Define the terms as follows.Microbiology

Pure Culture 中心法则

Microorganisms are thought to have been living on the earth for 2.3~4.7 billion years.

Koch’s postulatesWinogradsky column

Pasteur’s experiment with the swan-necked flaskAntony Van Leeuwenhock

Average bacteria 0.5 - 2.0 µm in diameterG+C% 。

营养型，在什么自然环境中最容易被分离到。

AnabolismMetabolic Pathways of Energy Use

O

C C

C C

Base

H

H or OH

H H

H

H

CH2OP

OH

O

HO

Sugar:

• RNA – ribose (OH)

• DNA – deoxyribose (H)

MacromoleculesNucleoside: base + sugar Bases:

adenine (A), cytosine (C),

guanine (G), thymine (T)

RNA uses uracil (U)

instead of thymine

Remember that carbon in sugar is numbered in sequence!!! How they are numbered?

2.3 Bacterial Structures

AACGTCGAAA (Organism A)

AACCTCGAAA (Organism B)

AGGCTAGAAA (Organism C)

AGGCTAGTAA (Organism D)

Winogradsky column

The mud become stratified with different colors and looks beautiful (right-handed figure)!

The different types of microorganism proliferate and occupy distinct zones where the environmental conditions favour their specific activities.

Winogradsky columnThe Winogradsky column is a simple laboratory demonstration - illustrates how different microorganisms perform their interdependent roles: the activities of one organism enable another to grow, and vice-versa. These columns are complete, self-contained recycling systems, driven only by energy from light!

culture

Continuous cultures:

Mediaflow

Outflow

Cells in continuous culture vassal can be kept at log phase.

Dilution Plates 1 ml 1 ml 1 ml 1 ml 1 ml 1 ml

10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6

Statistically relevant colony density: 30 - 300

Technique largely used for isolation or water testing, such as coliform test.

9 ml

nt NN 20

0lglg

301.0

NN

tG

t

N0 is the number of cells at time zero. Nt is the number of cells at time t. n is the generations

G is the time needed to complete one generation.

Assume that cells are at the exponential growth stage. Then we can calculate cell numbers at ant time of the stage.

Growth stage in a batch culture

stationary

time

Log

(N)

lag

log

inoculate

decline

Nutritional Requirements

1. Photolithotrophic autotrophs photolithoautotroph (光能自养 )LightInorganic H+ sourceCO2 carbon source

2. Photoorganotrophic heterotrophs photoorganoheterotroph (光能异养 )Light energyOrganic H+ sourceOrganic carbon source

3. Chemolithotrophic autotrophs chemolithoautotroph (化能自养 )Chemical energy sourceInorganic H+ sourceCO2 Carbon source

4. Chemoorganotrophic heterotrophs chemoorganoheterotroph (化能异养 )Chemical energy sourceOrganic H+ sourceOrganic carbon source

Energy ProductionATP （三磷酸腺苷）

腺嘌呤

核糖

Yield of ATP in Glycolysis & Aerobic Respiration

Glycolytic Pathway( 糖酵解途径 )

Substrate-level phosphorylation (ATP) 2 ATPOxidative phosphorylation w/ 2 NADH 6 ATP

2 Pyruvate to 2 Acetyl CoA( 丙酮酸到乙酰辅酶 A)

Oxidative phosphorylation w/2 NADH 6 ATP

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle( 三羧酸循环 )

Substrate-level phosphorylation (GTP) 2 ATPOxidative phosphorylation w/ 6 NADH 18 ATPOxidative phosphorylation w/ 2 FADH2 4 ATP

Total 38 ATP