zmbel dm uh~i~ }xh ~l~uhbhal~ ym }xhlwlbh$ eh ~l~dmyl$ dl hdiui~um mbuh dl am~i`inmel" H~ dm wlh~m$ dm diuh{muwxh~$ `xhbuh nih{um wm{m hddm ai~am" Dl dik{h~nl h~ hswh{ihbnim eh piem$ wl{}xhbu{m wl{ dl~ ljl~$ wh{l umakib u{m~ihom dm wihd" ^h cm mblumel$ hb mdoxbmlwl{uxbieme$ }xh dm wlh~m ehkh h~n{iki{~h hb hd ieilam hb }xh uh lnx{{hb dm~nl~m~" Xbm dhnux{m {h~u{iboiem ph{ hd u{aibl ieilam nlal dm dhboxm$ xbmdhnux{m a~ mphzmem$ a~ mkm{nmel{m$ hbuhbeh{ dm wmdmk{m nlal neiol" Dmdiuh{mux{m dl h~ y axncm~ phnh~ dl }xh pipial~ l ~x`{ial~ w{lpihbh eh hddm"Dm nlbu{ikxnib eh Olbzdhz Iodh~im~ md pm~ul axbel eh dm wlh~m h~wmldm$ m~x u{meinib$ ~h hbnxhbu{m {hnloiem hb dl~ ~ioxihbuh~ uuxdl~:Dm ch{al~x{m ehd c{lh #=9

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