Defense Technical Information Center - PENNSYLVANIA STATE … · 2014. 9. 27. · a.daob9389 pennsylvania state univ university park applied rese --etc f/6 14/2 particulate distributions

A.DAOB9389 PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV UNIVERSITY PARK APPLIED RESE -- ETC F/6 14/2PARTICULATE DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE GARFIELD TH014AS 4B-INCH DIAP4ET--ETC(U)JUL 80 A C LAUCHLE, J 6 CRUST N0002-79-C-643

UNCLASSIFIED ARL/PSU/TM-BR 162 M

L LEVELJPARTICULATE DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE GARFIELD

THOMAS 48-INCH DIAMETER WATER TUNNEL

G. C. Lauchle and J. B. Crust

Technical MemorandumFile No. TM 80-162

28 July 1980Contract No. N00024-79-C-6043

Copy No. DTICELEC..

V SEP 2 3 1980

-I BThe Pennsylvania State UniversityAPPLIED RESEARCH LABORATORYPost Office Box 30State College, PA 16801

NAVY DEPARTMENT

NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND

Approved for Public ReleaseDistribution Unlimited

0

0 UI

UNCLASSIFIED /p4 /i; j']SECUIITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered)

PAGE READ INSTRUCTIONSREPORT DOCUMENTATION PAEBEFORE COMPLETING FORM1. REPORT NUMBER 12. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER

TM 80-162 /- N~ t9-30'?4. TI TLE (and Subtitle) . XL&@P*PRO COVERED

TehncaMemo~nu( P ARTICULATE DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE- g&AFIELD Tehnca'TOA 4-IkC IMEE AE TUNNEL,, 6. PERFORMING ORG. KEPORT NUMBERj

7. AU THOR(s) S. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(*)

(JoG. C.j'Lauchle..-@w J. B./Crust Ai N00024-79-C-6043 <

9PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS SO. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASKApplied Research Laboratory AREA &2 Pa(UNIT NUMBERS

Post Office Box 30

State College, PA 16801I CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 1. 2. R~'R~

Naval Sea Systems Command ( A8Jl9,Washington, DC 20362 3.NM12 F AE

14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME &AODRESS(11 diff erent from, Controflng Office) 1S. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report)

UNCLASSIFIEDI~.DECLASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING

SCHEDULE

16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report)

Approved for Public Release. Distribution Unlimited.Per NAVSEA - Sept. 5, 1980.

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered In Bio'k 20, if different from Report)

IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

I9. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse aide if necessary end Identify by block number)

water, sample, particulate, water tunnel

120 ABSTRACT (Continue an reverse side If necessary and identify by block number)

--- A series of water samples were collected from the test section of the Gar-field Thomas 48-inch diameter water tunnel and analyzed for particulate shape,size, and elemental composition. These collections took place over a twoweek period of time and over a range of test section flow conditions. Theanalyses have shown that the standard deviation of the particulate averagediameter is 2.1 microns, that they are typically non-spherical in shape withan average fineness ratio of 0.65, and that the major elements are aluminum

SFORM4 ~ ~ D I JAN73 1473 EDITION OF I NOV 65 IS OBSOLETE UCASFE

S/N 0102-LF.014-6601 UCASFE

~. / ," {SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF TMIS PAGE (*%on Data XnteeedO

____.. . . . ..- --

JNflT.A-TVTPThSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF TH4IS PAGE (When Data Entered)

a 20. 1and silicon with minor and trace elements consisting of chlorine, calcium, *

iron, nickel and zinc.

ACCMSON

for

Doe Buff Section 03UNN1NED 0JUSTPICATION .-. --

BY

Dist. A IL i~j/Q MGM I

UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASISIFICATION OFTHMIS PNAGE(UWken bate Entere)

Subject: Particulate Distributions in the Garfield Thomas48-Inch Diameter Water Tunnel

References: See page 7.

Abstract: A series of water samples were collected from the test sectionof the Garfield Thomas 48-inch diameter water tunnel andanalyzed for particulate shape, size, and elemental composition.These collections took place over a two week period of timeand over a range of test section flow conditions. The analyseshave shown that the standard deviation of the particulateaverage diameter is 2.1 microns, that they are typicallynon-spherical in shape with an average fineness ratio of 0.65,

and that the major elements are aluminum and silicon withminor and trace elements consisting of chlorine, calcium,iron, nickel, and zinc.

Acknowledgements: This work represents a .f-ipal report for Task 3 of ARL/PSUproposal 1074 which is being supported by the ImprovedPerformance Undersea Vehicle (IPUV) Block Program, NavalUnderwater Systems Center, Newport, RI. The continuedsupport by the Naval Sea Systems Command, Code NSEA 63R31 fortasks related to laminar flow technology is also gratefullyacknowledged.

(

-2- 28July 1980

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Abstract .. .. ............................. 1

Acknowledgements. .. ...... . ... ................. 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS. .. ......................... 2

LIST OF FIGURES. .. .......................... 3

INTRODUCTION. .. .... ........................ 4

PROCEDURE .. ..... ......................... 4

RESULTS .. ...... ......................... 5

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS. .. .................... 6

REFERENCES .. .. ............................ 7

FIGURES .. ....... ........................ 8

-3- 28 July 1980GCL:JBC:cag

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page

1 A Photograph of the Millipore Bomb Sampling Kit .. ..... 8

2 A Photograph of Typical Sections of Filter Used in theElectron Microscope Scanning. They are Mounted to CarbonDisks with Silver Based Adhesive and are Plated withGold .......... ............................. 9

3 Particulate Size Distributions for Various FlowConditions ... ........ ....................... 10

4 Particulate Shape (Fineness Ratio) Distributions forVarious Flow Conditions ...... ................. . .11

5 Elemental Distributions for Particulates Collected UnderVarious Flow Conditions ...... ................. ... 12

4

111


INTRODUCTION

The Garfield Thomas 48-inch diameter high-speed water tunnel [11* hasand continues to be used in fundamental experimental research on laminarflow technology. Current research deals with the stabilization of thelaminar boundary layer by wall heating, while the course of events suggeststhat surface suction may be investigated in future programs. With eithertype of boundary layer control, it is'well recognized that several typesof free-stream disturbances can be detrimental to its effectiveness.Those disturbances considered most important are free-stream turbulenceand particulates. The free-stream turbulence characteristics wererecently measured and reported by Robbins [21, while in this report,measurements of particulate distribution are described. These particulatedata represent baseline data and may have immediate application in thedesign of surface suction test vehicles for which testing in the GarfieldThomas Water Tunnel is anticipated.

PROCEDURE

A standard procedure for measuring particulate distribution is topass randomly selected volumes of the subject water through a filteringapparatus and to then analyze, statistically, the particles that have.remained on the filter. The filtering apparatus which we have used inthis program is known by the trade name: Bomb Sampling Kit (Figure 1)manufactured by Millipore Filter Corp., Bedford, Massachusetts. Becausethe filters supplied with this kit were too coarse for the sizes ofparticulates anticipated in the water tunnel water, Nucleporefilters of 1 micron pore size were acquired. The effective filter areawas 4300 mm2 .

Several water outlet valves are available on the 48-inch watertunnel. One located adjacent to the upstream end of the test sectionwas selected for 90% of the samples. The remaining samples were takenfrom the lower leg of the tunnel. Only those data for the test sectionwill be presented because the valve used in the lower leg was believed

to be corroded which, of course, would contribute to biased data.

The Bomb Sampler was used as follows for each of the water samplescollected over a two week period in July 1980.

1. The Bomb Sampler was unscrewed. After the red and blue plugs fromthe plastic monitor were removed, the monitor was inserted "spoke-side" down into the Bomb Sampler.

2. The Bomb Sampler was then tightly screwed together, and the bypasshose from the three-way valve was connected to either hole in theside of the Bomb Sampler.

3. The 850 milliliter polyethylene sampling bottle was attached to thebase of the Bomb Sampler.

*Numbers in brackets designate references at end of paper.


4. With the three-way valve in the "off" position, the Bomb Samplerwas connected to the Tygon tubing, which was previously attachedto the tunnel's outlet valve.

5. The three-way valve was turned to the "flush" position and 200milliliters of water were bypassed to remove any entrainedcontaminants from the Bomb Sampler.

6. The three-way valve was turned to the "test" position and 500

milliliters of water were passed through the monitor.

7. The Bomb Sampler was disconnected and the dust plugs were replaced.

8. The monitor was removed from the Bomb Sampler and pumped dry withthe syringe. The red and blue protective plugs were then replaced.

The filter was then removed from the monitor with forceps and placedin a petri dish. Subsequent analysis was then performed by the staff atthe Pennsylvania State University, Materials Research Laboratory.

A section of the filter was mounted on a carbon disc using a silvercolloid solution to secure the filter (Figure 2). The disc was then placedin a vacuum and a thin film of ionized gold particles were placed on thefilter. This was required to provide a conducting surface for the electronbeam of a scanning electron microscope. Next, the disc was placed inthe scanning electron microscope (SEM). A PDP11-20 computer, which wasconnected interactively with the SEM, monitored and controlled thescanning. A number of 300 x 300 micron frames were scanned at amagnification of I0X. The computer then analyzed and printed out thesize and shape distributions of the particles. At the same time, theV chemical make-up of the particles was also analyzed. This elemental

analysis, however, excluded those elements with atomic numbers below~eleven (sodium).

RESULTS

Because of mixing, one would anticipate that the particulatedistributions would depend to some extent on the flow rate in the tunnel.Therefore, water samples were collected while the tunnel was operated overa range of test section velocities. Figure 3 shows the averageparticulate diameter distributions for a range of velocities as notedon the figure. The average diameter of a given particulate was determinedfrom the SEM through multiple scans. The ordinate of this figure is anestimate based on the number of particles counted over the scanned areaof the filter and on the volume of water that passed through the filter.Upon examination of the data of Figure 3, no definitive statements

I


regarding the dependence of the distributions on flow velocity can bemade. Within the bounds of experimental data scatter (random errors),the distributions are independent of tunnel speed. As shown in thelegend, the standard deviation (rms value), a, falls between 1.9 and2.4 microns. An average of these rms values is 2.1 microns. Thedistributions are skewed slightly to the high side because the Nucleporefilter can pass particles less than 1 micron in diameter. Above 25microns, there were no particles captured because this is the sizefilter used in the water tunnel for routine filtering during fill, drain,and bypass operations.

The "peak" in Figure 3 occurs at about 2.0 microns, where we notea peak value of 106 particles per liter. Assuming a spherical particleof diameter equal to 2 pm, we calculate a total volume displaced bythe particles to be 5.236 x 10-13 m3 for every liter of water. Thus,the 2 pm particles occupy approximately 5.2 x 10-8 percent of thewater volume.

Figure 4 shows the particulate shape distributions expressedin terms of the fineness ratio: minimum diameter/maximum diameter.Clearly, all collected particles are non-spherical with an averagefineness ratio of 0.65. There are also a measurable number of particleswith very low fineness ratios (Dmin/Dmax < 0.3). The origin of theseparticles cannot be hypothesized from the current method of analysis.

With regards to chemical makeup, however, the SEM analysis doesprovide a relative measure of the elemental content of the particlescollected on the filter. Figure 5 shows the results of this analysis.Clearly, the major elements are aluminum and silicon while minor elementsinclude chlorine, calcium, iron, nickel, copper, and zinc. The siliconcan be identified as tunnel "seeds" (1.5 wim in size) which are routinely

Ainjected into the tunnel in order to enhance laser doppler anemometrystudies. It is speculated that the aluminum is a result of residuesleft over from an aluminum honeycomb which deteriorated in the mid-1960's[2]. Obviously, the chlorine and calcium are due to the fact thatcommunity water is used in the tunnel while the iron is due to ferrousoxidation. Because the test section is brass, we suspect that the copperand zinc traces may be attributed to this alloy. A single source forthe nickel trace is difficult to identify, so it is suggested that itsbuildup has resulted from the residues of the many different alloys thathave been used in the fabrication of test models over the years, e.g.stainless steel.

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Over a two week period of time in July 1980, samples of water weredrawn from the 48-inch diameter water tunnel and filtered with a 1.0 Umfilter. The particles collected on the filter were analyzed using ascanning electron microscope. It was found that the standard deviation

of the particles' average diameter is 2.1 microns, that the particles arenon-spherical in shape with a typical fineness ratio of 0.65, and thatthe major constituency of these particles is aluminum and silicon.

*1


In noting that no particles greater than 25 microns in size werecollected suggests that the filter system currently used for the waterof the 48-inch diameter water tunnel is operating satisfactorily.Since 1977, 25 micron filters have been used for this routine filtering.Because they are due to be changed soon, it has been recommended that a10 micron size filter be used. After another 6 to 8 months, the testsreported here are to be repeated and the data compared to assess whetherimprovements can or have been made. It is emphasized that the water inits current state is quite clean, but if additional improvement can bemade, at little additional expense, then that improvement can onlyprovide a more reliable test environment in which laminar flow researchcan be carried out.

REFERENCES

[1] Lehman, A. F., "The Garfield Thomas Water Tunnel," ORL ExternalReport NOrd 16597-56, September 30, 1959.

[2] Robbins, B. E., "Water Tunnel Turbulence Measurements Behind aHoneycomb," J. Hydronuatics, 12, pp. 122-128, July 1978.

|1

42M UTIN

rA_ __ _ _ _ _

4

4-

A

j

UU

r V

it*1

-10- 28 July 1980

107,£** GCL:JBC:cag

a' 20.0 ftlsec, a = 2.1 pm rn32.5 ftlsec, a = 2.0 pmo 20.0 ftlsec, a = 2.4 pm ' 35.0 ftlsec, a = 2.4 p m& 27.5 ft/sec, a = 1.9 pm <> 40. 0 ft/sec, a = 1.9 p m

100

0 Ef000

0Cd0

-LJ

< El

04

10 3

0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0

AVERAGE DIAMETER (pm)

Figure 3 -Particulate Size Distributions for VariousFlow Conditions


0

0 A 0

A _ 0000 40EI C=; -

00

4 0 0

00

4 El 0

AV 0 C) CI!

'-4

0 ~0

cm C) 00 % MT %Q C

31dWVSZ40 003VN03

fk.

.-12- 28 July 1980GCL:JBC:cag

CC

UL-

0.)

C~i

- C~J

00

C-)

c4..

0 0

r 4-4 3t

- m .0

I-4 4.

C\1 -%

31dWVS 30 39V1N3083d

DISTRIBUTION LIST FOR UNCLASSIFIED TM 80-162 by G. C. Lauchle and J. B. Crust,

dated 28 July 1980

Commander Commanding Officer

Naval Sea Systems Command Naval Underwater Systems Center

Department of the Navy Newport, RI 02840

Washington, DC 20362 Attn: C. N. Pryor

Attn: Library Code 01Code NSEA-09G32 (Copy No. 13)

(Copies No. 1 and 2)Naval Underwater Systems Center

Naval Sea Systems Command Attn: R. H. NadolinkAttn: E. G. Liszka Code 36315

Code NSEA-63RI (Copy No. 14)(Copy No. 3)

Naval Underwater Systems CenterNaval Sea Systems Command Attn: D. Goodrich

Attn: F. Romano Code 36315Code NSEA-63R (Copy No. 15)

(Copy No. 4)

Naval Underwater Systems Center

Naval Sea Systems Command Attn: R. J. KittredgeAttn: T. E. Peirce Code 36313

Code NSEA-63R-31 (Copy No. 16)

(Copy No. 5)Naval Underwater Systems Center

Naval Sea Systems Command Attn: M. Cincotta

Attn: J. G. Juergens Code 36315Code NSEA-05H (Copy No. 17)


Naval Sea Systems Command Attn: P. GibsonAttn: H. C. Claybourne Code 36311

Code NSEA-05H (Copy No. 18)(Copy No. 7)

Naval Underwater Systems Center

Naval Sea Systems Command Attn: R. Trainor

Attn: A. R. Paladino Code 36314Code NSEA-05HI (Copy No. 19)


Naval Sea Systems Command Attn: Library

Attn: C. C. Taylor Code 54Code NSEA-05H (Copy No. 20)

(Copy No. 9)Naval Ocean Systems Center

Naval Sea Systems Command San Diego, CA 92152

Attn: D. L. Creed Attn: M. M. ReischmanCode NSEA-00311 Code 2542

(Copy No. 10) (Copy No. 21)

Naval Sea Systems Command CommanderAttn: W. L. Louis David W. Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center

Code NSEA-32132 Department of the Navy

(Copy No. 11) Bethesda, MD 20084Attn: Code 1505

Naval Sea Systems Command (Copy No. 22)

Attn: F. J. WellingCode NSEA-521

(Copy No. 12)

DISTRIBUTION LIST FOR UNCLASSIFIED TM 80-162 by G. C. Lauchle and J. B. Crust,dated 28 July 1980

David W. Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center Office of Naval ResearchAttn: J. H. McCarthy Attn: R. D. Cooper

Code 1552 Code 438(Copy No. 23) (Copy No. 32)

David W. Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center Officer-in-ChargeAttn: T. E. Brockett Naval Research Laboratory

Code 1544 Washington, DC 20390(Copy No. 24) Attn: R. J. Hansen

Code 20375David W. Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center (Copy No. 33)Attn: M. M. Sevik

Code 19 Defense Technical Information Center(Copy No. 25) 5010 Duke Street

Cameron StationDavid W. Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center Alexandria, VA 22314Attn: W. K. Blake (Copies No. 34 - 45)

Code 1942(Copy No. 26) National Bureau of Standards

Aerodynamics SectionDavid W. Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center Washington, DC 20234Attn: W. B. Morgan Attn: P. S. Klebaoff

Code 15 (Copy No. 46)

(Copy No. 27)

Rand CorporationOfficer-in-Charge 1700 Main StreetDavid W. Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center Santa Monica, CA 90406Department of the Navy Attn: C. GazleyAnnapolis Laboratory (Copy No. 47)Annapolis, MD 21402Attn: J. G. Stricker Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Code 2721 4800 Oak Grove Drive(Copy No. 28) Pasadena, CA 91108

Attn: L. M. MackCommander (Copy No. 48)Naval Surface Weapon CenterSilver Spring, MD 20910 Hersh Acoustical EngineeringAttn: G. C. Gaunaurd 9545 Cozycroft Avenue

Code R-31 Chatsworth, CA 91311

(Copy No. 29) Attn: A. Hersh

(Copy No. 49)Naval Surface Weapon CenterAttn: Library Dynamics Technology, Inc.(Copy No. 30) 22939 Hawthorne Blvd, Suite 200

Torrance, CA 90505Office of Naval Research Attn: W. N. HaighDepartment of the Navy (Copy No. 50)800 N. Quincy StreetArlington, VA 22217 Dynamics Technology, Inc.Attn: H. Fitzpatrick Attn: D. R. S. Ko

Code 438 (Copy No. 51)(Copy No. 31)

DISTRIBUTION LIST FOR UNCLASSIFIED TM 80-162 by G. C. Lauchle and J. B. Crust,dated 28 July 1980

Dynamics Technology, Inc. Westinghouse Electric Corp.Attn: G. Donohue Attn: R. Gulino(Copy No. 52) (Copy No. 62)

Bolt Beranek and Newman Rockwell International50 Moulton Street Autonetics GroupCambridge, MA 02136 3370 Miraloma Avenue

Attn: N. Brown P.O. Box 4921(Copy No. 53) Anaheim, CA 92803

Attn: B. Carmichael

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Copy No. 63)77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridge, MA 02139 Rockwell InternationalAttn: P. Leehey Attn: C. Jennings

Department of Ocean Engineering (Copy No. 64)Room 5-222

(Copy No. 54) Rockwell InternationalAttn: K. Rogers

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Copy No. 65)Attn: S. Orszag(Copy No. 55) Gould, Inc.

Gould Laboratories

Dr. J. L. Lumley 540 East 105th Street

Cornell University, Sibley School of Cleveland, Ohio 44108Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering Attn: N. J. DelaneyUpson Hall (Copy No. 66)Ithaca, NY 14850(Copy No. 56) Gould, Inc.

Attn: H. BabcockUniversity of Minnesota (Copy No. 67)St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

Mississippi River at 3rd Avenue S.E. Gould, Tnc.Minneapolis, MN 55414 Attn: E. L. ThellmannAttn: R. E. A. Arndt (Copy No. 68)(Copy No. 57)

Applied Research LaboratoryUniversity of Minnesota The Pennsylvania State UniversityAttn: L. G. Straub Memorial Library Post Office Box 30(Copy No. 58) State College, PA 16801

Attn: B. R. Parkin

A. G. Fabula (Copy No. 69)5497 Coral Reef AvenueLa Jolla, CA 92037 Applied Research Laboratory(Copy No. 59) Attn: G. C. Lauchle

(Copy No. 70)

R. F. MonsWestinghouse Electric Corp. Applied Research LaboratoryP.O. Box 1458 Attn: J. B. CrustAnnapolis, MD 21404 (Copy No. 71)(Copy No. 60)

Applied Research LaboratoryWestinghouse Electric Corp. Attn: G. H. Hoffman

Attn: D. Ferris (Copy No. 72)(Copy No. 61)

DISTRIBUTION LIST FOR UNCLASSIFIED TM 80-162 by G. C. Lauchie and J. B. Crust,dated 28 July 1980

Applied Research LaboratoryAttn: F. E. Smith(Copy No. 73)

Applied Research LaboratoryAttn: CTWT File(Copy No. 73)

Documents

Defense Technical Information Center - PENNSYLVANIA STATE … · 2014. 9. 27. · a.daob9389 pennsylvania state univ university park applied rese --etc f/6 14/2 particulate distributions