The Origin and Composition of SoilBackground

Ground as the body of the earth is the venue of living things, especially humans, and needed for the prosperity and welfare of their lives. To make ends meet, people rely heavily on the ground. In addition, the land is the main medium that is necessary for the plant. Soil is a planting medium that provides nutrients that are needed by plants in his life. In addition, there are many more very important role soil for the sustainability of life on earth. Natural mineral, minerals, and other natural wealth stored in the form below and layers of soil. Water flows between the pores as well as land and air. Therefore examine and learn to do on the ground is very important. Especially for us who splash in agriculture or forestry. As the knowledge base in this task we will attach the definition of soil, soil origin and composition making up ground.Definition of Soil

Soil is the layer of the earth's surface that serves as a place physically grows & grows crop rooting and growth of vertical buttresses supplies need water and air in chemical serves as a warehouse and supplies nutrient or nutrients (organic and inorganic compounds medium and essential elements such as: N , P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, B, cl), and its biological function as a habitat for biota (organisms) are actively participating in the preparation of such chaos and additive substances (hard to grow, protection) for the crop, the third is able to support integral land to produce biomass productivity and improved food crop production, plant medicines, industrial farming, or forestry.Soil Formation Process Because Weathering Rock

Soil formation process. Soil is the uppermost layer of the earth's surface. Humans, animals, and plants need soil for a place to live. Plants can not survive without soil layers. Actually, the soil comes from rocks. Weathering of rocks would have become the grains are very fine. Over time these small grains multiplying and forming soil. Rock takes millions of years to evolve into the ground. Due to weathering of rocks into soil. Weathering of rocks by weathering can experience physics and biological weathering.A. Weathering Physics

Physics weathering caused by various environmental factors. Environmental factors such as: wind, water, temperature change, and sea waves. The wind always be scraping rock rife little by little. This condition can lead to erode rock. Erosion caused some desert rocks. In addition, very strong wind can also shift the rocks. When this shift sliding rocks with other rocks to experience smelting

Drastic temperature changes can also cause weathering of rocks. When high temperature or hot, rock expands. When low temperature or cold, stone would be cut back. Rock weathering because it can have water. Rain water and rock waterfall on an ongoing basis can result in rock cracks and splits. Corals by the sea strong stand can also experience the weathering. Waves pound sea coral continuously cause the rock slowly eroded (abrasion).

B . Biological weathering

Biological weathering can be caused by a plant or algae that stick on the surface of the rock . Propagating plants and moss clinging on the rock surface . Propagating plants will create holes in the rock where roots attached . These holes eventually become large and numerous. Eventually, the rock will be crushed.Soil Function

1. Place of growth and development of roots

2. Primary provider of crop needs (water, air, and nutrients)

3. Providers need plant secondary (hyper growth substances: hormones, vitamins, and organic acids; antibiotics and anti-pest toxin; enzymes that can increase nutrient willingness)

4. As a habitat for soil biota, both of which have a positive impact because it directly or indirectly involved in the provision of primary and secondary needs of the plant, as well as a negative impact because it is a plant pest & disease.

Two Important Understanding of the Land:

1. Land as a plant needs to grow and providers, and

2. Land also serves as a protection of plant pests and diseases and the negative impact of pesticides and industrial waste is hazardous.

The Composition of Soil

Soil compiler component is a material effect on soil formation, thus becoming a part of a strong union and form a new part. 4 land compiler components:

(1) The mineral form of Solid Materials

(2) the form of organic packing material

(3) Water

(4) The Air

Soil material is 50% of the average packing material (45% mineral and 5% organic), 25% water and 25% air.1. Mineral Materials

Derived from the weathering of rocks

Arrangement in the soil varies according to the arrangement of rock minerals in bad

Rocks: igneous rocks / volcanic (from volcanoes), sedimentary rocks (sediments) and rock metamorfosa

Minerals can be divided into:

The fraction of fine soil (fine earth fraction) measuring 2 mm (gravel, gravel and stone)Minerals can be divided into: primary minerals and secondary minerals.

Primary minerals are minerals that are derived directly from the rock dilapuk, generally in fractions of sand and dust.

New secondary minerals formed during the process of soil formation takes place, usually in the clay fraction.

2. Organic Materials

Organic matter is a group of diverse compound-complex organic compounds that are or have experienced the process of decomposition, either in the form of humus results humification-compounds or inorganic compounds and mineralization results including heterotrophic microbial and ototrofik involved and are in it.Source of soil organic matter:

Primary sources, namely organic net plant (flora) that can be leaves, twigs, branches, stems, fruits and roots

Secondary sources, namely organic network can be soiled, fauna and microfauna

Other sources from the outside, that the form of the provision of organic fertilizer manure, green manure and biological fertilizer

The role of organic matter to the soil

1 . Soil physical properties , including :

stimulant to the soil granulation

improve soil structure into crumbs

improve the soil retain water so that no excessive drainage , soil moisture and temperature stabilized

affect soil color to brown to black

neutralize the destructive force of a grain of rain

inhibit erosion

reduce leaching ( washing / leaching )

2 . Soil chemical properties , including :

increase the availability of nutrients from organic matter mineralization process parts are easily biodegradable

produce humus soil in colloidal role of residual mineralization compounds and compounds difficult to unravel in the process of humification

cation exchange capacity ( CEC) of the soil 30 times greater than the soil inorganic colloids

increase the availability and efficiency through improved fertilization and P leaching by organic acids decomposition of organic matter

3 . Biological soil properties , including :

increase the diversity of organisms that can live in the soil ( makrobia and soil microbes )

increase the population of soil organisms

3 . Water

Water available in the soil for detention / time is absorbed by land , water retained by sealing layer , or because of poor drainage conditions. Water can absorb or hold the land because of the ways of adhesion , cohesion and gravity.

Due to the styles in the soil so water conditions can be divided into :

1. Higroscopis water : water that is absorbed by the soil is very strong so can not use crop ( adhesion between the availability of land and water )

2. Capillary water : water in the soil , where the style of adhesion and cohesion is stronger than gravity , so that water can be absorbed by plants

3. Spare capacity : pretty moist soil conditions that showed the highest amount of water that can be retained by the soil against gravitational pull style , so it can be absorbed by plants

4. Permanent wilting point : the water content of the soil, where the roots of plants from no longer able to absorb water and land , until wilted plants

5. Water available : the difference between the water in spare capacity minus the water at permanent wiltingSoil solution containing soluble salts, most chaotic form of crop:

N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S (macro nutrient)

Fe, Mn, B, Mo, Cu, Zn and Cl (micro nutrient)4. Air

Occupy soil pores (mainly medium and large) The amount varies depending on groundwater conditions.

The arrangement depends on the reactions that occur in the soil:

Moisture> atmospheric

CO2> atmospheric

O2