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INFLUENCE OF BIOFERTILIZER, NITROGEN AND
PHOSPHOROUS ON NODULATION, GROWTH AND YIELD
OF LENTIL
AFSANA MAHMUD CHOWDHURY
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
SHER-E-BANGLA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
DHAKA-1207
JUNE, 2017
INFLUENCE OF BIOFERTILIZER, NITROGEN AND
PHOSPHOROUS ON NODULATION, GROWTH AND YIELD
OF LENTIL
By
AFSANA MAHMUD CHOWDHURY REGISTRATION NO. 15-07013
A Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture,
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka,
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
AGRONOMY
SEMESTER: JULY-DECEMBER, 2017
Approved by:
(Prof. Dr. A. K. M. Ruhul Amin)
(Prof. Dr. Md. Fazlul Karim)
Supervisor
Co-Supervisor
(Prof. Dr. Md. Shahidul Islam)
Chairman Examination Committee
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “INFLUENCE OF
BIOFERTILIZER, NITROGEN AND PHOSPHOROUS ON
NODULATION, GROWTH AND YIELD OF LENTIL” submitted
to the Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural
University, Dhaka, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.S.) in AGRONOMY,
embodies the results of a piece of bona fide research work
carried out by AFSANA MAHMUD CHOWDHURY,
Registration. No. 15-07013 under my supervision and guidance.
No part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree or
diploma.
I further certify that such help or source of information as has
been availed of during the course of this investigation has duly
been acknowledged.
Dated:
Dhaka, Bangladesh
(Prof. Dr. A. K. M. Ruhul Amin)
Supervisor
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All praises to the Almighty Allah, the great, the gracious, merciful and supreme ruler
of the universe who enables me to complete this present piece of work for the degree
of Master of Science (M.S.) in the Department of Agronomy.
The author would like to express her deepest sense of gratitude, respect to her
research supervisor, Prof. Dr. A.K.M. Ruhul Amin, Department of Agronomy, Sher-
e-Bangla Agricultural University, for his kind and scholastic guidance, untiring
effort, valuable suggestions, inspiration, extending generous help and encouragement
during the research work and guidance in preparation of manuscript of the thesis.
The author sincerely expresses her deepest respect and boundless gratitude to her co-
supervisor Prof. Dr. Md. Fazlul Karim, Department of Agronomy, for his helpful
suggestion and valuable advice during the preparation of this manuscript.
The author would like to express her deepest respect and boundless gratitude to all
the respected teachers of Dept of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University,
for the valuable teaching, sympathetic co-operation and inspirations throughout the
course of this study and suggestions and encouragement to research work. The author
would like to express her cordial thanks to the departmental and field staff for their
active help during the experimental period.
The author feels proud to express her sincere appreciation and gratitude to Ministry
of Science and Technology, The People’s Republic of Bangladesh for providing her
National Science and Technology (NST) fellowship.
At last but not the least, the author feels indebtedness to her beloved parents and
husband whose sacrifice, inspiration, encouragement and continuous blessing paved
the way to her higher education.
ii
INFLUENCE OF BIOFERTILIZER, NITROGEN AND PHOSPHOROUS
ON NODULATION, GROWTH AND YIELD OF LENTIL
ABSTRACT
To study the influence of Biofertilizer, nitrogen and phosphorous on
nodulation, growth and yield of lentil a field experiment was conducted at the
central farm, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, during rabi
season from November 2016 to March 2017. Treatments consisted of two
biofertilizer levels: (i) control and (ii) Biofertilizer (Rhizobium) with six
combinations of nitrogenous and phosphetic fertilizer: (i) No nitrogen +
phosphorous fertilizer (control), (ii) 50% less of recommended N + P, (iii)
25% less of recommended N + P, (iv) recommended N + P, (v) 25% higher of
recommended N + P and (vi) 50% higher of recommended N + P. The
experiment was conducted in two factor Randomized Complete Block Design
(RCBD) with three replications. Growth and yield parameters like plant
height, no of branch plant-1
, nodule count, dry weight plant-1
, pods plant-1
,thousand seed weight, grain yield, stover yield, biological yield etc. were
collected from this experiment. Data were analyzed by MSTAT-C software.
The significance of difference among the treatment means was estimated by
the Least Significance Difference (LSD) at 5% level of probability. Result
revealed that biofertilizer treated plot B1 (Biofertilizer) was found superior in
producing maximum plant height, branches plant-1
, dry weight plant-1
, nodule
plant-1
, pods plant-1
, seed yield and biological yield of lentil. On the other
hand, N+P fertilizer at recommended dose (F3) gave highest yield, plant
height, branches plant-1
, dry weight plant-1
, nodules plant-1
, pods plant-1
, 1000
seed weight (20.73 g), seed yield, stover yield, and biological yield . In case of
interaction, B1F3 was found superior in producing maximum yield and yield
components like pods plant-1
(68.40), 1000 seed weight (20.98 g ), seed yield
(2562.40 kg ha-1
), stover yield (2396.80 kg ha-1
), biological yield (4959.20 kg
ha-1
). From the result of the study, it was revealed that the application of
biofertilizer and recommended N + P combination had a positive impact on
lentil (BARI Mosur-6).
iii
LIST OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i
ABSTRACT ii
LIST OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF APPENDICES xi
LIST OF PLATES xii
LISTS OF ACRONYMS xiii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3
2.1 Effect of bio-fertilizer on nodulation, growth and
yield
3
2.2 Nitrogen fixation and Rhizobium inoculation on
lentil
5
2.3 Effect of nitrogen on nodulation, growth and yield 7
2.4 Effect of phosphorus on nodulation, growth and
yield
8
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 10
3.1 Site description 10
3.1.1 Geographical location 10
3.1.2 Agro-ecological region 10
3.1.3 Climate 10
iv
LIST OF CONTENTS (Contd.)
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.
3.1.4 Soil 11
3.2 Details of the experiment 11
3.2.1 Treatments 11
3.2.2 Experimental design and layout 12
3.3 Crop/Planting Material 12
3.3.1 Description of crop: BARI Mosur-6 12
3.3.2 Description of chemical fertilizer management 12
3.3.3 Description of biofertilizer management 12
3.4 Crop management 12
3.4.1 Seed collection 12
3.4.2 Seed sowing 12
3.4.3 Collection and preparation of initial soil sample 13
3.4.4 Preparation of experimental land 13
3.4.5 Fertilizer application 13
3.4.6 Intercultural operations 13
3.4.6.1 Thinning 13
3.4.6.2 Weeding 14
3.4.6.3 Application of irrigation water 14
3.4.6.4 Drainage 14
3.4.6.5 Plant protection measures 14
3.4.7 Harvesting and post-harvest operation 14
3.4.8 Recording of data 15
3.4.9 Detailed procedures of recording data 15
v
LIST OF CONTENTS (Contd.)
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.
3.4.9.1 Plant height 16
3.4.9.2 Branches plant-1
16
3.4.9.3 Nodules plant-1
16
3.4.9.4 Dry weight of plant 16
3.4.10.1 Pods plant-1
16
3.4.10.2 1000 seed weight 16
3.4.10.3 Seed yield 17
3.4.10.4 Stover yield 17
3.4.10.5 Biological yield 17
3.4.10.6 Harvest index 17
3.4.10.7 Statistical analysis 17
4 CHAPTER IV 18
4.1 Effect of biofertilizer and nitrogen +
phosphorous on growth of lentil
18
4.1.1 Plant height 18
4.1.1.1 Effect of biofertilizer 18
4.1.1.2 Effect of nitrogen + phosphorous 19
4.1.1.3 Interaction effect of biofertilizer and nitrogen +
phosphorous
19
4.1.2 Branches plant-1
20
4.1.2.1 Effect of biofertilizer 20
4.1.2.2 Effect of nitrogen + phosphorous 22
4.1.2.3 Interaction effect of biofertilizer and nitrogen +
phosphorous
22
4.1.3 Nodules plant-1
23
4.1.3.1 Effect of biofertilizer 23
vi
LIST OF CONTENTS (Contd.)
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.
4.1.3.2 Effect of nitrogen + phosphorous 24
4.1.3.3
4.1.4
Interaction effect of biofertilizer and nitrogen +
phosphorous
Dry weight plant-1
25
26
4.1.4.1
4.1.4.2
Effect of biofertilizer
Effect of nitrogen + phosphorous
26
27
4.1.4.3 Interaction effect of biofertilizer and nitrogen +
phosphorous
27
4.2 Effect of biofertilizer and nitrogen +
phosphorous on yield compponets and yields
29
4.2.1 Pods plant-1
29
4.2.1.1 Effect of biofertilizer 29
4.2.1.2 Effect of nitrogen + phosphorous 29
4.2.1.3 Interaction effect of biofertilizer and nitrogen +
phosphorous
30
4.2.2 1000 seed weight 31
4.2.2.1 Effect of biofertilizer 31
4.2.2.2 Effect of nitrogen + phosphorous 31
4.2.2.3 Interaction effect of biofertilizer and nitrogen +
phosphorous
33
4.2.3 Seed yield 33
4.2.3.1 Effect of biofertilizer 33
4.2.3.2 Effect of nitrogen + phosphorous 33
4.2.3.3 Interaction effect of biofertilizer and nitrogen +
phosphorous
34
4.2.4 Stover yield 35
4.2.4.1 Effect of biofertilizer 35
vii
LIST OF CONTENTS (Contd.)
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.
4.2.4.2 Effect of nitrogen + phosphorous 35
4.2.4.3 Interaction effect of biofertilizer and nitrogen +
phosphorous
37
4.2.5 Biological yield 37
4.2.5.1 Effect of biofertilizer 37
4.2.5.2
4.2.5.3
Effect of nitrogen + phosphorous
Interaction effect of biofertilizer and nitrogen +
phosphorous
37
38
4.2.6 Harvest index 38
4.2.6.1 Effect of biofertilizer 38
4.2.6.2 Effect of nitrogen + phosphorous 39
4.2.6.3 Interaction effect of biofertilizer and nitrogen +
phosphorous
39
5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 41
REFERENCES 44
APPENDICES
49
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page No.
1 Interaction effect of biofertilizer and different level of N + P
fertilizer on plant height of lentil at different days after sowing
21
2 Interaction effect of biofertilizer and different level of N + P
fertilizer on branch plant-1
of lentil at different days after
sowing
23
3 Interaction effect of biofertilizer and different level of N + P
fertilizer on nodule plant-1
of lentil at different day after sowing
26
4 Interaction effect of biofertilizer and different level of N + P
fertilizer on dry weight of lentil at different days after sowing
28
5 Interaction effect of biofertilizer and N + P on number of pods
plant-1
at harvest, and thousand seed weight of lentil
31
6 Interaction effect of biofertilizer and N + P on grain yield, stover
yield, biological yield and harvest index of lentil
35
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page No.
1 Effect of biofertilizer on plant height of lentil at different days after
sowing
18
2 Effect of different level (N+P) fertilizers on plant height of lentil at
different days after sowing
20
3 Effect of biofertilizer on branch plant-1
of lentil at different days after
sowing
21
4 Effect of different level (N+P) fertilizers on branch plant-1
of lentil at
different days after sowing
22
5 Effect of biofertilizer on nodule plant-1
of lentil at different days after
sowing
24
6
7
8
Effect of different level (N+P) fertilizers on nodule plant-1
of lentil at
different days after sowing
Effect of biofertilizer on dry weight of lentil at different days after
sowing
Effect of different level (N+P) fertilizers on dry weight of lentil at
different days after sowing
25
27
28
9 Effect of biofertilizer on pods plant-1
of lentil
29
10 Effect of different level of N + P on pods plant-1
of lentil 30
11
12
13
Effect of biofertilizer on thousand seed weight of lentil
Effect of different level of N + P on thousand seed weight of lentil
Effect of biofertilizer on grain yield of lentil
32
32
33
14 Effect of different level of N + P on grain yield of lentil 34
15 Effect of biofertilizer on stover yield of lentil 36
16
Effect of different level of N + P on stover yield of lentil
36
x
Figure No.
LIST OF FIGURES (Cont’d)
Title
Page No.
17 Effect of biofertilizer on biological yield of lentil 37
18 Effect of different level of N + P on biological yield of lentil
38
19 Effect of biofertilizer on harvest index of lentil 39
20 Effect of different level of N + P on harvest index of lentil
40
xi
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix No. Title Page No.
I Monthly record of air temperature, relative humidity and rainfall
of the experimental site during the period of November, 2016 to
March 2017
49
xii
LIST OF PLATES
Plates No.
1
2
Title
Field view of seedling stage
Data recording for nodule
Page No.
50
51
xiii
LIST OF ACRONYMS
AEZ Agro-Ecological Zone
BARI Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute
BAU Bangladesh Agricultural University
BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
Co Cobalt
CV% Percentage of coefficient of variance
cv. Cultivar
DAE Department of Agricultural Extension
DAS Days after sowing
0C Degree Celsius
et al And others
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
g gram(s)
ha-1
Per hectare
HI Harvest Index
kg Kilogram
Max Maximum
mg Milligram
Min Minimum
MoP Muriate of Potash
N Nitrogen
No. Number
NS Not significant
% Percent
SAU Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University
SRDI Soil Resources and Development Institute
TSP Triple Super Phosphate
UPOV Union for the Protection of Plant Varieties
Wt. Weight
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Lentil (Lens culinaris) belongs to family Fabaceae. It is a nutritious food
legume. It is one of the oldest annual grains legumes more consumed and
cultivated in the world and mostly eaten as dhal. Lentil is originating from
South Western Asia as early as 6000 B.C. Lentil is rich in protein and also
contains high concentration of essential amino acid as isoleucine and lysine, as
well as other nutrients like minerals and fiber, folate, vitamin B1 (Rozan et al.,
2001). Lentil is also known as a „poor man's meat‟ because of its rich protein
content. In South East Asia lentil is also equally liked by all socioeconomic
groups (Bhatty, 1988). Also, it has a positive contribution for increasing the
soil fertility due to the high number of effective nodules in their root that
supply nitrogen into the soil (Omer, 2009).
Omer (2009) reported that lentil is good choice in crop rotations as it produced
130.44 nodules per plant which improve soil health by adding nitrogen and
organic matter for following crops. Lentil crop requires nitrogen for their
growth and development approximately 85% of nitrogen necessity of lentil is
fulfilled with the help of atmospheric nitrogen fixation during symbiotic
relationship of lentil roots with microorganism Rhizobium bacteria in the field
and due to which yield could be increased up to 2 ton ha-1
(Bisen et al., 1980).
Small doses of N fertilizers applied to an annual pulse are beneficial if nodule
initiation is delayed (Mahon and Child, 1979). Phosphorus plays a major role in
many plant processes, including storing and transfer of energy; stimulation of
root growth, flowering, fruiting and seed formation; nodule development and
N2 fixation (Mclaren and Cameron, 1996; Ali et al., 1997). Bremer et al.
(1989) found that P application increased dry matter and grain yield but did not
affect N2 fixation indicating that the legume host was more responsive to P
application than the Rhizobia. Lentils are sensitive to high rates of P fertilizer
placed directly in the seed rows.
2
Gupta and Sharma (1992) reported that yield of lentil was 0.87 - 1.30 t/ha with
0 - 32 kg phosphorus and no inoculation, and 0.89 - 1.68 t/ha with 0 – 32 kg
phosphorus and inoculation. Seeds protein content increased with application
of phosphorus and inoculation. Hossain and Suman (2005) carried out an
experiment to evaluate the effect of Rhizobium and different levels of urea N
on growth, yield and N-uptake of lentil. Among the treatments Rhizobium
inoculation had significant effect on nodule formation, plant height, number of
seeds, seed and stover yields, compared to uninoculated controls. The highest
seed yield was recorded for the treatment Rhizobium treatment that was
statistically similar to that of 100% N and Rhizobium with the corresponding
yields of 1533 and 1458 kg/ha, respectively. The inoculation of Rhizobium
significantly influenced all the crop characters including N contents, N uptake
by seed and shoot as well as protein content of seed. The highest N-uptake by
seed (78.61 kg/ha) was recorded for the treatment Rhizobium and N-uptake by
shoot (53.87 kg/ha) was recorded for the treatment 100% N. Therefore,
inoculation of Rhizobium may be a good practice to achieve higher seed yield
of lentil.
Furthermore, for having maximum nodulation, growth and yield of lentil, it is
necessary to find out the best combination of nitrogen, phosphorous and
biofertilizer. Very little information is available about the influence of nitrogen,
phosphorous and biofertilizer on nodulation, growth and yield of lentil. So,
there is a scope to take research in this aspect. Thus, the present study was
carried out by the following objectives
To select suitable nitrogenous and phosphetic fertilizer management for
maximum yield of lentil,
To study the influence of biofertilizers on growth and yield of lentil, and
To asses interaction of biofertilizer nitrogenous and phosphetic fertilizer
on the yield of lentil.
3
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
An attempt was made in this section to collect and study the relevant
information available in the country and abroad regarding the influence of
Biofertilizer, nitrogen and phosphorous on nodulation, growth and yield of
Lentil to gather knowledge helpful in conducting the present research work and
subsequently writing up the result and discussion.
2.1. Effect of bio-fertilizer on nodulation, growth and yield
Biofertilizers are gaining importance as they are ecofriendly, non-hazardous
and non-toxic. A substantial number of bacterial species, mostly those
associated with the plant rhizosphere, may exert a beneficial effect upon plant
growth. Biofertilizers include mainly the nitrogen fixing, phosphate
solubilizing and plant growth promoting micro-organism. Inoculating pulse
crops with rhizobia to add nitrogen is routine for most growers. The presence
of efficient and specific strains of Rhizobium in the rhizosphere is one of the
most important requirements for proper establishment and growth of grain
legume plant. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria partly solubilizes inorganic and
insoluble phosphate and improves applied phosphorus use efficiency
stimulating plant growth by providing hormone, vitamin and other growth
promoting substances (Gyaneshwar et al.,` 2002).
The application of biofertilizers, micronutrients and RDF enhanced the plant
height appreciably at harvest stages.Increase in plant height might be attributed
to the fact that the better nourishment causes beneficial effects such as
accelerated rate of photosynthesis, assimilation, cell division and vegetative
growth. These results are in agreement with the findings of Singh et al., (2007).
Dhingra et al.(1988) results revealed that the interactions between phosphorus
and Rhizobium inoculation was significantly in 3 out of 5 years, indicating that
the combination of Rhizobium and 20 kg P2O5 /ha gave yield equivalent to 40
4
kg P2O5 /ha without Rhizobium. Gupta and Sharma (1992) reported from the
result of an experiment that yield of lentil 0.87 - 1.30 t/ha with 0 - 32 kg
phosphorus and no inoculation, and 0.89 - 1.68 t/ha with 0 – 32 kg phosphorus
and inoculation. Seeds protein content increased with application of
phosphorus and inoculation.
Rajput and Kushwah (2005) studied that the application of bio-fertilizer on
production of pea. On the basis of three years pooled data, the highest yield
was recorded with the application or recommended doses of fertilizer followed
by soil application of bio-fertilizer mixed 25 kg FYM along with 50%
recommended dose of fertilizer and were at par statistically. So the use of bio-
fertilizer saved 50% N, P (10 kg N, 25 kg P2O5). It also saved the financial
resource as well as FYM.
Sharma and Sharma (2004) determined the effects of P (0, 20 and 40 kg/ha),
potassium (0 or 20 kg/ha) and Rhizobium inoculation on the growth and yield
of lentil cv. L-4147. The mean number of branches, nodules and pods per plant;
100-seed weight and seed yield were highest with the application of 40 kg P/ha,
whereas mean plant height and plant stand row length were highest with the
application of 20 kg P/ha. Application of K resulted in the increase in number
of branches and pods per plant and seed yield, whereas inoculation with
Rhizobium increased the mean plant height; number of branches, nodules and
pods per plant, 100-seed weight and seed yield.
Hossain and Suman (2005) carried out an experiment to evaluate the effect of
Azotobacter, Rhizobium and different levels of urea N on growth, yield and N-
uptake of lentil. Among the treatments Azotobacter plus Rhizobium inoculation
had significant effect on nodule formation, plant height, number of seeds, seed
and stover yields, compared to uninoculated controls. The highest seed yield
was recorded for the treatment Azotobacter+Rhizobium that was statistically
similar to that of 100% N and Rhizobium with the corresponding yields of
1533 and 1458 kg/ha, respectively. The dual inoculation of Azotobacter and
5
Rhizobium significantly influenced all the crop characters including N
contents, N uptake by seed and shoot as well as protein content of seed. The
highest N-uptake by seed (78.61 kg/ha) was recorded for the treatment
Azotobacter+Rhizobium and N-uptake by shoot (53.87 kg/ha) was recorded for
the treatment 100% N. The performances of Azotobacter or Rhizobium alone
were not as good as Azotobacter+Rhizobium in most cases. Therefore,
inoculation of both Azotobacter and Rhizobium together may be a good
practice to achieve higher seed yield of lentil.
Kumar and Uppar (2007) conducted a field experiment to evaluate the effects
of organic manures, biofertilizers, micronutrients and plant growth regulators
on the seed yield and quality of mothbean. RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha recorded the
highest values for the different seed yield and quality attributes of mothbean.
2.2. Nitrogen fixation and Rhizobium inoculation on lentil
Lentil is a legume and fulfils most of its N requirement through atmospheric
N2fixation with the symbiotic help of rhizobia living in its root nodules.
Generally, the level of N2 fixation in legumes depends on host genotypes,
rhizobial strains, environment and their interactions. Lentil cultivars have
shown genetic variability in their ability to symbiotically fix N2 (Rennie and
Dubetz, 1986), therefore genotypes with high N2 fixation and high seed yield
are desirable for sustainable agriculture. Kurdali et al. (1997) carried out a field
experiment to assess the source of nitrogen (N2 fixation, soil and fertilizer), N
assimilation, partitioning and mobilization in rainfed lentil at various growth
stages using 15N isotopic dilution.
Nitrogen for developing pods can be supplied from soil, atmospheric N2, and
from the mobilization of existing N in plant tissues. The relative importance of
these sources depends on several factors including plant species, genotype,
drought stress, plant and soil N status, and N2 fixation ability (Kurdali et al.,
6
1997). Grain legumes respond most strongly to inoculation when they are
introduced into new areas where soils lack appropriate rhizobia (van Kessel
and Hartley, 2000). There is presumably a yield advantage to crop inoculation
in soils with inadequate inorganic N supply. However, the yield response to
inoculation was highly variable and affected by inherent field variability, and
by differences in environmental and edaphic conditions (van Kessel and
Hartley, 2000).
Effective indigenous strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viceae are
lacking in most prairie soils, and therefore inoculation is essential to ensure
adequate nodulation and N fixation for maximum yields (Bremer et al., 1988).
When chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and lentil were introduced to North America,
both crops responded strongly to inoculation. In subsequent years, and as the
resident population of effective rhizobia in soils increased, N2 fixation
remained significant but responses to further inoculation diminished (Bremer et
al., 1989). Mengel (1994) concluded that nitrogenase activity is a flexible
process that adjusts to the N demand of the host. The amount of N2 fixed
becomes much more dependent on the demand of N by the host than on the
intrinsic capacity of the rhizobia to fix N.
2.3. Effect of nitrogen on nodulation, growth and yield
Regarding potassium fertilizers, Srinivasarao et al. (2003) concluded that
potassium application increase the pulses pest resistance and improve the seed
yield and quality; the status of potassium in soils depends on soil texture,
nutrient, and agricultural practices. In intensive cropping systems, considerable
amount of potassium is depleted that need to be addressed. Increasing of the
legumes yield and yield components (number of branches, pods and seeds) by
potassium fertilizer has been reported by numerous researchers.
Jahan et al. (2009) stated that the yield of lentil varieties increased when the
rates of potassium fertilization were increased in Bangladesh; the highest seed
7
yield (2.16 t. ha-1
) was found at 35 kg K ha-1
compared to zero, 15, 25, and 45
kgha-1
treatments. While the plant dry weight was not affected; they also stated
that the highest number of nodules plant-1
was obtained when potassium
fertilizer was applied at a rate of 15 kgha-1
compared to control or high levels
of potassium. Also, ElBramawy & Shaban (2010) noticed significant increases
for the most of growth and yield characters of broadbean crop by the
application of potassium fertilizer.
Like most annual legumes, lentil can provide a part of its own N requirement
through symbiotic N2 fixation when the plants are inoculated. Sosulski and
Buchan (1978) reported that rhizobial inoculation alone is not enough for
obtaining high yields of legumes because of poor nodulation and nitrogenase
activity. They concluded that annual legumes may require a high level of plant
N fertility to achieve maximum yield. Indigenous populations of Rhizobia for
legumes may be present in prairie soils, but these indigenous populations may
be ineffective for inducing N2 fixation under semiarid environments (Kucey
and Hynes, 1989). Small doses of N fertilizers applied to an annual pulse are
beneficial if nodule initiation is delayed (Mahon and Child, 1979). In dry pea,
N application at 20 to 60 kg ha–1
increased seed yield by an average of 9% in
one quarter of 58 trials conducted in Alberta (McKenzie et al., 2001). When
spring soil NO3-N (0 to 30 cm depth) was less than 20 kg N ha–1
, the use of
fertilizer N increased pea yield by an average of 11% in one-third of the trials.
Similarly, application of fertilizer N increased dry bean 8 (Phaseolus vulgaris
L.) seed yield proportionally in southern Manitoba (McAndrew and Mills,
2000). Most producers in Western Canada inoculate the seed or the soil with a
rhizobia strain and provide little or no fertilizer N to their lentil crops. Due to
the lag period between rhizobial root colonization infection and the onset of
nodule functioning, the young lentil plants may require a small dose of
additional N (i.e., starter- N) from external sources to achieve vigorous
vegetative growth and establish N2-fixing symbiosis.
8
2.4. Effect of phosphorus on nodulation, growth and yield
Phosphorus plays a major role in many plant processes, including storing and
transfer of energy; stimulation of root growth, flowering, fruiting and seed
formation; nodule development and N2 fixation (Mclaren and Cameron, 1996;
Ali et al., 1997). Phosphorus application on legumes can also increase leaf
area, yield of tops, roots and grain; nitrogen concentration in tops and grain;
number and weight of nodules on roots; and increased acetylene reduction rate
of the nodules (Jessop et al., 1989; Idris et al., 1989; Yahiya et al., 1995).
Research documents evident that the influence of P on nodule development and
N2 fixation by legumes (Israel, 1987). The N2-fixation process in legumes is
sensitive to P deficiency due to reduced nodule mass and decreased ureide
production (Sinclair and Vadez, 2002; Vance, 2001). Nodules are a strong P
sink and nodule P concentration normally exceeds that of roots and shoots (Sa
and Israel, 1991; Drevon and Hartwig, 1997). Therefore, nodule number,
volume, and dry weight can be increased by treating P deficient soils with
fertilizer P (Cassman et al., 1981). However, Bremer et al. (1989) found that P
application increased dry matter and grain yield but did not affect N2 fixation
indicating that the legume host was more responsive to P application than the
Rhizobia.
Saskatchewan soils generally test low to medium in available phosphorus
(Henry, 1980), a nutrient required in relatively large amounts by pulse crops.
Total P in Saskatchewan soils ranges from about 400 to 2200 kg ha-1
in the top
15 cm of soil, but only a very small amount of the total P is available to the
crop during a growing season (Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture, 2006).
Although crops can sometimes be grown for a few years without adding P
fertilizer, yields sooner or later begin to decline. Phosphorous is relatively
immobile (moves very little) in the soil. Most crops recover only 10 to 30% of
the P in fertilizer the first year following application (Havlin et al., 2005).
Recovery varies widely depending on soil type and conditions, the crop grown
9
and application method. However, Saskatchewan research has shown 9 that the
newly formed soil P reaction products are more plant available than the native
soil P minerals and crops can continue to recover fertilizer P for several years
after application (Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture, 2006).
Granular monoammonium phosphate (MAP) (12-51-0 or 11-55-0) is the most
common P fertilizer used in Saskatchewan (Saskatchewan Ministry of
Agriculture, 2006). Lentils are sensitive to high rates of P fertilizer placed
directly in the seed rows. Research conducted over a three year period
indicated that increasing rates of seed-placed MAP (11-55-0) resulted in
reduced stands of lentil but high yield per plant as compared to side-banded P
application (McVicar et al., 2010). Lentil has a relatively high requirement for
phosphorus to promote development of its extensive root systems and vigorous
seedlings; and may benefit from improved frost, disease, and drought tolerance
because of P application (McVicar et al., 2010). Bremer et al. (1989) reported
that P response is more prevalent in the Black soils, which had the most
favorable growing conditions and lowest available soil P levels, than in Brown
or Dark Brown soils of Saskatchewan.
10
CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy field, Sher-e-Bangla
Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207 during the period from November 2016
to March 2017. Detailed of the experimental materials and methods followed
in the study are presented in this chapter. The experiment was conducted to
study the influence of biofertilizer, nitrogen and phosphorous on nodulation,
growth and yield of lentil.
3.1 Site description
3.1.1 Geographical location
The experimental area was situated at 2377N latitude and 9033E longitude
at an altitude of 8.6 meter above the sea level (Anon., 2004).
3.1.2 Agro-ecological region
The experimental field belongs to the Agro-ecological zone of “The Modhupur
Tract”, AEZ-28 (Anon., 1988a). This was a region of complex relief and soils
developed over the Modhupur clay, where flood plain sediments buried the
dissected edges of the Modhupur Tract leaving small hillocks of red soils as
„islands‟ surrounded by floodplain (Anon., 1988b).
3.1.3 Climate
This area characterized by high temperature, high relative humidity and heavy
rainfall with occasional gusty winds in Kharif season (April-September) and
scanty rainfall associated with moderately low temperature during the Rabi
season (October-March) as it is sub-tropical climate,. Weather information
regarding temperature, relative humidity and rainfall prevailed at the
experimental site during the study period were presented in Appendix I.
11
3.1.4 Soil
Soil pH ranged from 5.6-6.5 and had organic matter 1.10-1.99%. The soil of
the experimental site belongs to the general soil type, Shallow Red Brown
Terrace Soils under Tejgaon Series. Top soils were clay loam in texture, olive-
gray with common fine to medium distinct dark yellowish brown mottles. The
experimental area was flat having available irrigation and drainage system and
above flood level. Soil samples from 0-15 cm depths were collected from
experimental field. The analyses were done by Soil Resource and Development
Institute (SRDI), Dhaka.
3.2 Details of the experiment
3.2.1 Treatments
The experiment consisted of 2 factors:
Factors A: Biofertilizer (2)
(a) B0 = 0 (Without Biofertilizer)
(b) B1 = Biofertilizer (50 gm per 2.5 kg of seeds)
Factors B: Rates of Nitrogen (N) + Phosphorus (P) (6)
(a) F0 = 0 (N + P)
(b) F1 = 50% Less recommended N + P
(c) F2 = 25% Less recommended N + P
(d) F3 = Recommended N + P (50 kg N + 100 kg P) / ha
(e) F4 = 25% Higher recommended N + P
(f) F5 = 50% Higher recommended N + P
The nitrogenous (N) and phosthatic (P) fertilizers were applied in the form of
urea and triple super phosphate (TSP). The rate of the urea and TSP, and other
fertilizers has been presented in section 3.4.5.
Treatment combination
B0F0, B0F1, B0F2, B0F3, B0F4, B0F5, B1F0, B1F1, B1F2, B1F3, B1F4, B1F5
12
3.2.2 Experimental design and layout
The experiment was laid out in a two factor RCBD (Factorial) with three
replications. There were 12 treatment combinations. The total numbers of unit
plots were 36. The size of unit plot was 3.0 x 2.0 m2. The distances between
plot to plot and replication to replication were 0.50 m and 1.0 m, respectively.
3.3 Crop/Planting Material
BARI Mosur-6 was used as plant material.
3.3.1 Description of crop: BARI Mosur-6
Lentil variety BARI Mosur-6 was used as experimental material. BARI Mosur-
6 was developed by Pulses Research Centre, Ishurdi, Pabna. BARI Mosur-6 is
a semi erect and medium saturated and bushy cultivar. The average plant height
of the variety is 35-40 cm. The leaves are dark green, with broad leaflets
without tendrils. Flowers are light blue, the pods and leaves turn straw color
during maturity stage. Seed color is deep brown and cotyledons are bright
orange. It has a 1000 seed weight of 19.84 g compared to 11.5 g or less for the
local cultivars. Seed size is larger than BARI Mosur-5. The duration of this
crop is 110-115 days. Its yield is 2200-2300 kg/ha. It is resistant to rust/STB
and tolerant to foot rot and moderately resistant to aphid.
3.4 Crop management
3.4.1 Seed collection
Seeds of BARI Mosur-6 were collected from Bangladesh Agricultural
Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh.
3.4.2 Seed sowing
Seeds were sowed in the field on 30 November, 2016. The field was labeled
properly and was divided into 36 plots. The seeds of BARI Mosur-6 were
sowed by hand in 30 cm apart from lines with continuous spacing at about 3
cm depth at the rate of 40 g plot-1
on 30 November, 2016.
13
3.4.3 Collection and preparation of initial soil sample
The soil sample of the experimental field was collected before fertilizer
application. The initial soil samples were collected before land preparation
from a 0-15 cm soil depth. The samples were collected by an auger from
different location covering the whole experimental plot and mixed thoroughly
to make a composite sample. After collection of soil samples, the plant roots,
leaves etc. were removed. Then the samples were air-dried and sieved through
a 10-mesh sieve and stored in a clean plastic container for physical and
chemical analysis.
3.4.4 Preparation of experimental land
A pre- sowing irrigation was given on November 22, 2016. After that the land
was open with the help of a tractor drawn disc harrow, then ploughed with
rotary plough twice followed by laddering to achieve a medium tilth required
for the crop under consideration. All weeds and other plant residues of previous
crop were removed from the field. Immediately after final land preparation, the
field layout was made on November 30, 2016 according to experimental
specification. Individual plots were cleaned and finally prepared the plot.
3.4.5 Fertilizer application
The recommended chemical fertilizer dose was 50, 100, 55 and 1 kg ha-1
of
Urea, TSP, MOP and Boric acid respectively. All the fertilizers according to
the treatment with half of urea were applied by broadcasting and was mixed
with soil thoroughly at the time of final land preparation after making plot. The
rest half of urea was applied on later stage as basal dose.
3.4.6 Intercultural operations
3.4.6.1 Thinning
The plots were thinned out on 15 days after sowing to maintain a uniform plant
stand which facilitates proper aeration and light for optimum growth and
development of the crops.
14
3.4.6.2 Weeding
The crop was infested with some weeds during the early stage of crop
establishment. Two hand weedings were done, first weeding was done at 15
days after sowing followed by second weeding at 15 days after first weeding.
3.4.6.3 Application of irrigation water
Irrigation water was added to each plot, first irrigation was done as pre- sowing
and other two irrigation were given 3 days before weeding.
3.4.6.4 Drainage
Drainage channel were properly prepared to easy and quick drained out of
excess water.
3.4.6.5 Plant protection measures
The crop was infested by insects and diseases, those were effectively and
timely controlled by applying recommended insecticides and fungicides.
Malathion 18 ml/L and Ripcord 20ml/L uses as protection measure.
3.4.7 Harvesting and post-harvest operation
Maturity of crop was determined when 80-90% of the pods become straw
color. The harvesting of BARI Mosur-6 were done up to 5 March, 2017. Five
pre-selected plants per plot were harvested from which different yield
attributing data were collected and 1 m2 area from middle portion of each plot
was separately harvested and bundled, properly tagged and then brought to the
threshing floor for recording grain and straw yield data. The grains were
cleaned and sun dried to a moisture content of 12%. Straw was also sun dried
properly. Finally grain and straw yields plot-1
were determined and converted
to kg ha-1
.
15
3.4.8 Recording of data
Emergence of plants were counted from starting to a constant number of plants
m-2
area of each plot. Experimental data were determined from 15 days of
growth duration and continued until harvest. Dry weights of plant were
collected by harvesting respective number of plants at different specific dates
from the inner rows leaving border rows and harvest area for grain. The
following data were recorded during the experimentation.
A. Crop growth characters
i. Plant height (at 30, 50, 70, 90 DAS and at harvest)
ii. Branch plant-1
(at 30, 50, 70 DAS and at harvest)
iii. Nodule count (at 50, 60, 70 and 80 DAS)
iv. Dry weight plant-1
(at 30, 50, 70 and 90 DAS)
B. Yield and other crop characters
i. Pods plant-1
(no.)
ii. Thousand seed weight (g)
iii. Grain yield (kg ha-1
)
iv. Stover yield (kg ha-1
)
v. Biological yield (kg ha-1
)
vi. Harvest index (%)
3.4.9 Detailed procedures of recording data
A brief outline of the data recording procedure followed during the study given
below:
16
A. Crop growth characters
3.4.9.1 Plant height
The height of 10 randomly selected plants from each plots for every treatments
of all three replication was taken carefully at harvest and after 30, 50, 70, 90
days of sowing of the seeds of BARI Mosur-6. Plant height was measured from
the above ground portion of the plants.
3.4.9.2 Branch plant-1
The branches plant-1
were counted carefully from 10 randomly selected plant
from each plot for every treatments of all three replications when it became 30,
50 and 70 days after sowing and at harvest.
3.4.9.3 Nodule count
The nodule plant-1
were counted carefully from 10 randomly selected plant
from each plot for every treatments of all three replications when it became 50,
60, 70, 80 days after sowing. Then it was averaged.
3.4.9.4 Dry weight of plant (kg ha-1
)
10 randomly selected plant from each plot were harvest after 30, 50, 70, 90
days of sowing. Then the plants were dried properly and individual plant
weight was taken to make them average for each treatment.
B. Yield and other crop characters
3.4.10.1 Pods plant-1
The pods of five preselected plants were collected from each plot at the time of
harvest and then counted total number and then averaged them to get pods
plant-1
.
3.4.10.2 Thousands seed weight (g)
Thousand seeds from of each plot were collected and their weight were taken
by digital electric balance in g.
17
3.4.10.3 Grain yield (kg ha-1
)
Grains of 1 m2 area in each plot was weighed and then converted into kg ha
-1.
The grain weight was taken at 12% moisture content of the grains.
3.4.10.4 Stover yield (kg ha-1
)
Stover of central 1 m2 area in each plot was sun dried and weighed. Then the
weight was converted in kg ha-1
.
3.4.10.5 Biological yield (kg ha-1
)
Biological yield was calculated by adding the grain yield and stover yield.
Biological yield = grain yield + Stover yield.
3.4.10.6 Harvest index
Harvest index denotes the ratio of economic yield (seed yield) to biological
yield and was calculated with following formula (Donald, 1963; Gardner et al.,
1985).
Harvest index (%) =𝑆𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝐵𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑× 100
3.4.10.7 Statistical analysis
All the collected data were analyzed following the analysis of variance
(ANOVA) technique using a statistical computer software MSTAT-C program
and the means were adjusted by Statistics 10 at 0.05% level of significance.
18
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter represents the result and discussions of the present study.
Summary of mean square values at different parameters are also given in the
appendices from III to IX.
4.1 Effect of biofertilizer and nitrogen + phosphorous on growth of lentil
4.1.1 Plant height
4.1.1.1 Effect of biofertilizer
Plant height of BARI Mosur-6 exerted non-significant variation due to
biofertilizer application treatment (Figure 1). Although the variation due to
biofertilizer treatments was non-significant, numerically the values of plant
height showed an increasing trend with the advance of growth stages upto 90
DAS. It was also inferred from the table that biofertilizer treated plots showed
higher values of plant height than untreated (control) plots for all growth stages
except at 30 DAS.
B0 = 0 (Biofertilizer), B1 = Biofertilizer.
Figure 1. Effect of biofertilizer on plant height of lentil at different days
after sowing (LSD.05 = 0.79, 0.90, 1.41, 2.03, and 1.62 at
30, 50, 70, 90 DAS and at harvest respectively)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
30 50 70 90 Harvest
Pla
nt
hei
ght
(cm
)
Days after sowing
B0 B1
19
4.1.1.2 Effect of nitrogen + phosphorous
Different levels of N+P fertilizer exhibited statistically significant variation on
plant height of lentil at all growth stages except 70, 90 DAS and at harvest and
the results of plant height have been presented in Figure 2 . The figure showed
that at 30 DAS the treatments F3 and F2 showed highest plant height (11.02 cm
and 10.96 cm, respectively). F5, F4 and F1 showed medium plant height (9.60
cm, 9.58 and 9.38 cm, respectively) in comparison to F3 and F2. Where F0
showed the lowest plant height (8.69 cm). This might be due to the different
level of N + P effect on plant height.
At 30 DAS F3 and F2 showed highest plant height (20.40 cm and 20.22 cm,
respectively). F4, F1 and F5 showed medium plant height at 50 DAS (19.05 cm,
18.75 cm and 18.36 cm) in comparison to F3 and F2. Where F0 showed the
lowest plant height (16.77 cm).
Although non-significant variation exhibited at 70 DAS, but numerically F2
and F3 showed highest plant height (26.95 cm and 26.55 cm, respectively). F4
and F1 showed medium plant height at 70 DAS (25.98 cm and 25.22 cm) in
comparison to F3 and F2. Where F0 showed the lowest plant height (23.34 cm).
F3 and F2 showed numerically the highest plant height at 90 DAS (31.39 cm
and 30.35 cm, respectively). F4, F5 and F1 showed medium plant height at 90
DAS (29.95 cm, 29.22 cm and 28.32 cm, respectively) in comparison to F3 and
F2. Where F0 showed the lowest plant height (27.18 cm).
At harvest plant height of F3 and F2 treatments were (30.71cm and 29.15cm,
respectively). F4, F5 and F1 showed medium plant height at harvest (28.05 cm,
27.79 cm and 27.76 cm, respectively) in comparison to F3 and F2. Where F0
showed the lowest plant height (26.60 cm).
4.1.1.3 Interaction effect of biofertilizer and nitrogen + phosphorous
Interaction of biofertilizer and levels of N+P fertilizer showed non-significant
effect on plant height for all sampling dates (30, 70, 90 DAS and at harvest)
except of 50 DAS lentil (Table 1). Numerically, B1F3 (Biofertilizer with
recommended dose of N+P) interaction showed the tallest plant at 50, 90 DAS
20
and at harvest (20.82, 32.06 and 31.45, respectively). The lowest plant height
was observed with B0F0 (without biofertilizer + without N+P) interaction for all
sampling dates 30, 50, 70, 90 DAS and at harvest (8.25, 15.96, 22.74, 26.01
25.58 cm, respectively).
F0= 0 (N+P); F1= 50% less N+P, F2= 25% less N+P; F3= Recommended N+P, F4= 25%
higher N+P, F5= 50% higher N+P.
Figure 2. Effect of different level (N+P) fertilizers on plant height of lentil
at different days after sowing (LSD.05 = 2.06, 2.35, 3.67, 5.28 and
4.16 at 30, 50, 70, 90 DAS and at harvest, respectively)
4.1.2 Branches plant-1
4.1.2.1 Effect of biofertilizer
Biofertilizer application showed non-significant variation on number of
branches plant-1
of lentil for all sampling dates (Figure 3). Figure shows that
the values of number of branches plant-1
increased gradually with the advances
of growth stages upto 90 DAS, but it reduced slightly at harvest. However, the
highest branches plant-1
was found at 90 DAS for both biofertilizer treated or
untreated plants.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
30 50 70 90 Harvest
Pla
nt
hei
gh
t (c
m)
F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
Days after sowing
21
Table 1. Interaction effect of biofertilizer and different level of N + P
fertilizer on plant height of lentil at different days after sowing
B0 = 0 (Biofertilizer), B1 = Biofertilizer, F0= 0 (N+P); F1= 50% less N+P, F2= 25% less N+P;
F3= Recommended N+P, F4= 25% higher N+P, F5= 50% higher N+P, NS = non-significant.
B0 = 0 (Biofertilizer), B1 = Biofertilizer.
Figure 3. Effect of biofertilizer on branch plant-1
of lentil at different days
after sowing (LSD.05 = 0.17, 0.67, 0.37, 0.36 and 0.95 at 30, 50, 70,
90 DAS and at harvest, respectively)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
30 50 70 90 Harvest
Bra
nch
/pla
nt
B0 B1
Days after sowing
Treatments Plant height (cm)
30 DAS 50 DAS 70 DAS 90 DAS At harvest
B0F0 8.25 15.96 b 22.74 26.01 25.58
B0F1 9.00 17.92 ab 23.90 26.74 26.96
B0F2 11.42 19.92 a 26.31 29.85 28.80
B0F3 11.17 19.98 a 26.01 30.72 29.98
B0F4 9.15 19.09 ab 25.74 29.28 26.41
B0F5 9.72 17.96 ab 23.41 27.92 28.33
B1F0 9.14 17.58 ab 23.94 28.34 27.61
B1F1 9.75 19.58 ab 26.54 29.90 28.56
B1F2 10.51 20.50 a 27.58 30.86 29.50
B1F3 10.87 20.82 a 27.09 32.06 31.45
B1F4 10.01 19.02 ab 26.22 30.61 29.68
B1F5 9.48 18.76 ab 25.35 30.52 27.26
LSD.05 NS 3.88 NS NS NS
CV (%) 11.23 6.51 7.37 7.97 9.15
22
4.1.2.2 Effect of nitrogen + phosphorous
No. of Branch plant-1
showed significant response due to N+P fertilizer level
treatment and the data has been presented in Figure 4. The Figure indicated that
irrespective of sampling dates higher doses of fertilizer increased the higher
trend of number of branches plant-1
in lentil and the highest value was recorded
into F3 fertilizer treatment. A further increase of fertilizer dose reduced the No.
of branches plant-1
marginally. On the other hand branches plant-1
increased
steadily with the increase of growth stages and the highest increase was found
in 90 DAS irrespective fertilizer doses. Branchs plant-1
showed different
response on different nitrogen + phosphorous levels.
F0= 0 (N+P); F1= 50% less N+P, F2= 25% less N+P; F3= Recommended N+P, F4= 25%
higher N+P, F5= 50% higher N+P.
Figure 4. Effect of different level (N+P) fertilizers on No. of branch plant-1
of lentil at different days after sowing (LSD.05 = 0.44, 1.75, 0.97,
0.96 and 0.95 at 30, 50, 70, 90 DAS and at harvest,
respectively)
4.1.2.3 Interaction effect of biofertilizer and nitrogen + phosphorous
Interaction of biofertilizer and N+P fertilizer level showed significant effect on
branches plant-1
of lentil at 90 DAS and at harvest sampling dates (Table 2). At
90 DAS maximum number and statistically similar branches plant-1
(8.80) was
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
30 50 70 90 Harvest
Bra
nch
/pla
nt
F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
Days after sowing
23
found in the treatments of B1F3, B1F4 and B0F3 which was statistically similar
with the interaction of B1F2, B0F2, B1F5 and B0F1. Significantly lowest number
of branches plant-1
was found in the interaction of B0F5 (6.06) which was
statistically similar with the B1F1, B1F0, B0F4, B0F1 and B0F2 interactions. On
the other hand, highest branches plant-1
(13.20) was found with B0F3 interaction
and lowest was recorded with B0F0 interaction.
Table 2. Interaction effect of biofertilizer and different level of N + P
fertilizer on branch plant-1
of lentil at different days after sowing
B0 = 0 (Biofertilizer), B1 = Biofertilizer, F0= 0 (N+P); F1= 50% less N+P, F2= 25% less N+P;
F3= Recommended N+P, F4= 25% higher N+P, F5= 50% higher N+P, NS = non-significant.
4.1.3 Nodule plant-1
4.1.3.1 Effect of biofertilizer
Biofertilizer treatment showed significant effect on nodules plant-1
of lentil at
70 DAS but it showed non-significant effect at 50, 60 and 80 DAS(Figure 8).
Irrespective of biofertilizer treatment nodule plant-1
increased stedily with the
advancement of growth stages upto 70 DAS after that the values of nodule
plant-1
reduced slightly. At 70 DAS the highest nodule plant-1
(30.67) was
Treatments No. of Branch plant-1
30 DAS 50 DAS 70 DAS 90 DAS At harvest
B0F0 1.00 4.80 5.46 6.73 b-d 9.00 b
B0F1 1.33 5.80 5.40 7.46 a-d 9.52 ab
B0F2 1.33 5.80 5.60 7.93 ab 9.60 ab
B0F3 2.66 6.83 6.46 8.80 a 13.20 a
B0F4 1.33 5.00 6.06 7.13 b-d 11.80 ab
B0F5 1.00 5.20 5.80 6.06 d 10.06 ab
B1F0 1.00 5.33 5.66 6.33 cd 8.93 b
B1F1 1.33 5.40 5.40 6.73 b-d 9.73 de
B1F2 1.50 4.80 6.53 8.06 ab 10.73 ab
B1F3 1.66 6.20 6.86 8.80 a 12.26 ab
B1F4 1.33 5.73 5.80 8.80 a 10.60 ab
B1F5 1.00 5.60 5.53 7.64 a-c 9.53 ab
LSD.05 NS NS NS 1.57 4.08
CV (%) 17.69 17.23 9.25 12.66 9.52
24
observed with biofertilizer treated plot and the lowest (27.42) was found with
control treatment B0. The figure clearly medicated that biofertilizer appplicatin
increased nodule plant-1
than without biofertilizer (control) irrespective growth
stages.
B0 = 0 (Biofertilizer), B1 = Biofertilizer.
Figure 5. Effect of biofertilizer on nodule plant-1
of lentil at different days
after sowing (LSD 0.05 = 0.58, 1.52, 1.28, and 1.32
at 50, 60, 70 and 80 DAS, respectively)
4.1.3.2 Effect of nitrogen + phosphorous
Nodules plant-1
had significant effect due to different levels of N+P fertilizer
application in lentil. The values of nodule plant-1
presented in Figure 6.The
figure showed that irrespective sampling dates nodule number increased
gradually upto F3 treatment after that it reduced marginally. On the other had
irrespective of fertilizer treatment, nodules plant-1
increased upto 70 DAS after
that it reduced slightly. The highest increase was found at 70 DAS. Result also
indicated that F3 showed the highest (31.48) nodules plant-1
which was
followed by F2 and F4 treatment.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
50 60 70 80
No
du
les/
pla
nt
B0 B1
Days after sowing
25
F0= 0 (N+P); F1= 50% less N+P, F2= 25% less N+P; F3= Recommended N+P, F4= 25%
higher N+P, F5= 50% higher N+P.
Figure 6. Effect of different level (N+P) fertilizers on nodule plant-1
of
lentil at different days after sowing (LSD.05 = 1.52, 3.96, 3.33, and
3.45 at 50, 60, 70 and 80 DAS, respectively)
4.1.3.3 Interaction effect of biofertilizer and nitrogen + phosphorous
Interaction effect of biofertilizer and N + P showed significant result on no. of
nodules plant-1
of lentil for all sampling dates i.e. 50, 60, 70 and 80 DAS (Table
3). At 50 DAS the highest value (17.86) was found with B1F3 and the lowest
value (13.65) with B0F0.
At 60 DAS, the interaction of B0F3 showed highest result (23.97) and B1F0
showed lowest result (15.88).
At 70 DAS interaction effect of B1F3 showed highest result (33.14) which was
close to B1F2 interaction (31.44) and B0F0 showed lowest result (25.53).
Interaction effect of biofertilizer B1F3 showed highest result (29.66) and B0F0
showed lowest result (19.66).
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
50 60 70 80
No
du
les/
pla
nt
F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
Days after sowing
26
Table 3. Interaction effect of biofertilizer and different level of N + P
fertilizer on nodule plant-1
of lentil at different days after sowing
B0 = 0 (Biofertilizer), B1 = Biofertilizer, F0= 0 (N+P); F1= 50% less N+P, F2= 25% less N+P;
F3= Recommended N+P, F4= 25% higher N+P, F5= 50% higher N+P.
4.1.4 Dry weight plant-1
4.1.4.1 Effect of biofertilizer
Dry weight plant-1
of lentil due to biofertilizer used treatment have been
presented in Figure 7. The figure shows that irrespective biofertilizer treated
and untreated treatments dry weight plant-1
increased steadily with advance of
growth stages and it continued upto 90 DAS. It was also observed that at 70
and 90 DAS dry weight plant-1
differed significantly among the biofertilizer
treated and untreated treatments. This might be due to the response of
biofertilizer on plant height. Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) alone
recorded significantly more number and dry weight of nodules only with seed
inoculation method at 60 and 90 DAS and was at par with the uninoculated
control by producing 19.7 and 6.7% more grain yield and 13.6 and 5.9% more
straw yield with seed and soil inoculation methods (Karmakar et al, 2006)
Treatments Nodule number/plant
50 DAS 60 DAS 70 DAS 80 DAS
B0F0 13.65 c 16.77 b 25.53 ac 19.66 e
B0F1 14.63 c 20.55 ab 27.11 bc 26.00 a-d
B0F2 17.86 a 23.66 a 27.72 a-c 27.66 a-c
B0F3 17.86 a 23.97 a 29.77 a-c 28.66 ab
B0F4 15.20 bc 18.88 ab 27.43 bc 23.33 a-c
B0F5 14.73 bc 15.88 b 26.99 bc 22.66 c-e
B1F0 14.44 c 15.88 b 27.76 a-c 20.66 de
B1F1 15.53 a-c 19.88 ab 29.32 a-c 26.67 cd
B1F2 17.20 ab 22.22 ab 31.44 ab 27.33 a-c
B1F3 17.86 a 23.66 a 33.14 a 29.66 a
B1F4 15.66 a-c 21.87 ab 31.25 ab 27.33 a-c
B1F5 14.76 bc 21.99 ab 30.88 a-c 27.00 a-c
LSD0.05 2.50 6.53 5.05 5.70
CV (%) 5.21 12.38 5.95 7.85
27
B0 = 0 (Biofertilizer), B1 = Biofertilizer.
Figure 07. Effect of biofertilizer on dry weight of lentil at different days
after sowing (LSD.05 = 0.15, 0.11, 0.58, and 1.17 at 30, 50, 70
and 90 DAS respectively)
4.1.4.2 Effect of nitrogen + phosphorous
Dry weight plant-1
gave significant variation due to N+P level of fertilization
for all the sampling dates except 30 DAS in lentil (Figure 8). The result
persecuted in figure 8 indicated that irrespective fertilizer (N+P) levels dry
weight plant increased progressively with advances of growth stages and the
highest increase was recorded at 90 DAS. Among the fertilizer levels dry
weight showed increasing trend up F3. However, the lowest dry weight plant-1
was observed with F0 fertilization level for all sampling dates.
4.1.4.3 Interaction effect of biofertilizer and nitrogen + phosphorous
Interaction effect of biofertilizer and N + P showed significant variation on dry
weight plant-1
for all sampling dates except 30 DAS(Table 4). The interaction
of B1F3 showed highest dry weight at 30, 50, 70 and 90 DAS (1.11, 1.97, 9.07
and 14.48 g, respectively). Interaction of B0F3 showed statistically similar dry
weight with the same sampling dates (50, 70 and 90 DAS). However, the
lowest dry weight value was found with B0F0 interaction treatment for 30, 50,
70 and 90 DAS (0.78, 1.02, 4.33 and 8.74 g, respectively).
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
30 50 70 90
Dry
wei
gh
t o
f p
lan
t (g
)
B0 B1
Days after sowing
28
F0= 0 (N+P); F1= 50% less N+P, F2= 25% less N+P; F3= Recommended N+P, F4= 25%
higher N+P, F5= 50% higher N+P.
Figure 08. Effect of different level (N+P) fertilizers on dry weight of lentil
at different days after sowing (LSD.05 = 0.41, 0.28, 1.51,
and 3.05 at 30, 50, 70 and 90 DAS, respectively)
Table 4. Interaction effect of biofertilizer and different level of N + P
fertilizer on dry weight of lentil at different days after sowing
B0 = 0 (Biofertilizer), B1 = Biofertilizer, F0= 0 (N+P); F1= 50% less N+P, F2= 25% less N+P;
F3= Recommended N+P, F4= 25% higher N+P, F5= 50% higher N+P, NS = non-significant.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
30 50 70 90
Dry
wei
gg
ht
of
pla
nt
(g)
F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
Days after sowing
Treatments Dry weight (g)
30 DAS 50 DAS 70 DAS 90 DAS
B0F0 0.78 1.02 d 4.33 bc 8.74 b
B0F1 0.80 1.11 d 4.85 bc 9.63 b
B0F2 0.86 1.36 cd 5.32 bc 10.78 b
B0F3 0.73 1.67 a-c 6.66 ab 13.08 ab
B0F4 1.00 1.42 b-d 5.60 bc 10.64 b
B0F5 0.73 1.01 d 4.10 c 8.99 b
B1F0 0.81 1.06 d 5.25 bc 10.70 b
B1F1 0.90 1.17 d 6.19 bc 11.44 b
B1F2 0.90 1.47 b-d 6.61 ab 12.42 b
B1F3 1.11 1.97 a 9.07 a 17.48 a
B1F4 1.08 1.84 ab 6.69 ab 11.84 b
B1F5 0.71 1.05 d 6.52 bc 10.13 b
LSD.05 NS 0.47 2.50 5.03
CV (%) 25.39 12.41 14.4 14.65
29
4.2 Effect of biofertilizer and nitrogen + phosphorous on yield compponets
and other yield characters
4.2.1 Pods plant-1
4.2.1.1 Effect of biofertilizer
BARI Mosur-6 had a significant effect on number of pods plant-1
at harvest for
the application of Biofertilizer. BARI Mosur-6 showed higher number of pods
plant-1
(58.59) with biofertilizer (B1) and B0 (without biofertilizer) showed the
lower number of pods plant-1
(55.84) (Figure 9). This might be due to the
response of biofertilizer on plant height.
B0 = 0 (Biofertilizer), B1 = Biofertilizer.
Figure 9. Effect of biofertilizer on pods plant-1
of lentil (LSD.05 = 1.60)
4.2.1.2 Effect of nitrogen + phosphorous
Number of pods plant-1
showed different response on different nitrogen +
phosphorous levels. All six combinations of N + P levels are significant where
F3 showed highest number of pods plant-1
(66.16). F2 and F4 showed medium
number of pods plant-1
(59.95 and 59.36, respectively) in comparison to F3.
54
54.5
55
55.5
56
56.5
57
57.5
58
58.5
59
B0 B1
Pod
s/p
lan
t
Treatment
30
Where F0 showed the lowest number of pods plant-1
(45.20). This might be due
to the different level of N + P effect on number of pods plant-1
(Figure 10).
F0= 0 (N+P); F1= 50% less N+P, F2= 25% less N+P; F3= Recommended N+P, F4= 25%
higher N+P, F5= 50% higher N+P.
Figure 10. Effect of different levels of N + P on pods plant-1
of lentil (LSD.05
= 4.18)
4.2.1.3 Interaction effect of biofertilizer and nitrogen + phosphorous
Interaction effect of biofertilizer and N + P showed significant result. Where
B1F3 showed highest result (68.40) and B0F0 showed lowest result (41.33).
(Table 5). Sharma and Sharma (2004) determined the effects of P (0, 20 and 40
kg/ha), potassium (0 or 20 kg/ha) and Rhizobium inoculation on the growth
and yield of lentil cv. L-4147. The mean number of branches, nodules and pods
per plant; 1000 seed weight and seed yield were highest with the application of
40 kg P/ha, whereas mean plant height and plant stand row length were highest
with the application of 20 kg P/ha.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70P
od
s/p
lan
t
F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
Fertilizer level
31
Table 5. Interaction effect of biofertilizer and N + P on number of pods
plant-1
and thousand seed weight of lentil
Treatments Pods plant-1
(no.) Thousand seed weight(g)
B0F0 41.33 e 19.11 d
B0F1 56.06 c 19.52 c
B0F2 58.96 bc 19.54 c
B0F3 63.93 ab 20.49 b
B0F4 58.06 bc 19.57 c
B0F5 56.66 c 19.56 c
B1F0 49.06 d 19.14 d
B1F1 56.40 c 19.53 c
B1F2 60.93 bc 19.57 c
B1F3 68.40 a 20.96 a
B1F4 60.66 bc 19.58 c
B1F5 56.09 c 19.56 c
LSD.05 6.90 0.256
CV (%) 4.60 0.64
B0 = 0 (Biofertilizer), B1 = Biofertilizer, F0= 0 (N+P); F1= 50% less N+P, F2= 25% less N+P;
F3= Recommended N+P, F4= 25% higher N+P, F5= 50% higher N+P.
4.2.2 1000 seed weight (g)
4.2.2.1 Effect of biofertilizer
Biofertilizer treatment showed significant variation on thousand seed of
lentil(Figure 11). Biofertilizer treatment showed higher 1000 seed weight over
control. Biofertilizer treated plot gave higher 1000 seed weight (19.72 g) and
untreated plot gave lower 1000 seed weight (19.63 g).
4.2.2.2 Effect of nitrogen + phosphorous
Thousand seed weight of lentil exerted significant variation due N + P
fertilization at different levels (Figure 12). The figure indicated that the trend of
seed weight increased sharply up to F3 treatment, a further increase of fertilizer
(N+P) dose reduced the 1000 seed weight marginally. Howevr, the lowest
weight was found with F0 treatment and that of highest with F3 treatment.
Phosphorus application on legumes can also increase leaf area, yield of tops,
32
roots and grain; nitrogen concentration in tops and grain; number and weight of
nodules on roots; and increased acetylene reduction rate of the nodules (Jessop
et al., 1989; Idris et al., 1989; Yahiya et al., 1995).
B0 = 0 (Biofertilizer), B1 = Biofertilizer
Figure 11. Effect of biofertilizer on thousand seed weight of lentil (LSD.05 =
0.059)
F0= 0 (N+P); F1= 50% less N+P, F2= 25% less N+P; F3= Recommended N+P, F4= 25%
higher N+P, F5= 50% higher N+P.
Figure 12. Effect of different level of N + P on thousand seed weight of
lentil (LSD0.5 = 0.15)
19.58
19.6
19.62
19.64
19.66
19.68
19.7
19.72
19.74
B0 B1
Th
ou
san
d s
eed
wei
gh
t (g
)
Treatmnet
18
18.5
19
19.5
20
20.5
21
Th
ou
san
d s
eed
wei
gh
t (g
)
F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
Fertilizer level
33
4.2.2.3 Interaction effect of biofertilizer and nitrogen + phosphorous
Interaction effect of biofertilizer and N + P showed significant result. Where
B1F3 showed highest result (20.96 gm) and B0F0 showed lowest result (19.11
gm). (Table 5).
4.2.3 Grain yield (kg ha-1
)
4.2.3.1 Effect of biofertilizer
Biofertilizer had a non-significant impact on grain yield of BARI Mosur-6.
BARI Mosur-6 showed higher grain yield (1971.10 kg ha-1
) in with of B1 and
B0 showed the lower grain yield (1859.40 kg ha-1
) (Figure 13). Effective
indigenous strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viceae are lacking in
most prairie soils, and therefore, inoculation is essential to ensure adequate
nodulation and N fixation for maximum yields (Bremer et al., 1988).
B0 = 0 (Biofertilizer), B1 = Biofertilizer.
Figure 13. Effect of biofertilizer on grain yield of lentil (LSD.05 = 21.35)
4.2.3.2 Effect of nitrogen + phosphorous
Grain yield showed different response on different nitrogen + phosphorous
levels. All six combinations of N + P levels are significant where F3 and F2
34
showed highest grain yield (2534.00 kg ha-1
and 2309.40 kg ha-1
) respectively.
F1 and F4 showed medium Grain yield (1872.90 kg ha-1
and 1751.60 kg ha-1
) in
comparison to F3 and F2. Where F0 showed the lowest grain yield (1442.90 kg
ha-1
). This might be due to the different level of N + P effect Grain yield
(Figure 14). Phosphorus application on legumes can also increase leaf area,
yield of tops, roots and grain; nitrogen concentration in tops and grain; number
and weight of nodules on roots; and increased acetylene reduction rate of the
nodules (Jessop et al., 1989; Idris et al., 1989; Yahiya et al., 1995).
F0= 0 (N+P); F1= 50% less N+P, F2= 25% less N+P; F3= Recommended N+P, F4= 25%
higher N+P, F5= 50% higher N+P.
Figure 14. Effect of different level of N + P on grain yield of lentil (LSD.05 =
55.54 )
4.2.3.3 Interaction effect of biofertilizer and nitrogen + phosphorous
Interaction effect of biofertilizer and N + P showed significant result. Where
B1F3 showed highest result (2505.70 kg ha-1
) and B0F0 showed lowest result
(1385.70 kg ha-1
). (Table 6 ).
35
Table 6. Interaction effect of biofertilizer and N + P on grain yield, stover
yield, biological yield and harvest index of lentil
Treatments Grain yield
(kg ha-1
)
Stover yield (kg
ha-1
)
Biological yield
(kg)
Harvest index
(%)
B0F0 1385.70 d 1211.50 ae 2597.00 d 53.29
B0F1 1825.40 a-d 1595.90 b-e 3420.20 a-d 53.23
B0F2 2193.60 a-d 2031.80 a-d 4225.50 a-d 53.51
B0F3 2505.70 ab 2259.40 ab 4765.00 ab 53.57
B0F4 1638.30 b-d 1320.00 de 2958.10 d 53.32
B0F5 1607.80 b-d 1443.10 c-e 3050.10 cd 52.57
B1F0 1500.10 d 1446.00 c-e 2945.80 d 53.31
B1F1 1920.30 a-d 1764.40 a-e 3685.00 a-d 53.43
B1F2 2425.10 a-c 2230.60 a-c 4656.00 a-c 53.59
B1F3 2562.40 a 2396.80 a 4959.20 a 54.00
B1F4 1864.90 a-d 1746.80 a-e 3611.70 a-d 53.00
B1F5 1553.80 cd 1425.20 de 3187.40 b-d 52.65
LSD.05 91.68 79.76 167.30 NS
CV (%) 14.85 14.68 14.11 1.93
B0 = 0 (Biofertilizer), B1 = Biofertilizer, F0= 0 (N+P); F1= 50% less N+P, F2= 25% less N+P;
F3= Recommended N+P, F4= 25% higher N+P, F5= 50% higher N+P, NS = non-significant.
4.2.4 Stover yield (kg ha-1
)
4.2.4.1 Effect of biofertilizer
Biofertilizer had a significant impact on stover yield of BARI Mosur-6. B1
treatment showed higher stover yield (1835.00 kg ha-1
) B0 showed the lower
stover yield (1643.60 kg ha-1
) (Figure 15). The presence of efficient and
specific strains of Rhizobium in the rhizosphere is one of the most important
requirements for proper establishment and growth of grain legume plant
(Gyaneshwar et al., 2002).
4.2.4.2 Effect of nitrogen + phosphorous
Stover yield showed different response on different nitrogen + phosphorous
levels. Treatment F3 and F2 showed highest stover yield (2328.10 kg ha-1
and
2131.30 kg ha-1
, respectively). F1 and F4 showed medium stover yield (1680.20
36
kg ha-1
and 1533.40 kg ha-1
, respectively) in comparison to F3 and F2. Where F0
showed the lowest stover yield (1328.70 kg ha-1
). This might be due to the
different level of N + P effect grain yield (Figure 16).
B0 = 0 (Biofertilizer), B1 = Biofertilizer.
Figure 15. Effect of biofertilizer on stover yield of lentil (LSD.05 = 18.58)
F0= 0 (N+P); F1= 50% less N+P, F2= 25% less N+P; F3= Recommended N+P, F4= 25%
higher N+P, F5= 50% higher N+P.
Figure 16. Effect of different level of N + P on stover yield of lentil (LSD.05
= 48.31)
37
4.2.4.3 Interaction effect of biofertilizer and nitrogen + phosphorous
Interaction effect of biofertilizer and N + P showed significant result. Where
B1F3 showed highest result (2396.80 kg ha-1
) and B0F0 showed lowest result
(1311.50 kg ha-1
). (Table 6 ).
4.2.5 Biological yield (kg ha-1
)
4.2.5.1 Effect of biofertilizer
Biofertilizer had a non-significant effect on biological yield of BARI Mosur-6.
Treatment of B1 showed higher biological yield (3840.80 kg ha-1
) and B0
showed the lower biological yield (3502.70 kg ha-1
) (Figure 17). The dual
inoculation of Azotobacter and Rhizobium significantly influenced all the crop
characters including N contents, N uptake by seed and shoot as well as protein
content of seed (Hossain and Suman, 2005)
B0 = 0 (Biofertilizer), B1 = Biofertilizer.
Figure 17. Effect of biofertilizer on biological yield of lentil (LSD.05 =
38.97)
4.2.5.2 Effect of nitrogen + phosphorous
Biological yield showed different response on different nitrogen + phosphorous
levels and the values of biological yield have been presented in fiugure18. It
can be inferred from the figure that biological yield showed an increasing trend
38
with the increased fertilizers and it continued up to F3 treatment. After that a
further increase in fertilizer dose reduced the biological yield slightly.
However, F3 showed highest biological yield (4862.10 kg ha-1
). F2 showed
medium biological yield (4440.80 kg ha-1
) in comparison to F3. Where F0
showed the lowest biological yield (2771.40 kg ha-1
). This might be due to the
different level of N + P effect on biological yield.
F0= 0 (N+P); F1= 50% less N+P, F2= 25% less N+P; F3= Recommended N+P, F4= 25%
higher N+P, F5= 50% higher N+P.
Figure 18. Effect of different level of N + P on biological yield of lentil
(LSD.05 = 101.35)
4.2.5.3 Interaction effect of biofertilizer and nitrogen + phosphorous
Interaction effect of biofertilizer and N + P showed non-significant result.
Where B1F3 showed highest result (4959.20 kg ha-1
) and B0F0 showed lowest
result (2597.00 kg ha-1
) (Table 6).
4.2.6 Harvest index (%)
4.2.6.1 Effect of biofertilizer
Harvest index had a non-significant impact on biological yield of lentil(Figure
19). The treatment B1 showed higher harvest index (53.33 %) and B0 showed
39
the lower harvest index (53.25 %). This might be due to the response of
biofertilizer on plant height.
B0 = 0 (Biofertilizer), B1 = Biofertilizer.
Figure 19. Effect of biofertilizer on harvest index of lentil (LSD.05 = 0.78)
4.2.6.2 Effect of nitrogen + phosphorous
Higher harvest showed different response on different nitrogen + phosphorous
levels. F3 and F2 showed highest harvest index (53.78% and 53.55%,
respectively). F1 and F4 showed medium harvest index (53.33% and 53.16%,
respectively) (Figure 20) in comparison to F3. Where F5 showed the lowest -
harvest index (52.61%).
4.2.6.3 Interaction effect of biofertilizer and nitrogen + phosphorous
Interaction effect of biofertilizer and N + P showed non-significant result.
Where B1F3 showed highest result (54.00%) and B0F5 showed lowest result
(52.57%). (Table 6).
53.2
53.22
53.24
53.26
53.28
53.3
53.32
53.34
B0 B1
Ha
rves
t in
dex
(%)
Treatment
40
F0= 0 (N+P); F1= 50% less N+P, F2= 25% less N+P; F3= Recommended N+P, F4= 25%
higher N+P, F5= 50% higher N+P.
Figure 20. Effect of different level of N + P on harvest index of lentil
(LSD.05 = 2.03)
52
52.2
52.4
52.6
52.8
53
53.2
53.4
53.6
53.8
54
Ha
rves
t in
dex
(%
)
F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
Fertilizer level
41
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy field, Sher-e-Bangla
Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207 during the period from November 2016
to March 2017 to examine the influence of Biofertilizer, Nitrogen and
Phosphorous on nodulation, growth and yield of lentil. In this experiment, the
treatment consisted of two biofertilizer levels: (i) control and (ii) Biofertilizer
(Rhizobium) with six combinations of nitrogenous and phosphetic fertilizer: (i)
No nitrogen + phosphorous fertilizer (control), (ii) 50% less of recommended
N + P, (iii) 25% less of recommended N + P, (iv) recommended N + P, (v)
25% higher of recommended N + P and (vi) 50% higher of recommended N +
P. The experiment was conducted in two factor Randomized Complete Block
Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data on different growth and yield
parameters like plant height, no of branch plant-1
, nodule count, dry weight
plant-1
, pods plant-1
,thousand seed weight, grain yield, stover yield, biological
yield etc. were recorded. The collected data were statistically analyzed for
assessment of the treatment effect. A significant variation among the
treatments was found while Biofertilizer application and different levels of
N+P fertilizers were applied in different combinations.
Plant height (cm), branch plant-1
showed the best result in case of biofertilizer
application. Whereas biofertilizer combined with F3 and F2 showed the best
result (36.40 cm and 35.19 cm) for plant height at harvest. Biofertilizer
combined with F3 and F2 showed the best result (14.46 and 12.76) for branch
plant-1
at harvest. In case of plant height and branch plant-1
B0F0 gave the
lowest result.
Nodule number showed always better result for biofertilizer application. In
case of biofertilizer application with nitrogen + phosphorous (B1F3) showed the
highest nodule number (33.14) and B0F0 showed the lowest result (25.53).
42
Pod number was higher values for application of biofertilizer. In case of
biofertilizer application with nitrogen + phosphorous (B1F3) showed highest
result (68.40) and B0F0 showed the lowest result (41.33).
Grain yield and stover yield was higher for biofertilizer application.
Biofertilizer in combination with nitrogen + phosphorous, in interaction of
B1F3 and B1F2 showed the highest grain and stover yield. B0F0 showed lowest
result for both of the parameters.
Dry weight of plant, biological yield and harvest index showed higher result for
biofertilizer application. For these parameters B1F3 showed highest result and
B0F0 showed the lowest result.
From the experimental results it revealed that biofertilizer application was
better for nodulation, growth, yield contributing parameters and yield. For most
of the cases F3 showed highest result. On the other hand F2 and F4 showed
medium result in most of the cases. F0 showed lowest result always.
Furthermore, probably the dry matter produced by the biofertilizer application
with N + P contributed to the vegetative growth and was enough to be
partitioned into yield components. Therefore, it can be concluded that the
application of biofertilizer and N + P combination had a positive impact on
lentil (BARI Mosur-6).
Considering the above mentioned result revealed that biofertilizer treated plot
B1 (Biofertilizer) was found superior in producing maximum plant height,
branches plant-1
, dry weight plant-1
, nodule plant-1
, pods plant-1
, seed yield and
biological yield of lentil. On the other hand, N+P fertilizer at recommended
dose (F3) gave highest yield, plant height, branches plant-1
, dry weight plant-1
,
nodules plant-1
, pods plant-1
, 1000 seed weight (20.73 g), seed yield, stover
yield, and biological yield . In case of interaction, B1F3 was found superior in
producing maximum yield and yield components like pods plant-1
(68.40),
1000 seed weight (20.98 g ), seed yield (2562.40 kg ha-1
), stover yield
(2396.80 kg ha-1
), biological yield (4959.20 kg ha-1
).Therefore, the present
experimental results suggest that lentil yield is improved with Biofertilizer
under recommended dose of nitrogen and phosphorus.
43
Considering the situation of the present experiment, further studies in the
following areas may be recommended:
1. Such study is needed in different agro-ecological zones (AEZ) of
Bangladesh for analogy the accurateness of the experiment.
2. It is needed to have a specific conclusion this experiment may be under
taken by taking more biofertilizer and different concentration of N+P
treatment which can regulate the yield and seed quality of different
varieties of lentil.
44
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49
APPENDICES
Appendix I. Monthly record of air temperature, relative humidity and rainfall of
the experimental site during the period of November, 2016 to
March 2017
Month Air temperature (0C) Relative
humidity
(%)
Total
rainfall(
mm)
Sunshine
(hr)
Maximum Minimum
November, 2016 29.6 19.2 77 34.4 5.7
December, 2016 26.4 14.1 69 12.8 5.5
January, 2017 25.4 12.7 68 7.7 5.6
February, 2017 28.1 15.5 68 28.9 5.5
March, 2017 32.5 20.4 64 65.8 5.2
Source: SAU mini weather station, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-
1207, Bangladesh
50
Plate 1. Field view of seedling stage
51
Plate 2.Data recording for nodule