Dealing with the Dealing with the AftermathAftermath

February 1945February 1945 Finally agreement over a United Finally agreement over a United

Nations!Nations! "a general international organization to "a general international organization to

maintain peace and security“maintain peace and security“ Blue prints and discussions as early as Blue prints and discussions as early as

41’41’ First general meeting Jan 46’ First general meeting Jan 46’

What is the United What is the United Nations?Nations?

Purpose: save future generations from war, Purpose: save future generations from war, reaffirm human rights, and establish equal rights reaffirm human rights, and establish equal rights for all personsfor all persons

2 main parts: Security Council & General 2 main parts: Security Council & General AssemblyAssembly Security Council = victors WWII (5 permanent seats) Security Council = victors WWII (5 permanent seats)

& now 10 rotating seats & now 10 rotating seats Veto powerVeto power

General Assembly = everyone General Assembly = everyone Policies & recommendationsPolicies & recommendations Has a President (elected by peers) Has a President (elected by peers)

*International Court (Hague)*International Court (Hague) *Social and Economic Council*Social and Economic Council *Secretariat *Secretariat

The Division of Germany & The Division of Germany & BerlinBerlin

What happens to Germany and Berlin?What happens to Germany and Berlin? Can you foresee any problems? Can you foresee any problems?

The Real Aftermath The Real Aftermath The majority of ports in Europe and many in Asia had been The majority of ports in Europe and many in Asia had been

destroyed or badly damageddestroyed or badly damaged bridges had been blown upbridges had been blown up railway locomotives and rolling stock had vanishedrailway locomotives and rolling stock had vanished Great cities such as Warsaw, Kiev, Tokyo and Berlin were Great cities such as Warsaw, Kiev, Tokyo and Berlin were

piles of rubble and ash.piles of rubble and ash. In Germany, it has been estimated, 70% of housing had gone In Germany, it has been estimated, 70% of housing had gone

and, in the Soviet Union, 1,700 towns and 70,000 villages.and, in the Soviet Union, 1,700 towns and 70,000 villages. Factories and workshops were in ruins, fields, forests and Factories and workshops were in ruins, fields, forests and

vineyards ripped to pieces. vineyards ripped to pieces. Millions of acres in north China were flooded after the Millions of acres in north China were flooded after the

Japanese destroyed the dykes. Japanese destroyed the dykes. Many Europeans were surviving on less than 1,000 calories Many Europeans were surviving on less than 1,000 calories

per day; in the Netherlands they were eating tulip bulbsper day; in the Netherlands they were eating tulip bulbs England and France were pretty destitute & tired England and France were pretty destitute & tired

Heard of any of these Heard of any of these events? What do they have events? What do they have

in common?in common? Arms race (proliferation of nuclear weapons)Arms race (proliferation of nuclear weapons) Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift Conflicts, uprisings & revolutions in the Middle East Conflicts, uprisings & revolutions in the Middle East

& Latin America& Latin America Korean WarKorean War Bay of PigsBay of Pigs Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis Vietnam WarVietnam War Berlin WallBerlin Wall Soviet Invasion AfghanistanSoviet Invasion Afghanistan Creation of Taliban in Afghanistan Creation of Taliban in Afghanistan A lot of wars/uprisings in South and Central America A lot of wars/uprisings in South and Central America

What was the What was the Cold War? Cold War?

The Cold WarThe Cold War The state of political hostility and

military rivalry between Soviet bloc countries and the US-led Western powers between 1945-1990, which stopped short of full-scale war between the USSR and USA.

Periods of “détente” (decreased tensions) did exist…

Origins of the Cold WarOrigins of the Cold War History of Animosity History of Animosity – Why?– Why? Terms Versailles; refusal to recognize USSR; no second Terms Versailles; refusal to recognize USSR; no second

front Allies, no loan USSR post WWII; A-bomb; fear front Allies, no loan USSR post WWII; A-bomb; fear communism; nonaggression pact; attack Poland; death FDRcommunism; nonaggression pact; attack Poland; death FDR

Differing (incompatible) governments & economiesDiffering (incompatible) governments & economies 1946, “capitalism and communism incompatible”, Stalin 1946, “capitalism and communism incompatible”, Stalin *Differing aims in Europe, BUT connected to one *Differing aims in Europe, BUT connected to one

another bc of Germany & Berlinanother bc of Germany & Berlin! ! Self determination versus control (keep Germany down)Self determination versus control (keep Germany down)

““This war is not as in the past; whoever occupies a This war is not as in the past; whoever occupies a territory also imposes his own social system on it. territory also imposes his own social system on it. Everyone imposes his own system as far as his army Everyone imposes his own system as far as his army can reach. It cannot be otherwise.” Joseph Stalincan reach. It cannot be otherwise.” Joseph Stalin

Poland a huge flash point (elections per Yalta Conference) Poland a huge flash point (elections per Yalta Conference) *Fear and paranoia bc of new technology *Fear and paranoia bc of new technology – A-– A-

bombbomb

Poland Poland

The Beginning of the Cold War: The Beginning of the Cold War: TrumanTruman

USSR creates USSR creates Satellite CountriesSatellite Countries Soviet controlled; seize their Soviet controlled; seize their

resources to give to USSRresources to give to USSR

USA Reaction….USA Reaction…. George KennanGeorge Kennan

46’ 46’ Long TelegramLong Telegram, Soviets want , Soviets want world dominationworld domination

47’ 47’ ContainmentContainment Contain communism/stop spread Contain communism/stop spread

by creating alliancesby creating alliances March 47’ - March 47’ - “Truman Doctrine” “Truman Doctrine”

US supports “free people” from US supports “free people” from armed minorities or outside pressure armed minorities or outside pressure

47-50’ - $400 million to Greece and 47-50’ - $400 million to Greece and Turkey Turkey

Churchill, “Iron Curtain”Churchill, “Iron Curtain”

The Beginning of the Cold War: The Beginning of the Cold War: TrumanTruman

Post-War Europe - Economic Post-War Europe - Economic despair, theft, refugee camps, despair, theft, refugee camps, and bad weatherand bad weather

USA Reaction USA Reaction 1947, General George Marshall 1947, General George Marshall

(S of S), (S of S), The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan, , approved in 1948approved in 1948 Make Germany self-sufficient Make Germany self-sufficient Give aid to countries in needGive aid to countries in need Remove trade barriers and Remove trade barriers and

cooperate economically cooperate economically **47’ England and France **47’ England and France

unite their sections = unite their sections = Bizonia (49’ Trizonia)Bizonia (49’ Trizonia)

The Beginning of the The Beginning of the Cold WarCold War

Stalin’s reactionStalin’s reactionAmerica trying to America trying to “buy” European “buy” European countries and their countries and their support support

““dollar dollar imperialism”imperialism”

So far, how would you So far, how would you describe the Cold War?describe the Cold War?

BerlinBerlin

Berlin Berlin 48’ Allied Powers create 48’ Allied Powers create TrizoniaTrizonia

Deutschmark other reforms Deutschmark other reforms Soviets refused reforms (currency)Soviets refused reforms (currency)

11stst – forced searches all shipments – forced searches all shipments 22ndnd – cut out all surface traffic – cut out all surface traffic

(June 1948)(June 1948) Shipments by rail and highway Shipments by rail and highway

stoppedstopped 2 million Berliners were starving – 5 2 million Berliners were starving – 5

weeks weeks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5GoIL9gVonQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5GoIL9gVonQ

What do the Soviets want? What do the Soviets want? Wanted westerners out of BerlinWanted westerners out of Berlin What could this lead to?What could this lead to?

“If we withdraw,” said the American military commander, “our position in Europe is threatened, and Communism will run rampant.”

Western Reaction to Western Reaction to BerlinBerlin Airlift even possible, need 3,475 tons/day…?Airlift even possible, need 3,475 tons/day…?

Stalin’s Reaction…?Stalin’s Reaction…? Airlift of food and supplies for 327 days!Airlift of food and supplies for 327 days!

200,000 flights – 13 million tons food, fuel & other 200,000 flights – 13 million tons food, fuel & other suppliessupplies

WWII bombers WWII bombers Even candy parachuted down!!Even candy parachuted down!!

May 12, 1949 Russia ended blockade of Berlin May 12, 1949 Russia ended blockade of Berlin Airlift until September 49’Airlift until September 49’

Why does the blockade & Why does the blockade & airlift matter?airlift matter?

Germany now our friendGermany now our friend Solve an issue without firing a shot!Solve an issue without firing a shot! Western unity & resolve Western unity & resolve Humanitarian event/West looks goodHumanitarian event/West looks good Improvements to aircraft systemImprovements to aircraft system

Western Defensive Military Alliance Western Defensive Military Alliance - NATO- NATO

What are the impacts of the What are the impacts of the airlift?airlift?

NATO, April 4, 1949 - 10 western countriesNATO, April 4, 1949 - 10 western countries The Parties of NATO agreed that The Parties of NATO agreed that an armed attack against an armed attack against

one or more of them in Europe or North America one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all.shall be considered an attack against them all. Consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of Consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-collective self-defense defense will assist the Party or Parties being attacked, individually will assist the Party or Parties being attacked, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. the security of the North Atlantic area.

Britain, France, Italy, Netherland, Belgium, Britain, France, Italy, Netherland, Belgium, Canada, Iceland, Luxembourg, Denmark, Norway, Canada, Iceland, Luxembourg, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, USAPortugal, USA

defensive military alliance – mutual defensedefensive military alliance – mutual defense First peace time allianceFirst peace time alliancePropaganda War Begins…Propaganda War Begins…

Who is winning? Who is winning?

1949 China becomes Communist1949 China becomes Communist 1949: USSR explodes an A-Bomb 1945-1951: People under Soviet

control increased from 180 million to 800 million people

Will things change? Will things change?

Eisenhower = elected in 52’Eisenhower = elected in 52’ Wanted to reduce military spending Wanted to reduce military spending

(had quadrupled under Truman)(had quadrupled under Truman)

Khrushchev = 53’ replaces Stalin Khrushchev = 53’ replaces Stalin Relations thawed briefly Relations thawed briefly Started a policy of “De-Stalinization”Started a policy of “De-Stalinization” Denounced Stalin’s purges & said era Denounced Stalin’s purges & said era

would be less represive would be less represive

The Cold War The Cold War Continues… Continues…

1955: Warsaw Pact 1955: Warsaw Pact The Eastern Europe equivalent of NATO, The Eastern Europe equivalent of NATO,

headed by SUheaded by SU 1955 – conflict over Egypt and Suez 1955 – conflict over Egypt and Suez

CanalCanal Eisenhower Doctrine – US defend Eisenhower Doctrine – US defend

Middle East against communist attack Middle East against communist attack Gave President discretion to use military Gave President discretion to use military

at will at will U-2 flights – spying missionsU-2 flights – spying missions

Gary Powers Gary Powers