Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems (9th Ed., …wcw.cs.ui.ac.id/teaching/imgs/bahan/pdib/turban_ch10.pdf · 2019-12-05 · 2. Environmental variables: cultural and

Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems

(9th Ed., Prentice Hall)

Chapter 10:

Collaborative Computer-Supported Technologies and

Group Support Systems

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall10-2

Learning Objectives

Understand the basic concepts and processes of groupwork, communication and collaboration

Describe how computer systems facilitate communication and collaboration in enterprises

Know the concepts and importance of the time/place framework

Be aware of the underlying principles and capabilities of groupware (e.g., GSS)

Know the process gains and losses and how GSS increases/decreases each of them

Describe indirect support for decision making, especially in synchronous environments


Learning Objectives

Become familiar with the GSS products of the major vendors (e.g., Lotus, Microsoft, WebEx, Groove)

Understand the concept of GDSS and describe how to structure an electronic meeting in a decision room

Describe the three settings of GDSS

Describe how a GDSS uses parallelism and anonymity and how they lead to process/task gains and losses

Understand how the Web enables collaborative computing and group support of virtual meetings

Describe the role of emerging technologies

Define creativity and explain how it can be facilitated by computers


Opening Vignette:

“Procter & Gamble Drives Ideation with Group Support Systems”

Company background

Problem description

Proposed solution

Results

Answer and discuss the case questions


Collaboration

What is it?

“… making joint effort toward achieving an agreed upon goal.”

Meeting is a common form of collaboration

Why collaborate?


Why Collaborate?

Review

Share Work

Share the Vision

SocializeBuild Consensus

Solve Problems

Make Decisions

Synergy

Share Information

Build Trust


Collaboration is Difficult

Waiting to speak

Domination

Fear of Speaking

Misunderstanding

Inattention

Lack of Focus

Inadequate CriteriaPremature Decisions

Missing Information

Distractions

Wrong People

Groupthink

Poor Grasp of Problem

Ignored Alternatives

Lack of Consensus

Poor Planning

Hidden Agendas

Conflict

Inadequate Resources

Poorly Defined Goals

Ineffective

Collaboration


Collaboration is Expensive

15 Million formal Sessions / day

? Million Informal Sessions / day

4 Billion Sessions / year

30-80% Manager’s time

Fortune 500 Companies

3M Corporation Study


Collaboration is Essential

No one has all the … Experience

Knowledge

Resources

Insight, and

Inspiration

…to do the job alone

Bottom line:

Collaboration is difficult, expensive, and yet essential for today’s organizations


How Do People Collaborate?

Level 1 Collected Work :

Uncoordinated Individual Efforts

Level 2 Coordinated Work:

Coordinated Individual Efforts

Level 3 Concerted Work:

Concerted Team Effort

Sprinters

Relay

3 Levels of Collaboration Capability

Crew

High

Low

Degree of

Collaborative

Effort


Joint activity

Equal or near equal status

Outcome depends on participant’s knowledge, etc.

Outcome depends on group composition

Outcome depends on decision-making process

Disagreement settled by rank or negotiation

Meetings (a form of collaboration)


Dozens of people attends

Everyone …

talks at once

hears everything

understands

remembers

The impossible dream?

The Ideal Meeting


Traditional Meetings

Only ONE person can speak at a time


GSS Meetings

By using the computer everyone can

SPEAK and be understood simultaneously


Communication Support

Vital

Needed for collaboration

Modern information technologies provide inexpensive, fast, capable, reliable means of supporting communication

Internet / Web


Evolution of Communication Word of mouth

Delivery persons

Horseback

Snailmail

Telegraph

Telephone

Radio

Television

Videoconferencing

Internet / Web…

Supporting Communication


A Time/Place Communication Framework


Lotus Notes / Domino Server

Includes Learning Space

Netscape Collabra Server

Microsoft NetMeeting

Novell Groupwise

GroupSystems

TCBWorks

WebEx

Groupware


Goal: to support groupwork

Increase benefits / decrease losses of collaboration

Based on traditional methods Nominal Group Technique

“Individuals work alone to generate ideas which are pooled under guidance of a trained facilitator”

Delphi Method

“A structured process for collecting and distilling knowledge from a group of experts by means of questionnaires”

Electronic Meeting System (EMS)

Group Support Systems


Process Gains: Parallelism ( simultaneous contributions )

Larger groups can participate

Anonymity ( promotes equal participation ) Focus on content not personalities

Triggering ( stimulates thinking ) Synergy ( integrates ideas ) Structure ( facilitates problem solving ) Record keeping ( promotes organizational memory )

Process Loses:

Free-riding

Flaming

GSS – Important Features


Benefits of Anonymity

99##

Ideas considered on merit not source

Overcome fear of speaking up

More ideas leads to more quality ideas

Defuses tough political discussions


Decision room

Multiple use facility

Web-based

GSS Enabling Technologies


12 to 30 networked personal computers

Usually recessed into the desktop

Server PC

Large-screen projection system

Breakout rooms

Need a Trained Facilitator for Success

The Decision (Electronic Meeting) Room


IBM Corp.

Cool Decision Rooms


US Air Force

Cooler Decision Rooms


Murraysville School District Bus

Mobile Decision Rooms


4

On-Demand Decision Rooms


High Cost

Need for a Trained Facilitator

Requires Specific Software Support for Different Cooperative Tasks

Infrequent Use

Different Place / Different Time Needs

May Need More Than One

Few Organizations Use Decision Rooms


Multiple Use Facility

Cheaper

Still need a facilitator

Web-based

Cheaper: no extra hardware needed

Still need facilitator

Other Technologies


From GroupSystems.com, Tucson, AZ

Comprehensive groupware

Windows and Web versions

Leading software

Tool: ThinkTank

GroupSystems, Inc.


ThinkTank: Supported Activities

Supported tools and activities: Agenda and Other Planning Activities

Electronic Brainstorming

Group Outliner

Topic Commenter

Categorizer

Vote

Others…


GSS Meeting Process

Iterate until the solution is reached…

http://www.groupsystems.com/demos/tools_ca.htm

http://www.groupsystems.com/demos/tools_ca.htm

http://www.groupsystems.com/demos/tools_vo.htm

http://www.groupsystems.com/demos/tools_vo.htm

http://www.groupsystems.com/demos/tools_go.htm

http://www.groupsystems.com/demos/tools_go.htm

http://www.groupsystems.com/demos/tools_tc.htm

http://www.groupsystems.com/demos/tools_tc.htm

http://www.groupsystems.com/demos/tools_aa.htm

http://www.groupsystems.com/demos/tools_aa.htm

http://www.groupsystems.com/demos/tools_eb.htm

http://www.groupsystems.com/demos/tools_eb.htm

http://www.groupsystems.com/demos/tools_sv.htm

http://www.groupsystems.com/demos/tools_sv.htm


Visit a GSS Meeting


Step 1: Prepare an Agenda

Prepare an agenda

…


Step 2: Collect Information

… think about the risks to the company if they launch a new line of sports drinks…

Brainstorm Risk

Think about the risks to company if they launch a new line of products


Step 3: Refine Information

Gather Additional Information

Capture important issues for the listed items


Step 4: Prioritize Options

Prioritize Risk Based on Likelihood and Impact

Use of Alternative Analysis Ballot for two Criteria


Step 5: Review Prioritized Options

View and Discuss Results of Voting

…


Step 5: Review Prioritized Options…

Chose Risks for Further Analysis…



Collect Additional Input On Risks

Collect additional comments on top three risks…



Review Comments on Risks…


Step 6: Create an Action Plan

Create an Action Plan…


Step 7: Distribute Session Transcripts

Create and Distribute a Final Report…


Why Successful? Parallelism

Anonymity

Synergy

Structure

Record keeping

Needs… Organizational commitment

Executive sponsor

Dedicated well-trained facilitator

Good planning

Last Words about GSS?


Collaborative Networks

Integrated supply-chain

Collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment (CPFR)

Collaborative design and product development

Vendor Managed Inventories

Wal-Mart, …

Collective Intelligence

Animal Intelligence (swarm intelligence)


Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR)

An industry-wide project in which suppliers and retailers collaborate in planning and demand forecasting in order to ensure that members of the supply chain will have the right amount of raw materials and finished goods when they need them


Collective Intelligence

A shared intelligence that emerges from the intentional cooperation, collaboration, and/or coordination of many individuals.

Examples: Wikipedia, video games, online advertising, learner-generated context, …

In order for CI to happen:

Openness

Peering

Sharing

Acting globally

For more info see Center for Collective Intelligence at MIT

(cci.mit.edu)


A Taxonomy of Collective Intelligence


Creativity

Is it a fundamental human trait or something that can be learned?

Definition: Creativity is a characteristic of a person that leads to production of acts, items and/or instances of novelty

Creativity is the product of …

a genius vs. an idea generation environment

Creative people tend to have creative lives

CREATIVITY INNOVATION

Idea Generation via Electronic Brainstorming


Creativity…

What variables affects creativity1. Cognitive variables: intelligence, knowledge,

skills, etc.

2. Environmental variables: cultural and socioeconomic factors, working conditions, etc.

3. Personality variables: motivation, confidence, sense of freedom, etc.

Creativity is fostered by Freedom

Permission-to-fail

Allow and Enable rather than Structure and Control


Creativity…

Software that shows creativity Intelligent Agents (Softbots)

Creativity is an intelligent behavior

Software that facilitates human creativity ThoughtPath: promotes outside-the-box thinking

Creative WhackPack (Creative Think): whack you out of your habitual thought process

IdeaFisher: provides language specific universality - thesaurus

Freedom, Collaboration, Prototyping


End of the Chapter

Questions / comments…


All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written

permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

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Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems (9th Ed., …wcw.cs.ui.ac.id/teaching/imgs/bahan/pdib/turban_ch10.pdf · 2019-12-05 · 2. Environmental variables: cultural and