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Dental Care for Kids
A Guide for Parents
Emily Tran, Allie Buchanan, Annie Christian, Mathew Melatti, Saskia Olzak
Table of Contents Table of Contents .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Introduction ............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
My Baby’s Teeth ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
My Toddler’s Teeth ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
My Child’s Teeth ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Picking the Best Family Dentist ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
References ................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 4
What is Oral Hygiene and Health? ......................................................................................................... 4
The History of Dental Care ..................................................................................................................... 4
What is Pediatric Dentistry? ................................................................................................................... 5
What Treatments Do They Provide? ...................................................................................................... 5
What is the Importance? ......................................................................................................................... 6
Important Anatomy ................................................................................................................................. 7
What are the Kinds of Cavities? ............................................................................................................. 9
My Baby’s Teeth ........................................................................................................................................ 12
Teething ................................................................................................................................................ 12
Timeline of Teething ............................................................................................................................. 12
Signs/ Symptoms .................................................................................................................................... 13
Ways to Treat It ...................................................................................................................................... 14
Baby Bottle Tooth Decay ........................................................................................................................ 15
What is it? .............................................................................................................................................. 15
What Causes It? ..................................................................................................................................... 16
Ways to Prevent It .................................................................................................................................. 17
Age timeline of how/who should clean the teeth .................................................................................. 17
Thumb Sucking and Pacifiers .................................................................................................................. 17
Why Do Babies Do It? ............................................................................................................................. 17
How Long Does This Usually Last? ......................................................................................................... 18
Types of Thumb Suckers/Pacifier Users ................................................................................................. 18
Breast Feeding ........................................................................................................................................ 19
Advantages for the baby (Burbidge, 2016) ............................................................................................ 19
How to prevent dental caries while breastfeeding ................................................................................. 19
Picking the best dental supplies ............................................................................................................. 19
What is the right toothpaste for babies? Should fluoride be used? ....................................................... 19
What is the right amount for babies? .................................................................................................... 20
Which toothbrush is the best for babies? ............................................................................................... 20
Floss ........................................................................................................................................................ 21
When Should I Begin to See a Dentist? .................................................................................................. 21
My Child’s Teeth ....................................................................................................................................... 22
When should my child start losing their teeth? ..................................................................................... 22
How to pull out a tooth: ......................................................................................................................... 22
The Tooth Fairy ....................................................................................................................................... 24
Candy and Teeth ..................................................................................................................................... 25
Brushing Teeth ....................................................................................................................................... 25
What is Fluoride and why is it important? ............................................................................................. 26
Electric Toothbrushes ............................................................................................................................. 26
Tips and Caution ..................................................................................................................................... 27
Benefits of Electric and Non-electric toothbrushes: ............................................................................... 28
Flossing ................................................................................................................................................... 28
How to floss: ........................................................................................................................................... 29
Notes: ..................................................................................................................................................... 29
Mouthwash ............................................................................................................................................ 30
References ................................................................................................................................................. 31
Introduction
What is Oral Hygiene and Health?
The American Dental Association defines oral health as “a functional, structural,
aesthetic, physiologic and psychosocial state of well-being and is essential to an individual’s
general health and quality of life.” ("ADA Policy--Definition of Oral Health," 2014)
The History of Dental Care
1914: The father of dental hygiene, Alfred C. Fones, creates a program to employ graduates
to provide dental care in public schools
1938: The modern nylon bristle toothbrush is invented, replacing animal bristles
1945: Grand Rapids, Michigan becomes the first American city to fluoridate its water supply
1960: Dental sealants introduced to help prevent cavities in children and adolescents’
permanent teeth.
1985: Cavities in 9-year old’s drop to 34?
("Pediatric Dentistry Timeline," 2018)
What is Pediatric Dentistry?
Pediatric Dentistry is a specialty practice of general dentistry. Dentists who practice
this specialty are dedicated to the oral health of children ranging from infancy through their
teen years. Pediatric dentists have completed four years of dental school along with an
additional two years of residency training. Pediatric dentists are qualified to care for a child’s
teeth, gums, and mouth.
What Treatments Do They Provide?
Pediatric dentists can provide a variety of treatment options for children with oral
concerns. Below is a list with a majority of care options that are available at most Pediatric
dental offices
• Infant oral health exams
• Risk assessment for caries in mother and child
• Cleanings and Fluoride treatments
• Nutrition and diet recommendations
• Habit counseling (i.e.: pacifier use and thumb sucking)
• Early assessment and treatment for straightening teeth and correcting an improper
bite
• Repairing cavities or other tooth defects
• Diagnosis of oral conditions associated with diseases such as diabetes, congenital
heart defect, asthma, hay fever, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
• Management of gum diseases, ulcers, mucoceles, and periodontal disease
• Fractured, displaced, or knocked-out tooth care ("What is a Pediatric Dentist?," 2016)
What is the Importance?
The Surgeon General has listed several findings regarding oral health in America. The
idea of the Surgeon General’s message is that oral health means much more than healthy
teeth. The major findings include the fact that oral diseases and disorders in and of
themselves affect health and well-being through life.
Proper oral hygiene is often linked with socially acceptable
appearance and aesthetic. Poor dental hygiene has been
correlated with mental health problems and insecurities.
Other correlations between oral health problems and
persons’ well-being include elevated pain levels, lack of
focus and attention during school and work, and a
possible increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The
Surgeon General further stated that life style behaviors,
such as tobacco use, excessive alcohol use, and poor dietary choices, not only affect the
physical health and appearance of the body, but also the oral and craniofacial health. (CDC,
2013) Lastly, the Surgeon General stated that there are profound and consequential oral
health disparities within the American population. These disparities include the fact that non-
Current Surgeon General, sworn in on September 5, 2017
Source: https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/about/biographies/bio-sg.html
Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, and American Indians, and Alaska Natives generally have the
poorest oral health when comparing racial and ethnical groups. For children, aged 2-4 years
and aged 6-8 years, the greatest disparity is seen among Mexican American and black, non-
Hispanic groups.(CDC, 2018)
Important Anatomy
Source: http://www.medihelp365.com/tooth-anatomy/
Understanding the anatomy of the tooth is vital for parents. If a parent understands the
structure of a healthy tooth, it will be easy to complete regular simplistic evaluations of tooth
health for their children.
• Enamel: Hard calcified tissue covering the dentin in the crown of tooth.
• Crown: The visible section of your tooth. It is normally covered by the enamel.
• Gums (also called gingiva): Soft tissues that cover the roots of your teeth and cover
teeth that have not yet erupted.
• Pulp Chamber: The space occupied by the pulp—the soft tissue at the center of your
teeth containing nerves, blood vessels and connective tissue.
• Neck: The section of the tooth where the crown and the root meet.
• Dentin: Section of the tooth that is beneath the enamel and cementum. When dentin
loses the enamel, heat and cold or acidic or sticky foods stimulate the nerves and cells
inside the tooth, causing sensitivity.
• Root Canal: The portion of the pulp cavity inside the root of a tooth; the chamber
within the root of the tooth that contains the pulp.
• Cementum: Hard connective tissue covering the tooth root, giving attachment to the
periodontal ligament.
• Periodontal Ligament: Connect the root of a tooth to its socket.(ADA, 2018)
What are the Kinds of Cavities?
Source: http://www.juniordentist.com/types-of-caries-causative-organisms.html
These are the three most common places where cavities arise. Teaching children to
brush and floss properly in these areas is an important step in preventing oral disease,
especially cavities. Flossing well will prevent smooth surface cavities while through brushing,
including of the gum, is the most effective technique to prevent root and pit and fissure
cavities. ("Types of Caries and their Causative Organisms," 2011)
Gum Diseases
Taking care of your child’s gums is just as important as taking care of their teeth. The
dental specialists that focus on gum care are known as periodontists. Most cases of gum
disease arise from infections and inflammation of the gums and bone that surround and
support the teeth. Approximately 47 percent of Americans grow up having some form of
perio-disease. The following warning signs and risk factors apply to all general gum
diseases.(CDC, 2015)
Warning Signs
• Bad breath or bad taste
that won't go away
• Red or swollen gums
• Tender or bleeding gums
• Painful chewing
• Loose teeth
• Sensitive teeth
• Gums that have pulled
away from your teeth
• Any change in the way
teeth fit together when
biting
• Any change in the fit of
partial dentures
Risk Factors
• Smoking
• Diabetes
• Poor oral hygiene
• Stress
• Heredity
• Crooked teeth
• Underlying immuno-
deficiencies—e.g., AIDS
• Fillings that have become
defective
• Taking medications that
cause dry mouth
• Bridges that no longer fit
properly
My Baby’s Teeth
Baby Teeth are important because they serve a variety of purposes. Some of the main
purposes of having baby teeth are to be able to talk properly, they help children eat well, and
help adult teeth form properly. (British Columbia Dental Assoication, 2018 )
Having healthy baby teeth will help promote the purposes mentioned above. It is
never too early to start focusing on baby teeth.
Teething
Timeline of Teething
Teething can take place over a two-year period. This is all dependent of the child,
some babies begin to teeth early while others may take a while to form a baby tooth or even
all of them. The different teeth form at different points of time. Around the 2 ½ age mark, a
baby should have all of their baby teeth. It is a painful process because it is when the teeth are
erupting through the gums.
Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/498351514991151219/
Signs/ Symptoms
A baby can start having discomfort in their mouth before there is evidence that the
tooth is erupting through the gum surface. Teething can last anywhere for a couple of days or
until a couple of months. While some babies may not even show any symptoms of teething,
others can have a multitude of symptoms
For most babies, they will involve lots of crying. It may be tricky at first, because there is
not just one set of symptoms that will pinpoint that the child is teething.(BabyCenter, 2016)
Below is a list of signs to look out for during certain ages. (BabyCenter, 2016)
§ Drooling
§ Swollen gums
§ A tooth visible below the gums
§ Irritability
§ Trouble sleeping
§ Trying to bite/ chew/ suck on anything in site
§ Rejecting foods
§ Rubbing their mouth
§ Grabbing ears
§ A low grade fever of 99° F
Ø PSA: If any of these symptoms are noticed together, it is a likely that the baby could be
teething. For safety precautions, make sure to double check with a doctor to make sure
it is nothing else. Other signs that people might try to convince you are related to
teething are diarrhea and/or a fever. If these symptoms persist for more than 24 hours,
contact your physician.
Ways to Treat It
There are many different remedies to treat teething soreness. (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2018 ) One of
the most prominent remedies is to give your baby a teething ring. These can be okay, but do
not give them a frozen one, make sure it is just chilled. Another recommendation includes
rubbing the baby’s gums. The pressure of the rubbing can help relieve some discomfort. A long-
term solution is using something cool either a wash cloth or a chilled spoon. Other ones include
drying the drool this will prevent any skin irritation from happening. A last resort option would
be using over the counter medication.
This would include as Tylenol or Children’s Motrin can help relieve some pain
Source: https://www.walmart.com/ip/Children-s-Motrin-Oral-Suspension-Dye-Free-Berry-Ibuprofen-Fever-
Reducer-4-Oz/10294152, http://www.urthchild.com/natr.html
Baby Bottle Tooth Decay
What is it?
Baby bottle tooth decay is tooth decay that presents itself in infants and toddlers. They are
also known as early childhood dental caries which are better known as cavities. (American
Dental Association, 2018a)
Source: http://www.chicagonow.com/chicago-muckrakers/2011/07/cook-countys-poor-children-have-a-corner-
on-cavities/
What Causes It?
Tooth decay is caused by bacteria attacking the teeth. This can be the result of eating
too many sugary foods or drinks. While in the mouth, the sugars are transformed into acids
that then assault the teeth. Overtime this will cause tooth decay. (Johson Dental Associates,
2014)
Drinks that should be avoided or prevent long exposure to:
o Fruit juices
o Soda
o Sports Drinks
Ways to Prevent It
They are easy to prevent as long as you clean your child’s teeth. It is important to
clean their teeth until they are able to do so on their own.
Age timeline of how/who should clean the teeth (Johson Dental Associates, 2014)
• Birth: first tooth: parents wiping mouth with a washcloth, gauze, gum brush/ wipes
• First tooth – Age two: Use a soft bristled brush to go over the teeth twice a day.
Morning and Night
o Fluoride toothpaste should be used- make sure it is rice size
• 3 – 6 years old: Child sized tooth brush continued to be used by parents, increasing
fluoride toothpaste to the size of a pea.
o Make sure to start teaching them to spit out the toothpaste so they don’t
swallow it and harm themselves.
o Parents are recommended to continue brushing your kids teeth twice a day
until they are 6 and know how to follow proper brush techniques.
Thumb Sucking and Pacifiers
Why Do Babies Do It?
Babies are born with natural instincts and reflexes. One of their reflexes is rooting and
sucking. This is why babies put their feet, hands, anything into their mouths. This can even
happen before they are born. Since it is a habit they have partaken in for a while, it helps them
to feel secure and calm their anxiety.
How Long Does This Usually Last?
Although thumb- sucking is very prominent as a baby, most kids fade out of this habit
between the ages 2 and 4.
Problems that this could cause in the future:
If the child continues to suck their thumb while they are growing older and their adult
teeth are becoming closer to coming through this could cause alignment problems due to it
affecting the palate (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2018)
Types of Thumb Suckers/Pacifier Users
Passive vs aggressive:
§ Passive thumb suckers:
• Calmly suck their thumbs
• Rest their thumb in their mouth
§ Aggressive Thumb Suckers:
• Can cause problems in baby teeth
Pacifiers are essentially the same as sucking your thumb and sucking something else.
The same way kids suck on their pacifier as the thumb should be treated the same way and
has the same side effects. (American Dental Association, 2018c)
Ways to get them to stop if they don’t on their own:
§ Make sure to use only positive reinforcement and not negative
§ Encouragement/ praise
Breast Feeding
Advantages for the baby (Burbidge, 2016) • Decreases risk of baby bottle tooth decay
• Less teeth ailments in the future
• This promotes ideal jaw and tooth development. Babies that are breastfed are less
likely to succumb to crooked teeth and discoloration of teeth from excess fluoride.
How to prevent dental caries while breastfeeding
When to start cleaning and brushing the baby’s teeth:
You want to start making sure your baby’s mouth is clean and healthy from the start. Every
day you want to go over your baby’s gums with either a soft infant toothbrush or a gentle
washcloth. Doing this everyday will prevent bacteria from building up and eventually causing
dental caries or cavities. (Burbidge, 2016)
Picking the best dental supplies
What is the right toothpaste for babies? Should fluoride be used?
Fluoride strengthens teeth enamel. Before baby teeth emerge, the foods they are fed
have it in them and they help protect the baby teeth. Once they emerge, fluoride helps to
rebuild the tooth enamel. Strengthening the enamel helps to resist tooth decay down the
road. It is recommended to use in children, but make sure to use the right amount. (American
Dental Association, 2018b)
What is the right amount for babies?
If you use fluoride in the tooth paste you want to make sure that it is a tiny amount. The
amount should not be bigger than a grain of rice. As they approach 3 years of age, increase
the size to that of a pea. You want to continue to use this size until they learn to spit and not
swallow the toothpaste.(Mayo Clinic Staff, 2018 )
Which toothbrush is the best for babies?
There are different types of brushes recommended for their different teeth stages
• Before first tooth emerges
o To clean the gums, you can either use a gentle washcloth, gum wipes, or a
gum brush. You want to make sure that you are using the gentlest tool to make
sure there is no irritation in your baby’s mouth. (What to expect, 2017)
• Teether Toothbrush
o Can be used to ease into a children’s toothbrush. Very gentle bristles that are
more rubber compared to regular tooth brushes. (What to expect, 2017)
• First baby teeth tooth brush
o When baby teeth begin to appear use a child’s tooth brush. The bristles should
still be gentle, but they will now be regular. Make sure to change out tooth
brushes every couple of months. (What to expect, 2017)
Floss When your child’s teeth start becoming closer together, you want to begin flossing.
Even if they or a parent is brushing their teeth, bacteria can still get stuck in the teeth,
especially in the molars. You can brush your teeth and eat less sugary foods and drinks, but
other factors such as genetics can play a role in if you’re susceptible to cavities and are prone
to getting them. (Pediatric Dentistry, 2017)
When Should I Begin to See a Dentist?
Your baby’s teeth should always be examined at their well-baby checkup. Once their
first tooth emerges, schedule an appointment with a pediatric dentist. If their tooth has not
erupted by the time they are one, make sure to schedule one anyway.
My Child’s Teeth
When should my child start losing their teeth?
Your child should start to lose their teeth around age six. The first teeth to come loose will be
the front middle teeth, called the incisors. The back teeth, called the molars, will start to fall out later,
around age ten to twelve. ("HealthyChildren.org,") Around the age of 13, your child should have their
permanent set of adult teeth. If your child seems to be losing teeth at a faster or slower pace, make an
appointment with your child’s dentist.
How to pull out a tooth:
The instructions on how to pull out a baby tooth are shown in the picture below("Dos & don’ts
of pulling baby teeth," 2017). To ensure your child’s safety, make sure you both clean your hands with
soap and warm water beforehand, as pulling a loose tooth out leaves the gums exposed to harmful
germs. Be aware that if a tooth is resisting being pulled out, it most likely means that it is not ready to
come out, and you should wait a few days to pull it out to minimize pain and discomfort.
The Tooth Fairy
The tooth fairy may seem silly to some parents, but it actually might be a way to encourage
your child to care more about their oral health. In order to really impact your child, introduce the tooth
fairy early on, before your child begins to lose their teeth, and let them know that the tooth fairy is only
happy when she knows that they are practicing good oral health habits, like brushing their teeth and
flossing correctly. Many children receive money in exchange for their teeth, and you can add on or
choose to leave out the money and add small gifts that promote oral health, such as a cool new
toothbrush or some toothpaste that tastes like bubblegum. ("Why the tooth fairy is an important
character for kids," 2014)
To help your child become more familiar with the tooth fairy and want to like her, there are
multiple children’s books and movies that are entertaining to read and watch that will help your child
want to prioritize their oral health.
Candy and Teeth
Your child probably loves candy and hates brushing their teeth, but it is important to know that
candy can cause tooth decay as well as obesity. Tooth decay comes from the candy not being
properly brushed and flossed away from the teeth, which causes bacteria to grow and eat away at the
protective layers of your child’s teeth. Obesity is a growing problem with the increase in readily
available unhealthy foods, and candy is high in sugars, which produces high calorie intake that is
typically combined with low levels of exercise. This is a problem because obesity is a risk factor for life
threatening or debilitating conditions, such as Type 2 Diabetes, heart disease, and more. Of course,
this does not mean that candy should never be eaten, it just means that it should be eaten in healthy
moderation, and your child should take extra care to get rid of any candy that might be stuck between
and on their teeth. Remember that everything your child eats goes through and is absorbed by their
body, and practicing good oral health is practicing good overall health.
Brushing Teeth
Just like you, your child should be brushing their teeth for about one to two minutes twice a
day, and one of those times should be before bed. Use a pea sized amount of toothpaste from ages 3-
6 and take care to spend time and attention to every single tooth in order to remove all traces of food
from teeth. Get your child to brush their teeth with you until at least age seven so they know how to
brush their teeth properly, in circular motions, and if they have trouble seeing how they’re brushing
every tooth especially behind the teeth, encourage using the mirror to ensure that they are getting
into every nook and cranny. Be sure to brush not only the teeth, but also onto the gums to remove any
bacteria and food left behind from the day.
After they’re done brushing their teeth, be sure that they know not to rinse too much, as they
might rinse off all the fluoride that can help their teeth. Be sure to replace the toothbrush with a new
one about every three months (or more often if your child likes to chew on it) (Foundation, 2018;
"What is the Best Children’s Electric Toothbrush for Your Family?," 2018)
What is Fluoride and why is it important?
Your child’s toothpaste should contain fluoride, check the ingredient labels to ensure that your
child will have happy and healthy teeth. Research has shown that fluoride in our drinking water and in
our toothpaste helps strengthen enamel, the protective covering on you and your child’s teeth, and
therefore reduces cavities, keeping your mouths healthy and stronger. The fluoride you drink in your
water helps your teeth strengthen up from the inside, and topical fluoride, like in your toothpaste,
helps strengthen your teeth from the outside, although topical fluoride treatments are more
temporary, so you should encourage your child to drink more water. (Colgate, 2018)
Electric Toothbrushes
Non-battery powered rechargeable toothbrushes may be too harsh for your child, so if you
want your child to use an electric toothbrush, introduce them to a battery powered one beforehand so
they understand how to use it and so that they can get used to the feeling of vibrations in their mouth.
Remember that battery operated things are typically less powerful as the battery wears out, so
if your child is using a battery powered electric toothbrush, be sure to change the battery before it gets
weak. Using a weak powered toothbrush will result in a less thorough clean and an unhealthier mouth.
Be sure to replace the head of the brush as often as you would a regular toothbrush (every three
months).
It is important to be sure the head of the brush and the size of the toothbrush is appropriate for
your child and that they can maneuver and handle the toothbrush well enough to brush their own
teeth thoroughly.
Tips and Caution
• It is important to be with your child when they are brushing their teeth up until at least age
seven because toothbrushes may be choking hazards if not used properly
• Using an electric toothbrush may have features that promote good oral hygiene, such as a
timer that tells your child when they have brushed enough
• Some children struggle with staying still while they brush their teeth for whole minutes this
can be solved by making up songs to sing, putting something on the walls or mirror for them to
concentrate on, some toothbrushes also pair with mobile apps. It is important that your child
not run around, as they might trip and fall and choke on their toothbrush.
Benefits of Electric and Non-electric toothbrushes:
Flossing
You should have flossed your child’s teeth starting from ages two to three, and now it’s time to
teach them how to do it themselves! Flossing is important because brushing does not reach between
the teeth, where bacteria like to live and multiply. Here, between your child’s teeth, is the place where
bacteria can start to eat away at your child’s enamel and damage your child’s teeth, which leads to
cavities. Flossing also polishes the surface of teeth as well as can help control bad breath. ("Flossing
and Children," 2018)
How to floss:
Source: https://www.doorcountydentistry.com/home-care/
Notes:
• Pre-threaded flossers and floss holders may help your child learn how to floss and help them
floss easier.
• Floss with your child! Children learn by example and flossing every night and doing it with care
and caution will encourage healthy oral health habits for your child
Mouthwash
The American Dental Association recommends that children under age six should not use
mouthwash (also called mouth rinse) because they might swallow large amounts of the mouthwash,
which is meant to be spit out and not ingested and may lead to nausea, vomiting, and intoxication due
to the alcohol content. Children younger than 6 typically have not reached the physical capacity to
fully control their swallowing reflexes. Consult your dentist before giving your child mouthwash, and
always read ingredient labels and pay attention to recommended ages for mouthwash. ("Mouthwash
(Mouthrinse)," 2018)
References
ADA. (2018). The Anatomy of a Tooth. Retrieved from https://www.mouthhealthy.org/en/az-topics/t/tooth
ADA Policy--Definition of Oral Health. (2014). Retrieved from https://www.ada.org/en/about-the-ada/ada-positions-policies-and-statements/ada-policy-definition-of-oral-health
CDC. (2013). Oral Health In America: Summary of the Surgeon General's Report. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/oralhealth/publications/factsheets/sgr2000_05.htm
CDC. (2015). Periodontal Disease. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/oralhealth/periodontal_disease/index.htm
CDC. (2018). Disparities in Oral Health. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/oralhealth/oral_health_disparities/index.htm
Colgate. (2018). Flouride for teeth effects. Retrieved from https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/basics/fluoride/fluoride-and-your-teeth
Dos & don’ts of pulling baby teeth. (2017). Madison Family Dental. Retrieved from https://madisonfamilydental.com/dos-donts-pulling-baby-teeth/
Flossing and Children. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=flossing-and-children-90-P01852
Foundation, O. H. (2018). Children’s teeth. Retrieved from https://www.dentalhealth.org/childrens-teeth
HealthyChildren.org. When children begin to lose their baby teeth. Retrieved from https://www.healthychildren.org/English/healthy-living/oral-health/Pages/When-Children-Begin-to-Lose-their-Baby-Teeth.aspx
Mouthwash (Mouthrinse). (2018). American Dental Association. Retrieved from https://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/mouthrinse
Pediatric Dentistry Timeline. (2018). Retrieved from http://mouthmonsters.mychildrensteeth.org/pediatric-dentistry-timeline/
Types of Caries and their Causative Organisms. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.juniordentist.com/types-of-caries-causative-organisms.html
What is a Pediatric Dentist? (2016). Retrieved from https://www.healthychildren.org/English/family-life/health-management/pediatric-specialists/Pages/What-is-a-Pediatric-Dentist.aspx#sidr-main
What is the Best Children’s Electric Toothbrush for Your Family? (2018). Dentaly.org. Retrieved from https://www.dentalhealth.org/childrens-teeth
Why the tooth fairy is an important character for kids. (2014). Delta Dental of Idaho. Retrieved from https://www.deltadentalidblog.com/why-the-tooth-fairy-is-an-important-character-for-kids/
