Essential Question: What was decolonization and how did
decolonization impact India and Africa?
Slide 4
The Post-World War II World What will happen in world history
in the years after World War II (1945 to today)? Examine the next
four images and make a prediction about what will happen in the
world after World War II (with exception to the Cold War)
Slide 5
Nations in India, Southeast Asia, and Africa gained
independence from imperialists (decolonization)
Slide 6
After the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, China adopted some
capitalist reforms but the government still strictly controlled
personal liberties
Slide 7
Trade became more global (known as globalism) as technology
expands, markets grow, and corporations became dominant business
organizations
Slide 8
Ethnic conflicts, genocide, and terrorism increased throughout
the world
Slide 9
At the end of World War II, many nations in Africa and Asia
gained independence from European imperialists This trend of
Africans and Asians freeing themselves of Europeans who controlled
their nations was known as decolonization The first major colony to
gain independence was India in 1947
Slide 10
During World War I, India sent troops to fight with the British
against the Central Powers in Europe The British government
promised Indians self-rule as a reward for participating in
WWI
Slide 11
When World War I ended and self-rule was not granted,
nationalism and demands for independence from Britain increased in
India
Slide 12
Mohandas Gandhi emerged as the leader of the Indian
independence movement in the 1920s
Slide 13
Gandhi urged Indians to use non- violent means to achieve their
goals
Slide 14
Gandhis tactics included deliberately breaking unfair British
laws (called civil disobedience)
Slide 15
Gandhi encouraged peaceful protests and boycotting British
goods in order to hurt the British colonial economy
Slide 16
Title But, self-rule created tensions between the Hindu
majority and the Muslim minority, who feared giving power to Hindus
In 1935, Britain granted India limited self-rule but not total
independence
Slide 17
When World War II broke out, Britain committed Indian troops to
the war without asking Indias self-governing assembly This led to
protests and renewed calls for independence from Britain
Slide 18
When World War II ended in 1945, Britain was in deeply in debt
and ready to grant India its independence After WWII, India was no
longer as profitable as it once was for Britain; also, Britain was
in no shape to fight after WWII and could not put down an Indian
rebellion
Slide 19
Title Text In 1947, Britain agreed to a partition (division) of
India and granted independence to two nations: India and Pakistan
India was a nation made up largely of Hindus Pakistan was dominated
by Muslims (East Pakistan later became Bangladesh)
Slide 20
But, violence between Hindus and Muslims made granting
independence difficult
Slide 21
Slide 22
During the partition, ten million people relocated; violence
broke out, leaving one million dead, including Gandhi; he was
assassinated by a fellow Hindu in 1949
Slide 23
The Hindu assassin opposed Gandhi trying to achieve equality
for ALL Indians, both Hindus and Muslims
Slide 24
Title Text In 1947, India became the worlds most populated
democratic nation; Jawaharlal Nehru was elected Indias first prime
minister Nehru emphasized democracy, unity, and modernizing India
Under Nehru, women and lower caste Hindus gained rights In the Cold
War, India was a leader among non-aligned nations
Slide 25
Title Text In 1966, Nehrus daughter, Indira Gandhi, was elected
prime minister; she was also assassinated
Slide 26
Title Text The violence in India and Pakistan is mainly due to
religious and cultural differences between Hindus and Muslims; the
after-effects of British rule only made these conflicts worse
Slide 27
In the 1950s and 1960s, African colonies experienced
decolonization and gained independence The first sub- Saharan
African colony to gain its independence was Ghana in 1957
Slide 28
As an imperial power, Britain conquered much of Africa,
including the Gold Coast After WWII, Britain allowed Africans in
Gold Coast to participate in local self- governments
Slide 29
Starting in 1947, Kwame Nkrumah used Gandhis non-violent
strategy of boycotts and strikes to pressure Britain to grant total
independence
Slide 30
After a decade of struggle, Britain granted Gold Coast
independence in 1957 and the nation was renamed Ghana Kwame Nkrumah
was elected president-for-life and began an ambitious series of
construction projects, education, and health programs
Slide 31
Nkrumah supported Pan- Africanism (unity among ALL Africans)
and he hoped to create a United States of Africa (which would make
the entire continent of Africa into one single nation)
Slide 32
In 1966, Nkrumah was overthrown because his various projects
were too expensive and hurt the economy; also, his people thought
he spent too much time promoting Pan-Africanism Ghana struggled
between military and civilian rule until free elections were
finally held in 2000
Slide 33
Unlike Ghana, demands for independence in South Africa were led
by descendants of white colonists
Slide 34
When South Africa gained independence in 1931, white Afrikaners
gained power and create a policy of apartheid
Slide 35
Apartheid laws created strict racial segregation (total
separation of races) between blacks and whites in South Africa
Slide 36
Black South Africans protested apartheid and violent riots
often broke out
Slide 37
Slide 38
In the 1980s, many foreign nations refused to trade with South
Africa in protest of apartheid
Slide 39
The anti-apartheid leader was Nelson Mandela
Slide 40
In 1964, Mandela was arrested and given a life sentence for
opposing apartheid laws
Slide 41
In 1990, new South African President F. W. de Clerk released
Mandela from prison
Slide 42
South African parliament repealed all apartheid laws and
announced the first multiracial election in 1994
Slide 43
Nelson Mandela won the election and became South Africas first
black president South Africans adopted a new constitution with a
Bill of Rights that guaranteed equal rights for all citizens
Slide 44
Not all African independence movements were like South Africa
and ended with democracy or without bloodshed
Slide 45
After gaining independence, Nigeria erupted in an ethnic civil
war
Slide 46
In Congo, a series of civil wars weakened the newly-formed
nation
Slide 47
Ethnic divisions weakened Kenyas government and led to violence
and rule by dictators
Slide 48
Among the worst examples of violence in Africa is the genocide
(mass killings) in Rwanda and Sudan Link to video on Rwandan
genocide (3.00)
Slide 49
In Rwanda, ethnic conflict between rival clans led to the Hutus
massacring between 500,000 to 800,000 Tutsi in 1994
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
In Darfur, the Sudanese government killed up to 400,000 Muslims
in an attempt to destroy an anti-government rebel movement Link to
video on Darfur genocide (5.00)
Slide 53
Genocides in the later part of the 20 th Century
Slide 54
U.N. Peacekeeping Interventions, 1945-2009
Slide 55
Civil War and Genocide in Africa As can be seen on this map,
most of the civil wars and genocides of the world take place in the
poorest countries; Africa is where much of this violence
happens
Slide 56
The Challenges in Africa Today The Aids Epidemic in Africa
(Link to NY Times video, 6.00)Link to NY Times video, 6.00
Slide 57
Overcoming terrible problems with AIDS, extreme poverty, and
warfare remain the biggest challenges Africa faces today
Slide 58
Revamped and redone by Christopher Jaskowiak Thanks to Brooks
Baggett for the original version
Slide 59
POTENTIAL MINOR PROBLEM: In Office 2013 some of the default
fonts change when you download from TpT and the slide shows no
longer render the text correctly. The text overflows from most of
the text boxes and sometimes overflows off the slides. The font the
slides use by default is the updated Calibri font. HERES THE FIX:
Go to the Home tab in PowerPoint. On the side, click the little
drop- down arrow next to "Replace." Select "Replace Fonts..." Use
the dropdown lists to replace "Calibri" with "Calibri Light.
