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Delft University of Technology YouPower An open source platform for community-oriented smart grid user engagement Huang, Yilin; Hasselqvist, Hanna; Poderi, Giacomo; Scepanovic, Sanja; Kis, Filip; Bogdan, Cristian; Warnier, Martijn; Brazier, Frances DOI 10.1109/ICNSC.2017.8000058 Publication date 2017 Document Version Accepted author manuscript Published in Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 14th International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control, ICNSC 2017 Citation (APA) Huang, Y., Hasselqvist, H., Poderi, G., Scepanovic, S., Kis, F., Bogdan, C., ... Brazier, F. (2017). YouPower: An open source platform for community-oriented smart grid user engagement. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 14th International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control, ICNSC 2017 (pp. 1-6). [8000058] Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNSC.2017.8000058 Important note To cite this publication, please use the final published version (if applicable). Please check the document version above. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download, forward or distribute the text or part of it, without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license such as Creative Commons. Takedown policy Please contact us and provide details if you believe this document breaches copyrights. We will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. This work is downloaded from Delft University of Technology. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to a maximum of 10.

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Delft University of Technology

YouPowerAn open source platform for community-oriented smart grid user engagementHuang, Yilin; Hasselqvist, Hanna; Poderi, Giacomo; Scepanovic, Sanja; Kis, Filip; Bogdan, Cristian;Warnier, Martijn; Brazier, FrancesDOI10.1109/ICNSC.2017.8000058Publication date2017Document VersionAccepted author manuscriptPublished inProceedings of the 2017 IEEE 14th International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control, ICNSC2017

Citation (APA)Huang, Y., Hasselqvist, H., Poderi, G., Scepanovic, S., Kis, F., Bogdan, C., ... Brazier, F. (2017). YouPower:An open source platform for community-oriented smart grid user engagement. In Proceedings of the 2017IEEE 14th International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control, ICNSC 2017 (pp. 1-6). [8000058]Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNSC.2017.8000058Important noteTo cite this publication, please use the final published version (if applicable).Please check the document version above.

CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download, forward or distribute the text or part of it, without the consentof the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license such as Creative Commons.

Takedown policyPlease contact us and provide details if you believe this document breaches copyrights.We will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.

This work is downloaded from Delft University of Technology.For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to a maximum of 10.

Page 2: Delft University of Technology YouPower An open source ...pure.tudelft.nl/ws/files/31670173/ICNSC17_Huang_etal.pdf · YouPower: An Open Source Platform for Community-Oriented Smart

YouPower: An Open Source Platform for

Community-Oriented Smart Grid User Engagement

Yilin Huang1, Hanna Hasselqvist3, Giacomo Poderi4, Sanja Scepanovic2,Filip Kis3, Cristian Bogdan3, Martijn Warnier1 and Frances Brazier1

1 Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management,Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands,

Email: {y.huang, m.e.warnier, f.m.brazier}@tudelft.nl3Media Technology and Interaction Design,

KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden,Email: {hannaha, fkis, cristi}@kth.se

4Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science,University of Trento, Italy,

Email: [email protected] of Computer Science,

Aalto University, Finland,Email: [email protected]

This paper presents YouPower, an open source platform designed to makepeople more aware of their energy consumption and encourage sustain-able consumption with local communities. The platform is designed iter-atively in collaboration with users in the Swedish and Italian test sites ofthe project to improve the design and increase active user participation.The community-oriented design is composed of parts that link energydata to energy actions, provide comparisons at different levels, generatedynamic time-of-use signals, offer energy conservation suggestions, andsupport social sharing. The goal is to bridge people’s attitude-behaviorgap in energy consumption and to facilitate the behavior change processtowards sustainable energy consumption that is implementable in peo-ple’s daily life. Preliminary results show that community-oriented energyintervention has the potential to improve user engagement significantly.

1 INTRODUCTION

YouPower is an open source platform1 designed to explore the potential and challenges of support-ing social participation, awareness and engagement of smart gird users for energy conservation andload shifting. Combining smart sensing and web technologies among others, YouPower features asocial smart grid application (developed as a hybrid mobile app) that can connect users to friends,families and local communities to learn and take energy actions that are relevant to them together.The app encourages an energy-friendly lifestyle and can be linked to users’ energy consumptionand production data for quasi real-time and historical prosumption information. The goal of the

1http://www.civisproject.eu, https://app.civisproject.eu, https://github.com/CIVIS-project. Thepackages are available for any interested party to be reused, modified, and extended under the Apache v.2 Li-cense.

1

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project is to make energy more visible, to promote environmental and social values, to inform users’know-how about sustainable consumption, and to facilitate users to take energy conservation andload shifting actions in their everyday life together with local communities [14–16].

Research topics related to merging the strength of Social Networks (SNs) with that of smartgrid applications have caught much attention in recent years following the success of severalpopular SN platforms [2, 5, 11, 12, 17]. Some conducted surveys to understand user needs forenergy services combining SNs [26]. Some studied connecting smart meters (or smart homes) asSNs for energy management and sharing [6,28]. Simulation models are developed to study demandside management taking into consideration SN aspects [4,7,19] and to demonstrate the feasibilityof coordination in load balancing [27, 30]. There are also works that visualize smart meter andappliance-level consumption data, and provide comparative feedback among households [9,20,29].Our research interest expands on the related works, and places an emphasis on smart grid usercommunities and collective actions.

The research is performed within the framework of the EU FP7 CIVIS project. It has test sitesin Stockholm (Sweden) and Trento (Italy) with domestic energy consumers. In Sweden, those whobuy a home officially own the right to inhabit the estate and must join a corresponding housingcooperative that owns and maintains the estates. The members of a cooperative annually elect aboard that makes energy related decisions on behalf of the members. In the case of Trento test site,two local electricity consortia produce and sell renewable (hydro and solar) energy to consortiummembers. Household rooftop PV panels are also common in this region. The consortia are highlyinterested in load management to optimize the use of local renewables and reduce dependency onthe national supply. These two types of communities are at the center of YouPower design. Therest of this paper presents the design process of YouPower, gives an overview of the platform, anddiscusses in more detail its design concept.

2 DESIGN PROCESS AND PLATFORM OVERVIEW

The design process of YouPower is theory-driven, user-centered and iterative. We first researchedliterature on intervention strategies and social smart grid applications directed at promoting envi-ronmental behavior change. This provided an initial set of design ideas that had been iterativelyrefined and improved throughout the design process. Applying a user-centered design process canlead to more acceptable, satisfying and effective designs [3]. This increases the potential of theintervention and may help increase user engagement with respect to the sense of relatedness to theapplication [8, 10, 21, 25]. We organized brainstorming sessions and design workshops with bothproject partners and stakeholders including users (focus groups) from test sites. A set of featureswas first prototyped in simple handcrafted mock-ups used as a basis for discussion, and then un-derwent iterative rapid prototyping which produced wireframes as better visual guides that canbe more effectively communicated to users. These wireframe prototypes and later the softwareprototypes, had been evaluated in iteration by a study with participants during an environmentalevent in Helsinki [1], by stakeholders at test sites, and by groups of students and colleagues. Liter-ature research with regard to environmental and social psychology as well as energy interventionhad been performed in more depth along with the user studies carried out. Based on those andthe design experiences of the project team, a set of design guidelines had been developed. Aftereach study, the design was refined, improved and gradually implemented, resulting in the currentversion of the application.

Figure 1 gives an overview of the CIVIS YouPower platform. It is composed of (I) the energysensor level services mainly dealing with energy data collection; and (II) the energy data leveland social level services mainly dealing with energy data analytics as well as user, household andcommunity management among others.

(I) Energy sensor level services: CIVIS project installed hardware (smart plugs and sensors)and software required for appliance-level energy data collection. The hardware/software choicesdiffer in the two sites due to local circumstances. For example, Smappee2 for 40 households in

2http://www.smappee.com

2

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BackendUser/

householddata

Community data

Other Services

Weather

Energy price

DSO

Alert/Notification Actions...

Usage point

Social media

Sensors

YouPower

Users

Smart Meters

AuthenticationData aggregation

Energy data

Frontend

(Hybrid) AppSSL

DSO (Distribution System Operators), SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)

Figure 1: YouPower Platform Overview

Stockholm, and CurrentCost3 for 79 households in Trento. Trento also installed Amperometricclamps for PV prodcution measures. Household-level energy data is measured by smart metersand provided by local DSOs (Distribution System Operators).

(II) Energy data level and social level services: These services are provided by the YouPowerapp and its back-end. The design of the YouPower app (and its back-end) consists of threeself-contained composable parts: (A) House Cooperatives (contextualized and deployed to theStockholm test site); (B) Demand-Side Management (contextualized and deployed to the Trentotest site); and (C) Action Suggestions (contextualized and deployed to both test sites). They arediscussed in Section 3.

3 DESIGN CONCEPT

Given time and resource constraints, the YouPower app can not be developed all-in-one cross-platform (for phones, tablets and computers). We chose to design the front-end as a hybridmobile phone app, i.e. its UI design has layouts that suit phone screens, since mobile apps can bemore easily transformed to web browser versions, while the reverse is more difficult. The back-endof the YouPower platform will remain mostly the same independent of the front-end alternatives.

3http://currentcost.com

3

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3.1 Housing Cooperatives

This part of the YouPower app is designed for the community of housing cooperatives (Bostadsrattsforeningor Brf in Swedish) in the Stockholm test site [13]. Similar housing ownership and managementmodels exist in a number of EU and non-EU countries, which allow potential wider application ofthe design. A housing cooperative annually elects a board which manages cooperative propertiesand decides on energy contracts, maintains energy systems, and proposes investments in energyefficient technologies. Since board members are volunteers who may have limited knowledge ofenergy or building management, this part of the app aims to support board members in energymanagement, in particular energy reduction actions. Cooperative members can also use the appto follow energy decisions and works of the cooperative. Additionally, the app can be of interest bybuilding management companies working with housing cooperatives. The information presentedin the app is visible for these user groups and shared between housing cooperatives. This open-ness of energy data is key to facilitating users in sharing experiences relevant for taking energyreduction actions.

3.1.1 Linking energy data to energy reduction actions

The design links energy data with energy reduction actions taken (Figure 2), both at cooperativelevels, making the impact of energy actions visible to users. The energy use is divided into heating& hot water (from district heating), and facilities electricity (in apartment buildings). Users canswitch between the views per month or per year to show overall changes. Users with editing rights,

Figure 2: Heasting & hot water use graph. Blue bars show the current year’s use per month; theblack line shows that of previous year. Energy reduction actions taken are mapped to the time ofaction and listed below.

typically board members, can add energy reduction actions that the cooperative has taken, e.g.,

4

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Figure 3: Map and list view of participating housing cooperatives. The energy performance ofcooperatives is indicated by colour and in numbers.

improvement of ventilation, lighting or heating systems, and the related cost. Trusted energy orbuilding management companies can also get editing rights to add energy reduction actions theytook on behalf of the cooperative. Added actions appear at the month when each action was takenand are listed below the graph. When clicking on an action in the list, the details of the actionare shown. To make the impact of actions visible, users can compare the energy use of the viewedmonths to that of a previous year. This can be used e.g. by a cooperative to explore what energyreduction actions to take in the future by learning actions taken by other cooperatives and whatthe effects were in relation to costs.

3.1.2 Comparing housing cooperatives

The cooperatives that are registered for the app are displayed in a map or list view (Figure 3).Their icons are color coded (from red to green) based on each cooperative’s energy performance,i.e. from high to low energy use per heated area, scaled according to the Swedish energy decla-ration for buildings4. Users can also see the energy performance as a number (in kWh/m2), andthe information about energy reduction actions of the cooperatives. During stakeholder studies,energy managers in cooperative boards stressed the importance of knowing the difference betweencooperatives in order to understand the difference in their energy performance. Thus, the designalso includes information about cooperatives (Figure 4) such as the number of apartments andheated areas in a cooperative, a building’s construction year, and types of ventilations (e.g. withor without heat recovery). Users can compare a cooperative’s energy use per month or per yearto another cooperative or to the neighborhood average. The electricity use is also displayed perarea (kWh/m2) to make it comparable.

4http://www.boverket.se/sv/byggande/energideklaration/energideklarationens-innehall-och-

sammanfattning/sammanfattningen-med-energiklasser/energiklasser-fran-ag/

5

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Figure 4: Facilities electricity use graph. Information about housing cooperatives and actions isdisplayed at the top. Green bars show the housing cooperative’s current year’s use per month; theblack line shows the average use of all housing cooperatives

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3.1.3 Sharing experiences

A cooperative interested in taking an action may wish to know more, e.g. which contractor waschosen for an investment and why or how to get buy-in from cooperative members. The designprovides commenting functions for each action added, where users can post questions and exchangeexperiences. The cooperatives can also add email addresses of their contact persons, which arevisible on each cooperative’s app page. Sharing experiences certainly also happens outside of thedigital world, e.g. during meetings of cooperative boards or with local energy networks. The appaims to support discussions and knowledge exchange also in such situations, where someone caneasily demonstrate the impact of an energy investment with smart phones.

3.2 Demand-Side Management

This part of the YouPower app is designed for the Trento test site and can have wider applica-tion. It provides users historical and quasi real-time consumption and production information, andfacilitates users to leverage load elasticity in order to maximize self-consumption of rooftop PVproductions. Energy data is displayed at appliances (if smart plugs are installed), household, andelectricity consortia levels. Consumption at the appliance level enables users to gain deeper under-standing of their daily actions and the resulting energy use. Historical and current consumptionand production at the household level allow users to compare those two and potentially maximizeself-consumption. Aggregated and average consumption at the consortia level informs users ofneighborhood energy consumption and allows comparisons. In addition, dynamic Time-of-Use(ToU) signals are displayed to assist users in load shifting during their daily actions.

3.2.1 Historical and quasi real-time consumption and production

At the household level, electricity consumption and PV production levels (in W and Wh) aredisplayed in quasi real-time and updated for the latest six minutes5. This information can also bedisplayed as a bar chart for a chosen period (in the past) to provide an aggregated daily overview ofconsumption vs. production (Figure 5). When smart plugs are installed, users can view the dailyelectricity consumption (in Wh) of the corresponding connected appliances of their own householdfor a chosen period (Figure 6 a). This helps them to gain better insights into the individualappliance’s consumption level and its daily or seasonal patterns. With the aggregated energydata provided by the two local electricity consortia, users can also compare their own households’hourly consumption profiles over a chosen day to the averages and totals of the consortia to gaina sense of their relative performance compared to their peers (Figure 6 b).

3.2.2 Dynamic ToU signals

Dynamic ToU signals are provided to facilitate users’ self-consumption of local PV productions.They give clear indications to encourage or discourage electricity consumption at a certain momentbased on the forecasted local renewable production level calculated with open weather forecastinformation (in particular solar radiation data) and the local rooftop PV production capacity. Thesignals are at 3-hour intervals for the forthcoming 30 hours (Figure 7 a), and are updated every 24hours. A green smiley face signals a time slot suitable for self-consumption where the forecastedlocal PV production exceeds the current local consumption, while an orange frown face signalsotherwise. On a weekly basis, users get a summary of the proportion of their own householdconsumption that took place under green or orange ToU signals to allow them to reflect on theirlevels of self-consumption (Figure 7 b). The same information is also provided at the consortialevel to enable peer comparison.

5For technical reasons such as households’ data transfer connections and processing time, there can be up to2-min delay between the time of actual power measurement and the data displayed.

7

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Figure 5: (a) Quasi real-time meters for household PV production; (b) Household consumptionvs. production for a chosen period

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Figure 6: (a) Daily electricity consumption at the appliance level for a chosen period; (b) Ahousehold’s hourly consumption profile over a chosen day compared to the averages and totals ofthe consortia

9

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Figure 7: (a) Dynacmie ToU signals at 3-hour intervals for the forthcoming 30 hours; (b) Ahousehold’s hourly consumption profile over a chosen day compared to the averages and totals ofthe consortia

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3.3 Action Suggestions

This part of the YouPower app aims to facilitate all household members to take part in energyconservation in their busy daily life. About fifty action suggestions are composed to provide userspractical and accurate information about energy conservation. They include one-time actions suchas “Use energy efficient cooktops”, routine actions such as “Line dry, air dry clothes wheneveryou can”, as well as in-between actions (reminders) such as “Defrost your fridge regularly (in xdays)”. Some suggestions may seem obvious and trivial, but as indicated by literature, peopleoften has an attitude-behavior gap when it comes to environmental issues. The goal is to facilitatethe behavior change process to bridge the attitude-behavior gap, making energy conservation newhabits integrated in everyday household practices.

3.3.1 Free choice and self-monitoring of energy conservation actions

The actions are not meant as prescriptions for what users should do but to present different ideasof what they can do (and how) in household practices. Users can freely choose whether (andwhen) to take an action and possibly reschedule and repeat the action according to the needs andinterests in their own context (Figure 8). After all, users are experts of their own reality. Theyalso have an overview of their current, pending, and completed actions. A new action is suggestedwhen one is completed. When an action is scheduled, its reminder is triggered by time. Users’own choices of actions and the action processes facilitate the sense of autonomy which enhancesand maintains motivation [22].

3.3.2 Promoting motivation and engagement

The design uses a number of elements to promote users’ motivation and engagement. The sug-gestions are tailored to the local context by local partners and focus groups. Each action isaccompanied by a short explanation, the entailed effort and impact (on a five-point scale) and thenumber of users taking this action. The design encourages users to take small steps (and not to

Figure 8: (a) Action suggestion; (b) Action in progress; (c) User actions

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Figure 9: (a) Household actions; (b) Feedback form – action abandoned; (c) Feedback form –action completed

have too many actions at a time) and gives positive performance feedback. In addition, users caninvite household members, view and join the energy conservation actions of the whole household(Figure 9 a). Users can also login with Facebook, like, comment, share actions, give feedback(Figure 9 b c) and invite friends. Users are awarded with points (displayed as Green Leaves) oncethey complete an action, or provide feedback or comments.

4 Discussion

Co-designed with the stakeholders from the test sites, YouPower provides a set of features thatfacilitate users’ behavior change process towards sustainable energy consumption that is imple-mentable in users’ daily life as a key to bridge the attitude-behavior gap of people’s environmentalvalues (and attitudes) and their actual behavior in energy consumption [18,23,24]. From this de-sign experience, a number of design guidelines were derived and are stated in the following, whichmay be applicable to the development of environmental behavior change interventions beyond theparticular case of CIVIS project. First, provide consumers accurate and actionable informationabout how to achieve the target behavior. At the test sites, people expressed the desire and needto do more for sustainable consumption, and they like the idea of receiving relevant and contextualsuggestions and tips for sustainable consumption. Second, provide personalized means and goals to

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motivate consumers to voluntarily practice and repeat the target behavior in the specific context oftheir everyday life. Allow users to freely practice and adapt the process. This facilitates the senseof competence and autonomy which promotes and enhances motivation for behavior change [22].Third, foster consumers’ intrinsic motivation to engage in the behavior change process. People inthe test sites are skeptical about how much money they can actually save by using less energy inhouseholds but are driven by intrinsic motives as well as altruistic and environmental values. Thesocial and community-oriented features as those designed in YouPower articulate those values tofoster user motivation.

5 Conclusions

YouPower is designed and developed as a set of open source packages that are composable andextensible (under Apache v.2 license) to different needs related to energy conservation and loadshifting interventions. The development was completed by June 2016, and different parts weredeployed to the test sites in Stockholm and Trento respectively. While the initial deployment ofYouPower shows that household engagement varies significantly between the two test sites andamong participants, preliminary results do suggest that a community-oriented intervention, suchas YouPower, increases user engagement significantly. The results suggest that engagement canbe driven not only by individuals’ pre-existing motivations (e.g., financial or environmental) butalso by households’ experiences and interactions once they start actively using an application suchas YouPower. We conjecture that more user engagement will lead to more energy reductionsand better load-shifting results. An extended data collection period for the households’ energyconsumption data at the test sites is needed (to obtain an annual energy consumption patternduring the intervention period to be compared to pre-intervention period data) for the researchto draw a conclusion on the effect of the intervention on energy consumption behavior in the testsites. This effort is left for future work.

Acknowledgment

This research is funded by the EU FP7 CIVIS project.

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