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Deep Thought
How many times have you and your family moved?
Be ready to share
Why is migration part of geography?
It has contributed to the evolution and development of separate cultures
It has contributed to the diffusion of cultures by interchange and communication.
It has contributed to the complex mix of people and cultures found in different regions of the world today..
Remember…
With migration, as with everything else, geographers are concerned with WHERE and WHY!
Why move?
Most people move for economic reasons.
1. -better jobs
2. -better natural resources
3. -more freedom for economic advancement
4. -can shift/change
Also Cultural Reasons1. -Freedom
2. -Democracy
3. -School
Why move?
Environmental Factors1. Environmentally attractive
2. Away from dangerous areas
3. Mountains, seasides, warm climates
4. Water issues
Forced Migrations1. Slaves
2. Prisoners
3. Political Refugees Palestinians Afghans Sudan Columbia
Surprising Statistic…
Only 3% of the world’s population currently lives outside of their country of birth.
Observations of migration can be summarized
into Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
1.Most migrants only go a short distance.
2. Longer distance migration favors big-city destinations. Large cities are migrant magnets.
3. Most migration proceeds step by step.
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration4. Most migration is rural to urban. 5. Each migration flow produces a
counter flow. 6. Most migrants are adults;
families are less likely to make international moves.
7. Most international migrants are young males. (This is now changing as women become more educated)
Migration occurs at different scales.
>GLOBAL/Transnational Intercontinental Movements: from
continent to continent Motivated by
better economic conditions changes in life cycles e.g., moving at retirement to a warmer climate, getting married, having children)
Migration occurs at different scales.
>REGIONAL Intracontinental and
Interregional Migrations: between countries and within countries.
flight from disastrous environmental or political conditions, e.g. refugees, Hong Kong
Chinese moving to avoid China's take over
International and Interregional Migrations
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcoOENLfpUI
Migration occurs at different scales.
LOCAL > Rural to Urban Migration: from the countryside (rural areas) to cities (urban areas)
Began on a large scale with the Industrial Revolution > advanced economies of Europe and the
United States when job opportunities opened up in factories in urban areas.
This process is now taking place in the developing economies of the world in South America, Africa, and Asia where industrialization is just now occurring.
Migration occurs at different scales.
Local Residential Shifts:
1. Suburbanization
2. neighborhood relocations
3. counterurbanization…
US Migration Patterns
http://www.forbes.com/special-report/2011/migration.html
Definition: Factors that cause a person to leave an area
Emigrants: People moving out of a countryEXIT
Examples: Famine, disease, violence, war, religious, political, or cultural persecution
Scarcity of jobs, economic depression, lack of or poor educational opportunities
Environmental Degredation, poor weather conditions that create floods or droughts.
Often called Immigrants: People moving into a countryNTO
Definition: Factors that cause you to move TO a certain area.
Examples:Perceptions of freedom, security, peace, safety, democracy
Adequate jobs, higher wages, better schools
Improved health conditions, and being with family members
Push and Pull Factors
Both factors are affected by place utility, an individual's existing degree of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with a place.
Two other related concepts are distance decay and intervening opportunity. Movers seek to minimize the friction of distance. Migrants tend to choose the closer location if both are equal in other ways. Information about distant areas is less complet
Intervening Obstacles
Environmental or Cultural features that hinder migration
Used to be mainly environmental Example: Europeans migrating to US:
Atlantic Ocean was an obstacle. Now more likely to be governmental
policies
Migrations can be classified into 5 types.
Each type can then be classified as either conservative or innovative.
An innovative move is one in which the migrant undertakes a new way of life.
A conservative move preserves an accustomed way of life in new surroundings.
1. Primitive Migration: in response to environmental conditions; usually undertaken by people at low levels of development.
2. Forced Migration: compulsory transfer of a group of people, usually by a government.
Migrations can be classified into 5 types. 3. Impelled/Imposed Migration: similar
to Forced Migration but it differs in that migrants retain some ability to decide whether to move or not.
4. Free/Voluntary Migration: individual movements for economic betterment.
5. Mass Migration: large numbers, entire communities, moving en masse without being fully informed on an individual basis of what to expect.
1. Primitive Migration
Response to Environment
Nomads moving to follow animal herds
Transhumance Seasonal
migration
• 2. Forced Migration – Basically - leave or dieRelocation of Native AmericansForced migration in Rwanda, Africa
3. Impelled/Imposed Migration
People have some choice, but not much
Mormon Migration from Illinois to Utah
4. Free/Voluntary Migration
Usually done by individuals
Usually prompted by economic decisions
People migrating from Mexico for jobs in the US
5. Mass Migrations
Large communities moving
Don’t necessarily know what to expect
Mormons to Utah India/Pakistan
Barriers to migration
Migration is limited by a knowledge of opportunities in other places, i.e., information.
Migration is limited by costs, both financial and emotional. It is difficult to leave one's home to try a completely new way of life.
Migration is limited by physical features such as wide rivers, high mountains, climate, etc… esp. in developing world…
Barriers to migration
Migration is limited by political restrictions, e.g., immigration policies
Migration is limited by personal
characteristics, e.g., culture, age, gender, education, and economic status. Well-educated males, between the ages of 18-34 who are affluent are MOST mobile; poorly educated females who are old and poor are the LEAST mobile.
Review Time!
What type of migration would the Gold Rush be?
What was an intervening obstacle for Europeans to America?
Why do most people migrate?
Most migrations today are limited by?
Someone migrating from the East Coast to the gold rush would be innovative or conservative?
What did EG Ravenstein do?
Immigration Interview Assignment
Due Tuesday, Oct 16th
Find a friend, family member, teacher, neighbor, etc. who has immigrated here from another country
Be prepared to share their story
Deep Thought
Do you know your family’s history of migration?
Be ready to share
Net in- vs. Net out-
Net in-migration: If the number of immigrants exceeds the
number of emigrants, the net migration is positive
Net in- vs. Net out-
Net out-migration If the number of emigrants exceeds the
number of immigrants, the net migration is negative
Global Patterns
Asia, Latin America, Africa Net out-migration From less developed to more
developed
Wilber Zelinsky
Noticed patterns between DTM and Migration
Stage 1: Rarely migrate far, but lots of primitive local migration
Stage 2: Intercontinental migration to relieve pop. pressures
Stage 3 and 4: Internal Migration: Rural to Urban or Urban to Suburban
IMMIGRATION TO THE USA the 1st wave – North and West Europe
> 90% of immigrants between 1607 and 1840 were from Great Britain
1840’s to 1850’s immigrants came from North and Western Europe
The industrial revolution had sent them into stage 2 of the DTM, jobs were available in the US.
Germany has sent the most European immigrants to the USA
IMMIGRATION TO THE USA > the 2nd Peak
Immigration declined during the Civil War – too busy fighting w/each other…
1870’s to 1890’s – most from Germany & Scandinavian countries
A. 1890’s to 1914 – most immigrants were from Russian, southern and eastern Europe. (this coincided with the diffusion of the Ind. Revolution)
B. 1914 – World War I –ended large scale migration for the time being
Post WWII, Migration to US slows down due to Great Depression
C. Migration from Asia, Latin America increased in 20th century.
Mexican immigration has now surpassed German #
(Dom Rep and El Salvador Are 2 and 3 from L. Am…)
3. Third Peak >E Europe/Latin America/Asia
Asia and Latin America
Asia 1800s- 1900s China,
Turkey, Japan Last 25 years- Major
increase Today: China, India,
Vietnam, Philippines Mainly Chain Migration
Latin America 1820-Today 1990’s = Peak Mexico has
passed Germany for sending the most immigrants
Mainly economic reasons
Europe’s Legacy
As Europe moved into Stage 2 population grew
Consolidation of farmland US was a safety valve for Europe’s
population As Europe moved into Stage 4, less
emigration Wilbur Zelinsky’s pattern
Europe’s Legacy
Diffusion of culture Languages Religion Political/Economic
Structures
Spread of conflict Extraction of
resources Imposing cultural
values on indigenous populations
Lasting effects of conflicts…Africa
Undocumented Immigration
Impossible to know how many Immigration quotas Mainly due to desire to work, but do not
have government permission Half enter legally as students or tourists but
overstay visas Border Difficulties Controversy of undocumented migration
4 States-California, Texas, Florida, New York
1. Mexico=CA, TX, FL
2. Caribbean= NY, FL
3. China/India= NY, CA
4. Asia=CA
Where to?...Proximity
Chain migration
Poland=Illinois Iran=California People settle where other people from
their same country as settled. Also known as Founder Effect.
Review
During what Stage of the DTM do countries experience net out migration?
Most immigration to US in the 1700 and 1800s was from what part of Europe?
Most modern Asian migration is what kind of migration?
Where is most net out migration coming from today?
What is it called if the number of immigrants exceeds the number of emigrants?
Nicaragua Case Study
Highlight Pull Factors Highlight Push Factors Highlight Chain Migration Highlight Refugee issues Highlight Intervening Obstacles On Back: Should they leave or stay?
Deep Thought
If you could live anywhere, where would you live and why?
Why do migrants face obstacles?
In the past, primarily physical obstacles Today:
Gaining permission to enter a new country Hostile attitudes of citizens once they have
entered the new country
US Quota Laws
1921 Quota Act 1924 National Origins Act Established maximum limits on the
number of people who could immigrate to the US rom each country during a 1 year period.
Only allowed 2% of current numbers Designed to insure that most immigrants
to US came from Western Europe
Quota Law Revisions
Immigration Act of 1965—Hemisphere quotas
1978—Global Quotas, but max of 20,000 from one country
Currently the law allows 480,000 family-sponsored immigrants and 140,000 employment related immigrants
Typical wait time for a spouse: 5 years
Quota law revisions
Besides family, the other immigrant numbers are made up of skilled labors and exceptionally talented professionals
Lottery of “diversity category” from countries that historically sent few people to the US
Exception to Quota Laws
Refugees Spouses of US citizens
Brain Drain
Other countries worry that the US giving immigration preference to skilled professionals creates a brain drain, or large scale emigration of talented people
For example, in 2005, 84% of college educated citizens of Haiti lived abroad
Temporary Migration
Usually for work Common in Europe (guest workers) Guest workers are protected by minimum
wage laws, labor unions, etc, but still considered foreign and low class
Come from North Africa, Middle East, South and Eastern Europe and Asia
Follow patterns: Immigrate to a country that formerly colonized, has a similar language, or government agreement
Benefits to Europe
Guest workers do jobs that European citizens don’t want
Guest workers accept minimum wages European countries with declining
populations may depend on guest workers
Benefits to guest workers
European minimum wage is much more money than they would earn at home
Poorer countries reduce their unemployment
Boosts the economy of home country by sending money back home
Refugees vs. Economic Migrants
Both groups usually migrate to the US, Canada, and Western Europe
Refugees=Political Factors Refugees receive special priority status
over economic migrants Political and economic decisions go into
whether or not the governments of US, Canada, or Europe label migrants as refugees or migrants
Case Study: Cuba
1959 Revolution: Communist government, Fidel Castro
US has regarded emigrants from Cuba as political refugees
Most relocate to South Florida 1980 Mariel boatlift—Extremely
dangerous 125 mile crossing US unprepared for Cuban influx
Case Study: Cuba
Many refugees stayed at Orange Bowl stadium until they gained sponsors
When football season started, refugees transferred to tents under I-95
Since 1987, US agrees to 20,000 Cuban migrants per year
Case Study: Haiti
1957-1986 Duvalier Dictatorships Persecuted political opponents as
harshly as Cuba had US government did not classify Haitians
as political refugees Denied admittance to the US when
Haitians came by boat Haitians sued the US government and
won refugee status
Case Study: Vietnam
Vietnam War ends in 1975, Communist North captured South
US evacuated several thousand South Vietnamese so they would avoid persecution
1000s of other South Vietnamese who were not evacuated by helicopter fled to boats hoping to be picked up by US navy so they could apply as refugees
Case Study: Vietnam
US Navy wants to help the Vietnamese boat people, but also wants to honor refugee applicants already waiting.
1980s another wave of boat people leaves Vietnam. Those who can prove political persectution are refugees, those who can’t are economic migrants
Economic migrants put in detention camps and eventually returned to Vietnam.
Attitudes towards Immigrants and Guest Workers
US Attitudes towards Immigrants
When frontier closed, much less tolerance for immigrants
Opposition to immigrants intensified when most immigrants no longer came from Western Europe
Debates in the US continue over whether or not children of recent immigrants should receive social service and public education
Migration Centers
Migrate into groups of 4 You and your partners will look at 8
major migration patterns (likely to show up on Test)
Complete appropriate box for each one, we will rotate centers after 7 minutes
Deep Thought
Could you pass the US citizenship test? http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/me
nuitem.d72b75bdf98917853423754f526e0aa0/?vgnextoid=afd6618bfe12f210VgnVCM100000082ca60aRCRD&vgnextchannel=afd6618bfe12f210VgnVCM100000082ca60aRCRD&print=0
http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2011/0104/Could-you-pass-a-US-citizenship-test/Who-signs-bills
Population Center
US Census Bureau calculates population center with each census
Average location of everyone in the country
“Center of population gravity” Has moved consistently West over the
last 200 years and more recently, slightly South
Changing Center of Population
Trend is moving steadily West
US Interregional Migration
Until 1790 US pop. clustered around Atlantic Coast
Intervening Obstacle: Appalachian Mountains Erie Canal opens up Midwest California Gold Rush Great Plains initially an obstacle Expansion of railroads Recent growth of the South-Sun Belt vs Rust
Belt
Case Study: Russia Interregional
Soviet policy was to open factories near resources, not near population centers
Not enough voluntary migration to Siberia, so Soviet government forced migration
Later, tried voluntary with incentives Now government tends to build factories
near population centers
Case Study: Brazil Interregional
Most of population naturally settled around coast
Government has encouraged migration to the interior by moving capitol from Rio to Brasilia. This is known as a “forward capitol”
Intraregional
Migration within One Region Urbanization Migration from Rural to Urban 1800s US and Europe Today, Asia, Africa, Latin America 75% of the world is urban now Driven by jobs
Intraregional
Migration within One Region Urban to Suburban MDCs Change in Lifestyle
Urban Sprawl
Cities continue to expand, Unrestricted growth
Leads to problems of traffic, cost of gas prices, overuse of city’s resources
Accelerated with the invention of the automobile
Counterurbanization
Newest trend in intraregional migration People moving from urban to non-urban
(Rural) areas Not always farmers Modern communication such as online
shopping makes counterurbanization possible
Review What direction has the US population center
moved? What is the newest trend in intraregional
migration? What invention led to urbanization? What part of the world is now experiencing
urbanization? Why do people in MDCs move from Urban to
Suburban? How did Brazil encourage interregional
migration?
Risking it all- Across Mexico
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KvG8BwhSUs
A nice review…
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOZmqIwqur4
As you watch, record 10 facts from the video as a review.
