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DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
Curriculum and Syllabus for
Postgraduate Programme in
Physics (New and Renewable Energy)
Under Credit Semester System
(with effect from 2015 admissions)
BOARD OF STUDIES IN PHYSICS
Chairman: Dr Issac Paul, Head of the Department of Physics
Members
Faculty of the Department
1. Dr. Shajo Sebastian
2. Dr. Siby Kurien
3. Dr. Jacob Mathew M
4. Dr. K E Abraham
5. Dr. Gijo Jose
6. Dr. Sajith Mathews T
Corporate Sector
7. Mr. Christo George, Chairman and MD,HYKON India Pvt .Ltd., Thrissur
8. Mr. T R R Nair, MD ESTRRADO Technologies, Thiruvananthapuram
External Experts
9. Dr. N V Unnikrishnan, Professor Emeritus, School of Pure and Applied Physics, MG
University, Kottayam
10. Dr. Anil Shaji, Assistant Professor, School of Physics, IISER, Thiruvananthapuram
Distinguished Alumni
11. Dr. M T Jose, Scientist ‘G’, IGCAR, Kalpakkom, Tamilnadu
Vice Chancellor’s Nominee
12. Dr. C Sudarsanakumar, Professor, School of Pure and Applied Physics, MG
University, Kottayam
Acknowledgement
The Board of Studies in Physics (PG) acknowledges the contributions from all
members in restructuring the Post Graduate Education in Physics. The abundant support and
recommendations from the sub-groups for designing different courses has shaped this
curriculum to this present nature.
We thank all for their benevolent support and cooperation to make this venture a
success.
For the Board of Studies in Physics,
Dr Issac Paul
(Chairman)
PREAMBLE
MSc Physics course with specialisation in New and Renewable Energy (NRE) aims to
provide systematic knowledge of the subject to the graduates of Physics with specification
in modern and job-oriented areas.
The revised curriculum of MSc Physics ((NRE)) course is developed keeping in
mind that students should be enabled with problems solving skills by an approach that
describes physical phenomena with relevant mathematical models and formulae and
thereby equip them to clear national level competitive examinations.
PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES
To provide students with a thorough understanding of the basic concepts of physics
and the methods scientists use to explore natural phenomena, including observation,
hypothesis development, measurement and data collection, experimentation,
evaluation of evidence, and employment of mathematical analysis.
To instruct students of the fundamental laws of physics and the application of
scientific data, concepts, and models for use in the natural sciences and real world
situations.
To provide students with problem solving skills by an approach that describes
physical phenomena with relevant mathematical models and formulae.
To develop the student’s mathematical ability to manipulate formulae and derive
correct numerical solutions that can be measured in the real world.
To instruct students in the competent use of laboratory equipment to collect and
record data, apply relevant mathematical models and perform required computations,
and present the derived results as an application of a measured observation of the
physical world.
To have students prepare a written laboratory report that effectively interprets and
communicates their results.
To have students effectively use computers as a tool for data collection, analysis, and
communication.
i
REGULATIONS FOR POSTGRADUATE PROGRAMME IN PHYSICS (NEW AND
RENEWABLE ENERGY) UNDER CREDIT SEMESTER SYSTEM (SB-CSS-PG) 2015
1. SHORT TITLE
1.1 These Regulations shall be called St. Berchmans College (Autonomous) Regulations
(2015) governing postgraduate programme in Physics (New and Renewable Energy) under
the Credit Semester System (SB-CSS-PG).
1.2 These Regulations shall come into force with effect from the academic year 2015 -
2016 onwards.
2. SCOPE
2.1 The regulation provided herein shall apply to the postgraduate programme in Physics
(New and Renewable Energy) conducted by St. Berchmans College (Autonomous) with
effect from the academic year 2015-2016 admission onwards.
3. DEFINITIONS
3.1 ‘University’ means Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala.
3.2 ‘College’ means St. Berchmans College (Autonomous).
3.3 There shall be an Academic Committee nominated by the Principal to look after the
matters relating to the postgraduate programme in Physics (New and Renewable Energy)
under the Credit Semester System.
3.4 ‘Academic Council’ means the Committee consisting of members as provided under
section 107 of the Autonomy Ordinance, Government of Kerala.
3.5 ‘Parent Department’ means the Department of Physics.
3.6 ‘Department Council’ means the body of all teachers of the Department of Physics.
3.7 ‘Faculty Mentor’ is a teacher nominated by a Department Council to coordinate the
continuous evaluation and other academic activities of the postgraduate programme in
Physics (New and Renewable Energy) undertaken in the Department.
3.8 ‘Programme’ means the entire course of study and examinations.
3.9 ‘Duration of Programme’ means the period of time required for the conduct of the
programme. The duration of the postgraduate programme in Physics (New and
Renewable Energy) shall be four (4) semesters.
3.10 ‘Semester’ means a term consisting of a minimum of ninety (90) working days,
inclusive of examination, distributed over a minimum of eighteen (18) weeks of five (5)
working days each.
ii
3.11 ‘Course’ means a segment of subject matter to be covered in a semester. Each Course is
to be designed under lectures/tutorials/laboratory/seminar/project/practical/
assignments/evaluation etc., to meet effective teaching and learning needs.
3.12 ‘Course Teacher’ means the teacher who is taking classes on the course.
3.13 ‘Core Course’ means a course that the student admitted to the postgraduate programme
in Physics (New and Renewable Energy) must successfully complete to receive the
Degree and which cannot be substituted by any other course.
3.14 ‘Elective Course’ means a course, which can be substituted, by equivalent course from
the same subject and the number of courses required to complete the programme shall
be decided by the Board of Studies.
3.15 ‘Project’ means a regular project work with stated credits on which the student conducts
a project under the supervision of a teacher in the parent department/any appropriate
research centre in order to submit a dissertation on the project work as specified.
3.16 ‘Plagiarism’ is the unreferenced use of other authors’ material in dissertations and is a
serious academic offence.
3.17 ‘Seminar’ means a lecture expected to train the student in self-study, collection of
relevant matter from books and Internet resources, editing, document writing, typing
and presentation.
3.18 ‘Tutorial’ means a class to provide an opportunity to interact with students at their
individual level to identify the strength and weakness of individual students.
3.19 ‘Evaluation’ means every student shall be evaluated by in-semester assessment (25%)
and end-semester assessment (75%).
3.20 ‘Improvement Examination’ is an examination conducted to improve the performance
of student in the courses of a particular semester.
3.21 ‘Supplementary Examination’ is an examination conducted for students who fail in the
courses of a particular semester.
3.22 ‘Improvement Course’ is a course registered by a student for improving the
performance in that particular course.
3.23 ‘Supplementary Course’ is a course that is repeated by a student for having failed in that
course in an earlier registration.
3.24 The minimum credits required for completing postgraduate programme in Physics (New
and Renewable Energy) is eighty (80).
3.25 ‘Credit’ (C) of a course is a measure of the weekly unit of work assigned for that course
in a semester.
iii
3.26 ‘Course Credit’: One credit of the course is defined as a minimum of one (1) hour
lecture/minimum of two (2) hours lab/field work per week for eighteen (18) weeks in a
semester. The course will be considered as completed only by conducting the final
examination.
3.27 ‘Grade’ means a letter symbol (A, B, C etc.) which indicates the broad level of
performance of a student in a course/semester/programme.
3.28 ‘Grade Point’ (GP) is the numerical indicator of the percentage of marks awarded to a
student in a course.
3.29 ‘Credit Point’ (CP) of a course is the value obtained by multiplying the grade point
(GP) by the credit (C) of the course.
3.30 ‘Semester Credit Point Average’ (SCPA) of a semester is calculated by dividing total
credit points obtained by the student in a semester by total credits of that semester and
shall be rounded off to two decimal places.
3.31 ‘Cumulative Credit Point Average’ (CCPA) is the value obtained by dividing the sum
of credit points in all the courses obtained by the student for the entire programme by
the total credits of the whole programme and shall be rounded off to two decimal
places.
3.32 ‘Institution average’ is the value obtained by dividing the sum of the marks obtained by
all students in a particular course by the number of students in respective course.
3.33 ‘Weighted Average Score’ means the score obtained by dividing sum of the products of
marks secured and credit of each course by the total credits of that semester/programme
and shall be rounded off to two decimal places.
3.34 ‘Grace Marks’ means marks awarded to course/courses, in recognition of meritorious
achievements of a student in NCC/NSS/ Sports/Arts and cultural activities.
4. PROGRAMME STRUCTURE
4.1 Students shall be admitted into four semester postgraduate programme in Physics (New
and Renewable Energy).
4.2 The programme shall include two types of courses; Core courses and Elective Courses.
There shall be a Project with dissertation to be undertaken by all students. The
programme pedagogy includes lectures, laboratory works, assignments and seminars.
4.3 Total credits for a programme is eighty (80). No course shall have more than four (4)
credits.
4.4 Project
iv
Project shall be completed by working outside the regular teaching hours. Project shall
be carried out under the supervision of a teacher in the concerned department. A
candidate may, however, in certain cases be permitted to work on the project in an
industrial/research organization on the recommendation of the Supervisor. There shall
be an internal assessment and external assessment for the project. The external
evaluation of the project work is followed by presentation of work including
dissertation and viva-voce.
4.5 Evaluations
The evaluation of each course shall contain two parts.
i Internal or In-Semester Assessment (ISA)
ii External or End-Semester Assessment (ESA)
Both ISA and ESA shall be carried out using indirect grading. The ISA:ESA ratio is
1:3. Marks for ISA is 25 and ESA is 75 for all courses.
4.6 In-semester assessment of theory courses
There are four components for ISA, which include attendance, assignment, seminar and
in-semester examination.
Components of ISA Marks
Attendance 5
Assignment 5
Seminar 5
In-semester examination (2×5 = 10) 10
Total 25
4.7 Attendance evaluation of students for each course shall be as follows:
% of Attendance Marks
95 and above 5
90 - 94 4
85 - 89 3
80 - 84 2
75 - 79 1
4.8 Assignments
Every student shall submit one assignment as an internal component for every course.
4.9 Seminar
Every student shall deliver one seminar as an internal component for every course. The
seminar is expected to train the student in self-study, collection of relevant matter from
the books and internet resources, editing, document writing, typing and presentation.
v
4.10 In-semester examination
Every student shall undergo at least two in-semester examinations as class test as an
internal component for every theory course.
4.11 To ensure transparency of the evaluation process, the ISA mark awarded to the students
in each course in a semester shall be published on the notice board according to the
schedule in the academic calendar published by the College. There shall not be any
chance for improvement for ISA. The course teacher and the faculty mentor shall
maintain the academic record of each student registered for the course which shall be
forwarded to the office of the Controller of Examinations through the Head of the
Department and a copy should be kept in the office of the Head of the Department for at
least two years for verification.
4.12 In-semester assessment of practical courses
The internal assessment of practical courses shall be conducted annually. There shall be
one in-semester examination for practical courses which shall be conducted annually.
4.13 End-semester assessment
The end-semester examination in theory and practical courses shall be conducted by the
College.
4.14 The end-semester examinations for theory courses shall be conducted at the end of each
semester. There shall be one end-semester examination of three (3) hours duration in
each lecture based course.
4.15 The question paper should be strictly on the basis of model question paper set by Board
of Studies.
4.16 The question paper consists of short answer type/annotation, short essay type
questions/problems and long essay type questions.
Division Type
No. of
Questions to be
Answered
Mark for
Each
Question
Total
Marks
Part A Short answer -not exceeding one page
(Two questions from each unit) 5 out of 8 3 15
Part B Problems/small derivations
(At least one question from each unit) 4 out of 6 5 20
Part C
Essay
(One question from each unit. The
question should have two options,
both from the same unit.)
4 out of 4 10 40
Grand Total 13 out of 18 - 75
vi
4.17 Photocopies of the answer scripts of the external examination shall be made available to
the students for scrutiny as per the regulations in the examination manual.
4.18 Practical examination shall be conducted annually. Practical examination shall be
conducted by one external examiner and one internal examiner. The question paper
setting and evaluation of answer scripts shall be done as per the directions in the
examination manual of the College.
4.19 Project evaluation shall be conducted at the end of the programme. Project evaluation
shall be conducted by one external examiner and one internal examiner.
Components of Project Evaluation Marks
Internal Evaluation 25
Dissertation (External) 50
Viva-Voce (External) 25
Total 100
4.20 Comprehensive viva-voce shall be conducted at the end of the programme. Viva-voce
shall be conducted by one external examiner and one internal examiner. The viva-voce
shall cover questions from all courses in the programme. There shall be no internal
assessment for comprehensive viva-voce. The maximum marks for viva-voce is one
hundred (100).
4.21 For all courses (theory and practical) an indirect grading system based on a ten (10)
point scale based on the percentage of marks (ISA + ESA) is used to evaluate the
performance of the student in that course. The percentage shall be rounded
mathematically to the nearest whole number.
Percentage of
Marks Grade Performance Grade Point
90 and above A+ Outstanding 10
80 - 89 A Excellent 9
70 - 79 B Very Good 8
60 - 69 C Good 7
50 - 59 D Satisfactory 6
40 - 49 E Adequate 5
Below 40 F Failure -
4.22 Credit Point
Credit Point (CP) of a course is calculated using the formula
CP = C × GP
vii
where C = Credit; GP = Grade Point
4.23 Semester Credit Point Average
Semester Credit Point Average (SCPA) is calculated using the formula
SCPA = TCP/TC
where TCP = Total Credit Point of all the courses in the semester; TC = Total Credits in
the semester
SCPA shall be rounded off to two decimal places.
4.24 Cumulative Credit Point Average
Cumulative Credit Point Average (CCPA) is calculated using the formula
CCPA = TCP/TC
where TCP = Total Credit Point of all the courses in the whole programme; TC = Total
Credit in the whole programme
CCPA shall be rounded off to two decimal places.
Grades for the different semesters; Semester Credit Point Average (SCPA) and overall
programme Cumulative Credit Point Average (CCPA); are given based on the
corresponding Credit Point Average (CPA) as shown below:
CPA Grade Performance
9.00 and above A+ Outstanding
8.00 - 8.99 A Excellent
7.00 - 7.99 B Very Good
6.00 - 6.99 C Good
5.00 - 5.99 D Satisfactory
4.00 - 4.99 E Adequate
Below 4.00 F Failure
4.25 A separate minimum of 30% marks each in ISA and ESA (for theory and practical) and
aggregate minimum of 40% are required for a pass for a course. For a pass in a
programme, a separate minimum of Grade E is required for all the individual courses.
5. SUPPLEMENTARY/IMPROVEMENT EXAMINATION
There will be supplementary examinations and chance for improvement. Only one
chance will be given for improving the marks of a course.
6. ATTENDANCE
6.1 The minimum requirement of aggregate attendance during a semester for appearing the
end semester examination shall be 75%. Condonation of shortage of attendance to a
viii
maximum of ten (10) days in a semester subject to a maximum of two times during the
whole period of Postgraduate programme may be granted by the College.
6.2 If a student represents the College, University, State or Nation in Sports, NCC, NSS or
Cultural or any other officially sponsored activities such as College union / University
union activities, he/she shall be eligible to claim the attendance for the actual number of
days participated subject to a maximum of ten (10) days in a semester based on the
specific recommendations of the Faculty Mentor and Head of the Department.
6.3 A student who does not satisfy the requirements of attendance shall not be permitted to
appear for the end-semester examinations.
6.4 Those students who are not eligible even with condonation of shortage of attendance
shall repeat the course along with the next batch.
7. BOARD OF STUDIES AND COURSES
7.1 The Board of Studies in Physics shall design all the courses offered in the postgraduate
programme. The Board shall design and introduce new courses, modify or re-design
existing courses and replace any existing courses with new/modified courses to
facilitate better exposure and training for the students.
7.2 The syllabus of a course shall include the title of the course, contact hours, the number
of credits and reference materials.
7.3 Each course shall have an alpha numeric code which includes abbreviation of the
programme in two letters, semester number, code for the course and serial number of
the course.
7.4 Every Programme conducted under Credit Semester System shall be monitored by the
Academic Council.
8. REGISTRATION
8.1 A student shall be permitted to register for the programme at the time of admission.
8.2 A student may be permitted to complete the programme, on valid reasons, within a
period of eight (8) continuous semesters from the date of commencement of the first
semester of the programme.
8.3 Those students who possess the required minimum attendance and progress during an
academic year/semester and could not register for the annual/semester examination in
time are permitted to apply for Notional Registration to the examinations concerned
enabling them to get promoted to the next semester.
ix
9. ADMISSION
9.1 The admission to the postgraduate programme in Physics (New and Renewable Energy)
shall be as per the rules and regulations of the College/University.
9.2 The eligibility criteria for admission shall be as announced by the College/University
from time to time.
9.3 Separate rank lists shall be drawn up for seats under reservation quota as per the
existing rules.
9.4 There shall be a uniform academic and examination calendar prepared by the College
for the conduct of the programmes.
10. ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS
10.1 Candidates for admission to the first semester of the postgraduate programme in
Physics (New and Renewable Energy) through SB-CSS-PG shall be required to have
passed an appropriate degree examination of Mahatma Gandhi University or any
University or authority, duly recognized by the Academic council of Mahatma Gandhi
University as equivalent thereto.
10.2 Students admitted under this programme are governed by the Regulations in force.
11. PROMOTION
A student who registers for the end semester examination shall be promoted to the next
semester
12. MARK CUM GRADE CARD
12.1 The College under its seal shall issue to the students, a Mark cum Grade card on
completion of each semester, which shall contain the following information.
i) Name of the Student
ii) Register Number
iii) Photo of the Student
iv) Degree
v) Programme
vi) Semester and Name of the Examination
vii) Month and Year of Examination
viii) Faculty
ix) Course Code, Title and Credits of each course opted in the semester
x) Marks for ISA, ESA, Total Marks (ISA + ESA), Maximum Marks, Letter
Grade, Grade Point (GP), Credit Point (CP) and Institution Average in each
course opted in the semester
xi) Total Credits, Marks Awarded, Credit Point, SCPA and Letter Grade in the
semester
xii) Weighted Average Score
x
xiii) Result
12.2 The final Mark cum Grade Card issued at the end of the final semester shall contain the
details of all courses taken during the entire programme including those taken over and
above the prescribed minimum credits for obtaining the degree. The final Mark cum
Grade Card shall show the CCPA and the overall letter grade of a student for the entire
programme.
13. AWARD OF DEGREE
The successful completion of all the courses with ‘E’ grade shall be the minimum
requirement for the award of the degree.
14. MONITORING COMMITTEE
There shall be a Monitoring Committee constituted by the Principal to monitor the
internal evaluation conducted by the College. The Course Teacher, Faculty Mentor, and
the College Coordinator should keep all the records of the continuous evaluation, for at
least a period of two years, for verification.
15. GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL COMMITTEE
15.1 In order to address the grievance of students relating to ISA, a two-level Grievance
Redressal mechanism is envisaged.
15.2 A student can approach the upper level only if grievance is not addressed at the lower
level.
15.3 Department level: The Principal shall form a Grievance Redressal Committee in each
Department comprising of course teacher and one senior teacher as members and the
Head of the Department as Chairman. The Committee shall address all grievances
relating to the internal assessment grades of the students.
15.4 College level: There shall be a College level Grievance Redressal Committee
comprising of Faculty Mentor, two senior teachers and two staff council members (one
shall be an elected member) and the Principal as Chairman. The Committee shall
address all grievances relating to the internal assessment grades of the students.
16. TRANSITORY PROVISION
Notwithstanding anything contained in these regulations, the Principal shall, for a
period of three years from the date of coming into force of these regulations, have the
power to provide by order that these regulations shall be applied to any programme with
such modifications as may be necessary.
xi
Model Mark cum Grade Card
Date:
MARK CUM GRADE CARD
Name of the Candidate :
Register Number :
Degree : Master of Science
Programme : Physics (New and Renewable Energy)
Name of the Examination : First Semester SB-CSS-PG Examination, Month YYYY
Faculty : Science
Course
Code Course Title
Cred
its
(C)
Marks
Gra
de A
wa
rd
ed
(G
)
Gra
de P
oin
t (G
P)
Cred
it P
oin
t (C
P)
Inst
itu
tio
n A
vera
ge
Result
ISA ESA Total
Aw
ard
ed
Ma
xim
um
Aw
ard
ed
Ma
xim
um
Aw
ard
ed
Ma
xim
um
Total
Weighted Average Score
Semester Result
SCPA
***End of Statement***
Entered by:
Verified by:
Controller of Examinations Principal
Photo
xii
Date:
MARK CUM GRADE CARD
Name of the Candidate :
Register Number :
Degree : Master of Science
Programme : Physics (New and Renewable Energy)
Name of the Examination : Fourth Semester SB-CSS-PG Examination, Month YYYY
Faculty : Science
Course
Code Course Title
Cred
its
(C)
Marks
Gra
de A
wa
rd
ed
(G)
Gra
de P
oin
t (G
P)
Cred
it P
oin
t (C
P)
Inst
itu
tio
n A
vera
ge
Result
ISA ESA Total
Aw
ard
ed
Ma
xim
um
Aw
ard
ed
Ma
xim
um
Aw
ard
ed
Ma
xim
um
Core Courses
Elective Courses Project
Viva-Voce Total
Weighted Average Score
Semester Result
SCPA
Semester I (Month, Year)
Semester II (Month, Year)
Semester III (Month, Year)
Semester IV (Month, Year)
Grand Total
CCPA
Final Result
***End of Statement***
Entered by:
Verified by:
Controller of Examinations Principal
Photo
xiii
Reverse side of the Mark cum Grade Card (COMMON FOR ALL SEMESTERS)
Description of the Evaluation Process - Grade and Grade Point
The evaluation of each course comprises of internal and external components in the ratio 1:3
for all Courses. Grades and Grade Points are given on a ten (10) point scale based on the
percentage of Total Marks (ISA + ESA) as given in Table 1.
(Decimals are to be rounded mathematically to the nearest whole number)
Percentage of
Marks Grade Performance Grade Point
90 and above A+ Outstanding 10
80 - 89 A Excellent 9
70 - 79 B Very Good 8
60 - 69 C Good 7
50 - 59 D Satisfactory 6
40 - 49 E Adequate 5
Below 40 F Failure -
Table 1
Semester Credit Point Average (SCPA) and Cumulative Credit Point Average (CCPA)
Grades for the different Semesters and overall Programme are given based on the
corresponding Credit Point Average (CPA), as shown in Table 2.
CPA Grade Performance
9.00 and above A+ Outstanding
8.00 - 8.99 A Excellent
7.00 - 7.99 B Very Good
6.00 - 6.99 C Good
5.00 - 5.99 D Satisfactory
4.00 - 4.99 E Adequate
Below 4.00 F Failure
Table 2
Credit Point (CP) of a course is calculated using the formula
CP = C × GP
where C = Credit; GP = Grade Point
Credit Point Average (CPA) of a Semester/Programme is calculated using the formula
CPA = TCP/TC
where TCP = Total Credit Point; TC = Total Credit
CPA shall be rounded off to two decimal places.
A separate minimum of 30% marks is required for a pass for both internal assessment and
external assessment in each course.
An aggregate minimum of 40% marks is required for a pass in each course.
1
PROGRAMME STRUCTURE
Course Code Name of the Course Hours
/Week
Total
Hours Credits ISA ESA Total
Sem
est
er
I
AMPN101 Mathematical Physics - I 4 72 4 25 75 100
AMPN102 Classical Mechanics and
Relativity 4 72 4 25 75 100
AMPN103 Electro Dynamics and Non-
Linear Optics 4 72 4 25 75 100
AMPN104 Advanced Electronics 4 72 4 25 75 100
General Physics Practicals (P) 9 162 Evaluation is Semester II
Total 25 450 16 100 300 400
Sem
est
er
II
AMPN205 Mathematical Physics - II 4 72 4 25 75 100
AMPN206 Elementary Quantum
Mechanics 4 72 4 25 75 100
AMPN207 Thermodynamics and Statistical
Mechanics 4 72 4 25 75 100
AMPN208 Condensed Matter Physics 4 72 4 25 75 100
AMPN2P01 General Physics Practicals (P) - - 3 25 75 100
AMPN2P02 Electronics Practicals (P) 9 162 3 25 75 100
Total 25 450 22 150 450 600
Sem
est
er
III
AMPN309 Advanced Quantum Mechanics 4 72 4 25 75 100
AMPN310 Numerical Methods in Physics 4 72 4 25 75 100
AMPN311 Renewable Energy Sources 4 72 4 25 75 100
AMPN312 Microprocessors and
Microcontrollers 4 72 4 25 75 100
AMPN3P03 Computational Physics
Practicals (P) 9 162 Evaluation is Semester IV
Total 25 450 16 100 300 400
Sem
est
er
IV
AMPN413 Atomic and Molecular
Spectroscopy 4 72 4 25 75 100
AMPN414 Advanced Nuclear Physics 4 72 4 25 75 100
AMPN415 Solar Thermal Collection and
Storage 4 72 4 25 75 100
Elective Course 4 72 4 25 75 100
AMPN4P03 Computational Physics
Practicals (P) - - 3 25 75 100
AMPN4P04 Renewable Energy Practicals
(P) 9 162 3 25 75 100
AMPN4PJ Project - - 2 25 75 100
AMPN4VV Viva-Voce - - 2 - 100 100
Total 25 450 26 175 625 800
Grand Total 80 2200
2
ELECTIVE COURSES
No. Course Code Name of the Course
1 AMPN4E01 Solar Photovoltaics
2 AMPN4E02 Astrophysics and Cosmology
3 AMPN4E03 Non-linear Dynamics and an Introduction to Chaos
3
SEMESTER I
AMPN101: MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS – I
Total Hours: 72 Credits: 4
Unit I
Vector Analysis (15 Hours)
Rotation of the coordinate axes – Gradient, Divergence and Curl in integral form – Vector
integration – Gauss’ and Stokes and Green theorems – Potential theory – Gauss’ law –
Poisson’s equation – Helmholtz theorem – Orthogonal coordinates – Differential vector
operators in Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical polar coordinates.
Error Analysis (3 Hours)
Propagation of errors, Plotting of graphs, Least square fitting, Goodness of fit, Chi square
test.
Unit II
Matrices (18 Hours)
Triangular, diagonal and band matrices – orthogonal matrices, Hermitian and Unitary
matrices, normal matrices – Pauli spin matrices – similarity transformation - unitary and
orthogonal transformation – eigen value problem – diagonalization of matrices using
normalised eigen vectors – normal modes of vibration – solution of a set of linear equations
– matrix inversion method, Gauss elimination method, Gauss-Jordan method – iteration
methods for solution of set of linear equations, Gausss-Seidel method and Jacobi method.
Unit III
Tensors (18 Hours)
Definition of Tensors –Associated Tensors, Metric Tensor, Contraction, Direct Product,
Quotient Rule– Covariant Differentiation – Christoffel Symbols – Levi Cevita Symbol –
Pseudo Tensors, Dual Tensors, Geodesic.
Unit IV
Differential Equations and Special Functions (18 Hours)
Beta, Gamma and Dirac Delta functions – series solution of linear second order differential
equations – Bessel function of the first kind (Generating function, Recurrence relations,
Orthogonality), Neumann function, spherical Bessel function, Legendre polynomials,
4
Hermite polynomials, Laguerre polynomials (Generating function, Recurrence relations,
Orthogonality) – Rodrigues’ formula
Reference
1. Mathematical Methods for Physicists, G.B. Arfken & H.J. Weber 4th Edition, Academic
Press
2. Mathematical Physics, B.D. Gupta, Vikas Pub. House, New Delhi
3. Mathematical Physics, B.S. Rajput, Y Prakash 9th Ed, Pragati Prakashan
4. Mathematical methods in Classical and Quantum Physics, T. Dass & S. K. Sharma,
Universities Press (2009)
5. Mathematical Physics, H.K Dass & R. Verma, S. Chand & Co.
6. Mathematical Physics, Sathyaprakash, Sultan Chand & Sons, New Delhi.
7. Tensor Calculus: Theory and problems, A. N. Srivastava, Universities Press
8. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, E. Kreyszig, 7th Ed., John Wiley
9. Introduction to Mathematical Methods in Physics, G. Fletcher, Tata McGraw Hill
10. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, C.R. Wylie, & L C Barrett, Tata McGraw Hill
11. Advanced Mathematics for Engineering and Physics, L.A. Pipes & L.R. Harvill, Tata
McGraw Hill
12. Mathematical Methods in Physics, J. Mathew & R.L. Walker, India Book House.
5
AMPN102: CLASSICAL MECHANICS AND RELATIVITY
Total Hours: 72 Credits: 4
Unit – I
Lagrangian Methods (18 Hours)
Mechanics of a system of particles – Conservation laws of linear and angular momenta for
systems not subjected to external forces and torques – Constraints – Principle of virtual work
– Lagrangian equations of motion and a few applications – Motion in a central field –
Kepler’s problem.
Unit – II
Hamiltonian Methods (18 Hours)
Variational method – Hamilton’s equations of motion – Canonical transformations –
Generating functions – Infinitesimal contact transformations – Lagrange and Poisson brackets
– Hamilton-Jacobi theory -Harmonic oscillator problem as an example Hamilton-Jacobi
theory- Action angle variables in a system of one degree of freedom, nonlinear harmonic
oscillator problem.
Unit – III
Rigid Body Dynamics and Theory of Oscillations (18 Hours)
Rigid body rotation – Rotating frame – Eulerian angles transformation between rotating and
stationery frames – Coriolis and centrifugal forces – Moment of inertia tensor – Euler’s
equations – Symmetric top precession.
Theory of small oscillations – Normal co-ordinates and vibrations of a discrete system –
Forced oscillations.
Unit – IV
Relativity (18 Hours)
Matrix representation of Lorentz transformation – Minkowski space – Four vectors –
Addition of velocities – Four velocity – Relativistic momentum and energy – Mathematical
properties of space-time. Newtonian gravity and special relativity. Acceleration in special
relativity. Dynamics of relativistic particles – Lagrangian and Hamiltonian of relativistic
charged particle, motion in a uniform static electric and magnetic fields.
Introduction to general theory of relativity - Principle of equivalence - principle of general
covariance- motion of mass point in a gravitational field- the Newtonian approximation- time
dilation- rates of clocks in a gravitational field - shift in the spectral lines - energy momentum
tensor,- Einstein fields equations.
6
Reference
1. Classical Mechanics – H Goldstein, Poole & Safko, Pearson. 3rd Ed. Narosa Pub. Co.
2. Classical Mechanics – J .C. Upadhyaya, Himalaya, 2010.
3. Introduction to Classical Mechanics – R.G. Takwale and P.S. Puranik, Tata Mc Graw
Hill.
4. Classical Mechanics – N. C. Rana & P.S. Joag, Tata Mc Graw Hill.
5. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Mechanics – M.G. Calkin, Allied Pub. Ltd.
6. Chaos and Integrebility in Nonlinear Dynamics – M. Tabor, John Wiley & Sons.
7. Theory of Relativity – R. K. Patharia, Dover Pub. Inc. NY, 2003.
8. An Introduction to General Theory of Relativity – S.K. Bose, Wiley Eastern.
7
AMPN103: ELECTRODYNAMICS AND NON-LINEAR OPTICS
Total Hours: 72 Credits: 4
Unit I
Electrostatic fields in matter and Electrodynamics (10 Hours)
Review of Electrostatics and Magnetostatics, Time varying fields and Maxwell’s equations,
Potential formulations, Gauge transformations, boundary conditions, wave equations and
their solutions, Poynting theorem, Maxwell’s stress tensor.
Electromagnetic waves (8 Hours)
Maxwell’s equations in phasor notation. Plane waves in conducting and non-conducting
medium, Polarization, Reflection and transmission (Normal and Oblique incidence-both
conducting and non-conducting), Dispersion in Dielectrics, Superposition of waves, Group
velocity.
Unit II
Relativistic Electrodynamics (18 Hours)
Magnetism as a relativistic phenomenon, Transformation of the field, Electromagnetic field
tensor, Electrodynamics in tensor notation, Potential formulation of relativistic
electrodynamics,
Unit III
Electromagnetic Radiation (18 Hours)
Retarded potentials, Electric dipole radiation, Magnetic dipole radiation, Jefimenkos
equations, Point charges, Lienard-Wiechert potential, Fields of a moving point charge, Power
radiated by point charge in Motion . Radiation reaction and its physical basis The Abraham-
Lorentz formula
Unit IV
Non Linear Optics (18 Hours)
Introduction – Second Harmonic generation – phase matching condition –third harmonic
generation – optical mixing – parametric generation of light –self focusing of light-
multiquantum photoelectric effect- two photon process three photon process- parametric light
oscillator – frequency up conversion – Phase conjugate optics – sum frequency generation –
difference in frequency generation – saturable absorption.
8
Reference
1. Introduction to Electrodynamics-D.J. Griffiths, PHI
2. Antenna and wave guide propagation - K. D Prasad – Satya Prakashan.
3. Electromagnetic waves and radiating systems, E.C. Jordan & K.G. Balmain PHI, 1968
4. Electronic Communication Systems (5th edition) – George Kendy et.al – Tata Mc Graw
Hill
5. Antennas, J.D Kraus, Tata Mc-Graw Hill.
6. Classical Electrodynamics, J. D. Jackson, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
7. Electromagnetic fields, S. Sivanagaraju, C. Srinivasa Rao, New Age International.
8. Introduction to Classical electrodynamics, Y. K. Lim, World Scientific, 1986.
9. Electromagnetic Waves and Fields, V.V. Sarwate, Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Age
International
10. The Feymann Lectures in Physics, Vol. 2, R.P. Feymann, R.B. Leighton & M. Sands.
11. Electronic Communication Systems, G. Kennedy & B. Davis, TMH.
12. Non Linear Optics, Robert W. Boyd, Academic Press.
9
AMPN104: ADVANCED ELECTRONICS
Total Hours: 72 Credits: 4
Unit I
Electronic Instrumentation (7 hours)
Electronic measurements and instruments-comparison between analog and digital
instruments-performance and dynamic characteristics-ideas of errors and measurement
standards-voltmeters-ammeters-ohmeters-multimeters-balance bridge voltmeters-components
of a CRO-dual beam and dual trace CRO-digital storage CRO classification
Operational Amplifiers & General Linear Applications (11 Hours)
Review of differential amplifiers - review of operational amplifiers - differential amplifier
with one and two op amps - Frequency response of an op amp - compensating networks
DC and AC amplifiers – AC amplifier with single supply voltage – Peaking amplifier –
Summing , Scaling, averaging amplifiers – Instrumentation amplifier using transducer bridge
– Differential input and differential output amplifier – Low voltage DC and AC voltmeter -
Voltage to current converter with grounded load – Current to voltage converter – Very high
input impedance circuit – integrator and differentiator.
Unit II
Active Filters and Oscillators (11 Hours)
Active filters – First order and second order low pass Butterworth filter - – First order and
second order high pass Butterworth filter- wide and narrow band pass filter - wide and
narrow band reject filter - All pass filter – Oscillators: Phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators
– square, triangular and saw tooth wave generators- Voltage controlled oscillator.
Comparators and Converters (7 Hours)
Basic comparator - Zero crossing detector - Schmitt Trigger – Comparator characteristics -
Limitations of op-amp as comparators - Voltage to frequency and frequency to voltage
converters - D/A and A/D converters- Peak detector – Sample and Hold circuit.
Unit III
Power semiconductor Devices (18 Hours)
Power Electronics - power semiconductor devices - power diodes, SCR, Power MOSFET,
Types of Power Electronic Circuits.
Thyristor commutation techniques - Natural commutation, forced commutation, self
commutation, impulse commutation, external pulse commutation, load side commutation,
10
line side commutation. Controlled Rectifiers - Principle of phase - controlled connector
operation - Single phase semi converter - single phase full converters - single phase dual
converters - single phase series converters Static Switches - Single phase AC switches - three
phase AC switches - three phase reversing switches - DC switches
Unit IV
Inverters (18 Hours)
Principle of operation - performance parameters - single phase bridge inverters - three phase
inverters - voltage control of single phase inverters - voltage control of three phase inverters -
harmonic reductions - series resonant inverters - forced -commuted thyristor inverters -
current - source inverters -variable DC link inverter.
Reference
1. Op amps and linear Integrated Circuits, R.A. Gayakwad, PHI
2. Integrated Electronics, Millman J & Halkias CC, MGH
3. M H Rashid - Power Electronics - Circuits - Devices and Applications (PHI-1988)
4. Power Electronics R.S Anandha Murthy, V Nattarasu, 2nd Edn. Pearson
5. Power Electronics - Circuits - Devices and Applications, M.H. Rashid, PHI, 1988
11
SEMESTER II
AMPN205: MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS – II
Total Hours: 72 Credits: 4
Unit I
Functions of a Complex Variable (18 Hours)
Algebra of complex functions – Cauchy-Riemann conditions for analyticity – Cauchy’s
integral theorem – Cauchy’s integral formula – Taylor and Laurent expansion – poles and
residues – residue theorem – evaluation of definite integrals.
Unit II
Integral Transforms (18 Hours)
Laplace transforms – solution of differential equations using Laplace transforms (LCR
circuit, Electromagnetic waves in dispersive medium, damped driven oscillator and Earth’s
nutation), Fourier transform, Fourier transform of full wave rectifier, Square wave and finite
wave train, Momentum representation for Hydrogen atom (ground state) and Harmonic
oscillator.
Unit III
Group Theory (18 Hours)
Groups – group of transformations – multiplication table – conjugate elements and classes,
subgroups – direct product groups – isomorphism and homomorphism – permutation groups
– reducible and irreducible representation – Unitary representations – Schur’s lemmas –
orthogonality theorem and interpretations – character of a representation – character tables
and examples C2V, C3V, C4V – continuous groups – full rotation groups – rotation of
functions and angular momentum – Lie groups and lie algebra – SU(2)-SO(3)
homomorphism – irreducible representation of SU(2) group – SU(3) group.
Unit IV
Second Order Differential Equations & Green’s Function (18 Hours)
Partial differential equations of Physics – boundary conditions – Hermitian operators and
their properties – Schmidt orthogonalization –heat equation – Laplace’s and Poisson’s
equations – nonlinear partial differential equations – separation of variables (Cartesian,
Spherical polar and Cylindrical coordinates) non homogeneous equations – Green’s function
– eigen function expansion– 1-dimensional Green's function – Green's function integral,
12
differential equations – eigen function – eigenvalue equation of Green's function and Dirac
delta function.
Reference
1. Mathematical Methods for Physicists, G.B. Arfken & H.J. Weber 4th Edition, Academic
Press.
2. Mathematical Physics, B.D. Gupta, Vikas Pub. House, New Delhi
3. Mathematical Physics, B.S. Rajput, Y Prakash 9th Ed, Pragati Prakashan
4. Mathematical Methods in Classical and Quantum Physics, T. Dass & S.K. Sharma,
Universities Press (2009)
5. Mathematical Physics, H.K Dass & R. Verma, S. Chand & Co.
6. Elements of Group Theory for Physicists, A.W. Joshy, New Age India.
7. Mathematical Physics, Sathyaprakash, Sultan Chand & Sons, New Delhi.
8. Group theory- Schaum’s series, Benjamin Baumslag & Bruce Chandler, MGH.
13
AMPN206: ELEMENTARY QUANTUM MECHANICS
Total Hours: 72 Credits: 4
Unit I
The Formulation of Quantum Mechanics: (18 Hours)
Vector spaces, the Hilbert space, dimensions and basis, Dirac notations, operators and
properties- Hermitian adjoint, projection operators, commutator algebra, uncertainty relation
between two operators, functions of operators, unitary operators, Eigenvalues and
Eigenvectors of an operator, Infinitesimal and finite unitary transformations, representation in
discrete bases, matrix representation of kets, bras, and operators, change of bases and unitary
transformations, matrix representation of the Eigenvalue problem, representation in
continuous bases, position representation, momentum representation, connecting the position
and momentum representations, probability density, superposition principle, observables and
operators, the uncertainty principle, expectation values, complete sets of commuting
operators, measurement and the uncertainty relations.
Unit II (18 Hours)
Quantum Dynamics:
The equations of motion- Schrodinger, Heisenberg and the Interaction pictures of time
development, Ehrenfest theorem, The linear harmonic oscillator in the Heisenberg picture,
Hydrogen atom.
Space-time symmetries, Space translation and conservation of linear momentum, Time
translation and conservation of energy, Space rotation and conservation of angular
momentum, Space inversion and time reversal.
Construction of symmetric and anti symmetric wave functions, Slater determinant, Pauli
exclusion principle, Bosons and Fermions, Spin wave functions for two electrons, Helium
atom
Unit III
Theory of Angular Momentum: (18 Hours)
Angular momentum operators, Fundamental commutation relations, Eigen values and eigen
vectors of J2 and Jz. Matrix representation of angular momentum operators, Pauli spin
matrices, Orbital angular momentum, Spherical harmonics, Addition of angular momenta ,
Clebsh-Gordon coefficients, Simple examples j1=1,j2 =1/2 .
14
Unit IV
The Theory of Scattering (18 Hours)
Scattering cross section and Scattering amplitude, Low energy scattering by a central
potential, Partial wave analysis, phase shift and potential, scattering length, optical theorem,
Scattering by a square well potential, The Ramsuoer Townsend effect, Scattering by hard
sphere, resonance scattering, high energy scattering, The integral equation, Born
approximation. Validity condition of Born approximation.
Reference
1. Quantum Mechanics, Concepts and Applications, N. Zettily, John Wiley & Sons.
2. Quantum Mechanics, V. K. Thankappan, New Age International.
3. Modern Quantum Mechanics, J.J. Sakurai, Pearson Education.
4. Quantum Mechanics, G Aruldhas, PHI
5. A Modern Approach to Quantum Mechanics, John S. Townsend, Viva Books MGH
6. Basic Quantum Mechanics, A. Ghatak, Macmillan India.
7. Quantum Mechanics, Theory and Applications, Ajoy Ghatak and S Lokhnathan 5th
edition, Macmillian India.
8. Quantum Mechanics B H Bransden and C J Joachain, Pearson Education
9. Principle of Quantum Mechanoics, R Shankar, Springer
10. Quantum Mechanics, an Introduction, W Greiner, Springer Verlag
11. Quantum Mechanics, E. Merzbacher, John Wiley
12. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, D.J. Griffiths, Pearson.
13. Quantum Mechanics, L.I. Schiff, Tata McGraw Hill.
14. Quantum Physic Stephen Gasiorowics, John Wiley & Sons.
15. Quantum Mechanics V. Devanathan , Narosa
16. A Text Book of Quantum Mechanics, P.M. Mathews & K. Venkatesan, TMGH.
17. Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics Y.R. Waghmare, S Chand & Co.
For further reference:
Quantum Physics Video Prof. V. Balakrishnan IIT Madras
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/video.php?subjectId=122106034
Quantum Mechanics and Applications Video Prof. Ajoy Ghatak IIT Delhi
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/115102023
15
AMPN207: THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL MECHANICS
Total Hours: 72 Credits: 4
Unit I
Foundations of Statistical Physics (18 Hours)
Ideas of probability-classical probability-statistical probability-axioms of probability theory-
independent events-concepts of arrangements, permutations and combinations-statistics and
distributions-Binomial, Poisson, Gaussian distributions. Internal energy-enthalpy-definition
of entropy-measurement of entropy- Laws of thermodynamics and their consequences-
thermodynamic potentials-Maxwells relations-chemical potential-phase equilibria.
Unit II
Different Types of Ensembles and Partition Functions (18 Hours)
Microstate and Macrostate of macroscopic system, Phase space and Phase space density,
Liouville theorem, Erogodic hypothesis, Postulate of Equal a priori probabilities,
Microcanonical Ensemble- partition function. Free energy and its connection with
thermodynamic quantities. Canonical ensemble - canonical partition function-calculation of
thermodynamic properties from partition function- Equipartition theorem - Ideal Bose and
Fermi gases. Black body radiation and planks distribution law. Grand canonical ensemble –
grand canonical partition function.
Unit III
Maxwell's Distributions of Molecular Speeds (18 Hours)
Density of states in k space-Single particle density of states in energy-distribution of speeds
of particles in a classical gas. Free energy-Einstein's model vibrations in a solid-Debye's
model of vibrations in a solid. Systems with variable number of particles-the condition for
chemical equilibrium.
Unit IV
Phase Transitions (18 Hours)
Phase transitions - Order of transition - Order parameter - Critical phenomena and critical
exponents - Correlation function and fluctuation dissipation theorem - Landau theory of
phase transition - Ising Model - Brag Williams theory - Random walk and diffusion equation
- Brownian motion.
16
Reference
1. Introductory statistical mechanics, Oxford Science Publications - Robert Bowley.
2. Introduction to statistical mechanics, Narosa—S K Singha.
3. Statistical Mechanics—R K Pathria and Paul D Beale.
4. Statistical Mechanics—Satya Prakash and J P Agarawal.
5. Elements of non-Equilibrium statistical mechanics, Ane books Pvt. Ltd - V
Balakrishnan.
6. Fundamentals of statistical and thermal physics, Levant books - F Reif.
7. An introduction to probability, John Wiley & Sons - William feller.
8. Statistical Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons - K. Huang
17
AMPN208: CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS
Total Hours: 72 Credits: 4
Unit I
Lattice Dynamics &Superconductivity (18 Hours)
Vibrations of crystals with monatomic basis – diatomic lattice – quantization of elastic waves
– phonon momentum. Anharmonicity and thermal expansion - specific heat of a solid –
Einstein model - density of states - Debye model – thermal conductivity of solids - thermal
conductivity due to electrons and phonons - thermal resistance of solids.
Superconductivity: Thermodynamics and Electrodynamics of superconductors- London
Equations-BCS theory- flux quantization-single particle tunneling- Josephson superconductor
tunnelling-macroscopic quantum interference-BCS Theory of Superconductivity
Unit II
Band Theory of Metals & Semiconductors (18 Hours)
Bloch theorem - Kronig-Penney model - Brillouin zone construction of Brillouin zone in one
and two dimensions – extended, reduced and periodic zone scheme of Brillouin zone
(qualitative idea only) - effective mass of electron - nearly free electron model – conductors -
semiconductors - insulators.
Band theory of semiconductors: Generation and recombination - minority carrier life-time -
mobility of current carriers - drift and diffusion - general study of excess carrier movement-
diffusion length. Free carrier concentration in semiconductors - Fermi level and carrier
concentration in semiconductors - mobility of charge carriers - effect of temperature on
mobility - electrical conductivity of semiconductors - Hall effect in semiconductors - junction
properties- metal-metal, metal semiconductor and semiconductor-semiconductor junctions.
Unit III
Elements of Crystal Structure & Free electron Theory (18 Hours)
X-ray diffraction- Braggs equation, Laue's equation and their equivalence, Ewald
construction, reciprocal lattice, reciprocal lattice to SC, BCC, and FCC- properties of
reciprocal lattice, X-ray diffraction methods (powder diffraction, and rotation /oscillation
method)
Free Electron Theory of Metals: Electrons moving in a three dimensional potential well -
density of states - Fermi-Dirac statistics - effect of temperature on Fermi- Dirac distribution -
electronic specific heat - electrical conductivity of metals - relaxation time and mean free
18
path - electrical conductivity and Ohm’s law - Widemann-Franz-Lorentz law - electrical
resistivity of metals- Hall effect.
Unit IV
Magnetic-Dielectric Properties of solids (18 Hours)
Review of basic terms and relations, Quantum theory of paramagnetism -ferromagnetism -
spontaneous magnetization in ferromagnetic materials - Quantum theory of ferromagnetism –
Weiss molecular field - Curie- Weiss law- spontaneous magnetism - internal field and
exchange interaction – magnetization curve -saturation magnetization - domain model.
Dielectric Properties of Solids: Review of basic terms and relations, ferroelectricity,
hysteresis, dipole theory- Curie-Weiss law, classification of ferroelectric materials and
piezoelectricity.
Reference
1. Solid State Physics: Structure and properties of materials, M.A. Wahab, Narosa 2nd Edn.
2. Solid State Physics, S.O. Pillai, New Age International 6th Edn.
3. Introduction to Solid State Physics, C. Kittel, 3rd Edn. Wiley India.
4. Solid State Physics, N.W. Ashcroft & N.D. Mermin, Cengage
5. Elementary Solid State Physics, M. Ali Omar, Pearson
6. Solid State Physics, A.J. Dekker, Macmillan & Co Ltd. (1967)
7. J.S Blakemore-Solid State Physics-Cambridge University Press.
8. Azaroff V –Introduction to Solids-TMH
19
SEMESTER I AND II
PRACTICAL
AMPN2P01: GENERAL PHYSICS PRACTICALS
Total Hours: 162 Credits: 3
(Minimum of 12 Experiments with Error analysis of the experiment is to be done)
1. Y, n, σ Cornu’s method (a) Elliptical fringes and (b) Hyperbolic fringes.
2. Absorption spectrum –KMnO4 solution / Iodine vapour – telescope and scale
arrangement – Hartmann’s formula or photographic method
3. Frank and Hertz Experiment – determination of ionization potential.
4. Hall Effect (a) carrier concentration (b) Mobility & (c) Hall coefficient.
5. Resistivity of semiconductor specimen–Four Probe Method.
6. Band gap energy measurement of silicon.
7. Magnetic Susceptibility-Guoy’s method / Quincke’s method.
8. Michelson Interferometer - λ and dλ / thickness of mica.
9. Ultrasonic-Acousto-optic technique-elastic property of a liquid.
10. B - H Curve-Hysteresis.
11. Oscillating Disc-Viscosity of a liquid.
12. e/m of the electron-Thomson’s method.
13. Characteristic of a thermistor - Determination of the relevant parameters.
14. Dielectric constant of a non-polar liquid.
15. Dipole moment of an organic molecule (acetone).
16. Young’s modulus of steel using the flexural vibrations of a bar.
17. Verification of Stefan’s law and determination of Stefan’s constant of radiation
18. Temperature dependence of a ceramic capacitor and verify the Curie-Wiess law
19. Experiments using GM counter- absorption co-efficient of beta rays in materials.
20. Multichannel analyzer for alpha energy determination.
21. Zeemann effect setup – measurement of Bohr magnetron
22. Photoelectric effect – determination of Plank’s constant using excel or origin.
23. Magneto-optic effect (Faraday effect) - rotation of plane of polarization as a
function of magnetic flux density.
20
24. Linear electro-optic effect (Pockels effect) – half wave voltage and variation of
intensity with electric field.
25. Silicon diode as a temperature sensor.
26. Electrical and thermal conductivity of copper and determination of Lorentz
number.
[Few more experiments of equal standard can be added.]
21
AMPN2P02: ELECTRONICS PRACTICALS
Total Hours: 162 Credits: 3
(Minimum of 12 experiments should be done, with not less than 5 from each section)
Section –A
1. R C Coupled CE amplifier - Two stages with feedback – Frequency response and
voltage gain.
2. Differential amplifiers using transistors and constant current source -Frequency
response, CMRR.
3. Push-pull amplifier using complementary - symmetry transistors power gain and
frequency response.
4. R F amplifier - frequency response & band width - Effect of damping.
5. Voltage controlled oscillator using transistors.
6. Voltage controlled oscillator using IC 555
7. R F Oscillator - above 1 MHz frequency measurement.
9. Differential amplifier - using op-amp.
10. Active filters – low pass and high pass-first and second order frequency response and
roll off rate.
11. Band pass filter using single op-amp-frequency response and bandwidth.
12. Wein-bridge Oscillator – using op-amp with amplitude stabilization.
13. Op-amp-measurement of parameters such as open loop gain – offset voltage – open
loop response.
14. Crystal Oscillator
15. RC phase shift oscillator
16. AM generation and demodulation
17. Solving differential equation using IC 741
18. Solving simultaneous equation using IC 741
19. Current to voltage and voltage to current converter (IC 741)
20. Temperature measurement using ADC and microprocessor.
21. Op-amp-triangular wave generator with specified amplitude.
22. μp - stepper motor control.
23. μp- measurement of analog voltage.
24. μp-Digital synthesis of wave form using D/A Converter.
25. Analog to digital and digital to analog converter ADC0800 &DAC0800
22
Section –B: (Circuit Simulation)
1. Design and simulate a single stage RC coupled amplifier with feedback. Study the
frequency response
2. Design and simulate a two stage RC coupled amplifier with feedback. Study the
frequency response.
3. Design and simulate an RC phase shift oscillator using BJT and observe the
sinusoidal output waveform.
4. Design and simulate the first order and second order low pass Butterworth filter for a
cut off frequency of 1KHz. Obtain the frequency response curve and determine the
roll off rate.
5. Design and simulate a differential amplifier using transistors with constant current
source. Study its frequency response. Also determine its CMRR.
6. Design and simulate a differentiator and integrator using Op-amp. Obtain the output
waveform for an input square wave.
[Few more experiments of equal standard can be added.]
23
SEMESTER III
AMPN309: ADVANCED QUANTUM MECHANICS
Total Hours: 72 Credits: 4
Unit I
Approximation Methods for Time-Independent Problems (18 Hours)
Time-independent perturbation theory, Non-degenerate and degenerate cases, Anharmonic
oscillator, Stark and Zeeman effects in hydrogen.
The WKB approximation, connection formulae, validity of the approximation, barrier
tunneling, application to decay - Bound states, Penetration of a potential barrier.
Variational method: The variational equation, ground state and excited states, the variation
method for bound states, application to ground state of the hydrogen and Helium atoms.
Unit II
Time Dependent Perturbation Theory (18 Hours)
Time dependent perturbation theory Transition probability, constant perturbation, Transition
to continuum, Harmonic perturbation, Interaction of an atom with the electromagnetic field,
Stimulated absorption and emission-Einstein’s A and B coefficients The electric dipole
approximation, The Born approximation and scattering amplitude.
Unit III
Relativistic Quantum Mechanics (18 Hours)
The Dirac equation, Dirac matrices, Solution of the free-particle Dirac equation, , Equation of
continuity, The Dirac equation with potentials, Spin of the electron, Non-realistic limit, Spin-
orbit coupling, Covariance of the Dirac equation, Hole theory, the Weyl equation
The Klein-Gordon equation, Charge and current densities, The Wave equation for the photon,
Charge conjugation for the Dirac equation.
Unit IV
Quantization of fields (18 Hours)
The principles of canonical quantization of fields, Lagrangian field theory, Classical field
equations, Hamiltonian formalism, nonrelativistic fields-system of Fermions-system of
Bosons, quantization of Electromagnetic field-Coulomb’s gauge, relativistic fields-KG field-
Dirac field
24
Reference
1. V.K. Thankappan: "Quantum Mechanics" (Wiley Eastern)
2. N. Zittili, , “Quantum Mechanics – Concepts and applications‟ (John Wiley & Sons,
2004)
3. P.M Mathews and Venkatesan., “P.M. Mathews and K. Venkitesan, A Text Book of
Quantum Mechanics, Tata Mc Graw Hill (2010 )
4. J.D. Bjorken and D. Drell : “Ralativistic Quantum Fields” (McGraw Hill 1998)
5. L.I. Schiff : Quantum Mechanics" (McGraw Hill)
6. J.J. Sakurai : "Advanced Quantum Mechanics " (Addison Wesley)
7. Stephen Gasiorowicz : "Quantum Physics"
8. G. Aruldas, Quantum Mechanics, Second Edition, PHI learning Pvt Ltd ( 2009)
9. S. Devanarayanan, Quantum Mechanics, Sci Tech Publications ( India) Pvt Ltd (2005)
10. D.J. Griffiths, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, Second Edition, Pearson Education
Inc ( 2005)
11. A. Ghatak and S. Lokanathan, Quantum Mechanics Theory and Applications, Kluwer
Academic Publishers ( 2004).
12. L.H. Ryder, Quantum Field Theory Second Edition, Cambridge University Press (1996)
13. Steven Weinberg, Quantum Theory of Fields( in Three Volumes), Cambridge University
Press ( 2002)
25
AMPN310: NUMERICAL METHODS IN PHYSICS
Total Hours: 72 Credits: 4
Unit I
Interpolation (18 Hours)
Interpolation and Curve fitting- Finite differences(Forward differences, Backward
differences, Central differences) - Detection of errors by use of difference tables-Differences
of a polynomial – Newton’s formulae for interpolation - Central difference interpolation
formulae (Gauss central difference formulae, Stirlings formulae) - Interpolation with
unevenly spaced points (Lagrange’s interpolation formulae) Least squares curve fitting
procedures (Fitting a straight line, Nonlinear curve fitting, Curve fitting by a sum of
exponentials)
Unit II
Integration and differentiation (18 Hours)
Numerical differentiation and integration - Numerical differentiation – Errors in Numerical
differentiation - Trapezoidal rule-Simpson’s 1/3 rule - Simpson’s 3/8 rule - Romberg
Integration- Monte Carlo evaluation of integrals - Double Integration -Newton-cotes
integration formulae.
Unit III
Ordinary and partial differential equations (18 Hours)
Numerical Solutions of partial differential equations - Finite difference approximations to
derivatives - Laplace equation-Jacobi’s method – Gauss Seidal method - Successive over
relaxation - The ADI method – Parabolic equations
Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations - Solution by Taylor’s series - Picards
method of successive approximations - Euler’s method - Runge-Kutta methods-Predictor-
Corrector methods. (8 Hours)
Unit IV
Introduction to MATLAB (18 Hours)
Matlab programming: Matrices and vectors, Scripts and functions, Linear Algebra, Curve
fitting and interpolation, data analysis, integration and differentiation, Fourier analysis
Ordinary differential equations, Graphics.
26
Reference
1. Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis- fifth edition, S.S. Sastry,
PHI Learning private Limited
2. Numerical Methods for Scientists and Engineers-third edition, K. Sankara Rao, PHI
Learning private Limited
3. Getting started with MATLAB 7-A quick introduction for scientists and Engineers
4. Mastering MATLAB 7,Duane Hanselma, Bruce Littlefield, Pearson Education
5. Computer oriented numerical methods, V. Rajaraman, PHI Learning private Limited
6. An Introduction to Computational Physics, Tao Pang, CUP
7. Numerical Recipes in C++,W.H. Press, Saul A. Teukolsky, CUP
8. Numerical Methods, Balaguruswami, Tata McGraw Hill, 2009.
27
AMPN311: RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Total Hours: 72 Credits: 4
Unit I
Wind Power (18 Hours)
Energy and power in wind - wind turbines - power and energy from wind turbines -
commercial development and wind energy potential - economics -cost calculation - capital
cost. Wave Energy - wave motion - power from wave energy
Unit II
Hydroelectricity (18 Hours)
Stored potential energy - power head and flow rate - world resource - types of hydroelectric
plants - low, medium and high heads - estimation of power - economics of hydroelectric
projects. Tidal Power -Nature of resource - basic physics - power generation -economical and
environmental factors. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Introduction - OTEC
power generation
Unit III
Geothermal Energy (18 Hours)
Earth as a heat engine – miming of geothermal heart - physics of geothermal resources –
technologies for geothermal exploration - economics and world potential- of geothermal
energy. Biomass – biomass as a fuel – extraction of energy agricultural resides – energy from
refuse - energy from crops new technologies - gas turbine - biomass fuel cell – photo
biological fuel production - economics of biomass.
Unit IV
Fuel Cells (18 Hours)
Design and principle of operation of a Fuel Cell (H2, O2cell), Classification of Fuel Cells,
Types of Fuel Cells, Advantages and Disadvantages of Fuel Cells, Conversion efficiency of
Fuel Cells, Work output and EMF of Fuel Cells, Applications of Fuel Cells-Hydrogen
Energy, Hydrogen production (Electrolysis method, Thermo-chemical methods, Fossil fuel
methods, solar energy methods), Hydrogen storage, Hydrogen transportation, Utilization of
Hydrogen Gas, Safety and management, Hydrogen technology development.
28
Reference
1. Solar Energy Principles of Thermal Collection and Storage, S.P. Sukhatme,2nd Ed.
TMH
2. Solar Engineering of Thermal Process, J.A. Duffie & W. A Beckman, 2nd Ed. John
Wiley & sons.
3. Solar energy, H. P. Garg and J Prakashi, TMH 1997
4. Solar Energy Utilization, G D Rai, Khanna Publishers, 1997.
5. Renewable Energy Source and Conversion Technology, N.K Bansal, M. Kleemanm &
M. Melss, TMH.
6. Renewable Energy, Godfrey Boyle, Oxford Univ. Press, 1996
7. Renewable Energy 2000, G.T. Wrixon, A.M.E. Rooney & W. Palz, Springer Verlag
8. Solar Power Plants, C.J. Winter, R.L. Sizmann & L.L Vant-Hull, Springer Verlag
29
AMPN312: MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS
Total Hours: 72 Credits: 4
Unit I
8085 microprocessor and interfacing devices (20 Hours)
8085 Architecture and instruction set (Review)-Timing Diagrams (illustrate with few examples)-8085
interrupts-8085 input/output –standard I/o and memory mapped I/o-address partitioning. Interfacing
devices: Basics of programmable I/o-Architecture and programming of 8255 PPI (programmable
peripheral interface)-DMA controller (8257)-Programmable interrupt controller (8259)-USART
(8251) (qualitative only)-Interfacing memory devices-Eprom & RAM [2764/6264] (Discuss few
memory interfacing problems)
Unit II
Data Transfer Schemes & basics of interfacing (16 Hours)
Data transfer Schemes: Classification of Data transfer schemes-Programmed data transfer-
synchronous transfer –asynchronous transfer-interrupt driven data transfer-single interrupt
level-software polling-hardware polling-direct memory access. Transducers and its
classifications- light sensors (eg. Photoconductive cell, semiconductor photodiode)-
temperature sensors (Thermocouple, Thermistor) Force sensors (Strain gauges)-ADC 0808-
Internal architecture and pin diagram-sample and hold IC (LF 398) clock for A/D convertor-.
Unit III
8085 based instrumentation & 8086 Microprocessors (18 Hours)
Interfacing circuit and control software for interfacing ADC 0808 with 8085- Internal
structure of DAC 0808-interfacing circuit of DAC 0808 with 8085 microprocessor
Architecture of 8086-addressing modes-instruction set-pin layout-sample programs-
minimum mode and minimum system mode interface-internal architecture of 8088-
comparison of 8086 and 8088.
Unit IV
Microcontrollers and programming (18 Hours)
Introduction to microcontrollers-comparison of microprocessors and microcontrollers-8051
microcontroller Hardware-Input/output pins, ports and circuits-external memory-counters and
timers 8051 assembly language programming-jump loop call instructions-I/O port
programming-addressing modes-arithmetic logic instructions and programs-8051
programming in C(qualitative)-8051 interfacing with the 8255- Basic ideas of 89C51
ATMEL Microcontroller.
30
Reference
1. Microprocessors –Theory and applications(Intel and Motrola) M. Rafiquzzaman
Prentice-Hall India)
2. Introduction to microprocessors 3rd ed. Aditya P Mathur, TMH
3. Electronic Instrumentation 2nd ed. H S Khalsi TMH
4. Fundamentals of Microprocessors and microcomputers, B. Ram Dhanpat Rai
Publications-New Delhi
5. Advanced processors and peripherals –Architecture programming and interfacing A K
ray KM Bhurchandi TMH
6. The 8051 Microcontroller and embedded systems-Kenneath J Ayala-Cengage Learning-
2010
7. The 8051 Microcontroller and embedded systems using assembly and C-Muhammad Alli
Mazidi-pearson 2nd edition
8. www.atmel.com atmel free tutorials
31
SEMESTER IV
AMPN413: ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY
Total Hours: 72 Credits: 4
Unit I
Atomic Spectra (18 Hrs)
Quantum states of electrons in atoms. electron spin, spectroscopic terms and selection rules.
Spectrum of helium and alkali atoms. Hyperfine structure and isotopic shift. Width of
spectral lines. Spin orbit interaction. Derivation of spin orbit interaction energy, fine structure
in sodium atom, Landau g-factor, Zeeman effect. Paschen–Bach effect and Stark effect in one
electron system, LS and JJ coupling schemes (Vector diagram), Hund’s rule, Derivation of
interaction energy, examples of LS and JJ coupling, Lande interval rule, Hyperfine structure,
Width of spectral lines.
Unit II
Microwave and Infra Red Spectroscopy (18 Hrs)
Microwave Spectroscopy: Rotational spectra of diatomic molecules. Intensity of spectral
lines, effect of isotopic substitution. Non–rigid rotator, rotational spectra of polyatomic
molecules - linear, symmetric and asymmetric top molecules. Information derived from
rotational spectra.
IR Spectroscopy: Vibrating diatomic molecules as an harmonic oscillators, diatomic
vibrating rotator – break down of Born Oppenheimer approximation, vibrations of
polyatomic molecules, overtone and combination frequencies, influence of rotation on the
spectra of polyatomic molecules - linear and symmetric top molecules, analysis by IR
technique, IR spectrometer, Fourier Transform Spectroscopy.
Unit III
Raman and Electronic Spectroscopy (18 Hrs)
Pure rotational Raman Spectra - linear and symmetric top molecules, vibration Raman
spectra – Raman activity of vibrations, mutual exclusion principle, rotational fine structure,
structure determination from Raman and IR spectroscopy. Non-linear Raman effects - hyper
Raman effect, classical treatment, stimulated Raman effect, CARS
32
Electronic Spectroscopy: Electronic spectra of diatomic molecules, intensity of spectral lines,
Frank–condon principle, dissociation energy and dissociation products, rotational fine
structure of electronic-vibrational transition, Fortrat diagram, pre-dissociation.
Unit IV
Spin Resonance Spectroscopy. (18 Hrs)
NMR: Quantum mechanical description, classical description, the Bloch equations -
relaxation processes, Chemical shift, spin–spin coupling for hydrogen molecule, experimental
technique – CW and FTNMR spectrometer, applications.
ESR: Theory of ESR, thermal equilibrium and relaxation, experimental techniques, g- factor,
hyperfine structure, applications, – Mossbauer effect, recoilless emission and absorption,
experimental methods, hyperfine interactions – chemical isomer shift, magnetic hyperfine
interactions, electronic quadrupole interactions, applications.
Reference
1. Introduction to molecular spectroscopy, G.M. Barrow, Mc Graw Hill.
2. Mol. Spectra and Mol. Structure, Vol. 1, 2 & 3, G. Herzberg, Van Nostard, London.
3. Photoluminescence of solutions, C.A. Parker, Elsevier Pub.Co. 1968.
4. Elements of spectroscopy, Gupta, Kumar & Sharma, Pragathi Prakshan.
5. Spectroscopy, Experimental Techniques, B.K. Sharma, Goel Pub. House.
6. The Infra Red Spectra of Complex Molecules, L.J. Bellamy, Wiley & Sons. Vol. 1&2.
7. Elementary Organic Spectroscopy, Y.R. Sharma, S. Chand and Co.
8. Spectroscopy of organic compounds, P.S. Kalsi, New age.
9. Laser Spectroscopic Techniques and Applications, E.R. Menzel, Practical spectroscopic
series vol. 18 – Mracel Dekker.
10. Molecular structure and spectroscopy, G. Aruldas, PHI
11. Spectroscopy Straughan & Walker, Vol. 1- John Wiley & Sons
12. Introduction of atomic spectra, H.E. White, Mc Graw Hill
13. Fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy, C.N. Banwell, MGH.
14. Molecular structure and spectroscopy, G. Aruldas, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
15. Lasers and Non-Linear Optics, B.B Laud, Wiley Eastern
16. Raman Spectroscopy, D.A. Long, MGH.
33
AMPN414: ADVANCED NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Total Hours: 72 Credits: 4
Unit I
Nuclear Properties and Nuclear Force (18 Hours)
Nuclear radius, size, shape, mass and abundance of nuclides, binding energy, Semi-empirical
mass formula, Nuclear angular momentum and parity, nuclear electromagnetic moments,
nuclear excited states, deuteron- ground state, excited state, low energy neutron-proton
scattering, scattering length Fermi scattering length, spin dependence of neutron- proton
interaction, effective range theory, non central force, proton-proton and neutron-neutron
interactions, exchange interaction and saturation of nuclear force, properties of the nuclear
force, the exchange force model.
Unit II
Nuclear decay and Nuclear reactions (18 Hours)
Beta decay, Energy release in beta decay, Fermi theory of beta decay, Experimental tests of
the Fermi theory, angular momentum and parity selection rules, parity violation in beta
decay. Energetics of gamma decay, classical electromagnetic radiation, transition to quantum
mechanics, angular momentum and parity selection rules, Internal conversion.
Types of reactions and conservation laws, Energetics of nuclear reactions, reaction cross
sections, compound nucleus reactions.
Unit III
Nuclear Models and Applications (18 Hours)
Fermi gas model, Shell model, single particle states in nuclei, applications of shell model :
Nuclear spin, nuclear magnetic moments, islands of isomerism, quadruple moments of nuclei,
Collective model, vibrations in a permanently deformed nucleus, nuclear rotation
Fission -Induced fission – fissile materials, Fission chain reactions, Nuclear power reactors,
Fusion-Coulomb barrier, stellar fusion, Fusion reactors, biomedical applications, Biological
effects of radiation: radiation therapy, Medical imaging using radiation, Magnetic resonance
imaging.
Unit IV
Particle Physics (18 Hours)
Basic forces and classification of particles: The four basic forces, the force of gravity, the
electromagnetic force, the week force and electroweak theory, the strong force. The Gell-
Mann-Nishijima formula, Conservations laws: Conservation laws and symmetries,
34
conservation of energy and mass, conservation of linear momentum, conservation of angular
momentum, conservation of electric charge, conservation of baryon and lepton numbers,
conservation of strangeness, conservation of isospin and its components. The TCP theorem,
conservation of parity.
Quark model: The eightfold way, discovery of omega minus, the quark model, the confined
quarks, experimental evidences for quark model, coloured quarks, quantum chromodynamics
and gluons.
Reference
1. Introductory Nuclear Physics, Kenneth. S. Krane, Wiley, New York, (1987).
2. Nuclear and Particle Physics: An Introduction, Brian R. Martin, Wiley, England, (2006).
3. The particle Hunters, Yuval Ne’eman & Yoram Kirsh, CUP, (1996).
4. Introduction to Nuclear Physics, H.A. Enge, Addison Wesley, London, (1975).
5. Nuclear Physics by R.R. Roy and B.P. Nigam, New Age International, New Delhi,
(1983).
6. Atomic and Nuclear Physics, Ghoshal, Vol. 2, S. Chand & Company
7. Introduction to Elementary Particle, D.J. Griffiths, Harper and Row, NY,(1987)
35
AMPN415: SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTION AND STORAGE
Total Hours: 72 Credits: 4
Unit I
Solar Energy and Solar Radiation (18 Hours)
Structure of the sun – Solar radiation outside the earth’s atmosphere – Solar radiation at the
earth's surface - Instruments for measuring solar radiation and sunshine – Solar radiation
geometry – Solar radiation on titled surfaces.
Thermal Applications of Solar Energy - An Overview
Devices for thermal collection and storage – Thermal applications, water heating, space
heating, space cooling and refrigeration, power generation, distillation, drying and cooking.
Selective Surfaces for Solar Energy Conversion
Introduction – Heat balance – Physical characteristics – Use of selective solar energy
collectors – Anti-reflection coatings – Solar reflector materials – Type of selective coatings -
Preparations of selective coatings.
Unit II
Flat Plate Collectors (18 Hours)
Performance analysis of fluid flat plate collectors – Transmissivity of cover system –
Transmissivity absorptivity product – Overall loss coefficient and heat transfer correlation –
Collector efficiency factor – Collector heat removal factor – Effects of various parameters on
performance. Performance analysis of conventional air heater – Other types of air heaters.
Unit III
Concentrating Collectors (18 Hours)
Parameters characterizing solar concentrators – Types of concentrating collectors –
Cylindrical, parabolic concentrators – Performance analysis of cylindrical parabolic
concentrators – Parametric study of cylindrical concentrating collectors – Compound
parabolic collector (CPC), CPC geometry – Performance analysis – Central receiver collector
(basic ideas).
Unit IV
Solar Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning (18 Hours)
Carnot refrigeration cycle – Principle of absorption cooling – Lithium bromide water
absorption system – Aqua-ammonia absorption system intermittent absorption refrigeration
system – Vapour compression refrigeration – Desiccant cooling.
36
Thermal Energy Storage: Sensible heat storage – Latent heat storage – Thermo-chemical
storage – Solar pond – Performance analysis of solar pond.
Reference
1. Solar Energy - Principles of Thermal Collection and Storage, S.P. Sukhatme, 2nd Edn.
TMH.
2. Solar Energy, H.P. Garg & J. Prakash, TMH.
3. Solar Energy Utilization, G.D. Rai, Khanna Publ.
4. Solar Engineering of thermal process, John A Duffie and W. A. Beckman, 2nd Edn John
Wiley & Sons, INC.
5. Renewable Energy sources and Conversion technology, N K Bansal, M. Klemmann and
M. Meliss, TMH.
6. Renewable Energy, Godfrey Boyle, Oxford Univ. Press.
7. Renewable energy 2000, G T Wrixon, A M E Roney and W. Palz, Springer Verlag.
8. Solar Power Plants, C. J. Winter, R. L. Sizmann and L L Vaithull, Springer Verlag.
37
SEMESTER III AND IV
PRACTICAL
AMPN4P03: COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS PRACTICALS
Total Hours: 162 Credits: 3
[Programs are to be written in C++ language for experiments in section A and Section B.
Method, algorithm and flow chart are to be developed. For Section C suitable simulation
software can be used. A Total of 10 experiments are to be done with a minimum of 3 from
each section]
Section – A: (Numerical methods)
1. Write and execute a program for solving a system of linear equations using Gauss
elimination method.
2. Write and execute a program to find the root of a non linear equation by bisection
method.
3. Write and execute a program for the numerical integration of a function using
trapezoidal method.
4. Write and execute a program for the numerical integration of a function using
Simpson’s 1/3 rule.
5. Write and execute a program to solve the given ordinary differential equation by
using Euler method.
6. Write and execute a program to solve the given ordinary differential equation by
using Runge-Kutta fourth order method.
Section - B: (Graphics)
7. Write and execute a program to demonstrate the motion of a spherical body in a
viscous medium. Study the effect on motion by changing the mass, size of the body
and the medium.
8. Write and execute a program for the motion of a projectile in air. Study the motion for
different angles of projection.
9. Write and execute a program to find the variation in position, velocity and
acceleration of a damped harmonic oscillator. How do the oscillations go from the
38
undamped to the critically damped and to over damped with variation in damping
coefficient?
10. Write and execute a program to find the variation in acceleration, velocity, position
and energy of a driven oscillator. Plot the position versus time graph for different
driving conditions.
11. Write and execute a program to generate a pattern of standing waves. Run this
program with different values of amplitude, wavelength and velocity.
12. Write and execute a program to analyze a series LCR circuit with an AC source.
Verify the resonance condition.
Section – C: (MATLAB)
13. 13.MATLAB - Matrix operations
14. 14.MATLAB - Solving ordinary differential equations
15. 15.MATLAB - Linear convolution
16. 16.MATLAB - Circular convolution
17. 17.MATLAB - Fourier Transform
18. 18,MATLAB - Random sequence generator
19. 19.MATLAB - Generation of waveforms (sinusoidal, square, triangular, exponential)
[Few more experiments of equal standard can be added.]
39
AMPN4P04: RENEWABLE ENERGY PRACTICALS
Total Hours: 162 Credits: 3
1. Solar Cell characteristics
2. Efficiency of Solar Flat Plate Collectors
3. Improvement of Power Factor
4. Efficacy of Lamps
5. Study of Bio-gas plant (Lab Model)
6. Stefan - Boltzmann Constant
7. Fluidized Bed Heat Transfer
9. Microprocessor based Sun-tracking System (Lab Model)
10. Performance evaluation of a Single Basin Solar Still
11. Thermal testing of Box-type Solar Cooker
12. Determination of heat Loss Factor F'UL of linear Solar Absorbers using Indoor Test
Facility
13. Determination of Time Constant of Solar Flat Plate Collector
14. Measurement of Solar Reflectance and Absorptance of surfaces
15. Study of Effect of Anti-reflection Coatings of Solar Cells
16. Performance Analysis of a Paraboloid Concentrator
17. Testing of a Solar Cabinet Drier
18. Determination of Optical Efficiency of a Seasonally Adjusted Linear Solar Concentrator
[Few more experiments of equal standard can be added.]
41
ELECTIVE COURSES
AMPN4E01: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS
Total Hours: 72 Credits: 4
Unit I
Solar Cell Fundamentals (18Hours)
Carrier motion in semiconductors- drift - motion due to electric fields - electric field and
energy band bending - diffusion current - diffusion current density – drift and diffusion
together – diffusion coefficient – generation of carriers – recombination of carriers –
continuity of carrier concentrations.
P-N Junction Diode: An Introduction to Solar Cells - equilibrium condition – space charge
region - energy band diagram – junction potential-width of depletion region – carrier
movements and current densities – carrier concentration profile – p-n junction non -
equilibrium condition - I-V relation (qualitative).
Unit II
P-N junction (18 Hours)
P-N junction I-V relation: quantitative analysis - P-N junction under illumination –
generation of photo voltage (PV) – light generated current – IV equation for solar cell – solar
cell characteristics.
Design of Solar Cells: upper limits of solar cell parameters - short circuit current – open
circuit voltage – fill factor – efficiency – losses in solar cell – model of solar cell – effect of
series and shunt resistance, solar radiation and temperature on solar cell efficiency – solar cell
design - design of high short circuit current – choice of junction depth and orientation –
minimisation of optical losses and recombination – Design for high open circuit voltage –
design for high fill factor – base resistance – emitter resistance – analytical techniques –
solar simulator: I-V measurement – quantum efficiency measurement – minority carrier life
time and diffusion length measurement.
Unit III
Production of Solar cells (18 Hours)
Solar Cell Technologies: Production of silicon (Si) – Silicon requirement –production of
metallurgical grade Si - production of electronic grade Si - production of Si wafers – Si sheets
– Si feedstock for solar cell industry – Solar grade production of Si wafers – Si usage in solar
42
SPV - Si wafer based solar cell technology - development of commercial Si solar cells – high
efficiency Si solar cells.
Thin Film Solar Cell Technologies: Generic advantages of thin film technologies – thin film
deposition techniques – amorphous Si solar cell technology – thin film crystalline Si solar
cell – microcrystalline Si thin film solar cell – thin film polycrystalline Si solar cell – thin
film epitaxial Si solar cell.
Unit IV
Solar Photovoltaic Applications (18 Hours)
Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) Modules – SPV from solar cells – series and parallel connections –
mismatch in cell module – mismatch in series connection – hot spots in modules – bypass
diode- mismatching parallel connection – design and structure of PV modules - number of
solar cells- wattage of modules – fabrication of modules – PV module power output – IV
equation of PV modules – rating of PV modules - I-V and power curves of module – effect of
solar irradiation and temperature - Balance of Solar PV Systems – electrochemical cells –
factors affecting battery performance – batteries for SPV systems Photovoltaic System
Design and Applications.- introduction to SPV systems – stand alone SPV system
configurations – design methodology of SPV systems – wire sizing in SPV systems - price
sizing of SPV systems - hybrid SPV systems - grid connected SPV systems - simple payback
period – life cycle costing
Reference
1. Solar Photovoltaic: Fundamentals, Technologies and Applications, Chetan Singh Solanki,
PHI, 2nd Edn
2. Practical Photovoltaics: Electricity from Solar Cells Practical Photovoltaics: Electricity
from Solar Cells Richard J. Komp 3rd Edn. aatec Publishers, Michigon.
3. The Physics of Solar Cells (Properties of Semiconductor Materials), Jenny Nelson,
Imperial College Press, London
43
AMPN4E02: ASTROPHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY
Total Hours: 72 Credits: 4
Unit I
Introduction (18 Hours)
Celestial Sphere: The altitude-Azimuth Coordinate system, Equatorial co-ordinate system;
Celestial objects: Planets, Stars, Galaxies, Milkyway; Distance measurements: Parallalax
method, Flux, Luminosity, Magnitude system: Absolute and apparent magnitude, distance
modulus; Black body radiation, bolometric magnitude, filters, color index; Spectral lines
(absorption and emission), spectral classification of stars, M-B velocity distribution,
Boltzmann Equations, Saha’s ionisation formula, Applications, H-R diagram.
Unit II
Astronomical Instrumentation (18 Hours)
Telescopes: basic optics, Rayleigh Criterion, Seeing, Aberrations, Brightness of an Image;
Optical Telescopes: Refracting and Reflecting telescopes, Adaptive Optics, Radio
Telescopes: Flux density, Interferometry; Atmospheric window in the electromagnetic
spectrum: Infrared, UV, X-ray and Gamma-ray astronomy.
Astronomical Photometry; Photometer, Light Detectors: Photomultiplier Tubes, PIN
photodiodes; Charged Coupled Devices: Operation ; Spectroscopy: Review of spectrographs,
CCD spectrographs.
Unit III
Stellar and galaxy physics (18 Hours)
Hydrostatic equilibrium: free fall, virial theorem for stars, equilibrium of a gas of non-
relativistic ideal gas particles, virial temperature; Radiative energy transport: mean free path,
sun's internal temperature; Equations of stellar structure; Equation of state; Opacity; Energy
production: Nuclear reactions, p-p chain, reaction rate, power production in p-p chain, CNO
cycle (brief discussion). Solutions of the equations of stellar structure: case of convection.
Structure of Milky-way, Components: the disk, the spheroid, centre, dark halo (from rotation
curves), Galaxy demographies: Spiral and ellipticals, galaxy luminosity function. Groups and
clusters of galaxies.
Unit IV
Cosmology (18 Hours)
Metric tensor; Cosmological Principle; FRW metric: scale factor, Hubble’s law, The big
bang theory, Expanding universe, cosmological redshift; The Friedmann’s equations (no
44
derivation) and solutions; Comoving and Hubble horizon, angular diameter and luminosity
distances; Evolution of isotropic fluid in expanding universe, Evolution radiation and matter.
Epoch of matter radiation equality; Scale factor evolution (during inflation, radiation and
matter dominated epochs); CMBR as an observational evidences for big bang (qualitative
ideas only); Dark energy; Formation of structures in the universe: Linear growth of
perturbations in Newtonian limit, Jeans mass in the expanding universe.
Reference
1. Basic Astrophysics - Dan Maoz.
2. An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics - Bradley W. Caroll, Dale A. Ostlie, Addison-
Wesley Publishing Company.
3. Astronomical Photometry - A Text and Handbook for the Advanced Amateur and
Professional Astronomer, Arne A Henden and Ronald H Kaitchuck.
4. Handbook of CCD Astronomy - Second edition, STEVE B. HOWELL.
5. Modern Cosmology - Scott Dodelson.
6. Structure formation in the universe- T. Padmanabhan.
7. Stellar Structure and Evolution - Second Edition, Rudolf Kippenhahn, Alfred Weigert,
Achim Weiss.
8. Abhyankar K. D. - Astrophysics Stars and Galaxies,Universities Press.
9. Arnab Rai Choudhuri - Astrophysics for Physicists, Cambridge University.
10. Narlikar J. B. - Introduction to Cosmology, Cambridge University Press.
45
AMPN4E03: NON-LINEAR DYNAMICS AND AN INTRODUCTION TO
CHAOS
Total Hours: 72 Credits: 4
Unit I
One Dimensional Flows and Bifurcations (18 Hrs)
A dynamical view of the world. General introduction to linear and nonlinear equations -
Flows on the line: Introduction - Geometric way of thinking - Fixed points and stability -
Linear stability analysis - Existence and uniqueness theorem - Impossibility of oscillations:
mechanical analogy (over damped systems) - Visualise the dynamics: potentials.
Bifurcations: Introduction - Saddle-node bifurcation - Transcritical bifurcation - Pitchfork
bifurcation - Imperfect bifurcations and catastrophes: bead on a tilted wire.
Unit II
Dynamics in Phase Plane (18 Hrs)
Flows on the circle: Introduction - Examples and definitions - Uniform oscillator -
Nonuniform oscillator - Overdamped pendulum. Super conducting Josephson junctions:
physical background - Equivalent circuit and pendulum analog.
Linear Systems: Introduction - Examples and definitions - Classification of linear systems.
Dynamical variables - Phase space - Phase trajectories and their properties - Fixed points and
linearization - Stability. Stable and unstable manifolds. Lotka-Volterra model of competition
- Conservative systems - Reversible systems. Phase plane analysis of pendulum - Cylindrical
phase space - Damping effects. Index theory - Global information about the phase portrait.
Unit III
Nonlinear Oscillations (18 Hrs)
Limit cycles: Introduction - Liapunov functions - Poincare-Bendixson theorem - Lienard
systems - Relaxation oscillations - Weakly nonlinear oscillators - Perturbation theory - Two
timing - Method of averaging.
Saddle-node bifurcation - Transcritical bifurcation - Pitchfork bifurcation - hopf Bifurcation:
Supercrittical and Subcrtitical. Coupled oscillators and quasiperiodicity - Poincare Maps.
46
Unit IV
Introduction to Chaos (18 Hrs)
The Lorenz System: Introduction - Elementary Properties of the Lorenz System - The Lorenz
Attractor - A Model for the Lorenz Attractor - The Chaotic Attractor - Exploration: The
Rössler Attractor.
Discrete Dynamical Systems - Introduction - 1D maps: Bernoulli, tent and logistic maps.
Period-doubling route to chaos. Lyapunov exponents. The Cantor Middle-Thirds Set-
Exploration: Cubic Chaos. Elementary ideas on turbulence. Strange attractors.
Reference
1. Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos – STEVEN H. STROGATZ, Westview Press.
2. Differential Equations, Dynamical Systems and An Introduction to Chaos – MORRIS
W. HIRSCH, Elsevier Academic Press.
3. Chaos and Integrability in Nonlinear dynamics – M. TABOR , John Wiley, 1989.
4. Chaos and Nonlinear Dynamics – R.C.HILBORN, Oxford University Press, 1994.