December Final Book Submittal

8/3/2019 December Final Book Submittal

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FROM EXACERBATED DIFFERENCE

TO PRODUCTIVE DIFFERENCE

Phoebe Zhang | Fall 2011| Syracuse University

Primary_Anne Munly | Secondary_Susan Henderson


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

list o businesses

the smell of the culinary spaces

Interviews in the village (video snap shots)

Summary: Customized Response

Attributes of the urban village

temporalitylocation/ organization/ structure/ material

parasitic relationship & the dissolve of boundaryCovent Garden comparison (organization, structure)

vibrancy

Spilling over -- mapping of private activities

Inltration non-differentiatedow

converted spaces

connection to the city

serial sections

3Dmodelonnon-differentiatedow

mobilitycatalogue of mobile devices

on tricycles

subversion

duality

Crisis

UVs to be demolished & Shenzhens scope of demolition Caiwuweiin2005vsCaiwuweiin2011

Site

circulation OperaHouse&Kingkey100Response

missing programsoperation

Precedents

Bibliography

Contention

Conceptual Framework

On Mega-block/ On Urban Village

Intro to the Region

Guangdong Province-PRD

The Mega-City

PRD

infrastructure planurbanized landscape

Exacerbated Difference

Shenzhen

google map + panorama picture

size & population density distribution comparison

Exacerbated Difference & Shenzhens linear development

Caiwuwei Intro

location-tootherCBDs/in-betweenideologies pictorialwalk-through

programdiagrams(entertainment-ofces-residential)Chronology -Reform, Shenzhen, Caiwuwei, Deng Xiaoping

Typologiesmega-blocks

Danweiblocksurban Village - Urban Village generic block

summary:3-Dstratication&theChineseDream

On Boundary

enclosed space

gated Communities historicalsignicanceofgates caiwuweissituation

enclosed green space

enclosed vs the outside

intensityofow

Urban Village as the adhesion

Regional

City

Block

Person

2

3

4

6

8

12

20

28

32

38

52

55

56

90

94

103

106

108


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2

15 years ago, Rem Koolhaas led a research project into Chinas most frontier economic zone the PearlRiver Delta (PRD), in which he gave the region a new denition, City of Exacerbated Dierence, meaning

that every city in this region denes itself through brutal opposition of the others, but at same time forming

a holistic system. He said,It is a region whose urbanism emphasizes the greatest possible difference between its parts, whose

infrastructure both enables and prevents a functioning whole, whose fabric is neither urban nor ru-

ral(Koolhass 1996)

From a region-scale of the PRD to a block-scale in the city of Shenzhen (PRDs showcase city), the Exac-erbated Dierence manifests itself through a series of contested relations between the urban villages and

the mega-blocks surveilled but subversive; gated and monumental versus mobile, temporal and vibrant.

The mega-blocks are surveilled under state control for better security and cleaner city image but the vil-lages are subversive in the practice of informal vending by the people. The mega-blocks are gated to fostercertain sociability of selected groups, but the villages are free to ow through. The mobile informal vending

assemblage is temporal as it gathers and disappears at dierent hours of the day. The villages are vibrant

in the conditions of inltration and spilling-over between public-making and private activities. The mega-

blocks and the villages are mutually inclusive, both preventing and enabling the open ow of trac, com-mercial exchange and social encounters.

I contend that the urban villages are a customized response to what the mega-block urbanism cannot of-fer. In the crisis of demolition, these unique attributes that urban villages oer need to be re-conceptualized

into the necessities if the mega-block urbanism, creating an urban system between the two that is coher-ent and spontaneous. a translation from Exacerbated Dierence to Productive Dierence.

CONTENTION


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re-conceptualize

coherent, spontaneous

response

parasitic

Exacerbated Difference

regionlayered exploitation

between HK, SZ &DG

citytabula rasa vs hierachi-

cal grid vs garden city

blockmega-block vs

urban village

Infrastructure vs Informal Activit ies

over-power

over-power

response

parasitic

Mega-block Urban Village

effect on flow

surveilled

monumental

subversive

mobile

temporal

vibrant

System of Difference

surrounding development and policy changes1

need for affordable housing2

3

Top-Down Bottom-Up

vulnerabilities

(upgrade)to be demolishedinformal vending to be cleaned up

limited in what offers

120 km

Crisis Response

the missing ephemeral qualities

4 rejection of physical boundariesMega-block Urban Village

Inf rastructure Informal Act ivities

Top-Down Bottom-Up

27 km

1.5 km

indicates a cross reference elsewhere in the book

3ConceptualFramework

pg.6-11

pg.12-19

pg.20-27

pg.28-52

pg.56-89

pg.90-102

pg.103-105


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4

On Mega-block

Shenzhens capitalistic endeavors have led to increasing privatization of urban fabric -- the building of walled,

fenced and gated mega-blocks. Each mega-block is a singularly designed object with minimum regard for cir-

culatory ramications or urban linkages to the surroundings. They sometimes form suburban bubbles within the

downtown, sometimes stark high rise at the fringe. Their shear scale makes them urban elements, and the sumof them come to dene the city. Urban design is reduced to the sum of architecture.

The gated communities together with the glittering shopping malls make up a public realm that is highly exclu-

sive, surveilled and discontinuous. Their spatial exclusion offers a secure environment to foster a certain socia-

bility of an exclusive group of people. But at same time, it contributes to a process of gentrication and social

segregation. In addition, their sky-scraping height in close juxtaposition to the adjacent low-rise buildings cre-

ates a 3-D stratication effect.


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5

With a speed of urbanization unseen in human history, urban substance gobbled up farmlands and submerged

the rural villages. Without moving an inch, farmers found their homes in the center of a densely populated me-tropolis. The villages become isolated islands in the sea of mega-block architecture. They become urban vil-

lages, the left-overs of Chinas rapid urbanization.

Chinas over-heating economy has caused a soaring price of the real estate -- home ownership become in-

creasing un-affordable with a median housing price-income ratio of 16 (6.5 in the US). The urban villages, built

by individual farmers, lled the blank for affordable housing. They are Chinas contemporary political condition.

The villages are often rented by a oating population of migrant workers seeking their fortune in this brand-newcity. They brought with them the taste of their hometowns into the villages, composing a mixing-and-matching

culture and identity for the enclaves.

The villages are primarily residential but they also foster the growth of informal urbanities - shops, markets and

street vending. The public making and private activities are highly mingled with conditions of inltration and

spilling-over. They are vibrant, temporal and dualistic. They are the sites that enable the open ow of trafc,

commercial exchange and social encounters.

The villages are constantly being built and re-built in response to the surrounding developments and policy

changes. Caiwuwei villages rst construction wave took place after the government granted the right for land

use transfer in 1987 and the subsequent demolition-and-rebuilt took place simultaneously when the govern-

ment launched the Caiwuwei CBD re-development blueprint in 2001.

The urban villages are a customized response to what the mega-block urbanism cannot offer, they grow side

by side with the mega-block development, responding to various needs and external forces.

On Urban Village


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Shenzhen

Dongguan

Guangzhou

Foshan

Jiangmen

Zhongshan

Zhuhai

Macau

HongKong

Location (China - Guangdong Province - Pearl River Delta)

Guangdongprovince,whichtheregionislocatedin,hasaGDPover4trillionyuan(US$519.4billion)in2011,roughlythe same size as that of Indonesias, and contributing approxi-

mately12%ofChinasnationaleconomicoutput.

PEARL RIVER DELTAthisiswhereKoolhaasledhisHarvardProjectontheCity,whereheisbuildingtheShenzhenStockExchange,whereZahabuiltGuangzhouOperaHouse,StevenHollbuilttheHorizontalSkyscraper(whichthelengthexceedstheheightoftheEmpire State Building), and Information Based Architecture built Guang-

zhouTVtower(tallestTVtowerbeforeTokyoSkyTree).ThisisChinasmostfrontiereconomiczone.

-ComparingChineseProvinceswithCountries:AlltheParitiesin

China|TheEconomist.The Economist


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Regional

City

Block

Person

dong Rural and Urban Planning Institute and a senior consultant on the

project.Pollutionwillalsobeaddressedwithaunitedpolicy,priceofpetrolandelectricitywouldbeunied,andphonebillswillfallby85%percent.

HealsoaddedItwillnotbelikeGreaterLondonorGreaterTokyobe-causethereisnoonecityattheheartofthismegalopolis.(IfoundthisnotionreallyintriguingasitispushingthedenitionofMega-Citynot

single cored like Beijing, neither dual-cored like London, the Pearl RiverDeltawillhavemultiplecoresandpatches.)

7

InJanuaryearlierthisyear,TheTelegraphreportedChinasnewambitiousplan to create theworldslargestmega-citywith42millionpeople(halfofGermanysentirepopulation),whichthesizewouldrank34thlargestcountryintheworld.

AtChinasmostfrontiereconomiczonethePearlRiverDelta,9citieswouldbemergedintoone,includingGuangzhou,Shenzhen,Dongguan,Zhuhai,Zhongshan,Jiangmen,ZhaoqingandHuizhou.ThisTurnthePearlRiverDeltaIntoOneschemewillcreatea16,000sqmileurbanareathatis26timeslargerthanGreaterLondon.

150majorinfrastructureprojectswillbebuiltinthenextsixyears,includingenergy,water,telecommunications,transportnetworks,29raillines(over3,100miles),decreasingcommutetimesbetweenthecities.Theideaisthatwhenthecitiesareintegrated,theresidentscantravelaroundfreelyandusethehealthcareandotherfacilitiesinthedifferentareas.Itwillhelpspreadin-dustryandjobsmoreevenlyacrosstheregionandpublicserviceswillalsobedistributed more fairly said Ma Xiangming, the chief planner at the Guang-

The Worlds Mega-City

The Telegraph,24Jan2011


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8Urban Density in the PRD

- Manuel Castells, The rise of the network society, Oxford, UK:

Blackwell,1996

The southern China metropolis, onlyvaguelyperceivedinmostoftheworldat this time, is likely to become the

most representative urban face of the

twenty-rstcentury.


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Shenzhen

Huiyang

Huizhou

Dongguan

Guangzhou

Foshan

Jiangmen

Zhongshan

Zhuhai

Zhaoqing

Macau

Hong Kong

Highway

Rail

Deep ports

Shallow ports

Expressway

Roads

9PRD Infrastructure Map,jonomaps,2006


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1979 1990 2000 2006

10

Rem Koolhaas diagram of City of Exacerbated

difference.

Speed of urbanization in the PRD


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Rem Koolhaas Great Leap Forward,Taschen,2001

11

15yearsago,RemKoolhaasledaresearchprojectinto Chinas most frontier economic zone the Pearl

RiverDelta(PRD),inwhichhegavetheregionanewdenition,CityofExacerbatedDifference,meaningthateverycityinthisregiondenesitselfthroughabrutal opposition of the others, but at same time form-

ingaholisticsystem.HesaidIt is a region whose urbanism emphasizes the

greatest possible difference between its parts, whose

infrastructure both enables and prevents a functioning

whole, whose fabric is neither urban nor rural(Kool-

hass1996)

LetsrstlookatthecitiesontheeastsideoftheriverHongKong,ShenzhenandDongguan.ShenzhenhaseverythingyouhateaboutHongKong,crowded-ness,lackofgreen,highlivingandworkingexpense.At the same time, Shenzhen offers everything Hong

Konghasbutcheaper,whileDongguanoffersevery-thingShenzhenhasbutevencheaper.Shenzhenan-ticipatestheourishingcapitalismofHongKongbutoffersbiggerspaceforlowerprice.Shenzhenhostsmajor electronic manufacturers like Foxconn (iPads,

iPhones),Huawei(biggest3Gcardmaker),Skyworth,Konka,ZTEetc.Dongguan,referredbyKoolhaasasabastard city, hosts all sorts of second industries, at a

muchcheaperpricethanShenzhen.ShenzhenisonlytherebecauseHongKongisacrosstheriver,whileDongguanexploitsthepresenceofShenzhen.Thecities live off one anothers imperfection, exacerbating

degreesofdifferenceswithinthesameparadigm.

Each city in the Pearl River Delta denes itself not as

a counterpart but through a kind of brutal opposition,

each with the same desire to oppose all the others.

So the west side tends to reject the ruined, overde-

veloped east side, which is vilied as the Wild East, an

overdose of speculation: the west side, it was said,

would take matters more slowly and carefully.(Kool-haas,1996)

Guangzhouisthetipendofthisurbanring.Thecapitalof province, the most historical, most cultured city of

thePRD.GuangzhouhasthequalitywhichnoneoftheotherPRDcitieshavepoliticalpower,historyandculture.

During his research, Koolhaas predicted that the 6

citiesoperatewithinonesingleorganismtheyliveoffoneanothersimperfections,withaparadoxthattheslightestmodicationofanydetailsrequiresthereadjustmentofthewholetoreasserttheequilibriumofcomplementaryextremes.IfKoolhaashypothesisisright,whatwillhappenwhenthecitiesmergeintoone?Willtheunicationofenergy,water,telecommu-nicationandtransportnetworkstripofftheirsurvivingdifferences?

Dongguanhasdemonstratedagrowinginterestinattracting technology business, does it threaten Shen-

zhen as the capital of high-tech products?

ShenzhenwasawardedasDesignCapitalbyGlobalCreativeCityUNESCONetworklastyear.Whatdoesthis mean to the other cities in PRD?

City of Exacerbated Difference


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Regional

City

Block

Person

SHENZHEN

ShenzhenJian

gmen

Zhongshan

Zhuhai

Macau

HongKong

12

Shenzhen stretches along the entire border to Hong Kong. Ideologically, Shenzhen is Chinas window to Hong Kong, then to the world; Shenzhen is abuer from communist China to capitalist Hong Kong; The Special Economic Zone is a transition to the Special Administration Zone (Hong Kong).

On August 26h, 1980, Shenzhen, a shing village of 30,000 people, was inaugurated to be one of rst four Special Economic Zones by Chinas

paramount leader of reform, Deng Xiaoping. The zones are designated as territories for accelerated economic development and the testing groundfor policy changes before they could be rolled out on a national scale. Within two years, Shenzhens population grew to 800,000, the area of the zone

grew from 3 km2 to 60, foundations were poured for 300 skyscrapers. In 30 years time, Shenzhen grew into a metropolis of 412 km2 with a popula-tion of 3.79 million. (administration- 2020 km2 &12million)


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50.000 - 200,000

10,000 - 49,999

5,000 - 9,999

1,000 - 4,999

0 - 999

10,357,938

8,175,133

Beijing

(7,400)

NewYorkCity(10,356)

Shenzhen

(5,201)

London

(4,863)

Los Angeles

(2,940)

=500people

sizecomparison&populationdensitydistributioncomparisonbetweenShenzhenandNewYork

Population Density

/km2, wikipedia


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ShennanAve

.

12

3

Exacerbated Difference in Shenzhen and its linear development

urbanizedareainShenzhenfrom1985to20101985

LuohuFutian

OCTQianhai

2010

Urban URB, Shenzhen Urban Ideas,2011

3 2


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Regional

City

Block

Person

garden city hierachical grid tabula rasa

3 2 1

15

ItisnotfromGarniersutopianvisionthatShenzhenshouldbebuiltintoalinearcity.ShenzhengrewalongthebordertoHongKong,connectingseveralportsandstretchingtheentirelengthfromLuohuontheeastsidetoShekouonthewestside.Therst15yearsofdevelopmentinShenzhenwasthebuildingofLuohuarea,thenthecityexpandedwest,builtFutianCBDandtheciviccenter,andnotlongago,anewplanwaslaunchedtorelaimlandatthebayonthewestendofQIanhai,whichwilleventuallyturnintothefutureCBDonwater.

Thechronologicaldevelopmentfromeasttowestoffersplannersanopportunitytoreectfromtheoldandtobuildsomethingnew.Thewestisalways

abravenewworld.ThemapontherightisLuhuoCBD,showingadegreeofdisorderness.Nocleargrid,roadswithdeadends,andthreemetrolinesintersectingaroundasmallregion.TheshoppingareaaroundLaojieStationalmostgreworganicallymajorshoppingspacesgrewalongthemajorstreetsbutthereisnoclearconnectionbetweenthem.

ReectinguponthedisorderednessofLuohu,FutianCBDhasacleargriddedstructurewiththeciviccenteratthegeographicalcenter(middlemap).Twometrolinesrunningeastandwestandtwolinesrunningnorthandsouth.HowevertheciviccenterofShenzhenisaenormousemptyplaza,barelyusedbyanybody.Underneaththeplazathereisanundergroundparkingspace,butbarelyanyoneknowsitsexistence.

IfFutianrepresentsa1960sutopiawithitsuniversalgridandenormousinfrastructure,OCT,anareawestofFutian,isexactlytheanti-thesisofFutian.OCTisagardencity.Fromthemapontheleft,youcanseetheabundantgreenspaceandwindingstreets.Sidewalks,bikelanesandvehiclelanes,

eachlaneisseparatedwithastripoftreesin-between.Andeachstripisofadifferentspecies,frompalmtrees,mangotreestobanyantrees.ThetreesaresotallthatsometimesIfeellikeIwaswalkinginaforest.ThevillasofDongfanggarden,seeingfrommybedroomwindowonthe21stoor(picturenextpage),areliterallysituatedwithinaforest,somethingsoraretoseeinChina,somethingbelongsmoretoarural/suburbialandscape.


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Itisalandscapeneitherurbannorrural...my apartment


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Itisalandscapeneitherurbannorrural...

viewfrommyapartment


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alandscapeneithermonolithicnorinformal...viewofCaiwuweiCBD


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alandscapeneithermonolithicnorinformal...viewofCaiwuweiCBD


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Hong Kong

Shennan Road

Futian CBDLuohu CBD

Futian Port

Luohu PortFuture Qianhai CBDt

Caiwuwei Area

CAIWUWEIlocation,in-betweenthetabularasaandthehierachicalgridUrbanus URB, Shenzhen Urban Ideas,2011


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in-betweenLuohustabularasaandFutianshierachicalgrid21

pg.18

pg.19

COMMERCIAL


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Regional

City

Block

Person

1

2

3

4

5

6

6

6

6

78 9

1 Lychee Park

2 DengXiaopingPortraitSquare

OfceTowers

The Mix Mall

Shenzhen Opera House3

4

5

CaiwuweiUrbanVillage6

Mega-block housing7

Danweihousing8

Middle school9

COMMERCIAL

RESIDENTIAL

CIVIC


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1 Lychee Park 2 DengXiaopingPortraitSquare Shenzhen Opera House3

OfceTowers4 The Mix Mall5 CaiwuweiUrbanVillage6

Mega-block housing7 Middle school9Danweihousing8


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means to let

Kingkey100Toweruponcompletioninsummer2011

6current

Inside Mix Mall


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Entertainment & Education

residential

middle class residential

mixed-use residential

education/healthcare

cultural/entertainment

ofces

greenery25Entertainment& Education


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Offices26Ofces


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residentialResidential 27

Bank of China


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Regional

National

City

Block

Person

Xiongguzu Ltd. (HK)

Zhangguoyan

design consultent TFP

ARUP

Deng XiaopingPortrait Square

Bank of China

China MerchantsBank

ShenzhenDevelopment bank

Shenzhen Kingkey Real Estate

Shenzhen Huashen Design

Huarun Group

China Urban Design Research Institute Shenzhen Office

open doorpolicy

caiwuwei villagerscollectively transfertheir lands for

development

establishmentof SEZs

law of Transferof land-userights

TiananmenSquare incident

land use reform

OCT themeparks

land valueincrement tax

HongKongshand-over

legal protection ofprivate properties

first Shenzhenmasterplan

Deng touredthe PRD

Dengs 2ndtoured to PRD

Deng re-appointedParty chairman

Dengs deathDeng retired butpower remained

second Shenzhenmasterplan

third Shenzhenmasterplan

Chronology diagram

At the Third Plentum of the Eleventh Central Committee of the CCP in December, Deng Xiaoping, the vice-chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP),

introducestheOpenDoorPolicy,acomprehensiveprogramtomodernizethe(socialist)Chineseeconomyrelativetothe(capitalist)globalmarket.Thepolicy1978


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p y, p p g ( ) y ( p ) g p ycallsforincreasedcontactstoforeigntradeandinvestment,thedecentralizationofeconomicdecision-makingtoallowgreaterresponsetomarketforces,andgraduallegalizationandtransferoflandtopromoteeconomicdevelopment.DengstatesthatChinaneedstoexpanditscontactswithforeigncountries.InGuangdong,thismeansopeningitsdoorstoHongKong.Beforetheendoftheconference,ChinaannouncescorporateagreementswithBoeingandCoca-Cola.

OnJanuary1,ChinaandtheUnitedStatesannouncetheopeningoffulldiplomaticrelations.DengXiaopingvisitedtheUnitedStatesonJanuary28th.Thebeautifulimperialist.imagesofDenggreetedbycheeringcrowdsinWashington,D.C.,arebeamedbacktoChina.

TheOpenDoorPolicyisinauguratedinChinabytheestablishmentoffourSpecialEconomicZones(SEZ)inGuangdongProvince:Shenzhen,Zhuhai,Shantou

andXiamen.Thezonesaredesignatedasterritoriesforacceleratedeconomicdevelopmentandthecontrolledimportationofforeigntechnologyandcapital.Manypolicyexperimenttakesplaceinthezonebeforetheycouldbeimplantedonanationalscale.TheSEZsofferskilled,non-unionizedlabor,preferentialtaxrates,andothernancialincentives.TheSEZsarestrategicallylocatednearanticipatedsourceofforeigncapital:InthePearlRiverDelta,ShenzhenbordersHongKongandZhuaibordersMacau;meanwhile,ShantouandXiamenlieacrossthechanneltoTaiwan.

FirstmasterplanoftheShenzhenSpecialEconomicZonedrafted,bytheGuangdongPlanningInstitute.Intwoyears,thecityspopulationgrowsfrom30,000to300,000andnally,800,000.Theareaofthezoneisadjustedfrom3squarekilometersto10,thento60.Foundationsarepouredfor300skyscrapers.

InJanuary,DengtoursGuangdongProvinceasagestureofsupportfortheedgingSpecialEconomicZones.Thevisitprovidesahugeboosttothedevelop-mentoftheSEZs:thevolumeofbuildingconstructioninShenzhennearlydoublesoverthefollowingyear.ThePearlRiverDeltaisnamedoneofthreedevel-opmenttrianglestargetedforexpandedeconomicdevelopment.Theywillactaslterforscienceandtechnology,helpingChinatodiscardthedrossandselecttheessentials.

FoundationpouredforShenzhenOperaHouse.CompletionofGuomangPlaza,therstskyscraperinChina,therstsymbolofShenzhensdevelopment.

SecondmasterplanoftheShenzhenSpecialEconomicZone,bytheChinaAcademyofPlanninginBeijing.ThesizeoftheSEZisdoubledto122squarekilometers,andthepopulationhasreachedover1million.

Thebuildingofthreethemeparks(SplendidChina,FolkCultureVillageandWindowoftheWorld)inOverseaChineseTown.Allthreethemeparkedweren-ishedwithinadecadewithafourthone-HappyValley.ThethemeparksbecomeametaphorofShenzhensidentity-ChinaswindowtotheWorld.

Land-usereformisinitiatedinGuangdongprovincetoderegulatepropertydevelopmentwithintheconnesofthesocialistpropertysystem.Underthereforms,thestateretainsownershipofland,buttherighttouselandistransferredorleasedtodevelopersthroughnegotiation,tenderingorauction.Itrespondstotheanticipatedtensionbuiltupbetweeninvestor/developersandthegovernmentandtriggeredanewwaveofdevelopment.Thusurbanlandisownedbythe

state,butleasedandcontrolledbythePlanningBureau;agriculturallandisownedcollectivelybytheirresidents,enablingpeasantstojointogetherandsellland-userightstodevelopers,turningmanyintomillionairesovernight.Thegovernmentcanstillexpropriateordemandrightstousecollectivelyownedland,butmustreasonablycompensatepeasants.

CaiwuweivillagercollectivelytransferredtheirlanduserightfortheconstructionofCaiwuweiGrandHotel.

Dengformallyretiresfromallgovernmentpositions,butremainstheparamountleaderoftheCCP.

TheCCPissuestheLawofTransferofLand-UseRightsinShenzhen,furtheringthesplitbetweenownershipandlanduse.Withinthesystemofcollective

1979

1980

1982

1984

1985

1986

1987

1989

Chronology-Reform,PearlRiverDelta,Shenzhen,Caiwuwei&DengXiaoping

ownership,thelawallocatestheland-userightforonehectareoflandtoeachhousehold,promptingaburstofspeculativereal-estatedevelopment.withprox-imitytotheSpecialEconomicZonesasitsprimeasset,thevalueoffarmlandinthePearlRiverDeltaimmediatelyskyrockets.


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ThePearlRiverDeltaachievesa27percentannualgrowthrate,becomingtheGoldenCoastofChina.TheareaofSpecialEconomicZoneinShenzhenisexpandedto150squarekilometers,withapopulationapproached1.5million.

TiananmenSquareincident,whichDengordersthecrack-downoftheprotestresultingdeathofhundreds.Chinareceivestheworldscondemnation,consid-erableamountofforeigninvestmentwithdrew,andforeignloantoChinawassuspendedbytheWorldBank.

DengssecondtourofthePearlRiverDelta-anefforttocurtailfreemarketreformandreinstituteadministrativeeconomiccontrols.Hisvisitreafrmstheim-portanceandstatusoftheSEZsinrealizingthegoalsoftheOpenDoorPolicy.Thevisitsparksarenewedsurgeindevelopmentthroughouttheregion.

CaiwuweiPlaza,LijingPlaza,BatongPlaza,ShenzhenDevelopmentBankbrakegroundsimultaneously.

CaiwuweivillagersfoundCaiwuweiLtd.fordealingwithfuturecollectivelandusetransfer.Allvillagerstakeshare.

Introductionoflandvalueincrementtax.Underthenewlegislationpartiesandindividualsinvolvedintransactionofland-userightsgainsanetprotofmorethan20%,effectivelyencouragingthetransferofland-userightsandpromptingeconomicdevelopment.

Constructionstartsontheworldslargestbookstore--ShenzhenBookCity.

CompletionofDiwangPlaza,Aisastallestbuildingatthetime.

ThirdmasterplanoftheShenzhenSpecialEconomicZone,bytheShenzhenInstituteofUrbanPlanning,inauguratedwithsixnewareasofdevelopmentspi-ralingoutoftheoriginalterritory.

HongKongishandedoverbacktoChina,administratedautonomouslyasasSpecialAdministrativeZone.HongKongshandingoverfurtherfacilitatesitsconnections to Shenzhen, Guangdong and Chinas hinterland, but at same time casted an identity crisis for Shenzhen of loosing its privilege as the Special

EconomicZone.

ShenzhenSEZhasbecomeametropolisof2,020squarekilometersand3.79millionpeople.

DengxiaopingsdeathismournedacrossChina,especiallyinShenzhen.HeisconsideredtheChiefArchitectofChinasModernization.

Caiwuweivillagerebuiltto6-7stories.

PlanningofCaiwuweiCBDre-design.

TheMixMallopened.

Citizensarenallyawardedthesamelegalprotectionoftheirpropertyasthestate.realestatepriceincreasedby10%.

ConstructionbeginsonShenzhenStockExchange,designedbyOMA.

2011Shenzhenhoststhe26thWorldsUniversityGames.

1992

1993

1995

1996

1997

2001

2002

2004

2007

2011YuyangLiu,Great Leap Forward,Taschen,2001

Urban URB, Caiwuwei Redevelopment Urban Design ,2011

reworkedfrom:

30


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Caiwuwei village is a response

to surrounding development and

policy changes.


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The Mega-blocksMega-blocks 32

7

7

The mega-blocks are singularly designed

objectswithminimumregardforcircula-toryramicationsorurbanlinkages,form-

ingsuburbanbubbleswiththedowntown,andstarkhighriseatthecityfringe.Their shear scale makes them urban

elements, and the sum of them come to

denethecity, to form the master-plan ofthecity.Urbandesignisreducedtothesumofarchitecture.

-- Neville Mars, The Chinese Dream,

Rotterdam010Publishers,2008


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Danwei Blocks

Danweimeansworkunit,Danweiblocks refer to a building typology devel-

oped during Chinas communist era -- bar

shapebuildingswithunevenfacadetomaximizeventilation,ithasbeenwell-integrated into Chinas contemporary

buildingtraditions.Danweiblocks

8

33

8


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Urban Village

As the city gobbles up farmlands, the

villages found themselves submerged in

theseaofurbansubstance.The villagesbecomeisolatedislandswithinthecity,whilethemega-blockstakeovertoformthe fabric of the city.

Chinashukousystemspeciestheurbanlandisownedbythestatewhiletherurallandisownedcollectivelybythefarmers.Thegovernmentdoesnothaveaowner-shippowerovertheselands,whichisthe

mainreasonswhythesevillageswerenotdevelopedinthesamewayastherestofthecity.However,thegovernmentcandemand to use the land for development

if a proper compensation is offered to

thevillagers.Thedashedcircleindicatesthedemolishedvillage,whichnowhostsShenzhens tallest skyscraper -- Kingkey

100.Urban Villages

demolished village

34

6

6


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Regional

City

Block

Person

Urban Village generic block

sitearea:42875m

2

construction:174,900m2

FAR:2.67buildingdensity:53.1%

14m

19m

13m

-mostlybuiltin2001inresponsetopolicychange-6-7storieswith verylowoortoceilingheight-mostrentedbymigrantworkers,abedroomcanbesharedupto4people-groundoorforcommercialuse

3000

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

7000 14000 3500

pg.52-54 on who lives in the village

35

The Chinese Dreams preface article A Society Under Construction by Nev-

ille Mars best outlined the dominant values bubbled to top of the Chinese

societ since the 1980s Comparable to an American dream the Chinese


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Mega-blocks,danweibuildingsandurbanvillagesoftenformabewilder-ingjuxtapositionofdilapidation,wealthdensity,andcommunisthistory.Withsuchcontexts,newexpensivemulti-storycompoundsdisserverthemselvesfromthenearbylowerbuildingsbyheightandaccessways,leading to a 3-D stratication eect

-- Neville Mars, The Chinese Dream,Rotterdam010Publishers,2008

societysincethe1980s.ComparabletoanAmericandream,theChinesedreamisalsolargelybundledwithhomeownership.Forayoungcouplewithonechild,thedreamcouldbeasmalltwo-bedroomcondominiuminacity.Themega-blocksinagatedcommunityarethesymbolofanewshinnydream.Architecture becomes the dream to be purchased afteryearsofsavingandsquattinginrentalhomes.

Onalargersocietallevel,thevisionistobeurbanized.Constructionat-tractsworkforceintocities,realestategeneratesconsiderablerevenueandgovernmentsreceivescaltaxation;urbandevelopmentspushthelandownershippoliciestochangeandevolve,whichconsequentiallyrelatingtopropertyrightdisputesandunrestacrossthecountry;cultur-allypushingtheconsensusofindividualrightsandprivacy.UrbanizationisattheheartofChinasreformandstillistheengineofChinasgrowingeconomy.Everyaspectofchange,whetherculturally,environmentallyorsocially,allinonewayoranother,relatedtothechangesinChinasbuiltenvironment.

Howeverthepressuretopurchaseapropertyisanincreasingburdenontheyounggeneration.Theaveragehousingpriceacrossthecountryroseupbyover30%infouryearsfrom2002to2006.Lastyear(2010)theaveragehousingpriceis8856yuan/sm,and15892yuan/sqminthetop10cities.Itmeansforacollegegraduateearning50,000yuaninChina,tobuyacondominiumof970squareftand800,000yuanwouldtakehim16years(ifhedoesnteat,payrentsortax),whiletheUScomparativemodelisabout6.25years.


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40/112

Regional

City

Block

PersonON BOUNDARY


41/112

Enclosed Space39Enclosed Spaces


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Enclosure Context40Enclosed Spaces Context

Thewalls,fencesandgatesaroundeachresi-dential compounds are intended for better public

security and prevention of petty crime.Generally,

spentmyearlyyearsinadanweicommunitywhenmymotherwasworkingforastate-ownedweavingfac-tory.Itwasabigcommunityofover10,000peopleon


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gated communities

41

y p p y y,the richer the property is, the tighter the security

is.Forexample,LinkedHybridinBeijinghasanexcessivelevelofsecurity.Itiscompletelywalledofffromadjacentstreetsandproperties.Therearetwomajorgatesandasidegateleadingdirectlytotheundergroundparkinglevel.Allgatesare

guardedandequippedwithcard-swipingsys-tem.Thereare24-hoursecuritypatronandCCTVcamerasinstalledinthepublicareasaswellasintheelevators.Onmyrstvisitthere,Iwasstoppedthreetimeswithin50metersofwalk,bythegatesecurity,patronsecurityandblocksecurity.Theystop any un-familiar face until a proper reason for

visitingispresented.InDaxingarea,Beijing,itwasreported that crime dropped by 73 percent from

ApriltoJulythisyearaftertheauthoritywalledoff

someresidentialvillages.

Generally, the urban villages are on the loose end

of security due to the fact that are mostly occu-

piedbyaoatingpopulationoflowerincome.Inthepictureweseehalfofacar-stoppingbarrier,onlythecardswipingmachinebutnotthebarrierbar.Inthelowerimage,thereisasecuritypavilionbuttheguardisabsent.

From a deeper ideological aspect, the gated com-munities are a carry-over of Chinas communist

mentalityfromthe1960s.Eachdanwei(workunit)shouldsupplyitsworkerswithalltheameni-ties needed to live comfortably so that there is no

need to travel outside.Andadeeperintentionisforthegovernmenttokeeptrackofthepeople.I

y g y , p pa173,000sm2(17.3hectare)ofland,withinthewalls,therewasanelementaryschoolandmiddleschool,ahospitalandaverysmallsoccereld.Therewaseverythingfromcradletograve.Theapartmentswerenot purchased or rented by the residents but distrib-

utedfromthefactorytoitsworkers,soallresidentsare

eitherdirectlyassociatedwiththefactory(thedanwei)orthefamilyoftheworker.

The gated communities provide a secure environ-

ment to foster certain sociabilities of a selective group

of people,forexample,themotherswouldfeelsafeleavingtheirchildrenplaywithinthegatesknowingallresidentsarefromherdanwei.However,asmiddle-classcompoundsandlowerclassonesarebecomingmoreandmoredifferentiated,mega-block,freeways

and shopping malls are stratifying the urban existenceinonewaywhilederelicturbanvillagesaregoingtheotherdirection.Thewalls,fencesandgatesbecomea physical manifestation of social segregation and

gentrication.

Linked Hybrid property

-24hrpolicepatron- CCTV cameras

-card-swipingsystem- guards at gates and every block

Shuttle bus

Underground parking

Kindergarden


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42

Kindergarden

Playground

Supermarket

PostofceLaundromat

Beauty salon

Fitness center

Indoor&Outdoorswim-ming pool

Tennis court

Basketball court

Bowlingroomrestaurant

cafe

Greenhouse

Bookstore

Pharmacy

everydanweisuppliesitsworkerswithalltheamenitiesneededtolivecomfortablysothatthereisnoneed to travel outside

Thewallsofferasecureenvironmenttofostercertainsociabilityofaselectivegroupofpeople,butalsocontributestoaprocessofgentricationandsocialsegregation.

images by Neville Mars, The Chinese Dream,Rotterdam010Publishers,2008

Gates have differentiated functions in ancient

China.Toillustratethis,letustraveltohistori-calBeijing.


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Beijings Wupailou Gate is a symbol of Qianmen Avenue

History of Gates in China 43

Zhengyangmen, the gatehouse proper to

Beijingsinnercity.Itwasconnectedwiththeoldcitywallthatusedtofencearoundthein-nercity.Outsidethewallswasthemoatthatgaveanotherlayerofprotection.Zhengyang-

men is at the center of Beijings north-southaxis,inlinewithTiananmen,HallofSupremeHarmony,andthecitysDrumandBellTower.

Jianlou,thearcherytowerthatconnectstoZhengyangmen,formingadoublegate.Thecourtyardin-betweenwasusedforarcherystorageandstationedmilitants.Thistowerhasthickwarsand94smallwindowsforshootingenemies.

Wupailou,entrancetoQianmenAvenue.Itisa decorative monument, carry no function of

security or defense, but merely a marking of

Qianmenshoppingstreet.Itisalsoanex-ample ofPaifang,seeninChinatownsacrosstheworld.

Zhengyangmen

Jianlou

Wupailou


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GatesinCaiwuweiVillage-Security?Monument?Butratherseemsincomplete.

44


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Enclosed Green45

semi-publicspacewithinthewalls,forexample,gardenswith-inagatedcommunity.Enclosed Green spaces


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pg.60-67 on the dissolve of boundaries

Enclosed & In-between46

publicspaceoutsidethewallsis very limited, mostly public

streetsEnclosed vs the Outside


49/112

Flow Lines47intensityoftrafcow

Thewalled,gatedandfencedenclosuresbreakdowntheurbanfabric,however,the urban villages are seen to have more

trafcowthatbranchesintodifferentgatedcommunities.Inotherwords,theurban villages serve to stitch the urban

fabrictogether.


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Caiwuweivillagesstitchthefragmentedurbanfabric 48


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Adhesion to the fabric49fragmented urban fabric

17 restaurants:2Hunan,2Sichuan,2Cantonesepharmacy

2hotels


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2

1

3

13restaurants:5Hunan,2Sichuan,2Canton -

ese2cafes2ice-cream shops2bakeriesconvenient store

super market

massage

beauty salon

print shop

photo developer

photography studio

computer repair

stastionarys

Home decoration/ accessories

plumbing materials shop

somesmallofces(retail,technologyrelated)

11restaurants: 4 Hunan, 4 Northern,tea house

bakery

diary shop

convenient store3 pharmacies

3ower/plantshopsmessage

hotel

lottery stands

investment/pledger service

motor-bike repair

ofces:restaurantmanagemnt,soft-drinkbrandretail management

hair salon

mobile phone store

leisure&tnesscenter

2

3

The reasons for visiting - Informal businesses 50


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The smell of the informal culinary spaces 51


54/112

Regional

City

Block

Person

Tenants

Have been living in the village for 3 years,

movedtoShenzhen6yearsago.

Vendors

movedtoCaiwuweilastyearfromanothervillage

Vendor

sells corns in Lychee Park

Vendor, from Jiangxi

Hasbeencomingtothisspotfor16years,ob-servedthechangesoftheareas.(Thevillagesusedtobe3-storybuildings,rebuiltin2000).

Movingbusiness,fromChongqingHasbeeninShenzhenfor13years

Nuts vendor, Uighur (ethnical minority), from

Xinjiang

learnt Mandarin after moving to Shenzhen

InterviewwithCaiwuwweivillagebyUrbanusURB

52


55/112

Dumpling restaurant chef

Rentis1500yuanperapartment,theownercollects50,000yuanpermonths.

Hairdressers assistant

Lifeisboringbecasueitisonlyaboutworkand sleep

Water dilevery,

HasbeeninShenzhenfor5-6years,metherhusband here then started a family business

Waitress,

Has been in Shenzhen for almost 3 years

Lives in the comoany dormitory, a 3-bedroom

apartmentinthevillages,sharingaroomwith3otherworkmates

Sandwichshopowner,fromHubeiJustmovedtoShenzhenafewdaysago

Pedestrian,inhis70sMovedtoShenzheninhis50s

53


56/112

Locksmith, Hakka (ethnical minority), from

Meizhou (Guangdong)

Has been in Shenzhen for 7-8 years

Pedestrain, from Harbin (Heilongjiang)

on long holiday in Shenzhen to escape the

coldness of Harbin, hotels are too expansive

Public Inspector (Chengguan), from Hunan

hasbeeninShenzhenformorethan10yearsCame to Shenzhen because everybody came

here after Chinas reform

Ofceemployee,worksinDiwangbuildingLives in urban village because rent is too ex-

pansiveingatedresidentialcomponds.Urban life in Lychee Park

NotlongafterDengsedict,storiesaboutthisnewland of opportunities started to travel across the

country.Somewhereinthesouth,itwaswhispered,therewasabrandnewcitywithplentyofjobs.Acitywithgoldcoloredhigh-riseandmovingstairs.Soon people started talking about Shenzhen Speed

- the until then unheard pace of development - or

theShenzhenGeneration-thosewhohadtakenadvantageofthisspeedandgotrichfast...

Toddyhimselfrememberedwhenhewasalittle

boy,heheardthegrown-upstalkaboutthiscity.There,theysaid.isaplacewhereyoucanbe-comerich.Therestorieswerefueledbyrecruiterswhotravelledtoremotevillagestohirefarmersforthenewfactories.Andbymigrantswhoreturnedtotheirvillageswithbothstoriesofsuccessandtheirtrophiesofmodernity--watches,TVsets,money.

-- Neville Mars, The Chinese Dream, Rotterdam

010Publishers,200854

The village houses were built and re-built by individual farmersto be rented out to migrant workers at an aordable price. In-formal urban activities -- temporal markets and street vending


57/112

formal urban activities temporal markets and street vendinggrow within these villages, oering convenient shopping and

cheap life-style. These villages of informal become a cus-tomized response to what the mega-blocks cannot ofer.


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ATTRIBUTES OF THE URBAN VILLAGEsubversive, mobile, dualistic, temporal, vibrant & open ow


59/112

Regional

City

Block

PersonTEMPORALITY

57


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58

Location

Thetemporalmarketlocatesalongthemainstreetthroughthevillage,atwherethereismosttrafcow.

Organization

Itisorganizedlinearlyalongthestreetandfacingthestreet.Itdivergesthetrafcowintotwolines,oneforcommercialexchangeandoneforaccessing

theshops.

Structure

Ithasalocationbutnotanypermanentstructure.Foranaveragevendor,hehasasunshade,stallsthatmadefromcardboardboxes,woodenboardsorplastictubs.Theseinformalstructurealwaysgrabontoanedgeofaformalstructure.InthecaseofCaiwuweivillage(diagram),themarketlocatesattheedgeofthestreet,wherethestreettouchesthestepstothebuildings,leavingsomespacebothonthefrontandbehindforcirculationthroughorintotheshops.InHubeivillage(picture),themarketgrabstotheedgeoftheboundarywallsothewallbecomesabackdropofthemarket.InasimilarmarketnearLinkedHybrid,Beijing,themarketgathersundertheshadowsofahighway.Inallcases,themarketitselfhasnoestablishedstructurebututilizesanexistingpieceofinfrastructure.

MaterialThesunshades,eitherplastic,nylonorfabric,hasbeenthematerialusedrepeatedlyfortemporalmarkets,fromShenzhentoLondon,from200yearsagototoday.Thesunshadestretchesoutapieceoffabricaboveheadtoshelterpeopleunderneathfromrainandstrongsunshine.Itseemsthatthetensileappearanceofthematerialhasbecomearecognizablefeatureofatemporalmarket.


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The fresh vegetables sold on these markets 59


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pg.38-49 on boundary

Market in Hubei village, Shenzhen

parasitic relationship and the dissolve of boundary 60

In Hubei Village, the vegetable market spreads against a long

blankwall;InBeijing,themorningeemarkettakestheshad-owsunderanelevatedhighway.Itseemsthattheinformalbusinessesarealwaysparasitictoapieceofinfrastructure.


63/112

Market in Hubei village, Shenzhen

parasitic relationship and the dissolve of boundary 61


64/112

AmornigmarketunderaHighwayinBeijingsdowntownareanearLinkedHybrid

Thediagramillustratesthewalls/highwaysoriginaleffecttodi-vide,however,asthemarketbringsmoreow,itbecomesaplaceofconcentration.Theprocess,inaway,dissolvestheboundary.

62


65/112

AmornigmarketunderaHighwayinBeijingsdowntownareanearLinkedHybrid

63


66/112

64ladysellingroastedsweetpotatoes

40s/ couple to be

close to their son

pineapples&chestnuts

assembly table

20s/ young

prefessional

second-hand products

entrance to lychee park

fabric

40s/ Hakka from

Guangdong

locksmith

table with wheels

and drawer

along major street

morning

groceries


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near subway entrance

7:00am - 5:00pm

assembly tableboxes

50s/ lady with two

younger assistants

steamed dumplings

outside a gated community

6:00am - 10:00am

basic steamer

cookware

20s/ young

prefessional

hand-made crafts

outside a gated community

8:00pm - 10:00pm

DIY stalls

and shelf

entrance to lychee park

8:00pm - 10:00pm

30s/ vender

accesories

on sidewalk along main street

7:00pm - 10:00pm

fabric, bike

40s/ farmer

vegetables

inside urban village

7:00am - 11:00am

fabric, cart

20s/ Uighur

from Xinjiang

walnuts

1:00pm - 7:00pm

tricycle with

a cart

near street intersection

9:00am - 5:00pm

50s/ female

migrant worker

roasted sweet potatoes

9:00am - 5:00pm

oven in a cart

on the side walk

50s/ farmer

cornstricycle+cart

in lychee park

6:00am - 10:00am

50s/ from

Jiangxifix bikes

a luggage of

tools

near street intersection

9:00am - 6:00pm

snacks

services

groceries

groceries

hobby

catogories of informal businesses 65

0 2time 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 (h)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24(h)time


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0

0

-2

2

2

4

6

8

(m)dist.

wall

time

10

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 (h)

vegetables marketueuelunchll

snacks stalls

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24(h)

0

-2

2

4

6

8

(m)

10

dist.

wall

time

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 (h)

0

-2

2

4

6

8

(m)

10

dist.

wall

time

informalityseffectonthewall

informality has no permanent forms but changes its shape during

the course of the day

astreetwithinformalbusinessesonbothsidesandtrafcowsinbetween

effect-thickeningthewall,theslitsindicatewhentheinformalvendors are expelled by chengguan

66


69/112

comparative study to Covent Garden, London 67


70/112

pg.88 on Covent Gardens dualityCovent Garden temporality

There are three different commercial spaces -- mobile structure outside the

markethall,marketstallsinsidethemarketandshopswithinthebuiltcells.Theshopsandstallsarelayedoutinalternatingstripswiththemobilestructurescat-teredaround.


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Covent Garden temporality - mobile structure 69


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Covent Garden temporality

Structureistheregulatingdevice.

70


73/112

Covent Garden temporality

Context.

71


74/112

Regional

City

Block

Person

vibrancy - spill over vs inltrationVibrancyisthecontestedrelationshipbetweenpublic-makingandprivateactivities.Itistheconditionofpublic-makinginltratedintoprivatestructuresandtheconditionofprivateactivitiesspilledovertothepublicspace.


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Private activities occurance mapping -- Spilling over 73


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Spilling over

This diagram maps the private activities

occurred in the public space according to

myobservation.Themostcommononeisclothes-drying,foundeverywhereinthevillage, along the major street, in the side

streets, sometimes even above the en-trancetoashop.Thelesscommononesaretheshopassistantseating,watchingTVorreadingnewspaperintheirshops.Thetransformedtheirworkplaceintotheirlivingrooms.Ialsofoundakidwrit-inghishomeworkwithapull-outtableinasidestreet.

Most private activities occur around the

built blocks, sometimes right inside ashop.Clothes-dryinghappensanywhereandeverywhere,whilesomeothersareslighted concentrated along the main

commercialstreet.

There is not much internal organization

withinthedistributionofthedots.Private activities occurance mapping 74


77/112

non-differentiatedow pg.47 on fow intensity75

Inltration

In this diagram, the blue is the accessiblespace,whichincludesthestreetsandtheinltratedspace.Itshowstheinltratedspace expands over the dimension of the

street, the street is no longer a line, but a

zonethatissometimeswidesometimesnarrow.


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convertedspaceforcommercialexchange--Inltration

Alotoftheprivateblockshavebeeninl-tratedonthegroundoorbycommercialactivities,especiallyalongthemainstreet.Thebluemarkstheamountofinltration.Theinltrationlooselyfollowsthetrafcowinandoutofthevillage,connectingtothestreetsoutsidethevillage.76


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connection to the city 77


80/112

Context 78

A

A


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serialsection_01

Aserialsectionalongthemainstreetshowsthechangesinthewidthofthestreet,degreeofinltrationandheightdifferenceofthepublicspace.Thedegreeofinltrationvariesfromblocktoblock,andsomeblocksaremoreelevatedthanothers.Butthestreetgetsnarrowerfromeasttowest,andtheinltrationlooselyreducesasthestreetgetsnarrower.

9900 15700930016300 5700

B

B


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serialsection_02

5000 9700 12000 12000

80

C

C


83/112

serialsection_03

9700 15200 9100

81

D

D


84/112

serialsection_04

12600 13000 13400

82

E

E


85/112

serialsection_05

13600 5030 13670

83


86/112


87/112

Regional

City

Block

Person

the devices that enables the commercial activities to be mobileMOBILITY


88/112

86

IdocumentedthemobiledevicesthatIsawintheurbanvillage.HereIammostlyinterestedinthetricycles.Foranaveragevegetablevendor,hebikeshistricycletothewholesalemarketeverymorningtoloadhistricyclewithfreshvegetables.Thenhebikes to his spot of sale, uses boxes and boards to

unpackanddisplaythevegetablesonhistricycle.When a street police comes, he can hop on histricycleandcycleawayasfastashecan.

Itisabikewithatrunkinasimpleassembly.Thewheelsmakeitmovableandthetriangularpositionmakesitstable.Ithasahierachyofonefrontwheelandtwobacks.


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Regional

National

City

Block

PersonSUBVERSION

InChina,lawandpolicyareofteninterpretedandpracticeddifferentlybythepeople.Therealwaysseemstobeatendencytobreachbetweenthewordsoflawsandpolicy.Thepolicysayseachvillager can build his house up to san jian fang (three roomsinitsliteralmeaning).Buttheyeachbuilt3-storybuildingswithdoubleheightceilings,and convertthem into lofts, so 3 stories become 6 stories.

The government tries to control informal vending along the streets because they dont pay tax, they block the roads and mostly importantly, they are

an eye sore in the eyes of the authority, they stain theimageofmodernization.FirstChengguan(lower thanpolicepatron)wasformedinthe1990sto expel street vending and clean the image ofthecity.Thevendors,lifttheirplasticbags,hopontheirtricyclesorrunawayasfastastheycanwhentheyseeachengguanapproaching.AftertheChengguan is gone, they come back, layout their goodslikenothingeverhappened.Theycomeandgoingroupssoeverybodycanwatchforoneanother.

In Chinese there is a saying roughly translated to - for every measure from the top, a countermeasure atthebottom.It is exactly this countermeasurethatmadeuptheinformalurbanism,thatrespondstotheneedofthepeople.Thepracticeissubversiveinitsnature, coming out of an ambivalence be-tweentheindividualandthestate,rootedfromtheancienttimeandstillispresentincontemporaryChina.Unlikethewest,whichlawistheframeworkthatshadowseverybodysinteraction,inChina,lawisviewedasaninventionfromagroupofprivilegedpeople.Thesupremacyoftherituals,ontheotherhand,formstheundertoneorderinChinesesociety.


90/112

Regional

City

Block

Person

Inthelateimperialtime(late1800s),therewasavegetablemarketoutsidetheforbiddenwallsinBeijing(Caishikou).Itwasfamousnotforthefruitsorveg-

etables,butfamousbecauseitwasthemonarchysplaceofexecution.Thefelonwouldbedraggedfromtheoneendofthe market street to the other end - the

executionground,whilepeoplethrewrot-tenvegetableatthefelon.The everydaymarketbecameapromenadesequencefortheeventplace.

Ichosenottoshowanydisturbingim-

ages of Caishikou, but picked up a similarconditionatConventGardeninLondon.The church front is the backdrop of the

stagewhilethemarketsfrontandtwosideformtheviewingboundary.

pg.67-71 on Covent Gardens temporality

88

DUALITYthe everyday vs the event at Covent Garden


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Duality- the everyday vs the event at Covent Garden

There is another performance space

insidethemarketandunderground.Thisone is dedicated to vocal and instrument

performances.Insection,theeverydayandtheeventalternates.

89


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CRISIS


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2005 2011


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over-power

Top-Down Bottom-Up

vulnerabilities

tobe demolished

informal vending to be cleaneduplimite

d inwhat offer

42.7 64.4 48.8 36.8 150.4

92


95/112

Regional

City

Block

Person

12.2 4.3 13.0 12.0 11.9 15.7 (m)93

Shenzhenhasdemolishedlandthatisequalto2.6CentralParksinthepast5years,andrebuiltitto7.6CentralParks.AccordingtothenewRe-devel-opment Plan,Caiwuweivillagesareexpectedtodisappear.CaiwuweiSouthVillagehasalreadybeendemolishedfortheconstructionofKingkey100tower(441m)andKKmall.Thedemolitionandre-developmentisatransformationprocessfromintimateurbanvillagescaletoenormousmega-blockscale,itisalsoagentricationprocessfrominformalbusinessestoglitteringshoppingmalls.

isthesignonbuildingstobedemolished.


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100mSITE 2005 94


97/112

SITE 2011 95

Commerce chamber

court


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Lijing Plz.

Shenzhen book city

Gucci flagship store

The Mix Mall

Hospital

Diwang Plz.

Shenzhen Opera House

Kingkey100 development

Police headquarter

School for television

pg.25-27 on program categories

96important programs


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major bus stop

subwaystop

walkablearea,250mradius

underground tunnel97site circulation


100/112

98Road Layout

Shenzhensroadnetworkhasafunctionalhierarchy,frommajormotor-waystosec-ondary streets branching off the primary

streets.ThisiswhereLuohustabularasatouchesFutianshierarchicalgrid,whereweseespaghetti-likestreetsmergesintoanorthogonalsystem.

an Ave.


101/112

99Shenzhen Opera House and Opera House Plaza

The Grand Music

Hall in the Opera

House is 2/3 of

i


102/112

under utilized

empty plaza

times empty

no ground-levelpedestrian trans-

pass but only

underground tunnels

The smaller

hall is used up

to 80%

theaters

lounge

Commercial

office +

back stage

2688m2

1560m2

432m2

432m2

100site analysis: Shenzhen Opera House

Shenzhen Opera House situates

in the center of the Opera House

Square,whichiscurrentlyunder-uti-lized.Ithasagrandmusichallandasmallerhall,thebighallisempty2/3oftheyearwhilethesmallhallhas

beenusedupto80%.

There are a lot of under-utilized

spaceswhilethereisaneedforsmallerperformancespace.

441m

from FAR 2.67 to

14, 220,000sqmof offices hold

30,000 workers

but no informal

businesses

1755 new

condos for

6000 people


103/112

441m

125m

275m

120m

two big luxury

shopping malls

on either side of

the street

where do they

eat for lunch?

office

hotel

commercial

residential

175,000m2

83,500m2

110,000m2

46,000m2

101siteanalysis:Kingkey100developemnt

ThenewKingkey100developmentwillbring30,000moreworkersand6000residentsontothisconcen-tratedsite.

Thereisnoinformalbusinesswithintheproperty,buttwoluxuryshop-ping malls on either side of the

street.


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pg.24 facade of the tower

102site analysis: Boundary

The empty plaza surrounding the opera

house is a boundary that isolates the opera

housefromtherestofthecity.TheverticalfacadesoftheKingkey100developmentis its boundary that encloses the develop-

ment.

small perfor- lunch time

informallun

ch

business

860m

2

lounge

430m

2

dinning

kitchen

lounge

musiclou

nge


105/112

p

mance space

informal

lunchbusiness

music

shops

lounge

RESPONSEmissing programs

musicsho

ps

storage

studio

dressing

rooms

services

performan

ce

space

musicshops

860m

2

performan

ce

space

1540m

2

backstage

ofce

1340m

2

103

Themega-blocksregulatetheinformalswhiletheinformals give feedback on the mega-blocks


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OPERATION 104

informalsgivefeedbackonthemega blocks.

The boundary is not a line that differentiates be-

tweenmega-blocksandinformalurbanities,butaeldthatallowsforprogramexchangeandtrafc

owbetweenthetwoelements.

Theboundaryeldmanifeststheephemeralqual-ities of the urban villages, it has no permanent

form but changes its shapes according to exter-

nalforces.mega-blocks


107/112

105

the boundaries thickened to

formaeldinformal businesses are regu-

latedwithinthiseldtheeldallowsforprogramexchangeandtrafcow

Theeldhasnopermanentformbut changes its form accordingly

IInterlaced

*

g

Guangming Smart-city, Shenzhen

By:CJLim,2007

The project arranges housing/farm-

ing suburbs into human-scale clus-

ters,witheachoneisself-sufcientwithitsownhighstreet,squaresandindividualcharacter.Thereisaverticaloralgardensitalongsidethe vertical kitchen garden farms


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5

B

B

B

B

H U -H H-

-

inear grid

1KM

144M

36M

72M

144M

216M

288M

TYPE A

TYPE B

TYPE C

CBDSCALE

B U B

H H U B

U B

TOWNHOUSE-HIGH-RISE SCALE

LOWRISE -VILLA SCALE

PRECEDENTS 106

the vertical kitchen garden farms

aroundwhichpeoplecansocial-

ize.Thereisalsoanarticialbeachand a canal leading into the local

riverwhereareedbedwaterltra-tionsystemisintroduced.Lycheeorchardsborderactsasaairlterofthecity.

Pingding new city, Shenzhen

byNevilleMars,2010

Thebiggercircledenesthewalk-ableareafromeachsubwaystop.The smaller ones are bikable one

andwalkableones.Thesmalleronesllintotheresidualspacesbe-tweenthebigcirclesandalightrailsystemisdesignedtolinkthemall.Greenspacesllevensmallergaps.Within each circle, there are different

levelsofprogrammixture.

The density of the linear distribu-tion is determined to three different

scales--villascale,townhousescaleandCBDscale.Thestriationmaximizes the social encounters of

peoplelivingindifferenttypologies.

FAR4

11

13

13

4

4

Relocation

Hospital

Qianhai CBD, Shenzhen

byUrbanusURB,2011

Towersareclusteredwithinthewalkableradiusaroundeachmetrostation.Theyareshaped and spaced to better

facilitate natural sunlight and

ventilation.Theblueindicatesmetro lines and the orange


109/112

13

13

0.5

107

metro lines and the orange

indicatesroadsystem.All

towerwithineachclusterareconnectedwithameta-planewhichthemetrostopson,sothegroundoorisfreeforvehicletrafc.Allamenities,entertainment and cultural

programs are located on

meta-planelevel.

Caiwuwei village new design,

ShenzhenbyUrbanusURB2011

The village is lifted up to form

the meta-plane around the

mega-blocks.Theintimatescale is reserved and each

villagerstillownshisplotofland,whichhecanrentoutforcommercialuses.The

groundoorisclearforve-hicletrafcwhilethevillageinthe air received better ven-

tilation.Themetrostopsonmeta-plane level, strength-

ening a pedestrian-use only

meta-plane.

Allen,Stan.Points Lines: Diagrams and Projects for the City.NewYork:Princeton

CantonTower.Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web..

China.UrbanPlanning,LandandResourcesCommissionofShenzhenMunicipality.UrbanVillageRe-development.27July2011.Web.

Chung,ChuihuaJudy.,RemKoolhaas,JeffreyInaba,andSzeTsung.Leong.Project on the City.Kln:Taschen,2001.Print.


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ComparingChineseProvinceswithCountries:AlltheParitiesinChina|TheEconomist. The Economist - World News, Politics, Economics, Business &

Finance.

Web..

Dovey,Kim.Becoming Places: Urbanism/architecture/identity/power.London:Routledge,2010.Print.

Fu,Na,andMichaelMarsh,UrbanusURB.Shenzhen Creative Ideas Report.2011.Print.

Gao,Helen.MigrantVillagesWithinaCityIgniteDebate-NYTimes.com. The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia.03Oct.

2010.Web..

Gao,Wei.HousingPriceIncreased0.41%inJune.4July2011.Web.

Koolhaas,Rem.PearlRiverDelta.Mutations. Bordeaux:Darchitecture,2001.Print.

Mars,Neville,andAdrianHornsby.The Chinese Dream: a Society under Construction. Rotterdam:010,2008.Print.

Moore,Malcolm,andPeterFoster.ChinatoCreateLargestMegaCityintheWorldwith42MillionPeople.The Telegraph[London]24Jan.2011.Web.

Shi,Jian.TheDisappearingGangxiaVillage.Weblogpost.Shi Jians Blog. 12Nov.2008.Web.

Wu,Di,UrbanusURB.Caiwuwei Redevelopment Urban Design.2011.Print.BIBLIOGRAPHY 108


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special thanks to Wu Di, Fu Na & Michael Marsh for site picture contribution


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Documents

December Final Book Submittal