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PRINSIP TERAPI OKSIGEN Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula

Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

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Page 1: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

PRINSIP TERAPI OKSIGEN

Department AnesthesiologyMedical Faculty of Unissula

Page 2: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

SISTEM RESPIRASI

Berkaitan dengan:Delivery O2 adekuat & eliminasi CO2

Maintenance acid – base balance

Fungsi optimal respirasi tergantung:Dinding dada & otot-otot pernafasanJalan nafas & paru-paruSistem saraf pusat & spinal cordSistem kardiovaskularSistem endokrin

Page 3: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

Delivery O2 tergantung:

Fungsi kardiovaskular yang adekuat

cardiac output

Hematologi Hb & afinitas terhadapO2

Sistem respirasi PaO2

Page 4: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

DEFINISI

Pemberian O2 sebagai intervensi medis untukberbagai keperluan baik akut atau kronis

Dengan me↑ suplai O2 ke paru-paru me↑ketersediaan O2 ke jaringan

Hypoxia: kekurangan O2 pada tingkat jaringan

Hypoxemia: p↓ konsentrasi oksigen dalam daraharteri (PaO2) atau saturasi O2 arteri (SaO2) dibawahnilai normal

Page 5: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

Nilai normal

PaO285-100 mmHg

SaO2 ≥ 95%

Hipoksemia dibedakan menjadi:

Hipoksemia ringan

PaO2 60-79 mmHg , SaO2 90-94%,

Hipoksemia sedang

PaO2 40-60 mmHg, SaO2 75%-89%

Hipoksemia berat

PaO2˂ 40 mmHg , SaO2˂75%

Page 6: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

TUJUAN TERAPI O2

Mempertahankan oksigen jaringan yang kuat

Menurunkan kerja napas

Menurunkan kerja jantung

Maintain PaO2 > 60 mmHg (Blood Gas

Analysis) will provide 90% saturation of

arterial blood (SaO2 90%), but if acidosis ispresent, PaO2 ˃80 mmHg is required

Page 7: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

INDIKASI TERAPI O2

Gagal napas akut Syok oleh berbagai penyebab Infark miokard akut Keadaan di mana metabolisme rate tinggi

(tirotoksikosis, sepsis, hipertermia) Keracunan gas CO (karbon monoksida) Penderita tidak sadar Untuk mengatasi keadaan – keadaan : emfisema

pasca bedah, emboli udara, pneumothorax Asidosis Anemia berat

Page 8: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

RESPIRATORY FAILURE

TYPE I (Lung Failure): Hypoxemic

Interference with the pulmonary system's ability to adequatelyoxygenate the blood as is circulates through the alveolarcapillaries.

PaO2 (room air) < 60 mmHg. (Normal PaO2: 75-100 mmHg)

TYPE II (Ventilation Failure) : Hypercapnic

Failure to prevent CO2 retention (e.g., severe airflow obstruction, central resp. failure, neuromuscular resp. failure)

PaCO2 > 50 mmHg. (Normal PaCO2: 35-45 mmHg)

Example: COPD, bronchial asthma, neuromuscular disease, chest wall disorders.

Page 9: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

ETIOLOGI GAGAL NAFAS

A. Defective Ventilation Respiratory centre depression:

Drugs (narcotics, anestheticsand sedatives)

Cerebral infraction Cerebral Trauma

Neuromuscular Disease:Myasthenia Gravis, Guillan Barresyndrome, brain or spinalinjuries, polio.

Airway Obstruction: COPD,acute severe asthma

Restrictive defects: Interstitiallung disease, bilateraldiaphragmatic palsy, severeobesity

B. Impaired diffusion and gas exchange

Pulmonary edema Acute respiratory distress

syndrome (ARDS) Pulmonary Fibrosis Pulmonary Thromboembolism

C. Ventilation – perfusion abnormalities

COPD Pulmonary Fibrosis ARDS Pulmonary Thromboembolism

Page 10: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

Etiologi Gagal Nafas Tipe 1

Ketidak normalan tekanan partial oksigen inspirasi (low PIO2)

Kegagalan difusi oksigen

Ketidak seimbangan ventilasi / perfusi [V/Q mismatch]

Pirau kanan ke kiri

Hipoventilasi alveolar

Konsumsi oksigen jaringan yang tinggi

Kelumpuhan saraf frenikus

Gangguan metabolisme

Deformitas dada

Distensi abdomen massif

Obstruksi jalan nafas

Page 11: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

Etiologi Gagal Nafas Tipe 2

Kerusakan pengaturan sentral

Kelemahan neuromuskuler

Trauma spina servikal

Keracunan obat

Infeksi

Penyakit neuromuskuler

Kelelahan otot respirasi

Page 12: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

MANAJEMEN GAGAL NAFAS

In type 1 RF high concentration of O2 is given tocorrect hypoxemia. Should be determined whether the hypoxemia can be

relieved by oxygen therapy alone or it needs oxygen andventilatory intervention.

Patient with ARDS do not improve with simple oxygentherapy and they need mechanical ventilation (Positive EndExpiratory Pressure- PEEP) .

In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there isinadequate alveolar ventilation and in these patientventilatory assistance is needed. In patient with previous lung disease as in acute

exacerbation of COPD, controlled oxygen therapy is needed.

Page 13: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

HOW TO ASSESS PATIENT CONDITION IN 10S?

1. STIMULATE VERBAL RESPONSE: good response = airway is clear, breathing and ventilation adequate.

2. NO RESPONSE: LOOK, LISTEN , FEEL Look: chest movement, sign of hypoxia (cyanosis), accessory

respiratory muscle Listen: snoring, gurgling, stridor, hoarness or no sound (apnea?) Feel : air movement in front of nose.

3. UNCONSCIOUS PATIENT, AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION?Chin lift, jaw thrust (head tilt).

4. SPONTANEOUS BREATHING OR APNEA (NOT BREATHING?) Still breathing: give oxygen (NRM with 12 lpm)

Apnea : positive pressure ventilation with 100% oxygen (10-12 lpm).

Page 14: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

Prescriptions should include:

1. Flow rate

2. Delivery system

3. Duration

4. Instructions for monitoring

Delivery Methods

Sources (Compressed gas storage, high

pressure) pressure regulator flow

meter (litres per minute /lpm, range from

0-15 lpm)

Page 15: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

BAGAIMANA CARANYA?

TENTUKAN PASIEN & DIAGNOSIS HIPOKSIA

PILIH CARA YANG SESUAI

TENTUKAN FiO2 : TINGGI >60%

SEDANG 35 - 60%

RENDAH

PEMANTAUAN KLINIS KESADARAN DAN SISTEM KARDIOVASKULAR

ANALISIS GAS DARAH

KALAU PERLU UBAH CARA PEMBERIAN

Page 16: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

Untuk memantau keefektifan pemberianoksigen dan membantu titrasi konsentrasioksigen inspirasi (FiO2), dapat denganpemeriksaan invasif yaitu analisa gas darah(PaO2 dan SaO2) dan secara non – invasifdengan alat oksimetri denyut (pulse oxymetri)

Page 17: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

KRITERIA PEMBERIAN O2 DENGAN SISTEM ALIRAN RENDAH

KONDISI KLINIK PASIEN HARUS STABIL

VOLUME TIDAL PASIEN DALAM BATAS NORMAL

FREKUENSI NAFAS NORMAL

TIPE PERNAFASAN REGULER & MENETAP

Page 18: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

Cara Pemberian Aliran O2 (L/mnt) FiO2 (%)

Nasal kanul 1 – 2

3 – 4

5 – 6

24 – 28

30 – 35

38 – 44

Simple face mask 6-10 35-60

Non-rebreathing mask 6-7

8-9

10 – 15

60-70

80-90

95 – 99

Masker venturi aliran tetap 24 – 35

Head box 8 – 10 40

Ventilator mekanik bervariasi 21 – 100

Page 19: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

METODE PEMBERIAN O2

Kadar yang dihasilkan tergantung pada besarnya aliran dan volume tidal pernapasan pasien.

Kadar oksigen bertambah 4% untuk setiap tambahan 1 liter/menit oksigen

Sistem Aliran Rendah

Aliran rendah konsentrasi rendah Kanul binasal Flow rates of 1-6 L/mnt dgn FiO2 24-40% Flow rates ˃ 4 L/mnt discomfort & drying of mucous

membranes

Page 20: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

Aliran rendah konsentrasi tinggi

Simple face mask

6 – 10 L/mnt dgn FiO2 mencapai 60%

Rebreathing mask

6 – 10 L/mnt dgn FiO2 mencapai 80%

Udara inspirasi sebagian bercampur dengan udara ekspirasi.

1/3 vol ekshalasi masuk ke kantong, 2/3 vol ekshalasi melewati lubang – lubang pada bagian samping.

Non rebreathing mask

8 – 12 L/menit FiO2 mencapai 100%.

Udara inspirasi tidak bercampur dengan udara ekspirasi & tidak dipengaruhi oleh udara luar

Page 21: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

NON REBREATHING

MASK

REBREATHING MASK

Page 22: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

Sistem Aliran Tinggi

Aliran tinggi konsentrasi rendah

Sungkup venturi

Aliran bervariasi dengan FiO2 berkisar 24 – 50%.

Dipakai pada pasien dengan tipe ventilasi yang tidakteratur

Alat ini digunakan pada pasien hiperkarbi yangdisertai hipoksemia sedang sampai berat

Aliran tinggi konsentrasi tinggi

Head box

Sungkup CPAP (continuous positive airwaypressure)

Page 23: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

VENTURI MASK

Page 24: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

HumidificationIs recommended if more than 4 litres/min is delivered.

Helps prevent drying of mucous membranes.

Helps prevent the formation of tenacious sputum.

Monitoring Oxygen Therapy

SpO2 >90% (PaO2 60 mmHg)

PULSE OXYMETRI

Page 25: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

WHEN TO STOP OXYGEN THERAPY?

Patient becomes comfortable

Underlying disease stabilized

Blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate and oxymetry are within normal range

Page 26: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar

KOMPLIKASI TERAPI OKSIGEN Hipoksia

terjadi pembentukan radikal bebas

Hipoventilasi & narkose CO2 Supresi hipoxic respiratory drive Pada pasien hiperkapnia kronik hipoksemia mjd stimulan

sistem respirasi

Keracunan O2 FiO2 > 50% terus-menerus selama 1-2 hari terbentuknya

metabolik oksigen yang merangsang sel PMN & H2O2 enzimproteolotik & enzim lisosom kerusakan jaringan paru

Gejala: batuk non produktif, distres substernal, kongesti hidung,malaise

Ateletaksis O2 dlm alveoli diabsorbsi kapiler pulmonal terjadi kolaps

alveoli

Fibroplasia retrolental Perubahan jaringan vaskular retina kerusakan endotel

Page 27: Department Anesthesiology Medical Faculty of Unissula PRINSIP … · 2019-03-23 · nilai normal Nilai normal ... In type 2 RF with previous normal lungs, there is inadequate alveolar