DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY UNIVERSITY OF SWAZILAND MAY …

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

UNIVERSITY OF SWAZILAND

MAY 2017 FINAL EXAMINATION

TITLE OF PAPER

COURSE NUMBER

TIME

Important Information

INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

C204 CHE 212

3 HOURS

1 Each question is worth 25 marks

2 Answer any four (4) questions in this paper

3 Marks for ALL procedural calculations will be awarded

4 Start each question on a fresh page ofthe answer sheet

5 Diagrams must be large and clearly labelled accordingly

6 This paper contains an appendix of chemical constants

7 Additional material graph paper

You are not supposed to open this paper until permission has been granted by the chief Invigilator

QUESTION 1 [25 Marks]

a) The molarity of a NaOH solution was determined by titration vs KHP Individual titrations gave the following concentration 01127M 01 126M 01 132M 01l74M and 01 173M

1 Can any of the points be rejected at the 90 confidence level If so which one(s) [4]

n For all remaining points calculate the mean the standard deviation the relative standard deviation in ppt and the confidence interval at the 90 confidence level [6]

lll This particular analysis has been performed thousands of times - enough such that the population standard deviation can be determined Assuming that the population standard deviation is equal to 00003M for this determination calculate the new confidence interval at the 90 confidence level [3]

b) A particular water soluble fertiliser contains phosphorus in the form of phosphate ions polo A student used the following procedure to determine the

percentage of phosphorus in a sample of soluble fertiliser

- 517 g of fertiliser was added to a 2500 mL volumetric flask and water was added to make it up to the mark

- 2000 mL of this solution was pipetted into a conical flask A slight excess of precipitating agent was added to precipitate the phosphate ions as MgNH4P04bull

- The precipitate was filtered washed with water and then converted by heating into Mg2P20 7bull The mass of Mg2P20 7 was 00312 g

Calculate the percentage by mass ofphosphate in the fertilizer [7]

c) What is meant by digestion of a precipitate Briefly describe what happens in the process of digesting a precipitate and give two (2) advantages of this step during gravimetric analysis [3]

d) What is peptization How can this phenomenon be avoided during gravimetric analysis [2]

1


a) Consider the titration ofa 200mL sample of0105M HCN with Ol25M NaOH Determine the following Ka HCN 49 x 10-10

1 Initial pH [2] 11 The volume of added base required to reach equivalence point in mL

[1] 111 The pH at 100 mL of added base [4] IV The pH at equivalence point [3] v The pH after adding 50 mL of base beyond the equivalence point [2]

b) Sketch the titration curve for the titration in (a) and clearly marking the initial pH buffer region equivalence point in your diagram [3]

c) With the aid of an accompanying diagram describe the prcedure for the analysis of a sample using multiple point standard addition method [8]

d) What is the main advantage of the method in 2( c) over external standard calibration method [2]

QUESTION 3 [25 Marksl

a) In the process of assessing responsibility for an oil spill at the Lusushwana River two possible suspects are identified To differentiate between the two samples of oil the ratio of the concentration for two polyaromatic hydrocarbons is measured using fluorescence spectroscopy These values are then compared to the sample obtained from Lusushwana River

I Mean Standard I

Deviation Samples Analysed

Suspect 1 231 0073 4 Suspect 2 267 0092 5 Sample 245 middot0088 6

1 Can either (or both) suspects be eliminated based on the results of the analysis at 99 confidence level Clearly show working and how you reached your conclusion [8]

11 From the above results should there be a concern that any combination of the standard deviation values demonstrates a significant difference [3]

2

b) Using examples differentiate between quantitative and qualitative analysis in analytical chemistry [4]

c) During your laboratory sessions for most of the experiments you first had to standardize the titrant

i) What is standardization and why is it necessary that a titrant be standardized before use [4]

ii) Give an example of an acid you used in the lab to standardize a base and one example of a base you used to standardize an acid [2]

d) In the determination of chlorine by Fajans titration in samples

i) Name the common adsorption indicator used in this titration [1] ii) What is the reason for the addition of dextrin before titration [1]

e) Which data set is the more precise A or B Explain (2)

B

3

QUESTION 4 [25 Marks)

a) The CO in a 203 L sample of gas was converted to CO2 by passing the gas over iodine pentoxide heated to 150 degrees Celsius

hOs (s) + 5CO (g) -+ 5C02(g) + h (g)

The iodine was distilled at this temperature and was collected III an absorber containing 825 mL of 001101 M Na2S203

12 (g) + 2s2ol- (aq) -+ 21 (aq) + s4ol- (aq)

The excess Na2S203 was back titrated with 216 mL of 000947 M 12 solution

i) Calculate the concentration in milligrams of CO (2801 glmol) per litre of sample [5]

ii) The method used in a(i) is known as back titration explain what is meant by back titration [2]

iii) Give four (4) purposes of back titration ie scenarios which would require the use ofback titration instead of direct titration [4]

b) In titrimetry i) Differentiate between primary standard and a secondary standard for

titrimetric analysis [2] ii) Give four (4) desirable properties for a primary standard used for

titration purposes [4]

c) i) List the four main types of determinate error [2]

ii) Give a brief explanationdescription of each of the types of determinate error you listed in c (i) giving a specific example for each [4]

iii) Explain two ways which can be used to detect determinate errors [2]

4


a)

i) Explain the term Homogeneous precipitation in gravimetry [1]

ii) Explain two ways in which homogeneous precipitation can be achieved

during gravimetric analysis Give a specific example for each [4]

iii) What are the unique advantages of homogenous precipitation when

compared to direct precipitation [3]

iv) What is meant by co-precipitation in gravimetry [2]

v) Briefly describe three different types of co-precipitation [3]

b) A mass of 2473 g of an unknown sample was dissolved in 10 mL concentrated

H2S04 and the mixture boiled for 5 minutes The solution was cooled and the volume

made up to 250 mL in a volumetric flask A series of potassium standards gave the

following intensities

Standard (JlgmL) Emission Intensity

Blank o 500 124

1000 243

2000 486

3000

1 If the emission intensity of the sample was found to be 417 find the

concentration of potassium in the unknown in Ilglg using the least squares

method [10]

11 If the potassium solution used to calibrate the instrument in b(i) was only

98 pure (in terms of analyte) what effect would have on the accuracy and

precision on the analyses of the sample [2]

5


a) An analysis is carried out in water over five days to determine the concentration of Cu a river passing through the Matsapha industrial site After every 10 samples the analyst ran a control sample and the mean concentration for each day of the control is shown in the table below i) Plot the quality control chart [3] ii) Using this information advice the analyst on the quality of data

obtained [4]

Concentration Day (ppm)

I 1 329

2 333

I 3 345 4 326 5 322

Polpulation

Mean 331

Std I Deviation 9

b) A chemistry student needs 250 mL of a solution buffered at a pH of 1100 How many grams of ammonium chloride have to be added to 250 mL of 02 mollL NH3 to make such a buffer (Volume is assumed not to change) Kb 18 x 10-5

bull [5]

c) This question is about a buffer solution made by mixing together solutions containing ethanoic acid and sodium ethanoate

i) If you add a small amount of an acid such as dilute hydrochloric acid to this solution the pH doesnt change much Explain what happens to the extra hydrogen ions you have added [21

ii) If you add a small amount of an alkali such as sodium hydroxide solution to the buffer solution again the pH doesnt change much Explain what happens to the extra hydroxide ions you have added [2]

d) The concept of CRM and or SRM is widely used by industry for their quality control measures Briefly explain

i) What are CRM or SRMs [I]

6

ii) What is their central role in analytical chemistry [2]

iii) How are they certified [2]

e) Distinguish between the following

i) Systematic and random errors [2]

ii) Precision and accuracy [2]

7

APPENDIX

Useful Formulas

8

TABLES

TABLE 1 Table of Acid and Base Strength

I Ka Acid Coniu~ate Base Name Formula Formula Name

Large Perchloric acid HCI04 CI04 Perchlorate ion

i 32 10 Hydroiodic acid HI 1shy Iodide 10 10) Hydrobromic acid HBr Br- Bromide I 13 10

6 Hydrochloric acid HCI CI- Chloride 10 103 Sulfuric acid H2SO4 HS04 Hydrogen

sulfate ion i 24 101 Nitric acid HN03 N03 Nitrate ion

_--shy Hydronium ion H3O+ H2O Water 54 102 Oxalic acid H02C20 2H H02CzOi Hydrogen

oxalate ion 13 10pound Sulfurous acid H2S03 HS03 Hydrogen

sulfite ion

10 10 Hydrogen sulfate ion HS04 S04 2 Sulfate ion

71 10 Phosphoric acid H3P04 H2P04 Dihydrogen phosphate

ion 72 10 Nitrous acid HNOz N03 Nitrite ion 66 10 Hydrofluoric acid HF F- Fluoride ion 18 10 Methanoic acid HC02H HCOz Methanoate

ion 63 105 Benzoic acid CJisCOOH CJisCOO- Benzoate ion 54 10 Hydrogen oxalate ion HOzC20 2bull 02C20 22

Oxalate ion 18 105 Ethanoic acid CH3COOH CH3COO Ethanoate

(acetate) ion 44 10 Carbonic acid C03

2 HC03 Hydrogen carbonate

ion 11 10 Hydrosulfuric acid HzS HS- Hydrogen

I sulfide ion 63 1O~ Dihydrogen phosphate ion H2P04 HP04

2 Hydrogen

I

phosphate ion

62 lO~ Hydrogen sulfite ion HS Sl Sulfite ion I 29 10~ Hypochlorous acid HCIO CIO Hypochlorite

ion 62 lOw Hydrocyanic acid HCN CN Cyanide ion 58 lO IV Ammonium ion ~+ NH3 Ammonia 58 IOU Boric acid H3B03 H2B03 Dihydrogen

carbonate ion

47 1011 Hydrogen carbonate ion HC03 C0

3 Carbonate

ion 42 1OJj Hydrogen phosphate ion HP04 l P04

3 Phosphate ion

18 1013 Dihydrogen borate ion H2B03 HB03 Hydrogen borate ion

13 1OJj Hydrogen sulfide ion HSshy S z Sulfide ion I 16 1014 Hydrogen borate ion HB0

3 BO Borate ion

_---shy water H2O OH- Hydroxide v -( J-Wi middot00(ID

9

Table 2 The Q- Table

Number of

Observations

90

Confidence

95

Confidence

99

Confidence

3 0941 0970 0994

4 0765 0829 0926

5 0642 0710

0821

6 0560 0625 0740

7 0507 0568 0680

8 0468 0526 0634

9 0437 0493 0598

10 0412 0466 0568

10

Table 3 T- Table

VALVES OF t FOR VARIOVS LEVELS OF PROBABILITY

Degrees of Factor for Confidence Interval

Freedom

80 90 I 95 99 I 9990

1 308 631 127 637 I 637

I 2 189 292 43 992 316

I

3 164 235 I 318 584 129

4 153 213 278 46 I 86

5 148

i

202 257 403 686

6 144 194 245 371 596

7 142 19 236 35 54

8 14

I

186 231 336 504

9 138 183 226 325 478

I

10 137 181 223 317 459

11 136 18 22 311 444

12 136 178 218 306 432

13 135 177 216 301 422

14 134 176 214 298 414

11

Table 4 Z- Table

I I

Confidence Level I

50 067

68 100

z

I

80 128 I

16490

95 196

954 200 I

I 99 258 I

997 300

999 329 I

I

12

Table 5 F- Table

(ritical aiutgt r F

Dtgmsor I Ifmdom

10 lu I)(j 7 Is 93 5 15 10 30fors II I 1 IQ4IQ2 IQ2 10J lQJ2 190 19~ 194 194 194 195 195JlU 19~

Rq 95S tRI(UR 912 901 894 R74 870 IM R62 S53~89 lUW Ij 966(19 6(ItI691 6S9 69 600 591 S80 57S 63626 616 586

541 519 495 -177 414 1 4M 4625 59 SOS 456 450 436middotUS middottII2 () 514 476 453 439 4Zl 410 406 400 387 381 367421 39441

435 412 37l 1-)1 344 338 3217 I -14 397 387 179 168 164 353 4408 407 314 369 350 339 335 323 3223SS 344 lIS lOS 293

lSG 3639 426 318 314 307 301 294 286 271348 3gt7 J29 323 41010 ~O2111 t4A 114 107 298 291 lJW 217 270 2S43J3 122

II 398 359 136 101 279 265 257 240120 310 295 290 285 212 UltJ 32612 18K 300 291 280 275 269 254 247 2 0 311 285 262

r141 1amp RHI)l)21 UI H1 () 67 146 - I7177 2j314 134 311 2 2Ri 276 270 265 260 246 239 231 21334

15 lb ~ 3116 271 259 254 241 244l2111 2W 204 2jJ 2U 201 _----~ - middotmiddot__e - I --------shy middotcmiddot (----- i~-~ -

Itl 19~63 2R~ 174 266 2~ 249 242 2J~ 22amp 219 201U4 -Ill 1jl17 359 12tJ 29l 27G 2ft 255 249 245 2JI 223 215 1UIl

18 I Un SK 2 13111 29~ 227217 2fi6 246 141 2J4 219 211 192 IJ9 52 271 216 21)7 18326 2231~ 290 2-122Y 2middot18 238 I 231

20 I 149 261)lto 287 271 2S1 24S 239 210 212 204 184235 I 22~

30 332 292 269 233 242 23) 227 221 216 21)9 201 193 184 162 X 300 2G(J 237 221 210 tOI 194 188 IBl 175 167 1S7 14( 100

13

~~~-- --

bull I

r l

PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

~ ~

I

I GROUPS

_~-J_ _~tt r~otfIooIa-~~d-~~~~~~Y~~~~tt~tltlOin~__tIo-_ _~~ - - - -

2 L~~L 4 ~j_6 shy __7 _I srvi I JQJ_IrF1~~]~ IrJ~]t~LJi~lamp~LJ~t Lpoundt lIlucm~ 11

IIIIIK

II

111 111111 I IVIl1 vii l-YiH vllfj-I-=-----VIlI1 ------T-lf-I llj 1II6J VA VA-[YA LWtf y11JA

2

3

I 6941

ti J

9012

Dc 4

22990 12430 No Mg I 12

- ~

TRANSITION ELEMENTS

4 ]9j~9i11 middot41107amp 14-1956 0171181 o21middotSL9961st~9Jr ISSJ41 I51933

I en Se Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co 19 20 21 22 II 24 as 26 27

B69 Ni2

5 ~~~ I~~ Imiddot~ V~f~if~ffl t1-IJyenrf~J 7849 lius 85 1862 1902 19222

6

7

10642

Jgtd 46

19501 Pt

78 C(~1) Unn 110

-111111 Ill 2

~bf~t~-ryowrmiddotmiddotmiddot~~b AlomicNo S 6 1 amp 9 10

1691~ -28J111i 30974 llJl6 lHb l9sect4 Al Si P S CI Ar I] 14 15 16 11 II

6346 6J9 (j972l 7261 7921 7896 79904 IIJ~U

CU Zn Ga Go As Se Dr Ir 29 JO Jl J2 Jl ]4 ]S 36

(0787 I Ii I 11482 J1171 12175 J11GO 17690 13129

Ag Cd In So Sb Tc I Xc 47 41 49 50 SI 51 51

19697 20059 204J8 2072 20898 (209) (210) (2ll Au Hg n Pb Di flo AI t~n 79 80 81 B2 81 84 ~s 86

t 4nnnlalJid~SIZics

I

ttAcfiuilc Series I v

gt

150]6(145) m961~2o1 15725f~O1HQl1 c~~ Eu GdPm $Jb fr -tttJ

6~ 61 til62 64~9 ~18

21~8P) 21105 (244) (143)2l1fH1n~04 (241) cU _ Npbulll$b iIik Amc Cm

2s lu~ ~ 4 96-9~- ~ ~~~ ~ ~~ -

15893 Tb 6S

16250

Dr 66

16493 flo 61

(247) Dk 97

(251) cr 9S

(252) Es 99

(JiiifiirillfithiiirttiShiumfiwofthe IstJlDjMwillflht IOl1gert hOlflifo

16116 Er 68

(257)

Fm 100

16amp93

Tm 69

(211)

Md 101

11304

Yb 70

(259)

No 102

17491

LII 7f

(2GO)

Lr 10]

I


a) The molarity of a NaOH solution was determined by titration vs KHP Individual titrations gave the following concentration 01127M 01 126M 01 132M 01l74M and 01 173M

1 Can any of the points be rejected at the 90 confidence level If so which one(s) [4]

n For all remaining points calculate the mean the standard deviation the relative standard deviation in ppt and the confidence interval at the 90 confidence level [6]

lll This particular analysis has been performed thousands of times - enough such that the population standard deviation can be determined Assuming that the population standard deviation is equal to 00003M for this determination calculate the new confidence interval at the 90 confidence level [3]

b) A particular water soluble fertiliser contains phosphorus in the form of phosphate ions polo A student used the following procedure to determine the

percentage of phosphorus in a sample of soluble fertiliser

- 517 g of fertiliser was added to a 2500 mL volumetric flask and water was added to make it up to the mark

- 2000 mL of this solution was pipetted into a conical flask A slight excess of precipitating agent was added to precipitate the phosphate ions as MgNH4P04bull

- The precipitate was filtered washed with water and then converted by heating into Mg2P20 7bull The mass of Mg2P20 7 was 00312 g

Calculate the percentage by mass ofphosphate in the fertilizer [7]

c) What is meant by digestion of a precipitate Briefly describe what happens in the process of digesting a precipitate and give two (2) advantages of this step during gravimetric analysis [3]

d) What is peptization How can this phenomenon be avoided during gravimetric analysis [2]

1










I Mean Standard I





2








B

3



hOs (s) + 5CO (g) -+ 5C02(g) + h (g)


12 (g) + 2s2ol- (aq) -+ 21 (aq) + s4ol- (aq)











4


a)













Blank o 500 124

1000 243

2000 486

3000



method [10]




5



obtained [4]


I 1 329

2 333

I 3 345 4 326 5 322

Polpulation

Mean 331

Std I Deviation 9


bull [5]






6






7

APPENDIX

Useful Formulas

8

TABLES









sulfite ion










2 Hydrogen

I

phosphate ion



carbonate ion


3 Carbonate


3 Phosphate ion



3 BO Borate ion


9


Number of

Observations

90

Confidence

95

Confidence

99

Confidence

3 0941 0970 0994

4 0765 0829 0926

5 0642 0710

0821

6 0560 0625 0740

7 0507 0568 0680

8 0468 0526 0634

9 0437 0493 0598

10 0412 0466 0568

10

Table 3 T- Table



Freedom

80 90 I 95 99 I 9990

1 308 631 127 637 I 637

I 2 189 292 43 992 316

I

3 164 235 I 318 584 129

4 153 213 278 46 I 86

5 148

i

202 257 403 686

6 144 194 245 371 596

7 142 19 236 35 54

8 14

I

186 231 336 504

9 138 183 226 325 478

I

10 137 181 223 317 459

11 136 18 22 311 444

12 136 178 218 306 432

13 135 177 216 301 422

14 134 176 214 298 414

11

Table 4 Z- Table

I I

Confidence Level I

50 067

68 100

z

I

80 128 I

16490

95 196

954 200 I

I 99 258 I

997 300

999 329 I

I

12

Table 5 F- Table

(ritical aiutgt r F

Dtgmsor I Ifmdom




435 412 37l 1-)1 344 338 3217 I -14 397 387 179 168 164 353 4408 407 314 369 350 339 335 323 3223SS 344 lIS lOS 293

lSG 3639 426 318 314 307 301 294 286 271348 3gt7 J29 323 41010 ~O2111 t4A 114 107 298 291 lJW 217 270 2S43J3 122

II 398 359 136 101 279 265 257 240120 310 295 290 285 212 UltJ 32612 18K 300 291 280 275 269 254 247 2 0 311 285 262





20 I 149 261)lto 287 271 2S1 24S 239 210 212 204 184235 I 22~

30 332 292 269 233 242 23) 227 221 216 21)9 201 193 184 162 X 300 2G(J 237 221 210 tOI 194 188 IBl 175 167 1S7 14( 100

13

~~~-- --

bull I

r l


~ ~

I

I GROUPS



IIIIIK

II


2

3

I 6941

ti J

9012

Dc 4

22990 12430 No Mg I 12

- ~

TRANSITION ELEMENTS



B69 Ni2


6

7

10642

Jgtd 46

19501 Pt

78 C(~1) Unn 110

-111111 Ill 2



6346 6J9 (j972l 7261 7921 7896 79904 IIJ~U


(0787 I Ii I 11482 J1171 12175 J11GO 17690 13129



t 4nnnlalJid~SIZics

I


gt


6~ 61 til62 64~9 ~18


2s lu~ ~ 4 96-9~- ~ ~~~ ~ ~~ -

15893 Tb 6S

16250

Dr 66

16493 flo 61

(247) Dk 97

(251) cr 9S

(252) Es 99


16116 Er 68

(257)

Fm 100

16amp93

Tm 69

(211)

Md 101

11304

Yb 70

(259)

No 102

17491

LII 7f

(2GO)

Lr 10]

I










I Mean Standard I





2








B

3



hOs (s) + 5CO (g) -+ 5C02(g) + h (g)


12 (g) + 2s2ol- (aq) -+ 21 (aq) + s4ol- (aq)











4


a)













Blank o 500 124

1000 243

2000 486

3000



method [10]




5



obtained [4]


I 1 329

2 333

I 3 345 4 326 5 322

Polpulation

Mean 331

Std I Deviation 9


bull [5]






6






7

APPENDIX

Useful Formulas

8

TABLES









sulfite ion










2 Hydrogen

I

phosphate ion



carbonate ion


3 Carbonate


3 Phosphate ion



3 BO Borate ion


9


Number of

Observations

90

Confidence

95

Confidence

99

Confidence

3 0941 0970 0994

4 0765 0829 0926

5 0642 0710

0821

6 0560 0625 0740

7 0507 0568 0680

8 0468 0526 0634

9 0437 0493 0598

10 0412 0466 0568

10

Table 3 T- Table



Freedom

80 90 I 95 99 I 9990

1 308 631 127 637 I 637

I 2 189 292 43 992 316

I

3 164 235 I 318 584 129

4 153 213 278 46 I 86

5 148

i

202 257 403 686

6 144 194 245 371 596

7 142 19 236 35 54

8 14

I

186 231 336 504

9 138 183 226 325 478

I

10 137 181 223 317 459

11 136 18 22 311 444

12 136 178 218 306 432

13 135 177 216 301 422

14 134 176 214 298 414

11

Table 4 Z- Table

I I

Confidence Level I

50 067

68 100

z

I

80 128 I

16490

95 196

954 200 I

I 99 258 I

997 300

999 329 I

I

12

Table 5 F- Table

(ritical aiutgt r F

Dtgmsor I Ifmdom




435 412 37l 1-)1 344 338 3217 I -14 397 387 179 168 164 353 4408 407 314 369 350 339 335 323 3223SS 344 lIS lOS 293

lSG 3639 426 318 314 307 301 294 286 271348 3gt7 J29 323 41010 ~O2111 t4A 114 107 298 291 lJW 217 270 2S43J3 122

II 398 359 136 101 279 265 257 240120 310 295 290 285 212 UltJ 32612 18K 300 291 280 275 269 254 247 2 0 311 285 262





20 I 149 261)lto 287 271 2S1 24S 239 210 212 204 184235 I 22~

30 332 292 269 233 242 23) 227 221 216 21)9 201 193 184 162 X 300 2G(J 237 221 210 tOI 194 188 IBl 175 167 1S7 14( 100

13

~~~-- --

bull I

r l


~ ~

I

I GROUPS



IIIIIK

II


2

3

I 6941

ti J

9012

Dc 4

22990 12430 No Mg I 12

- ~

TRANSITION ELEMENTS



B69 Ni2


6

7

10642

Jgtd 46

19501 Pt

78 C(~1) Unn 110

-111111 Ill 2



6346 6J9 (j972l 7261 7921 7896 79904 IIJ~U


(0787 I Ii I 11482 J1171 12175 J11GO 17690 13129



t 4nnnlalJid~SIZics

I


gt


6~ 61 til62 64~9 ~18


2s lu~ ~ 4 96-9~- ~ ~~~ ~ ~~ -

15893 Tb 6S

16250

Dr 66

16493 flo 61

(247) Dk 97

(251) cr 9S

(252) Es 99


16116 Er 68

(257)

Fm 100

16amp93

Tm 69

(211)

Md 101

11304

Yb 70

(259)

No 102

17491

LII 7f

(2GO)

Lr 10]

I








B

3



hOs (s) + 5CO (g) -+ 5C02(g) + h (g)


12 (g) + 2s2ol- (aq) -+ 21 (aq) + s4ol- (aq)











4


a)













Blank o 500 124

1000 243

2000 486

3000



method [10]




5



obtained [4]


I 1 329

2 333

I 3 345 4 326 5 322

Polpulation

Mean 331

Std I Deviation 9


bull [5]






6






7

APPENDIX

Useful Formulas

8

TABLES









sulfite ion










2 Hydrogen

I

phosphate ion



carbonate ion


3 Carbonate


3 Phosphate ion



3 BO Borate ion


9


Number of

Observations

90

Confidence

95

Confidence

99

Confidence

3 0941 0970 0994

4 0765 0829 0926

5 0642 0710

0821

6 0560 0625 0740

7 0507 0568 0680

8 0468 0526 0634

9 0437 0493 0598

10 0412 0466 0568

10

Table 3 T- Table



Freedom

80 90 I 95 99 I 9990

1 308 631 127 637 I 637

I 2 189 292 43 992 316

I

3 164 235 I 318 584 129

4 153 213 278 46 I 86

5 148

i

202 257 403 686

6 144 194 245 371 596

7 142 19 236 35 54

8 14

I

186 231 336 504

9 138 183 226 325 478

I

10 137 181 223 317 459

11 136 18 22 311 444

12 136 178 218 306 432

13 135 177 216 301 422

14 134 176 214 298 414

11

Table 4 Z- Table

I I

Confidence Level I

50 067

68 100

z

I

80 128 I

16490

95 196

954 200 I

I 99 258 I

997 300

999 329 I

I

12

Table 5 F- Table

(ritical aiutgt r F

Dtgmsor I Ifmdom




435 412 37l 1-)1 344 338 3217 I -14 397 387 179 168 164 353 4408 407 314 369 350 339 335 323 3223SS 344 lIS lOS 293

lSG 3639 426 318 314 307 301 294 286 271348 3gt7 J29 323 41010 ~O2111 t4A 114 107 298 291 lJW 217 270 2S43J3 122

II 398 359 136 101 279 265 257 240120 310 295 290 285 212 UltJ 32612 18K 300 291 280 275 269 254 247 2 0 311 285 262





20 I 149 261)lto 287 271 2S1 24S 239 210 212 204 184235 I 22~

30 332 292 269 233 242 23) 227 221 216 21)9 201 193 184 162 X 300 2G(J 237 221 210 tOI 194 188 IBl 175 167 1S7 14( 100

13

~~~-- --

bull I

r l


~ ~

I

I GROUPS



IIIIIK

II


2

3

I 6941

ti J

9012

Dc 4

22990 12430 No Mg I 12

- ~

TRANSITION ELEMENTS



B69 Ni2


6

7

10642

Jgtd 46

19501 Pt

78 C(~1) Unn 110

-111111 Ill 2



6346 6J9 (j972l 7261 7921 7896 79904 IIJ~U


(0787 I Ii I 11482 J1171 12175 J11GO 17690 13129



t 4nnnlalJid~SIZics

I


gt


6~ 61 til62 64~9 ~18


2s lu~ ~ 4 96-9~- ~ ~~~ ~ ~~ -

15893 Tb 6S

16250

Dr 66

16493 flo 61

(247) Dk 97

(251) cr 9S

(252) Es 99


16116 Er 68

(257)

Fm 100

16amp93

Tm 69

(211)

Md 101

11304

Yb 70

(259)

No 102

17491

LII 7f

(2GO)

Lr 10]

I



hOs (s) + 5CO (g) -+ 5C02(g) + h (g)


12 (g) + 2s2ol- (aq) -+ 21 (aq) + s4ol- (aq)











4


a)













Blank o 500 124

1000 243

2000 486

3000



method [10]




5



obtained [4]


I 1 329

2 333

I 3 345 4 326 5 322

Polpulation

Mean 331

Std I Deviation 9


bull [5]






6






7

APPENDIX

Useful Formulas

8

TABLES









sulfite ion










2 Hydrogen

I

phosphate ion



carbonate ion


3 Carbonate


3 Phosphate ion



3 BO Borate ion


9


Number of

Observations

90

Confidence

95

Confidence

99

Confidence

3 0941 0970 0994

4 0765 0829 0926

5 0642 0710

0821

6 0560 0625 0740

7 0507 0568 0680

8 0468 0526 0634

9 0437 0493 0598

10 0412 0466 0568

10

Table 3 T- Table



Freedom

80 90 I 95 99 I 9990

1 308 631 127 637 I 637

I 2 189 292 43 992 316

I

3 164 235 I 318 584 129

4 153 213 278 46 I 86

5 148

i

202 257 403 686

6 144 194 245 371 596

7 142 19 236 35 54

8 14

I

186 231 336 504

9 138 183 226 325 478

I

10 137 181 223 317 459

11 136 18 22 311 444

12 136 178 218 306 432

13 135 177 216 301 422

14 134 176 214 298 414

11

Table 4 Z- Table

I I

Confidence Level I

50 067

68 100

z

I

80 128 I

16490

95 196

954 200 I

I 99 258 I

997 300

999 329 I

I

12

Table 5 F- Table

(ritical aiutgt r F

Dtgmsor I Ifmdom




435 412 37l 1-)1 344 338 3217 I -14 397 387 179 168 164 353 4408 407 314 369 350 339 335 323 3223SS 344 lIS lOS 293

lSG 3639 426 318 314 307 301 294 286 271348 3gt7 J29 323 41010 ~O2111 t4A 114 107 298 291 lJW 217 270 2S43J3 122

II 398 359 136 101 279 265 257 240120 310 295 290 285 212 UltJ 32612 18K 300 291 280 275 269 254 247 2 0 311 285 262





20 I 149 261)lto 287 271 2S1 24S 239 210 212 204 184235 I 22~

30 332 292 269 233 242 23) 227 221 216 21)9 201 193 184 162 X 300 2G(J 237 221 210 tOI 194 188 IBl 175 167 1S7 14( 100

13

~~~-- --

bull I

r l


~ ~

I

I GROUPS



IIIIIK

II


2

3

I 6941

ti J

9012

Dc 4

22990 12430 No Mg I 12

- ~

TRANSITION ELEMENTS



B69 Ni2


6

7

10642

Jgtd 46

19501 Pt

78 C(~1) Unn 110

-111111 Ill 2



6346 6J9 (j972l 7261 7921 7896 79904 IIJ~U


(0787 I Ii I 11482 J1171 12175 J11GO 17690 13129



t 4nnnlalJid~SIZics

I


gt


6~ 61 til62 64~9 ~18


2s lu~ ~ 4 96-9~- ~ ~~~ ~ ~~ -

15893 Tb 6S

16250

Dr 66

16493 flo 61

(247) Dk 97

(251) cr 9S

(252) Es 99


16116 Er 68

(257)

Fm 100

16amp93

Tm 69

(211)

Md 101

11304

Yb 70

(259)

No 102

17491

LII 7f

(2GO)

Lr 10]

I


a)













Blank o 500 124

1000 243

2000 486

3000



method [10]




5



obtained [4]


I 1 329

2 333

I 3 345 4 326 5 322

Polpulation

Mean 331

Std I Deviation 9


bull [5]






6






7

APPENDIX

Useful Formulas

8

TABLES









sulfite ion










2 Hydrogen

I

phosphate ion



carbonate ion


3 Carbonate


3 Phosphate ion



3 BO Borate ion


9


Number of

Observations

90

Confidence

95

Confidence

99

Confidence

3 0941 0970 0994

4 0765 0829 0926

5 0642 0710

0821

6 0560 0625 0740

7 0507 0568 0680

8 0468 0526 0634

9 0437 0493 0598

10 0412 0466 0568

10

Table 3 T- Table



Freedom

80 90 I 95 99 I 9990

1 308 631 127 637 I 637

I 2 189 292 43 992 316

I

3 164 235 I 318 584 129

4 153 213 278 46 I 86

5 148

i

202 257 403 686

6 144 194 245 371 596

7 142 19 236 35 54

8 14

I

186 231 336 504

9 138 183 226 325 478

I

10 137 181 223 317 459

11 136 18 22 311 444

12 136 178 218 306 432

13 135 177 216 301 422

14 134 176 214 298 414

11

Table 4 Z- Table

I I

Confidence Level I

50 067

68 100

z

I

80 128 I

16490

95 196

954 200 I

I 99 258 I

997 300

999 329 I

I

12

Table 5 F- Table

(ritical aiutgt r F

Dtgmsor I Ifmdom




435 412 37l 1-)1 344 338 3217 I -14 397 387 179 168 164 353 4408 407 314 369 350 339 335 323 3223SS 344 lIS lOS 293

lSG 3639 426 318 314 307 301 294 286 271348 3gt7 J29 323 41010 ~O2111 t4A 114 107 298 291 lJW 217 270 2S43J3 122

II 398 359 136 101 279 265 257 240120 310 295 290 285 212 UltJ 32612 18K 300 291 280 275 269 254 247 2 0 311 285 262





20 I 149 261)lto 287 271 2S1 24S 239 210 212 204 184235 I 22~

30 332 292 269 233 242 23) 227 221 216 21)9 201 193 184 162 X 300 2G(J 237 221 210 tOI 194 188 IBl 175 167 1S7 14( 100

13

~~~-- --

bull I

r l


~ ~

I

I GROUPS



IIIIIK

II


2

3

I 6941

ti J

9012

Dc 4

22990 12430 No Mg I 12

- ~

TRANSITION ELEMENTS



B69 Ni2


6

7

10642

Jgtd 46

19501 Pt

78 C(~1) Unn 110

-111111 Ill 2



6346 6J9 (j972l 7261 7921 7896 79904 IIJ~U


(0787 I Ii I 11482 J1171 12175 J11GO 17690 13129



t 4nnnlalJid~SIZics

I


gt


6~ 61 til62 64~9 ~18


2s lu~ ~ 4 96-9~- ~ ~~~ ~ ~~ -

15893 Tb 6S

16250

Dr 66

16493 flo 61

(247) Dk 97

(251) cr 9S

(252) Es 99


16116 Er 68

(257)

Fm 100

16amp93

Tm 69

(211)

Md 101

11304

Yb 70

(259)

No 102

17491

LII 7f

(2GO)

Lr 10]

I



obtained [4]


I 1 329

2 333

I 3 345 4 326 5 322

Polpulation

Mean 331

Std I Deviation 9


bull [5]






6






7

APPENDIX

Useful Formulas

8

TABLES









sulfite ion










2 Hydrogen

I

phosphate ion



carbonate ion


3 Carbonate


3 Phosphate ion



3 BO Borate ion


9


Number of

Observations

90

Confidence

95

Confidence

99

Confidence

3 0941 0970 0994

4 0765 0829 0926

5 0642 0710

0821

6 0560 0625 0740

7 0507 0568 0680

8 0468 0526 0634

9 0437 0493 0598

10 0412 0466 0568

10

Table 3 T- Table



Freedom

80 90 I 95 99 I 9990

1 308 631 127 637 I 637

I 2 189 292 43 992 316

I

3 164 235 I 318 584 129

4 153 213 278 46 I 86

5 148

i

202 257 403 686

6 144 194 245 371 596

7 142 19 236 35 54

8 14

I

186 231 336 504

9 138 183 226 325 478

I

10 137 181 223 317 459

11 136 18 22 311 444

12 136 178 218 306 432

13 135 177 216 301 422

14 134 176 214 298 414

11

Table 4 Z- Table

I I

Confidence Level I

50 067

68 100

z

I

80 128 I

16490

95 196

954 200 I

I 99 258 I

997 300

999 329 I

I

12

Table 5 F- Table

(ritical aiutgt r F

Dtgmsor I Ifmdom




435 412 37l 1-)1 344 338 3217 I -14 397 387 179 168 164 353 4408 407 314 369 350 339 335 323 3223SS 344 lIS lOS 293

lSG 3639 426 318 314 307 301 294 286 271348 3gt7 J29 323 41010 ~O2111 t4A 114 107 298 291 lJW 217 270 2S43J3 122

II 398 359 136 101 279 265 257 240120 310 295 290 285 212 UltJ 32612 18K 300 291 280 275 269 254 247 2 0 311 285 262





20 I 149 261)lto 287 271 2S1 24S 239 210 212 204 184235 I 22~

30 332 292 269 233 242 23) 227 221 216 21)9 201 193 184 162 X 300 2G(J 237 221 210 tOI 194 188 IBl 175 167 1S7 14( 100

13

~~~-- --

bull I

r l


~ ~

I

I GROUPS



IIIIIK

II


2

3

I 6941

ti J

9012

Dc 4

22990 12430 No Mg I 12

- ~

TRANSITION ELEMENTS



B69 Ni2


6

7

10642

Jgtd 46

19501 Pt

78 C(~1) Unn 110

-111111 Ill 2



6346 6J9 (j972l 7261 7921 7896 79904 IIJ~U


(0787 I Ii I 11482 J1171 12175 J11GO 17690 13129



t 4nnnlalJid~SIZics

I


gt


6~ 61 til62 64~9 ~18


2s lu~ ~ 4 96-9~- ~ ~~~ ~ ~~ -

15893 Tb 6S

16250

Dr 66

16493 flo 61

(247) Dk 97

(251) cr 9S

(252) Es 99


16116 Er 68

(257)

Fm 100

16amp93

Tm 69

(211)

Md 101

11304

Yb 70

(259)

No 102

17491

LII 7f

(2GO)

Lr 10]

I






7

APPENDIX

Useful Formulas

8

TABLES









sulfite ion










2 Hydrogen

I

phosphate ion



carbonate ion


3 Carbonate


3 Phosphate ion



3 BO Borate ion


9


Number of

Observations

90

Confidence

95

Confidence

99

Confidence

3 0941 0970 0994

4 0765 0829 0926

5 0642 0710

0821

6 0560 0625 0740

7 0507 0568 0680

8 0468 0526 0634

9 0437 0493 0598

10 0412 0466 0568

10

Table 3 T- Table



Freedom

80 90 I 95 99 I 9990

1 308 631 127 637 I 637

I 2 189 292 43 992 316

I

3 164 235 I 318 584 129

4 153 213 278 46 I 86

5 148

i

202 257 403 686

6 144 194 245 371 596

7 142 19 236 35 54

8 14

I

186 231 336 504

9 138 183 226 325 478

I

10 137 181 223 317 459

11 136 18 22 311 444

12 136 178 218 306 432

13 135 177 216 301 422

14 134 176 214 298 414

11

Table 4 Z- Table

I I

Confidence Level I

50 067

68 100

z

I

80 128 I

16490

95 196

954 200 I

I 99 258 I

997 300

999 329 I

I

12

Table 5 F- Table

(ritical aiutgt r F

Dtgmsor I Ifmdom




435 412 37l 1-)1 344 338 3217 I -14 397 387 179 168 164 353 4408 407 314 369 350 339 335 323 3223SS 344 lIS lOS 293

lSG 3639 426 318 314 307 301 294 286 271348 3gt7 J29 323 41010 ~O2111 t4A 114 107 298 291 lJW 217 270 2S43J3 122

II 398 359 136 101 279 265 257 240120 310 295 290 285 212 UltJ 32612 18K 300 291 280 275 269 254 247 2 0 311 285 262





20 I 149 261)lto 287 271 2S1 24S 239 210 212 204 184235 I 22~

30 332 292 269 233 242 23) 227 221 216 21)9 201 193 184 162 X 300 2G(J 237 221 210 tOI 194 188 IBl 175 167 1S7 14( 100

13

~~~-- --

bull I

r l


~ ~

I

I GROUPS



IIIIIK

II


2

3

I 6941

ti J

9012

Dc 4

22990 12430 No Mg I 12

- ~

TRANSITION ELEMENTS



B69 Ni2


6

7

10642

Jgtd 46

19501 Pt

78 C(~1) Unn 110

-111111 Ill 2



6346 6J9 (j972l 7261 7921 7896 79904 IIJ~U


(0787 I Ii I 11482 J1171 12175 J11GO 17690 13129



t 4nnnlalJid~SIZics

I


gt


6~ 61 til62 64~9 ~18


2s lu~ ~ 4 96-9~- ~ ~~~ ~ ~~ -

15893 Tb 6S

16250

Dr 66

16493 flo 61

(247) Dk 97

(251) cr 9S

(252) Es 99


16116 Er 68

(257)

Fm 100

16amp93

Tm 69

(211)

Md 101

11304

Yb 70

(259)

No 102

17491

LII 7f

(2GO)

Lr 10]

I

APPENDIX

Useful Formulas

8

TABLES









sulfite ion










2 Hydrogen

I

phosphate ion



carbonate ion


3 Carbonate


3 Phosphate ion



3 BO Borate ion


9


Number of

Observations

90

Confidence

95

Confidence

99

Confidence

3 0941 0970 0994

4 0765 0829 0926

5 0642 0710

0821

6 0560 0625 0740

7 0507 0568 0680

8 0468 0526 0634

9 0437 0493 0598

10 0412 0466 0568

10

Table 3 T- Table



Freedom

80 90 I 95 99 I 9990

1 308 631 127 637 I 637

I 2 189 292 43 992 316

I

3 164 235 I 318 584 129

4 153 213 278 46 I 86

5 148

i

202 257 403 686

6 144 194 245 371 596

7 142 19 236 35 54

8 14

I

186 231 336 504

9 138 183 226 325 478

I

10 137 181 223 317 459

11 136 18 22 311 444

12 136 178 218 306 432

13 135 177 216 301 422

14 134 176 214 298 414

11

Table 4 Z- Table

I I

Confidence Level I

50 067

68 100

z

I

80 128 I

16490

95 196

954 200 I

I 99 258 I

997 300

999 329 I

I

12

Table 5 F- Table

(ritical aiutgt r F

Dtgmsor I Ifmdom




435 412 37l 1-)1 344 338 3217 I -14 397 387 179 168 164 353 4408 407 314 369 350 339 335 323 3223SS 344 lIS lOS 293

lSG 3639 426 318 314 307 301 294 286 271348 3gt7 J29 323 41010 ~O2111 t4A 114 107 298 291 lJW 217 270 2S43J3 122

II 398 359 136 101 279 265 257 240120 310 295 290 285 212 UltJ 32612 18K 300 291 280 275 269 254 247 2 0 311 285 262





20 I 149 261)lto 287 271 2S1 24S 239 210 212 204 184235 I 22~

30 332 292 269 233 242 23) 227 221 216 21)9 201 193 184 162 X 300 2G(J 237 221 210 tOI 194 188 IBl 175 167 1S7 14( 100

13

~~~-- --

bull I

r l


~ ~

I

I GROUPS



IIIIIK

II


2

3

I 6941

ti J

9012

Dc 4

22990 12430 No Mg I 12

- ~

TRANSITION ELEMENTS



B69 Ni2


6

7

10642

Jgtd 46

19501 Pt

78 C(~1) Unn 110

-111111 Ill 2



6346 6J9 (j972l 7261 7921 7896 79904 IIJ~U


(0787 I Ii I 11482 J1171 12175 J11GO 17690 13129



t 4nnnlalJid~SIZics

I


gt


6~ 61 til62 64~9 ~18


2s lu~ ~ 4 96-9~- ~ ~~~ ~ ~~ -

15893 Tb 6S

16250

Dr 66

16493 flo 61

(247) Dk 97

(251) cr 9S

(252) Es 99


16116 Er 68

(257)

Fm 100

16amp93

Tm 69

(211)

Md 101

11304

Yb 70

(259)

No 102

17491

LII 7f

(2GO)

Lr 10]

I

TABLES









sulfite ion










2 Hydrogen

I

phosphate ion



carbonate ion


3 Carbonate


3 Phosphate ion



3 BO Borate ion


9


Number of

Observations

90

Confidence

95

Confidence

99

Confidence

3 0941 0970 0994

4 0765 0829 0926

5 0642 0710

0821

6 0560 0625 0740

7 0507 0568 0680

8 0468 0526 0634

9 0437 0493 0598

10 0412 0466 0568

10

Table 3 T- Table



Freedom

80 90 I 95 99 I 9990

1 308 631 127 637 I 637

I 2 189 292 43 992 316

I

3 164 235 I 318 584 129

4 153 213 278 46 I 86

5 148

i

202 257 403 686

6 144 194 245 371 596

7 142 19 236 35 54

8 14

I

186 231 336 504

9 138 183 226 325 478

I

10 137 181 223 317 459

11 136 18 22 311 444

12 136 178 218 306 432

13 135 177 216 301 422

14 134 176 214 298 414

11

Table 4 Z- Table

I I

Confidence Level I

50 067

68 100

z

I

80 128 I

16490

95 196

954 200 I

I 99 258 I

997 300

999 329 I

I

12

Table 5 F- Table

(ritical aiutgt r F

Dtgmsor I Ifmdom




435 412 37l 1-)1 344 338 3217 I -14 397 387 179 168 164 353 4408 407 314 369 350 339 335 323 3223SS 344 lIS lOS 293

lSG 3639 426 318 314 307 301 294 286 271348 3gt7 J29 323 41010 ~O2111 t4A 114 107 298 291 lJW 217 270 2S43J3 122

II 398 359 136 101 279 265 257 240120 310 295 290 285 212 UltJ 32612 18K 300 291 280 275 269 254 247 2 0 311 285 262





20 I 149 261)lto 287 271 2S1 24S 239 210 212 204 184235 I 22~

30 332 292 269 233 242 23) 227 221 216 21)9 201 193 184 162 X 300 2G(J 237 221 210 tOI 194 188 IBl 175 167 1S7 14( 100

13

~~~-- --

bull I

r l


~ ~

I

I GROUPS



IIIIIK

II


2

3

I 6941

ti J

9012

Dc 4

22990 12430 No Mg I 12

- ~

TRANSITION ELEMENTS



B69 Ni2


6

7

10642

Jgtd 46

19501 Pt

78 C(~1) Unn 110

-111111 Ill 2



6346 6J9 (j972l 7261 7921 7896 79904 IIJ~U


(0787 I Ii I 11482 J1171 12175 J11GO 17690 13129



t 4nnnlalJid~SIZics

I


gt


6~ 61 til62 64~9 ~18


2s lu~ ~ 4 96-9~- ~ ~~~ ~ ~~ -

15893 Tb 6S

16250

Dr 66

16493 flo 61

(247) Dk 97

(251) cr 9S

(252) Es 99


16116 Er 68

(257)

Fm 100

16amp93

Tm 69

(211)

Md 101

11304

Yb 70

(259)

No 102

17491

LII 7f

(2GO)

Lr 10]

I


Number of

Observations

90

Confidence

95

Confidence

99

Confidence

3 0941 0970 0994

4 0765 0829 0926

5 0642 0710

0821

6 0560 0625 0740

7 0507 0568 0680

8 0468 0526 0634

9 0437 0493 0598

10 0412 0466 0568

10

Table 3 T- Table



Freedom

80 90 I 95 99 I 9990

1 308 631 127 637 I 637

I 2 189 292 43 992 316

I

3 164 235 I 318 584 129

4 153 213 278 46 I 86

5 148

i

202 257 403 686

6 144 194 245 371 596

7 142 19 236 35 54

8 14

I

186 231 336 504

9 138 183 226 325 478

I

10 137 181 223 317 459

11 136 18 22 311 444

12 136 178 218 306 432

13 135 177 216 301 422

14 134 176 214 298 414

11

Table 4 Z- Table

I I

Confidence Level I

50 067

68 100

z

I

80 128 I

16490

95 196

954 200 I

I 99 258 I

997 300

999 329 I

I

12

Table 5 F- Table

(ritical aiutgt r F

Dtgmsor I Ifmdom




435 412 37l 1-)1 344 338 3217 I -14 397 387 179 168 164 353 4408 407 314 369 350 339 335 323 3223SS 344 lIS lOS 293

lSG 3639 426 318 314 307 301 294 286 271348 3gt7 J29 323 41010 ~O2111 t4A 114 107 298 291 lJW 217 270 2S43J3 122

II 398 359 136 101 279 265 257 240120 310 295 290 285 212 UltJ 32612 18K 300 291 280 275 269 254 247 2 0 311 285 262





20 I 149 261)lto 287 271 2S1 24S 239 210 212 204 184235 I 22~

30 332 292 269 233 242 23) 227 221 216 21)9 201 193 184 162 X 300 2G(J 237 221 210 tOI 194 188 IBl 175 167 1S7 14( 100

13

~~~-- --

bull I

r l


~ ~

I

I GROUPS



IIIIIK

II


2

3

I 6941

ti J

9012

Dc 4

22990 12430 No Mg I 12

- ~

TRANSITION ELEMENTS



B69 Ni2


6

7

10642

Jgtd 46

19501 Pt

78 C(~1) Unn 110

-111111 Ill 2



6346 6J9 (j972l 7261 7921 7896 79904 IIJ~U


(0787 I Ii I 11482 J1171 12175 J11GO 17690 13129



t 4nnnlalJid~SIZics

I


gt


6~ 61 til62 64~9 ~18


2s lu~ ~ 4 96-9~- ~ ~~~ ~ ~~ -

15893 Tb 6S

16250

Dr 66

16493 flo 61

(247) Dk 97

(251) cr 9S

(252) Es 99


16116 Er 68

(257)

Fm 100

16amp93

Tm 69

(211)

Md 101

11304

Yb 70

(259)

No 102

17491

LII 7f

(2GO)

Lr 10]

I

Table 3 T- Table



Freedom

80 90 I 95 99 I 9990

1 308 631 127 637 I 637

I 2 189 292 43 992 316

I

3 164 235 I 318 584 129

4 153 213 278 46 I 86

5 148

i

202 257 403 686

6 144 194 245 371 596

7 142 19 236 35 54

8 14

I

186 231 336 504

9 138 183 226 325 478

I

10 137 181 223 317 459

11 136 18 22 311 444

12 136 178 218 306 432

13 135 177 216 301 422

14 134 176 214 298 414

11

Table 4 Z- Table

I I

Confidence Level I

50 067

68 100

z

I

80 128 I

16490

95 196

954 200 I

I 99 258 I

997 300

999 329 I

I

12

Table 5 F- Table

(ritical aiutgt r F

Dtgmsor I Ifmdom




435 412 37l 1-)1 344 338 3217 I -14 397 387 179 168 164 353 4408 407 314 369 350 339 335 323 3223SS 344 lIS lOS 293

lSG 3639 426 318 314 307 301 294 286 271348 3gt7 J29 323 41010 ~O2111 t4A 114 107 298 291 lJW 217 270 2S43J3 122

II 398 359 136 101 279 265 257 240120 310 295 290 285 212 UltJ 32612 18K 300 291 280 275 269 254 247 2 0 311 285 262





20 I 149 261)lto 287 271 2S1 24S 239 210 212 204 184235 I 22~

30 332 292 269 233 242 23) 227 221 216 21)9 201 193 184 162 X 300 2G(J 237 221 210 tOI 194 188 IBl 175 167 1S7 14( 100

13

~~~-- --

bull I

r l


~ ~

I

I GROUPS



IIIIIK

II


2

3

I 6941

ti J

9012

Dc 4

22990 12430 No Mg I 12

- ~

TRANSITION ELEMENTS



B69 Ni2


6

7

10642

Jgtd 46

19501 Pt

78 C(~1) Unn 110

-111111 Ill 2



6346 6J9 (j972l 7261 7921 7896 79904 IIJ~U


(0787 I Ii I 11482 J1171 12175 J11GO 17690 13129



t 4nnnlalJid~SIZics

I


gt


6~ 61 til62 64~9 ~18


2s lu~ ~ 4 96-9~- ~ ~~~ ~ ~~ -

15893 Tb 6S

16250

Dr 66

16493 flo 61

(247) Dk 97

(251) cr 9S

(252) Es 99


16116 Er 68

(257)

Fm 100

16amp93

Tm 69

(211)

Md 101

11304

Yb 70

(259)

No 102

17491

LII 7f

(2GO)

Lr 10]

I

Table 4 Z- Table

I I

Confidence Level I

50 067

68 100

z

I

80 128 I

16490

95 196

954 200 I

I 99 258 I

997 300

999 329 I

I

12

Table 5 F- Table

(ritical aiutgt r F

Dtgmsor I Ifmdom




435 412 37l 1-)1 344 338 3217 I -14 397 387 179 168 164 353 4408 407 314 369 350 339 335 323 3223SS 344 lIS lOS 293

lSG 3639 426 318 314 307 301 294 286 271348 3gt7 J29 323 41010 ~O2111 t4A 114 107 298 291 lJW 217 270 2S43J3 122

II 398 359 136 101 279 265 257 240120 310 295 290 285 212 UltJ 32612 18K 300 291 280 275 269 254 247 2 0 311 285 262





20 I 149 261)lto 287 271 2S1 24S 239 210 212 204 184235 I 22~

30 332 292 269 233 242 23) 227 221 216 21)9 201 193 184 162 X 300 2G(J 237 221 210 tOI 194 188 IBl 175 167 1S7 14( 100

13

~~~-- --

bull I

r l


~ ~

I

I GROUPS



IIIIIK

II


2

3

I 6941

ti J

9012

Dc 4

22990 12430 No Mg I 12

- ~

TRANSITION ELEMENTS



B69 Ni2


6

7

10642

Jgtd 46

19501 Pt

78 C(~1) Unn 110

-111111 Ill 2



6346 6J9 (j972l 7261 7921 7896 79904 IIJ~U


(0787 I Ii I 11482 J1171 12175 J11GO 17690 13129



t 4nnnlalJid~SIZics

I


gt


6~ 61 til62 64~9 ~18


2s lu~ ~ 4 96-9~- ~ ~~~ ~ ~~ -

15893 Tb 6S

16250

Dr 66

16493 flo 61

(247) Dk 97

(251) cr 9S

(252) Es 99


16116 Er 68

(257)

Fm 100

16amp93

Tm 69

(211)

Md 101

11304

Yb 70

(259)

No 102

17491

LII 7f

(2GO)

Lr 10]

I

Table 5 F- Table

(ritical aiutgt r F

Dtgmsor I Ifmdom




435 412 37l 1-)1 344 338 3217 I -14 397 387 179 168 164 353 4408 407 314 369 350 339 335 323 3223SS 344 lIS lOS 293

lSG 3639 426 318 314 307 301 294 286 271348 3gt7 J29 323 41010 ~O2111 t4A 114 107 298 291 lJW 217 270 2S43J3 122

II 398 359 136 101 279 265 257 240120 310 295 290 285 212 UltJ 32612 18K 300 291 280 275 269 254 247 2 0 311 285 262





20 I 149 261)lto 287 271 2S1 24S 239 210 212 204 184235 I 22~

30 332 292 269 233 242 23) 227 221 216 21)9 201 193 184 162 X 300 2G(J 237 221 210 tOI 194 188 IBl 175 167 1S7 14( 100

13

~~~-- --

bull I

r l


~ ~

I

I GROUPS



IIIIIK

II


2

3

I 6941

ti J

9012

Dc 4

22990 12430 No Mg I 12

- ~

TRANSITION ELEMENTS



B69 Ni2


6

7

10642

Jgtd 46

19501 Pt

78 C(~1) Unn 110

-111111 Ill 2



6346 6J9 (j972l 7261 7921 7896 79904 IIJ~U


(0787 I Ii I 11482 J1171 12175 J11GO 17690 13129



t 4nnnlalJid~SIZics

I


gt


6~ 61 til62 64~9 ~18


2s lu~ ~ 4 96-9~- ~ ~~~ ~ ~~ -

15893 Tb 6S

16250

Dr 66

16493 flo 61

(247) Dk 97

(251) cr 9S

(252) Es 99


16116 Er 68

(257)

Fm 100

16amp93

Tm 69

(211)

Md 101

11304

Yb 70

(259)

No 102

17491

LII 7f

(2GO)

Lr 10]

I

~~~-- --

bull I

r l


~ ~

I

I GROUPS



IIIIIK

II


2

3

I 6941

ti J

9012

Dc 4

22990 12430 No Mg I 12

- ~

TRANSITION ELEMENTS



B69 Ni2


6

7

10642

Jgtd 46

19501 Pt

78 C(~1) Unn 110

-111111 Ill 2



6346 6J9 (j972l 7261 7921 7896 79904 IIJ~U


(0787 I Ii I 11482 J1171 12175 J11GO 17690 13129



t 4nnnlalJid~SIZics

I


gt


6~ 61 til62 64~9 ~18


2s lu~ ~ 4 96-9~- ~ ~~~ ~ ~~ -

15893 Tb 6S

16250

Dr 66

16493 flo 61

(247) Dk 97

(251) cr 9S

(252) Es 99


16116 Er 68

(257)

Fm 100

16amp93

Tm 69

(211)

Md 101

11304

Yb 70

(259)

No 102

17491

LII 7f

(2GO)

Lr 10]

I

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DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY UNIVERSITY OF SWAZILAND MAY …