Decentralized Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Asianews.ubmthailand.com/Newsletter/2013/TW/Files/day3/Plenary/02... · International Conference “Thai Water 2013: Water for the Future”

International Conference “Thai Water 2013: Water for the Future”

Decentralized Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Asia

Tetsuo KuyamaManager (Water Resource Management)Natural Resource and Ecosystem Services AreaInstitute for Global Environment Strategies (IGES)

Tetsuo Kuyama IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 7 June 2013 International Conference “Thai Water 2013: Water for the Future”


2

Sanitary Condition in Asian Countries

Proportion of population using improved sanitary facilities

Urban Area Rural Area



Change of Domestic Water Use in Asia

Year

Mun

icipal W

ater W

ithdraw

per

person

(m3/pe

rson

/yr)

3

Source: FAO, AQUASTAT

Change of water withdrawal per person for domestic purpose



Impact of Domestic Wastewater on Water Environment

4

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Japan[Tokyobay,Ise bay and Seto

inland sea](2009)

Korea[Han River and Paldang

reservoir/Seoul]

Indonesia[Brantas River Basin/East

Java](1994)

Phillippine(1998‐2000)

Vietnam[DongNai River/HCMC]

(2005)

% of B

OD Loa

d

County[area](Year)

Others

Industrial

Domestic

BOD/COD Pollution Source by Sector in Selected Asian Countries/Areas

COD BOD BOD BOD BOD



5

Impact of Grey Water on Water Environment

BOD load from different source of domestic wastewater in Thailand and Japan

BO

D P

ollu

tion

load

(g/c

ap/d

ay) 88%

68%



6

On‐site Treatment

Treatment system to collect, treat and discharge domestic wastewater from

individual households without the use of

community‐wide sewers

(such as septic tank, Johkasou)

Cluster Treatment

Wastewater collection and treatment system

for two or more households but less

than an entire community (such as community based treatment plant)

Methodology for Domestic Wastewater Treatment

Centralized TreatmentWastewater collection and

treatment system for more than two communities

(sewerage treatment plant)



7

Centralized Treatment Facility in Asian Countries

Beijing(1 million m3/day : Activated Sludge)

Kathmandu(16 thousands m3/day:

Oxidation Ditch)

Jakarta(45 thousands m3/day:

Oxidation Pond)

HCMC(30 thousands m3/day:

Oxidation Pond)

Suphan Buri (11 thousands m3/day: Stabilization pond)

Urumqi(10 thousands m3/day:

Oxidation Ditch)



8

Centralized Treatment Coverage in Asian Countries

Service coverage ratio of sewerage treatment in selected Asian countries

0

20

40

60

80

100K

orea

(200

9)

Japa

n(20

10)

Chi

na(2

010)

*

Mal

aysi

a(20

10)*

*

Thai

land

(200

8)

Vie

tnam

(201

0)

Phi

lippi

ne(2

010)

Mya

nmm

er(2

010)

Nep

al(2

010)

Indo

nesi

a(20

10)

Cam

bodi

a(20

10)

Laos

(201

0)

Sri

Lank

a(20

10)

Sewerage Treatm

ent C

overage （％）

Country(Year)

Sewerage TreatmentCoverage(Black Water and GreyWater)

*Chinese data is only for urban area**Except in Saba h and Sawawak province

Less than 5%



9

Challenge in Centralized Approach

Source：Human Development Report 2006, UNDP

Cost of different domestic wastewater treatment methods



10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000

Sewerage reatmen

t Ratio(%

)

GDP per Capita (USD)

JapanKorea

China

Malaysia

Thailand

Phillippine

Indonesia*Coverage ratio of China is only for urban area

Challenges in Centralized Approach

Relationship between sewerage treatment ratio and GDP per capita in selected Asian countries as of 2010(except for Korea (2009) and Thailand(2008))

Range of GOD per Capita in otheWEPA countries



11

On‐site Treatment

Treatment system to collect, treat and discharge domestic wastewater from

individual households without the use of

community‐wide sewers

(such as septic tank, Johkasou)

Cluster Treatment

Wastewater collection and treatment system

for two or more households but less

than an entire community (such as community based treatment plant)

Possibility of Decentralized Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Asia

Centralized TreatmentWastewater collection and

treatment system for more than two communities

(sewerage treatment plant)



Anaerobic Process Aerobic Process

On‐siteTreatment

Septic Tank(Thailand) Johkaso (Japan)

ClusterTreatment

SANIMAS(Indonesia)

Small scale of sewerage treatment plant (China)

12

Diversity in Methodology of Decentralized Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Asia

Examples of Decentralized Domestic Wastewater Treatment observed in Asian Countries

Case 1 Case 2

Case 3 Case 4



13

Septic Tank (Thailand)

Case 1 : Onsite/Anaerobic



14

Malaysia (2010) 20%Vietnam (2008) 41%Indonesia (2012) 53%Cambodia (2008) 43%Manila/Philippine (2010) 71%

Septic Tank Coverage Population in selected Asian Countries



Background(Thailand)

15

Sewer service area

No sewer service area

21 %

79 %

Wastewater treatment facility Night

soil treat‐ment facility

Land

fills, agricultural field, w

aterways

30 % 70 %

70 % of collected night soil is disposed to environment

Source: Dr. Suwanna (2012, WEPA international workshop, Cambodia)

Septic Tank

Septic Tank



Water Quality : Influent and Effluent of Septic Tank

16

Source: Dulyakasem, S., et. al., 2013. Determinations of Blackwater characteristics and sludge accumulation rates in Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATs) in Thailand



Removal Rate (BOD) of Septic Tank

17

InfluentBOD load

115g/Cap/Day

Black Water14 g

Grey Water

101 g

EffluentBOD load

108g/Cap/Day

Septic TankBOD removal rate

52%for Black Water

6%for Black and Grey

Water

Treatetd Water



Cost of Septic Tank in Thailand

18

Source: Dr. Suwanna (2012, WEPA international workshop, Cambodia)

Items CostPrice of commercial septic tank for 5 persons

3,000 – 12,000 Baht(100 ‐ 400 USD)

Septage collection fee by Local Government Authorities (LGAs)

First cubic meter desludging 250 Baht/ m3(8 USD/ m3)

Subsequent cubic meter (less than half)

150 Baht/ m3 (5 USD/m3)

(more than half) 250 Baht/ m3 (8 USD/ m3)

Cost of commercial septic tank and septage collection fee in Thailand



19

Johkasou (Japan)

Case 2 : Onsite/Aerobic



20

Case 2

Johkaso (Japan)

Onsite/AerobicSewerage treatment system (Centralized treatment)

Night soil collection

Johkasou

Population Coverage by Type of Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Japan



Treatment process for Johkasou

21

• Wastewater is treated biochemically by the catabolism of microorganisms such as bacteria and metazoan organism. Anaerobic filter‐contact aeration process is mainly used for Johkasou in Japan



22

0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000

x≦ 55＜x≦ 10

10＜x≦ 1515＜x≦ 2020＜x≦ 3030＜x≦ 4040＜x≦ 5050＜x≦ 6060＜x≦ 9090＜x≦ 120

120＜x≦ 160160＜x

Number of SamplesBO

D level o

f Effluen

t(mg/l)

The Quality of Effluent from Johkasou

Results of Annual Inspection for Johkasou as of 2011

85 %<20mg/l

(Effluent Standard)



Effect of Environmental Improvement by Johkasou

23

InfluentBOD load

40g/Cap/Day

Black Water

13 g

Grey Water

27 g

EffluentBOD load

4g/Cap/Day

JohkasouBOD removal rate

90%

Treated Water

23



Cost for Installation and Operation/Maintenance of Johkasou

24

Items Cost(US$)

Installation 9,061

Operation and Maintenance (Annual) 701

Maintenance 227

Desludging 280

Electricity 140

Inspection 54

An Example of Installation and Maintenance Cost for a Johkasou(5PE: Population Equivalent)

Exchange rate: 1 USD ≒ 92.7JPY



25

SANIMAS (Indonesia)

Case 3: Cluster/Anaerobic



26

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Num

ber o

f Facilo

ties

Year

Increase of SANIMAS Facilities in Indonesia

Source: PU Indonesia (2013)

SANIMAS: Community Based Sanitation Program



27

• Anaerobic Baffled Bioreactor and Anaerobic Biofilter are widely used for SANIMAS in Indonesia

Treatment Process for SANIMAS

Anaerobic Baffled Bioreactor



0 20 40 60 80 100

x≦ 55＜x≦ 10

10＜x≦ 1515＜x≦ 2020＜x≦ 3030＜x≦ 4040＜x≦ 5050＜x≦ 75

75＜x≦ 100100＜x≦ 120120＜x≦ 160

160＜x

Number of Sample

BOD level o

f effluen

t (mg/L)

28

The Quality of Effluent from SANIMAS

Results of Inspection for SANIMAS as of 2012

95 %<100 mg/l (Effluent Standard)

(37%<20mg/l)Source: MOE Indonesia



Cost for Installation and Operation/Maintenance of SANIMAS

29

Items Cost

Installation 400,000,000Rp(40,680USD)

Annual Fee for SANIMAS User(per household)

6.0‐12.0 USD

Installation Cost and Annual Fee for SANIMAS

(200PE: Population Equivalent)



30

Small Scale of Sewerage Treatment Plant (China)

Case 4 :Cluster/Aerobic



31

Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Rural China

Source: statics on construction in city, town and villages (2007)

City Town Villages



32

Cooperation Project between Japan and China

Dali Baizu autonomous prefecture, Yunnan province(1) Xiangyangxi village, Wanqiao town, Dali city

Chongqing city(1) Baiyang town, Wanzhou district(2) Maguan town, Zhong prefecture

Harbin city, Heilongjiang province(1) Dongsheng Village, Nangang District

Project sites in 2008



Taizhou city, Jiansu province(1) Zhaojia new village, Xinghua city(2) Dongbei village, Xinghua city

Xinjiang (Weiwuer) autonomous region(1) Shuixigou town, Wulumuqi prefecture, Wulumuqi city

Zhangjiakou City ,Hebei Province(1) Saibei Administration District



33

Concept of Applied Treatment Process

sedimentationseparation

contact aeration multi-soil layer treatment

Constructed wetland

Primary Treatment

Discharge/Reuse

Sludge Treatment （for Reuse）

composting

（drying）

Secondary Treatment

Tertiary Treatment



34



35



36

BOD Level of Influent and Effluent Water

Maguan town (Chongqing city) Baiyang town(Chongqing city)

Zhaojia new village (Jiangsu province) Dongbei village (Jiangsu province )

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May

mg/L

Influent

Effluent

Standard(30 mg/l)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

mg/L

Influent

Effluent

Standard(30 mg/l)

0

20

40

60

80

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

mg/L

Influent

Effluent

Standard(20 mg/l)

0

20

40

60

80

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May

mg/L

Influent

Effluent

Standard(20 mg/l)

BOD Reduction: 62‐97 % BOD Reduction: 43‐98 %

BOD Reduction: 64‐95 % BOD Reduction: 66‐97 %



37

No Site Population Capacity(m3/day)

Treatment process

Construction Cost

Operational Cost(Year)

1Maguan town (Chongqing city)

6,000 500Active sludge + Constructed Wetland

4.98 million CNY(805,000USD)

85,732 CNY(13,858USD)

2Baiyang town(Chongqing city)

6,000 600

Contact Aeration+ Constructed Wetland

2.35 million CNY(380,000USD)

53,750CNY(8,688 USD)

3Zhaojia new village (Jiangsu province)

750 150 Contact Aeration1.61 million CNY(260,000USD)

35,925CNY(5,807USD)

4Dongbei village (Jiangsu province )

200 40 Contact Aeration0.59 million CNY(95,000USD)

30,138CNY(4,871USD)

Installation Cost and Annual Operational Cost for Constructed Facilities

Cost for Installation and Operation/Maintenance



38

Summary



39

Treatment Methodology Effluent Quality (BOD)

BOD reduction Rate(%)

Construction Cost (USD/population)

Annual Operational Cost/Fee

(USD/population)

On-site treatment (Anaerobic)Septic Tank (Thailand)

658-1,1576%

(black water 52%)

20-40 -

On-site treatment (Aerobic)Johkasou (Japan)

-(<20mg/l: 85%)

90% 1,812 140

Cluster treatment (Anaerobic)SANIMAS (Indonesia)

1-264(<20mg/l: 37%)

- 203 1.5-3

Cluster treatment (Aerobic)Small Scale of Sewerage Treatment Plant (China)

1-33(<20mg/l: 82%)

43-98% 63-475 1.4-24

Effluent Quality/Reduction Rate and Cost of Different Decentralized Domestic Wastewater Treatment Methodologies



40

Other factors to be considered

Following factors should be considered for theinstallation of decentralized domestic wastewatertreatment

•Required land area

•Detention time

•Lifetime of facility

•Optimum temperature

•Required skills for O&M

•Others



41

Conclusion

• Impact of Grey Water to the Water Environment should be paid more attention.

• Appropriate decentralized domestic wastewater treatment

technology should be decided considering natural/socio‐economical condition and level of development at the site.

• How to maintain the decentralized facilities is also important issue for sustainable management of the decentralized domestic wastewater treatment system.



42

Water Environmental Partnership in Asia (WEPA)

WEPA consists of partners in 13Asian countries1. Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka)

2. Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (Nepal)

3. Japan (Japan)

4. Kingdom of Cambodia (Cambodia)

5. Kingdom of Thailand (Thailand)

6. Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR)

7. Malaysia (Malaysia)

8. People's Republic of China (China)

9. Republic of Indonesia (Indonesia)

10. Republic of Korea (Republic of Korea)

11. Republic of the Philippines (Philippines)

12. Socialist Republic of Viet Nam (Viet Nam)

13. Union of Myanmar (Myanmar)

WEPA Database

www. wepa‐db.net



43

Thank you for your participation

Documents

Decentralized Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Asianews.ubmthailand.com/Newsletter/2013/TW/Files/day3/Plenary/02... · International Conference “Thai Water 2013: Water for the Future”