DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Temperatures and Natural Gamma-ray ... · 2010-11-16 · DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Temperatures and Natural

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Temperatures and Natural Gamma-ray Logs Obtained in BoreholesMLGRAP # 1 and # 2, Mammoth Lakes, California:

Data and Preliminary Interpretations

by

W. H. Diment 1 and T. C. Urban1

Open-File Report 90-460

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Greological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the USGS.

1 U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado 80225

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ................................. iINTRODUCTION .............................. 2DRILLING AND COMPLETION ........................ 3MEASUREMENTS/INSTRUMENTATION ..................... 10

Temperature .............................. 10Natural gamma-ray logs ......................... 11

TEMPERATURE ............................... 12Data ................................. 12Decay of drilling disturbance ....................... 12Aspect-ratio plots ........................... 13

GAMMA-RAY ................................ 20Data reduction and uncertainties ..................... 20Rock type and gamma-ray intensity .................... 23

HYDROLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS ....................... 27Liquid level in tubings .......................... 28Liquid levels in the open hole during drilling ................ 30Effects of borehole flows on shape of temperature profiles .......... 31

CONCLUSIONS ............................... 33ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................... 35REFERENCES ............................... 36APPENDICES

Appendix I - Thermistor calibrations - index ................ 40Probe 500-02 July 11, 1989 .................... 41Probe 500-02 October 21, 1989 .................. 55

Appendix II - Temperature data - index .................. 69MLGRAP #1 ........................... 70MLGRAP #2 ........................... 79

Appendix III - Temperature plots - index ................. 90MLGRAP #1 ........................... 91MLGRAP #2 ........................... 96

Appendix IV - Natural Gamma-ray Data - index ............. 102MLGRAP #1 .......................... 103MLGRAP #2 .......................... 113

Appendix V - Natural Gamma-ray Plots - index ............. 125MLGRAP #1 .......................... 126MLGRAP #2 .......................... 128

Appendix VI - NIST traceable certifications - index ............ 130Guildline 9540 Platinum Thermometer ............... 131Fluke 8502A Digital Multimeter .................. 132

ILLUSTRATIONSFigure 1. Location Map ......................... 3Figure 2. Drilling History - MLGRAP # 1 ................. 5

Figure 3. Generalized Drilling History - MLGRAP #1 ........... 6Figure 4. Drilling History - MLGRAP #2................. 7Figure 5. Completion Diagram - MLGRAP #1 .............. 8Figure 6. Completion Diagram - MLGRAP #2 ..............9Figure 7a. Temperatures vs ln(^~) for MLGRAP # 1 at 20 ft intervals .... 14Figure 7b. Temperatures vs In(^) for MLGRAP # 1 at 100 ft intervals ... 15 Figure 8a. Temperatures vs ln(^~) for MLGRAP # 2 at 20 ft intervals .... 16Figure 8b. Temperatures vs In(^) for MLGRAP # 2 at 100 ft intervals ... 17 Figure 9. Aspect ratio versus depth for MLGRAP # 1 ............ 18Figure 10. Aspect ratio versus depth for MLGRAP #2 ........... 19Figure 11. Water level in tubing versus time for MLGRAP #1 and #2 .... 29Figure 12. Temperatures, Gradient, "/-ray, & Geology - MLGRAP #1 .... 32Figure 13. Temperatures, Gradient, "/-ray, & Geology - MLGRAP #2 .... 34

TablesTable 1. Well Data - MLGRAP # 1 and # 2 ...... .......... 4Table 2. "/-ray correction information - MLGRAP #1 ...........21Table 3. "/-ray correction information - MLGRAP #2 ........... 22Table 4. Generalized lithologic log for MLGRAP #1 ............ 24Table 5. Generalized lithologic log for MLGRAP #2 ............ 25

11

Temperatures and Natural Gamma-ray Logs Obtained in Boreholes

MLGRAP # 1 and # 2, Mammoth Lakes, California:

Data and Preliminary Interpretations

by

W. H. Diment and T. C. Urban

ABSTRACTTwo 500-m holes were drilled within the Town of Mammoth Lakes during the Win

ter of 1987-88 in connection with the Mammoth Lakes Geothermal Assessment Project

(MLGRAP). We obtained precision temperature and natural gamma-ray logs in them

during July 1989 at 0.3-m (1 ft) intervals in tubing installed at completion of drilling.

These data are reported here in both graphical and numerical form as well as some data

obtained by others that are relevant to interpretation.

Both holes penetrate sequences of glacial tills and materials of basaltic and rhyolitic

composition of various textures as determined by examination of nearly continuous core

(Goodwin, 1988). Major units and many minor ones can be easily correlated with the

natural gamma-ray logs. However, detailed correlations between the two holes (2.0 km

apart) are not readily evident, either in the core or gamma-ray stratigraphies, although

this might be possible with further study.

Although the maximum temperatures in both holes are about the same (77 and 74 °C

near their bottoms), MLGRAP # 1 exhibits two maxima (52.4°C at 156 m = 512 ft and

77.0°C at 429 m = 1408 ft). The shallow maximum ("shallow geothermal aquifer") is in a

thick zone of basaltic cinders, presumably of high fluid permeability. The second maximum

("deep geothermal aquifer") is in a zone of fractured rhyolites with solution cavities, which

we also presume to be of high permeability. There are no temperature reversals with depth

in MLGRAP # 2 (2 km SE of MLGRAP # 1), and the stratigraphy is different in the

sense that there appear to be fewer strata of very high permeability.

Although tubing was installed in both holes to keep them open for repeated measure

ments, the annuli between hole and tubing were not effectively sealed (a near impossibility

in such lithology). Consequently, exchanges of water among aquifers plays a role in deter

mining the shapes of the temperature profiles.

INTRODUCTIONAlthough the geothermal potential of the Long Valley caldera has been studied since

the 1950's, little was known of the subsurface thermal regime of the southwest moat of

the caldera until boreholes PLV-1 (Benoit, 1984; Urban, et a/., 1988) and RDO-8 (Urban,

et a/., 1987a, 1987b) were drilled (locations shown in figure 1). The maximum temperatures

measured in these holes were 123°C at 712 m (2336 ft) and 202°C at 338 m (1109 ft),

respectively. These unexpectedly high temperatures led to the creation of the Mammoth

Lakes Geothermal Assessment Project (MLGRAP) and the drilling of the two exploration

holes which are the subject of this report.

Our primary objective is to report the temperature and gamma-ray data obtained in

July 1989 in sufficient detail so that they can be further processed and/or compared with

any future results that might be obtained. We also include the temperature data obtained

by Douglas Goodwin shortly after drilling, as well as generalized lithologic logs derived

from his logs of the core. Full information is contained in the "Well Summary Reports -

Geothermal" of the California Division of Oil and Gas which also contain the driller's logs

and the well completion reports. The API numbers are: 051-90120 (MLGRAP # 1) and

051-90121 (MLGRAP # 2).

DRILLING AND COMPLETIONBoth holes were drilled by Tonto Drilling Services at the locations given in table 1.

MLGRAP # 2 was relatively easy to drill (fig. 4). MLGRAP # 1 was not (figs. 2 and

3). Problems of lost circulation, caving, and stuck rods were severe. They are reminiscent

of those encountered in the drilling of PLV-1 (Benoit, 1984) and RDO8 (Urban, et a/.,

1987a, 1987b).

Hole completion diagrams are shown in figures 5 and 6. In MLGRAP # 1, an attempt

was made to cement the annulus between the hole and the upper casing by pumping 250

gallons (950 1) of cement down the casing and displacing it with 100 gallons (380 1) of water

behind a rubber plug. There was no cement return through the annulus to the surface, so

40 gallons (150 1) of cement were poured down the annulus to bring the cement level to

the surface. We doubt the annulus is completely filled with cement and suppose that fluid

may flow along the annulus in this interval. Moreover, no attempt was made to cement

the annulus between the hole/casing and the 2.75-in (7.0 cm) tubing. Because of a clogged

37°40'

1000 2000 3000MILES

4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

CONTOUR INTERVAL 10 METERS

Figure 1. Map showing location of MLGRAP # 1 and # 2. Base is Old Mammoth Quad rangle 7.5 Minute Topographic Map, U.S. Geological Survey 1983 Provisional Edition. Other wells in the vicinity are PLV-1 (Benoit, 1984; Urban, et al.,

____ 1988) and RDO8 (Urban, et al., 1987a; 1987b).

Table 1. Location, elevation, depth, drilling history, and A.P.I. number for the MLGRAP holes in Mammoth Lakes, California.

Hole MLGRAP * 1 MLGRAP * 2

Latitude (N) 37°39.07' 37 e 38.44»

Longitude (W) 118'58.99' 118°57.84'

Elevation (GL,M) 2450 2396

Depth (M) 468 491

Drilling started 12/12/87 11/26/87

Drilling completed

A.P.I. No.

1/31/88

051-90120

12/11/87

051-90121

0

DRILLING DAY

10 20 30 40 50 60

100

200LJI- Us:

xa. 300LJ

400

500

i

t t i i i t t i i

Figure 2. Drilling history for MLGRAP # 1. Vertical bars indicate interval drilled each day. See table 1 for dates.

0

GENERALIZED DRILLING HISTORY

1 10 20 30 40 50 60

!00

£ 200LUI UJ

Ia. 300UJo

400

500

I.I I t I I I t I I

Figure 3. Generalized drilling history for MLGRAP # 1. Data from figure 2 was general ized by omitting the two week period when there was no circulation of drilling fluid in order to calculate time-history for figure 7. Day 1 corresponds to day 25 in figure 2. See text for discussion.

6

DRILLING DAY

1 10 20 30 40 50 600 ||iiiiii ii|in linn |iiin iniji i»iiiii|iiiiniii|ii linn

100

£200LJh- UJ

UJ300

400 h

500 t t t t | | ' ' t i t i t U

Figure 4. Drilling history for MLGRAP # 2. Vertical bars indicate interval drilled each day. See table 1 for dates.

MLGRAP*1 Well Profile

Ground\J

50

100

DC

H LU2 150

X H0.UJQ

2OO

i ̂PMM«

6 1/4"-- hole"0' to 280'

_ 3.85"hole

in cas sidetrac

i

i

"

-

(,,.<\;Q.;.'v-oc!:-

|o| \- '; :-': w '^

IsJV;.'-'.".v-:

1Junk

ing king

^

///

//''

/ ,

-"* ' Level

^4 1/2" -casing0' to280'

-225'

.1 Junk

-3 1/9" I / £

|| ̂ HQ rods 225'

to 535'

3.85"( ~ holen

L

241' to535'

-607'

u

100

200

300

400

PUJ

u.

500 Il-0.

Q

600

f

ff

400r

450

500L

2 3/4"

tubing 2 1/2'-

to 1464'

-3.05"hole

535' to1536'

-1464'

1536- u Total Depth

1300

1400

1500

Figure 5. Diagram illustrating drilling of MLGRAP # 1 and completion with casing and cement. Tubing and annulus (to 470 ft = 143 m) filled with mud.

8

Or

50

~ 10°

COOLUJH UJ2s-»

zH

S150

MILGRAP*2 Well Profile

Ground

5 5/8'>"hole0' to157' ;

_

5 1/4'^hole

157' to200'

-

3.85"hole

200' to1600'^

^

=^~ L«v«l

-

/'

;^4 1/2" casing

0' to200'-

-

2 3/4" _tubing0' to

^1602'

D

100

200

300

*~*HUl UJ

400 u.*^ZH0. UJD

\

400

450

500

1610^-' Total Depth

300

400

1500

1600

Figure 6. Diagram illustrating drilling of MLGRAP * 2 and completion wiping and cement. Top of lower section of cement uncertain (~ 380ft - 116mJ.

bit, both the tubing and the annulus were left filled with bentonite-gel-polymer mud, the

former to the surface and the latter to about 470 ft (143 m). We had no difficulty logging

through the mud in the tubing 1.5 yr after completion and suppose that the mixture was

rather dilute initially or that it has broken down with time. This would, of course, also

apply to the mixture in the annulus, and we suppose that fluids may flow along the annulus.

Cementing operations were more successful in MLGRAP # 2. Cement returns were

obtained through the annulus to the surface while installing the 4.5-in (11.4-cm) casing

(fig. 6). Attempts to seal the annulus between the hole/casing and the 2.75 in (7.0 cm)

tubing were not as successful. 350 gallons (1325 1) of cement were pumped followed by a

rubber plug and 400 gallons (1514 1) of water, but no returns were observed at the surface.

The top of the cement is thought to be at a depth of about 380 ft (116 m), but it could

be much deeper.

Both holes are thought to be nearly vertical, although there must be deviations at least

over a short interval where trouble was encountered in MLGRAP # 1 (fig. 5). We obtained

inclinations in each hole using acid-etch techniques with 16-mm glass tubes (Urban and

Diment, 1989a, 1989b): MLGRAP # 1 (0.25° at 426.7 m = 1400 ft) and MLGRAP # 2

(0° at 381.0 m = 1250 ft and 1.25° at 481.6 m = 1580 ft) where the angle is the deviation

from the vertical and the depth is measured from the surface.

MEASUREMENTS/ INSTRUMENTATIONTemperature. Precision temperature measurements were obtained in MLGRAP # 1

and # 2 on July 23 and July 24, 1989, respectively. Temperatures were measured with

a thermistor probe containing a single glass-encapsulated bead with a nominal resistance

at 25 °C of 500,000 ohms. Details of the construction of the probe and its calibration are

given in Urban and Diment (1990). The probe was lowered at a continuous rate of 3 m/min

(10 ft/min). In order to aid in lowering, two sinker bars were attached to the cable above

the cablehead to which the probe was mounted. The first bar above the cablehead had a

diameter of 2.5 cm (1 in) and the second one above that a diameter of 3.7 cm (1.5 in). Both

bars were 1.2 m (4 ft) long. As the probe was lowered, resistances were, measured by a

Fluke 8502A Digital Multimeter at 0.3 m (1 ft) intervals. In the field, the resistances were

converted, using a computer interfaced to the multimeter, to temperature by the equation

+ C2xln(R)C3 + ln(R)

10

where Cl, C2, and C3 are the calibration constants (calibration of July 11, 1989 in Ap

pendix V), In is the natural logarithm, R is the thermistor resistance in ohms, and T is

the temperature in degrees Celsius. Equation 1 is equation 4 of Robertson, et al. (1966)

in which we have solved for the temperature and combined some of the constants (Ur

ban and Diment, 1990). The resistance is measured using the 4-wire technique whereby a

known current is sent down two of the leads through the thermistor and the voltage drop

across the thermistor is measured with the other two leads. Since the current through the

thermistor and the voltage drop across the thermistor are known, the resistance can be

calculated by Ohm's law. This is done automatically by the 8502A. The output from the

multimeter to the computer is the resistance.

At the time the logs were obtained, the temperatures were printed, plotted, and

recorded on punch-paper tape for later processing. After a subsequent recalibration of

the probe on October 21, 1989, the temperatures were corrected for drift by a linear

interpolation between the two calibrations spanning the field measurements. The drift-

corrected temperatures are listed in Appendix II and plotted in figures 12 and 13 and in

Appendix III. No correction has been applied for the thermal inertia of the probe assembly

due to the slow logging rate (3 m/min = 10 ft/min) and short time constant (< 2s) of the

probe. All depth measurements are relative to the ground surface.

Natural Gamma-ray Logs. The natural gamma-ray logs were obtained with a scintil

lation tool with an outside diameter of 5 cm (2 in). This tool has a maximum operating

temperature of 85 °C. A single sinker bar (1.25 in x 4 ft = 13.2 cm x 1.2 m) was at

tached to the cable above the tool. The hole was logged downward at a rate of 6 m/min

(20 ft/min). The pulses from the tool were integrated by a rate meter with a filter time

constant of 3 s. This combination of logging speed and time constant generally yield ac

ceptable logs (Hilchie, 1978, p. 6-18). The output of the rate meter was recorded by a

strip-chart recorder set at 5 in/100 ft and 10 in/500 counts/s. The counts/s-calibration

on the recorder was set by calibration pulses from the rate meter. Before logging, the tool

was calibrated against a known source of 200 API units: A background level was recorded.

Then the source was attached and the background plus 200 API units was recorded. Fi

nally, another recording of the background was recorded. The time constant in the rate

meter was set at 10 s for the calibration recordings in order to minimize the fluctuations

in the background radiation. With the time constant set at 3 s during logging, the lag

11

or the apparent shift of an anomaly in the direction the tool is moving is 0.3 m (1 ft).

Since the depth-reference point was located at the bottom of the tool, this placed the bed

boundary anomaly a foot shallower than the logging depth. However, the crystal in the

scintillation tool is centered about 1 ft up from the bottom of the tool. Thus, the depths

listed in Appendix IV are effectively compensated for this lag.

Back in the office, the logs were digitized at 0.3 m (1 ft) intervals using a four-

button cursor and a digitizing tablet. The digitization was semi-automatic in that the

x and y scales were set, the operator traced the curves while the points were digitized

at a rate of 30/s, the computer selected the integer depth from the digitized points, and

the corresponding gamma-ray value was calculated from the scale factors. This data is

tabulated in Appendix IV and plotted in Appendix V and figures 12 and 13.

TEMPERATUREData. In the preliminary analyses which follow, we rely on the precision temperature

logs obtained in July 1989 as well as the measurements made by Goodwin (1988) at 20 ft

(6 m) intervals shortly after drilling. Both sets are tabulated in Appendix II and plotted

in Appendix III.

Goodwin made his measurements with an EnviroLabs Digital Thermometer (DT201B)

and recorded them to the nearest tenth of a degree Fahrenheit. We converted them to

degrees Celsius and tabulated them to the nearest 0.01 °C (Appendix II). We know nothing

of the system used by Goodwin or how it was calibrated. When comparing results obtained

in the same hole with different logging systems, differences are always found between the

data sets. Aside from equipment malfunction and changes with time, these differences can

usually be attributed to either a difference in calibrations or differences in cable stretch,

or both. Although Goodwin's data seem to fit reasonably well with ours, one is cautioned

about over interpretation.

Decay of drilling disturbance. Temperatures measured in boreholes shortly after

drilling are usually far from virgin rock temperatures because of the temperature pertur

bations imposed by the circulation of the drilling fluid. Lachenbruch and Brewer (1959)

introduced a useful way to study the decay of the drilling disturbance. We follow it here.

12

Temperatures at 20 ft (6 m) depth intervals are plotted against a function of time in

figures 7a and 8a. These plots are hard to decipher at this depth interval so they were

replotted as a series of graphs at 100 ft (30.5 m) depth intervals (figs. 7b and 8b). The

drilling histories used to determine s and t are shown in figures 2, 3, and 4. Note that

the drilling history of MLGRAP # 1 (fig. 2) has been generalized (fig. 3) to take account

of a 2-week period when there was no circulation of drilling fluid, t is the time difference

from when the drill bit first reached the depth in question and the time of temperature

measurement, s is the difference in time from when the drill bit first reached the depth

in question and the time when drilling ceased, i.e., the duration of the drilling/circulation

disturbance. As t > oo, ^~ -+ 1, and In f^r;) -* 0.

Using this time function, plots of temperature at a given depth tend to be linear,

provided that the virgin thermal regime is steady state and the decay of the drilling

disturbance is by conduction alone. The plots in figures 7a and 8a are quasi-linear. Some

departures from linearity are probably the result of the exchange of formation fluids along

unsealed sections of the annulus between the hole and casing.

Aspect-ratio plots. When the thermal gradient is positive downward, the fluid in a

borehole will convect once a small critical gradient is exceeded. The aspect ratios (A =

h(height)/a(tubing I.D. radius)) usually have modal values between 6 and 9 as determined

from temperature-time records of 1 hr or so at fixed depths (Urban and Diment, 1985).

Aspect ratios can abo be obtained from a single precision temperature log by comparing

the temperature gradient over a short interval of depth (AZ) with that over a longer

spanning interval using the relation:

where G is the gradient over a short interval and G" is over the spanning interval (Urban

and Diment, 1985). In constructing the plots in figures 9 and 10, we have taken AZ =

2ft (0.61m) and the spanning interval as equal to 5*AZ. This method of determining

A does not take into account the effect of variations in the thermal conductivity of the

surrounding rocks, but these effects are usually small (Urban and Diment; 1985).

Aspect-ratios may be anomalously large when fluid is moving along the hole as in, or

between, perforated intervals, or when it is moving in the annulus between hole and casing

(Diment and Urban, 1983).

13

3.0 2.0 1.0 LNCT/(T-S)D

Figure 7a. Observed temperatures plotted against ln(^~) for MLGRAP # 1. Each line represents the set of temperatures with time at a specific depth. Depth interval 20 ft (6 m).

14

80

70

60

it50

i40

30

20

to

4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 LNCT/CT-S33

60

70

60

r* O

5 40»-

2%30u»->

20

to

BO

4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 LNCT/CT-S33

60

70

60

II

i 40

I30

i

20

to

mo

60

70

60

i i

ii *°

i

20

10

4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 LNCT/CT-S53

60

70

60

20

10.

4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 LNCT/CT-S53

Figure 7b. Same as figure 7a but with 100 ft (30.5 m) depth inter vals.

4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 LNCT/CT-S33

1.5 1.0 0.5LNCT/cr-sn

0

Figure 8a. Observed temperatures plotted against ln(~^) for MLGRAP # 2. Each line represents the set of temperatures with time at a specific depth. Depth interval 20 ft (6 m).

16

I.S 1.0 0.5 LNCT/CT-S31

2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 LNCT/CT-S33

I.S t.O O.S LNCT/CT-S33

2.0 t.S 1.0 O.S LNCT/CT-S33

Figure 8b. Same as figure 8a but with a 100 ft (30.5 m) depth interval.

17

ASPECT RATIO

0

500

Figure 9. Aspect ratio versus depth for MLGRAP # 1,

18

0

ASPECT RATIO

20 40 60 80 100

100 -

LJh- LJ

200

LJ300

400

500

Figure 10. Aspect ratio versus depth for MLGRAP # 2.

19

The A-plots mean nothing when derived from continuous temperature logs in air-

filled holes because the time response of the temperature sensor is too long to give accurate

temperatures at the logging rates employed (3 m/min = 10 ft/min). So we can discard

the anomalous results in the air column (132 m = 432 ft) in MLGRAP # 2. Once this is

done, the A-values are uniformly low in this hole. They are on the order of what we have

previously observed in other well-behaved holes. The implication is that there is little or

no anomalous flow of fluid along the borehole complex. However, slow steady flows cannot

be ruled out by this technique.

Now consider the A-plots for MLGRAP # 1. There are spikes at each temperature

reversal simply because as G" > 0, A > oo. A's tend to be very low where the thermal

gradient is negative because this is a stable thermal stratification. The small variation may

reflect changes in lithology or noise. The cause of the variations in the interval 100-130 m

(325-425 ft) is enigmatic. The temperature anomalies have persisted far longer than they

should have if they were due to conductive decay of the drilling disturbance. This zone is

well above a water table at about 143 m (470 ft). We conclude that there is flow of fluid

in the borehole complex and/or the surrounding rock, but the details are not clear. The

large values of the A's below about 230 m (755 ft) are attributed to fluid flow along the

uncemented annulus.

GAMMA-RAYData reduction and uncertainties. Natural gamma-ray logs are the most primative

of the arsenal of nuclear logs that can be run in boreholes. However, when constraints of

hole/tub ing diameter (< 2 in = 5cm), operating temperature, and cost are considered, we

are often left with a 7 ray log obtained with a scintillation crystal (< 80 °C) or a less

sensitive Geiger-Mueller tube (> 80°C). So it is here, and in RDO8 (Urban, et a/., 1987a,

1987b) and PLV-1 (unpublished).

Natural 7 rays sensed by a detector in a borehole originate from a volume of rock less

than a meter from the borehole (e.g., Belknap, et a/., 1978). They are attenuated by the

rock itself and by the casings, mud, and other fluids in and about the hole. Complete theory

is lacking, but it is clear that corrections for the effects are required. We used standard

nomograms (Schlumberger, 1975, diagram GR-2, p. 66). Our choice of corrections, for

the moment, are given in tables 2 and 3. The uncorrected and corrected 7 ray data are

tabulated in Appendix IV and plotted in Appendix V.

20

Table 2. Correction to natural y-ray log for casing and cement in MLGRAP # 1.

Depth From

To (ft)

0

30

30

225

225

241

241

470

470

535

535

1464

Hole DiameterContent

(in)

6.25

Cement

6.25

Cement

6.25

Cement

3.85

Air

3.85

Gel

3.05

Gel

Casing O.D.I.D.

Content

4.500

4.026

Air

4.500

4.026

Air

4.500

4.026

Air

-

-

-

-

-

.

Casing O.D.I.D.

Content

-

-

3.500

3.068

Air-

3.500

3.068

Air

3.500

3.068

Gel

-

-

Casing O.D.I.D.

Content

2.750

2.375

Air

2.750

2.375

Gel

2.750

2.375

Gel

2.750

2.375

Gel

2.750

2.375

Gel

2.750

2.375

Gel

Y-ray CorrectedApparent

1.17

1.23

1.65

1.00

1.02

0.82

21

Table 3. Correcti

Depth From

To (ft)

0

157

157

200

200

380

380

432

432

1602

on to natural y-ray

Hole DiameterContent

(in)

5.625

Cement

5.250

Cement

3.850

Air

3.850

Cement

3.850

Cement

log for casing and

Casing O.D.I.D.

Content

4.500

4.026

Air

4.500

4.026

Air

-

-

-

cement for MLGR

Casing O.D.I.D.

Content

2.750

2.375

Air

2.750

2.375

Air

2.750

2.375

Air

2.750

2.375

Air

2.750

2.375

Water

AP#2.

Y-ray CorrectedApparent

1.16

1.07

0.77

0.88

0.93

22

Another class of problems involves the 7 ray emissions of the drilling fluid and its

entrained cuttings, emissions from filter (mud) cake at the borehole wall and in the invaded

zone beyond, and emissions from the cement in the annulus between the casing and the

hole. All of these emissions may be significant, especially when the walls of the hole are

porous, as with basalt cinders, and where formation radioactivity is low.

Hilchie (1978) gives a 7 ray activity of 10-30 API units for cement. The activity of

the drilling mud is unknown. Although the principal constituent (montmorillonite) of the

bentonite-gel-polymer mud is not intrinsically radioactive, it is a clay capable of adsorbing

radioactive species during processing and from drill cuttings. We have no idea how these

species might be distributed near the borehole wall. No wonder many regard the 7 ray

log a qualitative tool. Some regard 7 ray results as unreliable unless the hole has been

thoroughly flushed prior to logging (Gumming and Wicklund, 1980, p. 270). Such an

operation would have been impossible in the MLGRAP holes, because they were mostly

drilled without return of drilling fluid to the surface.

The principal unknown is the variation in hole diameter. No doubt there are zones of

enlargement due to washouts and cavings which are notoriously common in holes drilled

in this environment. Such would lead to reduced 7 ray intensities, provided that the

annulus was filled with liquid or non-radioactive cement (air doesn't attenuate 7 rays

significantly). The question is how much? The distribution of cement injected to seal the

annulus between hole and casing is largely unknown. Furthermore, the water table(s) are

uncertain.

Rock type and gamma-ray intensity. Goodwin's (1988) core logs have yet to be sup

plemented by the detailed petrographic and chemical analyses necessary to adequately

describe the units and to relate them to those mapped at the surface (Bailey, 1989). His

primary separation was between rocks of basaltic and rhyolitic composition, with occa

sional use of the terms intermediate to basic and silicic.

This he supplemented with textural terms which also suggest mode of emplace

ment/deposition: flow, breccia, cinders, lapilli/lapillite, ash, tuff, etc. This is the best

that can be done with hand specimen descriptions and it is the one adopted in our figures

and tables.

23

Table 4. Generalized lithologic log of MLGRAP # 1. Goodwin (1988).

Depth in meters to:

Top of unit

0

6.1 (Est)

24.1 (Est.)

51.1

53.0

54.9

70.7

164.6

198.7

207.6

219.4

233.5

2383

244.7

2502

251.4

258.8

276.4

278.9

294.4

374.6

376.7

378.5

427.6

Bottom of unit

6.1 (Est.)

24.1 (Est.)

51.1

53.0

54.9

70.7

164.6

198.7

207.6

219.4

233.5

2383

244.7

2502

251.4

258.8

276.4

278.9

294.4

374.6

376.7

378J

427.6

468.1

Description

Glacial Till - unconsolidated

Rhyolite - colluvium or flow

Basalt (Lost circulation at 24.1 m - No sample 24.1 m to 30.5 m) - commonly rubbly

Rhyolite Tuff unconsolidated

Cinder-rich Tephra unconsolidated


Basalt Tephra - unconsolidated

Basalt

Intermediate to Basic Tuff/Breccia

Basalt Breccia


Basalt


Basalt

Basic Lapillite

Basalt

Silicic Lapillite/Tuff/Breccia

Basalt

Silicic Tuff w/Breccia

Basalt

Silicic Tuff

Basalt

Early Rhyolite Tuff

Early Rhyolite

24

Table 5. Generalized lithologic log of MLGRAP # 2. Goodwin (1988).

Depth in meters to:

Top of unit

0

42.4

61.1

64.9

73.8

92.7

100.7

106.8

110.3

114.0

161.9

170.1

206.7

210.9

246.6

248.7

271.0

294.6

3002

Bottom of unit

42.4

61.1

64.9

73.8

92.7

100.7

106.8

110.3

114.0

161.9

170.1

206.7

210.9

246.6

248.7

271.0

294.6

3002

490.7

Description


Basalt

Silicic Lapilli - Ash Tephra - unconsolidated

Basalt

Glacial Till - poorly consolidated

Silicic Lapilli - Ash Tephra - unconsolidated

Glacial Till?/Regolith/Sediments

Basalt Flows with rare Breccia and interflow Qnders/Tephra

Basalt Cinders

Basalt Flows with rare Breccia and interflow Qnders/Tephra

Basalt Cinders

Basalt Flows with rare Breccia and interflow Cinders/Tephra

Basalt Cinders


Basalt Cinders


Early Rhyolite Lapilli Tuff

Early Rhyolite Flow Breccia

Early Rhyolite Tuff, Tuff-Breccia, Lapilli Tuff - unconsolidated to moderately consolidated

25

The first order correlations of 7 ray intensities and rock type (figs. 12 and 13) is

between basalt (low in lithophile elements and radioactivity) and rhyolites (rich in the same

and high in radioactivity). The basalts owe their radioactivity largely to K40 , whereas the

rhyolites, in addition to higher K40 , are likely to have much higher concentrations of U238

and Th232 . Let us consider only K40 .

Bailey (1989) refers to voluminous flows of trachybasalts, trachyandesites, and quartz

latites in and about the southwest moat of the caldera. These are alkalic rocks which tend

to have highly variable K2 O concentrations roughly twice that of "normal" rocks (compare

tables 1-2 and 2-3 in Carmichael, et a/., 1974; see also Sorensen, 1974). Bailey, et al. (1976,

p. 729) tabulated the concentration of K2 O (wt %) for 40 whole-rock samples of basalt

and andesites from the caldera with the following results: Basalt, K2 O mean 1.80, range

1.63 to 2.26, n = 28. Andesite, K2 O mean 2.59, range 2.13 to 3.01, n = 12. Rinehart and

Ross (1964, table 9) present K2 O concentrations: Andesine basalt (1.0), trachyandesite

(2.2), olivine bearing quartz latite (4.8), quartz latite (3.9), younger rhyolite (4.5), and

older rhyolite (5.2). Now, an increase of one percent in K2 O (wt %) causes an increase of

15 API units in a 7 ray log (Schlumberger, 1975, p. 5) or 15/0.9 = 16.7 in our cps units.

Clearly the 7 ray intensities shown in figures 12 and 13 are in reasonable agreement with

the K2 O concentrations, and that the range in intensities for the "basaltic" rocks could be

attributed to variation in K2 O content. Additional K2 O analyses for the area have been

tabulated by Higgins, et al. (1985) who also present a variation diagram of major oxides

with SiO 2 . It is not clear, however, how far the correlation can be trusted, especially in view

of the uncertainties in the borehole corrections previously discussed. On the otherhand,

Anderson and Bartholomay (1990) have successfully used natural 7 ray logs in about 200

holes near the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory to study the distribution of basaltic

rocks and interbedded sediments. They found that 7 ray intensity correlates with K 2 O

content as determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis.

Within these contrasting compositional regimes, further differentiation may be pos

sible with the natural 7 ray logs. Interfaces between basaltic flows (as logged in the

core by Goodwin (1988)) are rather thin and sometimes mark the change between flows

of significantly different 7 ray intensity and, presumably of different rock composition.

These discontinuities tend to be composed of volcanic rubble. Moreover, the rubble/rock

tends to be more vesicular in these zones than in the interior of flows. So we enter the

26

realm where concentration of 7 ray emitters must be balanced against 7 ray absorp

tion. The problem isn't simple, and will not be addressed here. The rubble also tends

to be more hydro-thermally altered (Goodwin, 1988), which leaves open the possibility of

deposition or solution 7 ray emitters in these zones. It is certain, however, that "Two

formations having the same amount of radioactive material per unit volume but having

different densities will show, on the Gamma-Ray Log, different radioactivity levels; the

less dense formation will appear to be more radioactive." (Schlumberger, 1975, p. 3).

HYDROLOGIC CONSIDERATIONSA borehole is a zone of enhanced permeability and focused flow of water. Unless

the annulus between hole and casing is effectively sealed, water will flow along it until

hydrostatic equilibrium is achieved, if ever. So the temperatures measured in the casing

(assuming the casing itself does not leak) represent the result of heat exchange between

the surrounding rock and fluid flowing along the annulus. The size of the temperature per

turbation from virgin rock temperature depends on the initial conditions, the temperature

and rate of flow of the fluid, hole geometry and time (e.g., Birch, 1947; Beck and Shen,

1985).

The variation of pressure with depth is a poorly known parameter in many geothermal

systems. The Long Valley caldera is no exception. Some holes have been drilled blind (i.e.,

no return of drilling fluid to the surface), zones of water entry or loss may occur in the

same hole. The point is that complicated thermal profiles could be produced by exchange

of fluids along aquifers and produce a thermal picture that does not accurately reflect

virgin rock temperatures, even though the measurements were made years after drilling.

The annuli of most holes drilled in the Long Valley caldera are not effectively sealed

over their entire lengths, or even over major portions thereof. In some cases a tubing

was lowered into the hole to preserve it for further measurements, but no attempt was

made to cement the annulus. Attempts to cement the annuli usually failed partially or

completely. The reason is simple. There are many highly permeable formations that are

capable of accepting large quantities of cement. On the other hand, many of the rock types

are extremely friable and fragments of them could partially seal the annuli and impede the

flow of water along them. Moreover, many altered volcanic rocks are composed of plastic

clays which may squeeze in about the tubing thus preventing fluid flow along the annulus.

27

Fluid flow along the annulus is an important factor in determining the temperature-

depth profiles in some boreholes. Indeed, fluid flow may be controlling the shapes of some

characteristic profiles in the caldera. The size of the disturbance is difficult to quantify.

Temperature-gradient and aspect-ratio plots may call attention to anomalous conditions

but they give no notion as to the size of the thermal perturbations. Temperature-time

plots at fixed depths of the kind previously discussed could be more definitive indicators

of fluid flow along the annulus, but experimental uncertainties, especially when different

temperature logging systems are used over time, suggest caution. Water-levels in boreholes

as they are drilled give another clue, but they may be suspect because the liquid level is

measured inside the drill pipe with the assumption that the level in the drill pipe is that

in the surrounding annulus, which could be obviated by closure of the annulus by caving

of the borehole walls. Nonetheless, when all these uncertain measures seem to point in

the same direction, guesses can be made as to the effects of fluid flow along the annulus.

Now let us examine the data from the two MLGRAP holes, where similar procedures and

reporting add credence to comparisons.

Liquid level in tubings. After completion of drilling, tubings were installed in each

hole to preserve them for later measurements. The tubing was actually used NQ drill rod

(2.75 in = 7.0 cm O.D., 2.375 in = 6.0 cm I.D.) which, in our experience, may leak like a

sieve at the joints, because of minor knicks in the quick coupling threads. It is not known,

of course, which joints, if any, leak. But it is a possibility that should be kept in mind in

an environment where the pressure distribution with depth may be far from hydrostatic.

The fluid levels in the tubings of both holes are plotted as a function of the logarithm

of time after last circulation (MLGRAP # 1) or after cementing (MLGRAP # 2) in Figure

11 along with the approximate depth of the "shallow" water tables. Some of the depths are

plotted as 20 ft (6.1 m) long lines because they are based on Goodwin's (1988) temperature

measurements which were spaced at 20 ft (6.1 m) intervals. (It's easy to tell whether the

sensor is in air or water from the time response of the instrument as observed at the

surface.)

28

0

P 100UJ UJ

t-Q,

200

300

400 -

500

* *

\

MLGRAP * 1

MLGRAP # 2

10 100

TIME CDAYS1

- 0

n CO01 UJ

50 ujz:LJ

CL100

501000

Figure 11. Water level below ground surface in tubing versus time for MLGRAP # 1 and MLGRAP # 2. V indicates the approximate depths of the water table.

29

In MLGRAP # 1, both the tubing and the annulus (to 470 ft = 143 m) were left

filled with mud with a plugged bit at the bottom, as previously explained. For the first

few days, the liquid level remained at the top of the tubing which probably means that

there was a small overflow as the cold liquid column expanded as it was warmed by the

surrounding rocks. Thereafter, the liquid level slowly declined but to a level (32 ft = 10

m) far above the shallow water table (470 ft = 143 m). Does this mean that the tubing

doesn't leak much? It's filled with mud which may have a tendency to seal the joints in

the tubing. Or, does it mean that the tubing taps a super-hydrostatic aquifer at some

unknown depth?

Conditions for the completion of MLGRAP # 2 were different. An attempt was made

to cement the annulus between the hole and the tubing by pumping cement down the tubing

and then up the annulus. The attempt failed in the sense that no cement returned to the

surface through the annulus, which means that fluid flow is possible along at least part of

the annulus. Undoubtedly, the cement went into the first permeable beds it encountered on

its upward path. This condition is not unusual (e.g., Urban, et a/, 1987a, 1987b). Indeed,

it is probably impossible to fill annul! of holes in such stratigraphy, without inordinate

expense.

The liquid level dropped rapidly in MLGRAP # 2 after cementing (fig. 11), then

more slowly at a rate comparable to the decline in # 1. The last observation is about 60

ft (18.3 m) below the shallow water table (370 ft = 113 m). The most likely explanation

is that water in the tubing is leaking into the subhydrostatic aquifers.

Liquid levels in the open hole during drilling. The lower parts of both holes were

drilled blind (i.e., no mud returns to the surface): MLGRAP # 1 below 520 ft (158 m)

and MLGRAP # 2 below 350 ft (107 m). Thereafter the liquid levels in the drill rods were

periodically recorded as drilling progressed (Goodwin, 1988). The shallow water tables

(MLGRAP # 1, 470 ft = 143.3 m; MLGRAP # 2, 370 ft = 112.8 m) shown in figure 11

are probably accurate within a few meters.

Liquid level in the boreholes (as determined by measurements of the level in the

drill rods during the interruptions in drilling) usually remained within a few meters of

the shallow water tables. Noteable exceptions occurred at about 1235 ft (376.4 m) in

MLGRAP # 1 and at about 900 ft (274 m) in MLGRAP # 2, where transient increases

in liquid level of 10 and 30 m (30 and 100 ft), respectively, were noted (Goodwin, 1988).

These zones of water entry are close to the top of the "early rhyolite" (Bailey, 1989) in

both holes (tables 4 and 5, figs. 12 and 13).

30

Effects of borehole flows on shape of temperature profiles. Few temperature-depth

profiles in the Long Valley caldera reflect constant heat flow in the sense that the thermal

gradient is inversely proportional to the thermal conductivity of the surrounding rocks.

The thermal regime of the caldera is dominated by fluid flows in permeable rocks. The

actual temperature distribution in the rocks are clouded by fluid heat and salt transport

along the borehole complexes. In some cases this perturbation is obvious. For examples:

temperatures in holes that perennially boil at the surface follow the boiling-point-depth

curve for some depth below the surface (e.g., Diment, et a/., 1985; Urban, et a/., 1987).

Clearly, heat is transported up the hole/tubing and salt downward. In holes with alter

nating sections of perforated and unperforated casing exchange of fluids amoung aquifers

is clearly evident from precision temperature logs (e.g., UNOCAL IDFU 44-16, Suem-

nicht, 1987, Urban and Diment, 1988). In other cases the effects are far more subtle and

impossible to assess quantitatively.

This long preamble is necessary to illustrate some obvious phenomena, which may

appear in far more subtle forms in any hole drilled in the caldera.

In MLGRAP # 1, the high level of the liquid column, for whatever reason, should

allow a glimpse at conditions in the vadose (unsaturated) zone in a region of significant

precipitation. Unfortunately, this is not the case. The nearly isothermal zone above 74 m

(243 ft) (fig. 12) is probably a consequence of flow along the partially cemented annulus of

the 4.5 in (11.4 cm) casing. Hole construction (fig. 5) may permit alternate flow paths to

a depth of 185 m (bottom of the lost HQ rods). Erratic gradients, particularly from 100

to 140 m (33 to 460 ft), indicate a non-steady state regime. Therefore, the temperature-

time plots (fig. 7a,b), which are based on the assumption of conductive decay of the

drilling disturbance, are meaningless. These plots do, however, indicate a strong increase

of temperature with time and that the temperatures may continue to increase.

The fluctuations in the gradients (fig. 12) and aspect ratios (fig. 9) in the interval

from 250 to 350 m (820 to 1150 ft) are unusually large for reasons unknown to us. Note,

however, that a water entry was observed at 376 m (1234 ft). Possibly water is flowing

up the uncemented annulus. Note, also, that the temperature profile exhibits step-like

structures in the upper part of this interval. This raises the possibility of double diffusive

transport of heat and salt (e.g., Turner, 1973) along the borehole complex. The required

salinity gradients seem unaceptably large, however, if the mechanism is to be operative over

a significant length of the hole. The phenomenon has not been investigated in boreholes.

31

TEMPERATURE C°CD

20

40

60

GRADIENT C°C/KMD

GAMMA CCOUNTS/SD

-200

0 0

2000 0

50

100

150

200

CO ro

ML

GR

AP

+

1 JU

LY

23

, 1989

500

Fig

ure

12.

Tem

pera

ture

, te

mp

erat

ure

gra

dien

t, n

atura

l ga

mm

a-ra

y (c

orre

cted

) an

d ge

nera

lize

d li

thol

ogic

log

s fo

r M

LG

RA

P

#

1.

Goo

dwin

's

(198

8)

lith

olog

y ge

nera

lize

d as

fol

low

s:

Whi

te,

glac

ial

till

. D

ots,

ba

salt

ic r

ocks

. V

erti

cal

pat

tern

, rh

yoli

tic

rock

s.

See

tabl

e 4

to d

isti

ngui

sh f

low

s, t

uff,

cin

ders

, as

h, b

recc

ia,

lapi

lli,

and

teph

ra.

Oth

er

sym

bols

in

figu

re a

re:

WT

(

)

> w

ater

tab

le,

WL

(----),

wat

er l

evel

as

mea

sure

d in

tub

ing.

A

, B

l, B

2,

C (

.-.-

.-) t

op (

if n

ot s

urfa

ce)

and

bott

om

of

casi

ng s

trin

gs.

Tot

al d

epth

dri

lled

is t

he b

ott

om

of

the

lith

olog

ic

log.

Tem

pera

ture

s ab

ove

WL

are

ina

ccur

ate.

The deep temperature maximum at 430 m (1410 ft) occurs at a contact between a

rhyolite tuff and a rhyolite (fig. 12). Goodwin (1988) regards this contact as a fault. The

region immediately above it cooled slightly and that below warmed judging from the last

two sets of temperatures (fig. 7a,b). These are weak data, but the fact that the gradient

and aspect ratio plots are noteably irregular below the temperature maximum, especially

near the bottom of the hole, suggest an interval of instability, perhaps associated with the

fault. It is unusual to observe this degree of irregularity where the gradients are negative.

In MLGRAP # 2, there are no temperature reversals in the water column but the

gradients above 250 m (820 ft) are anomalously high with respect to those in the lower part

of the hole (fig. 13). A water entry was noted at about 277 m (910 ft) during drilling which

caused the liquid level to rise about 84 m (275 ft) above the ambient liquid level of about

114 m (375 ft). The zone of entry is near the top of the early rhyolite tuff. As previously

noted, a water entry also occurred near the same stratigraphic position in MLGRAP # 1,

but the head differential was much smaller. It is possible that the bulge in the temperature

profile in # 2 is caused by upward flow along the uncemented annulus from the zone of

water entry and possibly from undetected entries from below, where the hydrostatic head

seems to systematically increase with depth (weak data). The notion of upward flow is

also supported by the temperature-time plots at various depths (figs. 8a and 8b) where

the last point on many of the curves is high, particularly in the zone of the bulge as might

be expected if the postulated flow were present. Again, these are weak data for reasons

previously explained. Another possibility is that the bulge is due to upward flow through

surrounding formations by a mechanism offered by Bredehoeft and Papadopulos (1965),

but much additional data and analysis are required to test this hypothesis.

CONCLUSIONSSingle precision temperature logs in the two holes obtained 1.5 yr after drilling provide

a fairly accurate description of the subsurface thermal regime in the vicinity of each hole.

These logs coupled with those obtained by Goodwin (1988) at 6 m (20 ft) depth intervals

shortly after drilling provide an additional basis for identifying fluid-flow along the bore

hole complex, and show that segments of the annulus between hole and casing were not

effectively sealed (a nearly impossible operation in such lithology). This conclusion could

have been drawn from the precision temperature logs alone. However, the case is more

credible when the earlier data are incorporated in the analysis. Ideally, more numerous

sets of precision temperatures in each hole obtained with the same logging system would

have been desirable.

33

oo

TEMPERATURE C°CD

20

40

60

GRADIENT C°C/KMD

GAMMA CCOUNTS/SD

0 200

400

600 0

50

100

150

200

MLGRAP * 2

JULY 2

4, 1989

500

Fig

ure

13.

Tem

pera

ture

, te

mper

atu

re g

radi

ent,

nat

ura

l ga

mm

a-ra

y (c

orre

cted

) an

d ge

nera

lize

d li

thol

ogic

log

s fo

r M

LG

RA

P

$ 2

. G

oodw

in's

(19

88)

lith

olog

y ge

nera

lize

d as

fol

low

s: W

hite

, gl

acia

l ti

ll.

Dot

s, b

asal

tic

rock

s. V

erti

cal

pat

tern

, rh

yoH

tic r

ocks

. Se

e ta

ble

5 to

dis

ting

uish

flo

ws,

tuf

f, c

inde

rs,

ash,

bre

ccia

, la

pill

i, an

d te

phra

. O

ther

sym

bols

in

figu

re a

re:

WT

(

)

> w

ater

tab

le,

WL

(----),

wat

er l

evel

as

mea

sure

d in

tub

ing.

A

, B

( -

- -

) b

ott

om

of

cas

ing

stri

ngs.

Tot

al d

epth

dri

lled

is

the

bott

om

of

the

lith

olog

ic l

og.

Tem

pera

ture

s ab

ove

WL

are

ina

ccur

ate.

Additional precision temperature logging in these holes over a period of years might

prove rewarding. The flow of fluid through the vadose zone is not well understood. The

temperature log in MLGRAP # 1 above the water table is a clear indication of this (fig.

12). The area is tectonically unstable and some hydrothermal changes have been attributed

to recent earthquake shaking and deformation (e.g., Diment, et a/., 1985; Urban, et a/.,

1987a, 1987b). Indeed the July 1989 logs were obtained during a noteably prolonged (6

months) swarm of small earthquakes under Mammoth Mountain (Hill, et a/., 1990) a few

kilometers west of Mammoth Lakes. What effect such shaking has on the hydrothermal

regime is unknown, and shall remain so, unless efforts are made to monitor borehole

temperatures over time. The recent history of unrest in the Long Valley caldera, as well

as in other calderas, has been partly recorded by Newhall and Dzurisin (1988), who show

that unrest is often episodic.

The natural 7 ray logs nicely discriminate between rocks of basaltic and rhyolitic

composition, simply because their contrasts in radioactivity are so large that they partially

over-ride the effects of variations in hole diameter due to washouts. We think we see

further correlations, such as interfaces between basalt flows. The 7 ray anomalies are

real but whether they are due to contrasts in radioactivity or variations in hole diameter

or hydrothermal alteration remains to be investigated. This requires a far more detailed

examination than that presented here.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe thank George Fetzer of the Town of Mammoth Lakes for arranging access to the

wells and support at the sites, and for sharing his knowledge of the history of the wells.

Richard P. Thomas of the California Division of Oil and Gas provided copies of the driller's

logs, temperature logs, and Graphic Well Reports for MLGRAP # 1 and # 2. C.G. Bufe

and H.W. Olsen reviewed the manuscript and suggested many improvements.

35

REFERENCES

Anderson, S.R., and Bartholomay, R.C., 1990, Use of natural gamma logs correlated to

potassium-oxide content in determining the stratigraphy of basalt and sediment

at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory: Geological Society of America,

Abstracts with Programs, v. 22(6), p. 1-2.

Bailey, R.A., 1989, Geologic map of the Long Valley caldera, Mono-Inyo craters volcanic

chain, eastern California: U.S. Geological Survey Map 1-1933, scale 1:62,500,

2 sheets and 11 p. text.

Bailey, R.A., Dalrymple, C.B., and Lanphere, M.A., 1976, Volcanism, structure and

geochronology of Long Valley caldera, Mono County, California: Journal of

Geophysical Research, v. 81(5), p. 725-744.

Beck, A.E. and Shen, P.Y., 1985, Temperature distribution in flowing liquid wells: Geo

physics, v. 50, p. 1113-1118.

Belkap, W.B., Dewan, J.J., Kirkpatrick, C.V., Mott, W.E., Pearson, A.J., and Rabson,

W.R., 1978, API calibration facility for nuclear logs: in SPWLA Reprint Vol

ume, Gamma Ray, Neutron and Density Logging, Society of Professional Well

Log Analysts, Paper E, p. 289-317.

Benoit, W.R. , 1984 , Initial results from drillholes PLV-1 and PLV-2 in the western moat

of the Long Valley caldera : Geothermal Resources Council, Transactions, v.8,

p. 397-402.

Birch, Francis, 1947, Temperature and heat flow in a well near Colorado Springs: American

Journal of Science, v. 245, p. 733-753.

Bredehoeft, J.D. and Papadopulos, I.S., 1965, Rates of vertical groundwater movement

estimated from the Earth's thermal profile: Water Resources Research, v. 1(2),

p. 325-328.

36

Carmichael, I.S.E., Turner, F.J., and Verhoogen, J., 1974, Igneous petrology: McGraw

Hill, New York, 739 p.

Gumming, J.D. and Wicklund, A.P., 1980, Diamond drill handbook: J.K. Smit, Toronto,

547 p.

Diment, W.H. and Urban, T.C., 1983, A simple method for detecting anomalous fluid

motions in boreholes from continuous temperature logs: Geothermal Resources

Council Transactions, v. 7, p. 485-490.

Diment, W.H., Urban, T.C., and Nathenson, Manuel, 1985, Temperature variations with

time in a perennially boiling well in the Long Valley caldera, Mono County,

California: Observations in Chance No. 1 (1976-1985): Geothermal Resources

Council Transactions, v. 9, pt. 1, p. 417-422.

Goodwin, Douglas, 1988, Graphic Well Report, Well Summary Report - Geothermal:

California Division of Oil and Gas, A.P.I. No. 051-90120 (MLGRAP # l) and

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37

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38

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39

APPENDIX I

Probe 500-02 - July 11, 1989 Thermistor Calibrations0 - 30°C ............................. 41

30 - 60°C ............................. 4360 - 90°C ............................. 4590 - 120°C ............................. 47

120 - 150°C ............................. 49150 - 180°C ............................. 51180 - 210°C ............................. 53

Probe 500-02 - October 21, 1989 Thermistor Calibrations0 - 30°C ............................. 55

30 - 60°C ............................. 5760 - 90°C ............................. 5990 - 120°C ............................. 61

120 - 150°C ............................. 63150 - 180°C ............................. 65180 - 210°C ............................. 67

40

THERMISTOR CALIBRATION: PROBE 500-02 - 11 July 1989

NOMINAL TEMPERATURE RANGE: 0 - 30 °C

CALIBRATION RESISTANCE RANGE: 425513 - 2107375 OHMS

THERMISTOR OBSERVEDRESISTANCE TEMPERATURE

(OHMS) (°C)

CALCULATED TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE

21075802107508210745821074122107375210734221072942107273210726121072491192166119013811875751184098118004311756221170918116602011609661155882709960.0707600.0703157.0701021.0698926.0696881.0694860.0692858.0690871.0688118.0429471.0428700.0427917.0426323.0425513.0424720.0423932.0423149.0422351.0421568.0

0.0170.0170.0230.0230.0250.0270.0310.0330.0330.033

10.20910.24310.28310.33510.39810.46610.54210.61810.69610.77820.00320.06720.18820.25220.31020.36620.42420.47820.53220.61230.02030.06030.09830.17430.21230.25030.28630.32630.36430.400

0.0240.0250.0250.0260.0260.0260.0270.0270.0270.02710.21010.24210.28110.33510.39810.46710.54110.61910.69910.78020.00420.06820.19120.25020.30820.36520.42120.47720.53320.61130.02230.05930.09630.17330.21230.25030.28830.32630.36430.403

-0.007-0.008-0.002-0.003-0.0010.0010.0040.0060.0060.006

-0.0010.0010.0020.0000.000

-0.0010.001

-0.001-0.003-0.002-0.001-0.001-0.0030.0020.0020.0010.0030.001

-0.0010.001

-0.0020.0010.0020.0010.0000.000

-0.0020.0000.000

-0.003

41




T C1 + C2 x In(fl)THERMISTOR EQUATION: / - L-LC3 + In(fl)

Cl = 5111.5764 S. DEV. Cl = 9.0408

C2 = -351.0106 S. DEV. C3 = 0.6215

C3 = 5.6447 S. DEV. C3 = 0.0329

42





(OHMS) (°C)

CALCULATED TEMPERATURE

TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE

429471.0428700.0427917.0426323.0425513.0424720.0423932.0423149.0422351.0421568.0266950.0266538.0265980.0265327.0263858.0263090.0262331.0261577.0260832.0260192.0169054.0167847.9166584.9165427.2164373.8163388.9162446.2161527.5160601.7159718.2110477.4109992.9109524.3109060.7108609.3108156.3107703.3107253.1106804.0106355.8

30.02030.06030.09830.17430.21230.25030.28630.32630.36430.40040.00640.04040.08640.13840.25840.31740.37940.43940.50340.55750.10150.26550.43550.59750.73850.88051.01251.14251.27251.39960.01160.12160.22160.32160.42160.52060.62460.72260.82460.928

30.02430.06030.09830.17430.21330.25130.28930.32730.36530.40340.00140.03440.07940.13240.25240.31540.37740.43940.50140.55450.10750.26950.44150.60050.74550.88251.01451.14451.27551.40160.01360.11860.22060.32160.42060.52160.62160.72160.82260.923

-0.0040.0000.0000.000

-0.001-0.001-0.003-0.001-0.001-0.0030.0050.0060.0070.0060.0060.0020.0020.0000.0020.003

-0.006-0.004-0.006-0.003-0.007-0.002-0.002-0.002-0.003-0.002-0.0020.0030.0010.0000.001

-0.0010.0030.0010.0020.005

43




C1 + C2 x \n(R\ THERMISTOR EQUATION: T - v '

C3 + In(fl)

Cl = 4955.0164 S. DEV. Cl = 11.9764

C2 = -340.0962 S. DEV. C3 = 0.8368

C3 = 5.1443 S. DEV. C3 = 0.0378

44




THERMISTOR OBSERVED CALCULATED TEMPERATURERESISTANCE TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE

(OHMS) (°C) (°C) (°C)

110477.4109992.9109524.3109060.7108609.3108156.3107703.3107253.1106804.0106355.873378.873160.972728.672515.572302.271657.471458.971170.570330.970131.949758.749639.749474.649414.549209.149089.448812.848691.048564.748436.634347.034242.134139.034030.033911.433810.533693.133589.633479.633379.6

60.01160.12160.22160.32160.42160.52060.62460.72260.82460.92870.03370.10770.25670.32870.40270.62870.69670.79471.09371.17180.02080.08280.16880.20280.31080.37680.52480.59080.65980.73190.01090.09090.17890.26890.36290.44590.54190.62590.71790.803

60.01460.11960.22160.32260.42160.52160.62260.72260.82360.92470.03270.10670.25570.32970.40370.62870.69870.80071.09971.17180.01780.08180.16880.20080.31080.37480.52380.58980.65880.72890.01090.09590.17890.26690.36390.44590.54190.62790.71790.800

-0.0030.0020.000

-0.0010.000

-0.0010.0020.0000.0010.0040.0010.0010.001

-0.001-0.0010.000

-0.002-0.006-0.0060.0000.0030.0010.0000.0020.0000.0020.0010.0010.0010.0030.000

-0.0050.0000.002

-0.0010.0000.000

-0.0020.0000.003

45




C1 + C2 x \r\(R\ THERMISTOR EQUATION: T - v '

C3 + In(fl)

Cl = 4956.4810 S. DEV. Cl = 8.4205

C2 = -340.2229 S. DEV. C3 = 0.6044

C3 = 5.1440 S. DEV. C3 = 0.0235

46





(OHMS) (°C) (°C) (°C)

34347.034242.134139.034030.033911.433810.533693.133589.633479.633379.624108.824039.223973.923897.423757.523688.123615.923545.723236.623114.217207.917164.317121.617076.017034.316987.516946.116901.016860.416817.812434.012401.912370.612338.212306.512274.912118.012087.412005.011971.9

90.01090.09090.17890.26890.36290.44590.54190.62590.71790.803100.018100.108100.181100.277100.447100.531100.617100.703101.086101.246110.011110.089110.167110.245110.319110.407110.481110.558110.630110.710120.089120.167120.247120.332120.414120.494120.908120.987121.207121.291

90.00990.09490.17790.26690.36290.44590.54190.62690.71790.800100.021100.104100.183100.276100.446100.531100.620100.706101.090101.244110.012110.089110.164110.245110.320110.403110.477110.558110.631110.708120.088120.170120.250120.333120.415120.496120.906120.986121.204121.292

0.001-0.0040.0010.0020.0000.0000.000

-0.0010.0000.003

-0.0030.004

-0.0020.0010.0010.000

-0.003-0.003-0.0040.002

-0.0010.0000.0030.000

-0.0010.0040.0040.000

-0.0010.0020.001

-0.003-0.003-0.001-0.001-0.0020.0020.0010.003

-0.001

47




THERMISTOR EQUATION:C1 + C2 x In(fl)

C3 + In(fl)

Cl = 4831.0201

C2 = -331.1772

C3 = 4.7999

S. DEV. Cl =

S. DEV. C3 =

S. DEV. C3 =

8.8062

0.6539

0.0220

48




THERMISTORRESISTANCE

(OHMS)

OBSERVED TEMPERATURE

CO


CO

TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCECO

12434.012401.912370.612338.212306.512274.912118.012087.412005.011971.99135.29114.29091.59071.59046.69024.19001.48978.88956.38920.46811.96798.76784.66770.86757.96744.56730.56717.46703.66690.05138.65127.35105.15093.85082.75071.05059.85049.95038.44976.9

120.089120.167120.247120.332120.414120.494120.908120.987121.207121.291130.089130.164130.248130.320130.412130.494130.582130.662130.743130.881140.032140.104140.172140.242140.308140.376140.446140.515140.585140.659150.004150.084150.239150.319150.399150.481150.559150.631150.709151.162

120.087120.169120.250120.333120.415120.496120.906120.986121.204121.292130.088130.164130.247130.320130.412130.494130.578130.662130.745130.879140.033140.100140.172140.242140.309140.377140.449140.517140.588140.659150.002150.081150.238150.318150.397150.481150.561150.632150.714151.160

0.002-0.002-0.003-0.001-0.001-0.0020.0020.0010.003

-0.0010.0010.0000.0010.0000.0000.0000.0040.000

-0.0020.002

-0.0010.0040.0000.000

-0.001-0.001-0.003-0.002-0.0030.0000.0020.0030.0010.0010.0020.000

-0.002-0.001-0.0050.002

49




THERMISTOR EQUATION: T - + C3

Cl = 4768.5045 S. DEV. Cl = 9.2358

C2 = -326.4932 S. DEV. C3 = 0.7128

C3 = 4.6471 S. DEV. C3 = 0.0210

50





(OHMS)




5138.65127.35105.15093.85082.75071.05059.85049.95038.44976.93918.33911.13902.83893.63886.53878.83870.93863.23847.13828.93022.43016.03004.12997.62985.22978.52965.52926.72913.92901.92355.52343.12331.32325.12319.42313.92308.02302.12282.42272.3

150.004150.084150.239150.319150.399150.481150.559150.631150.709151.162160.009160.079160.161160.253160.321160.399160.477160.549160.704160.882170.005170.093170.247170.335170.490170.578170.750171.271171.443171.613180.017180.226180.436180.550180.646180.750180.851180.959181.307181.488

150.003150.082150.239150.319150.398150.482150.562150.633150.715151.161160.011160.080160.160160.249160.318160.393160.470160.545160.703160.883170.007170.091170.246170.332170.495170.583170.756171.276171.449171.613180.013180.230180.437180.546180.647180.744180.849180.955181.308181.491

0.0010.0020.0000.0000.001

-0.001-0.003-0.002-0.0060.001

-0.002-0.0010.0010.0040.0030.0060.0070.0040.001

-0.001-0.0020.0020.0010.003

-0.005-0.005-0.006-0.005-0.0060.0000.004

-0.004-0.0010.004

-0.0010.0060.0020.004

-0.001-0.003

51




THERMISTOR EQUATION: T - - - C3

Cl = 4594.9168 S. DEV. Cl = 15.7163

C2 = -312.8635 S. DEV. C3 = 1.2647

C3 = 4.2662 S. DEV. C3 = 0.0328

52





(OHMS) (°C)


TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCECO

2355.52343.12331.32325.12319.42313.92308.02302.12282.42272.31849.21843.61837.71832.31826.81816.81811.81807.81793.41785.71472.61468.71465.11461.11449.41441.41437.31428.31424.51420.71181.71176.41173.51170.91165.51162.71160.11150.81148.31145.7

180.017180.226180.436180.550180.646180.750180.851180.959181.307181.488190.146190.276190.408190.540190.655190.889191.003191.097191.440191.624200.052200.174200.280200.403200.757201.008201.132201.402201.520201.641210.012210.225210.341210.445210.669210.778210.886211.262211.363211.471

180.016180.232180.439180.548180.649180.746180.851180.956181.310181.493190.134190.263190.400190.526190.655190.890191.008191.102191.445191.630200.052200.170200.279200.401200.759201.005201.132201.413201.532201.651210.025210.233210.347210.450210.664210.776210.880211.253211.354211.459

0.001-0.006-0.0030.002

-0.0030.0040.0000.003

-0.003-0.0050.0120.0130.0080.0140.000

-0.001-0.005-0.005-0.005-0.0060.0000.0040.0010.002

-0.0020.0030.000

-0.011-0.012-0.010-0.013-0.008-0.006-0.0050.0050.0020.0060.0090.0090.012

53


NOMINAL TEMPERATURE RANGE: 180 - 210 8 C



Cl = 4447.3889 S. DEV. Cl = 32.0955

C2 = -300.6429 S. DEV. C3 = 2.6992

C3 = 3.9736 S. DEV. C3 = 0.0620

54

THERMISTOR CALIBRATION: PROBE 500-02 -21 October 1989




(OHMS)




21081652108164210816921081762108175210817921081782108179210818221081821198196119263611818001176534117126911659861155351114255411375871132679708984.0705965.0703418.0699178.0697286.0695510.0692065.0690363.0687917.0686249.0429484.0428591.0427706.0426819.0424218.0422474.0421593.0419060.0417223.0416355.0

0.0110.0070.0110.0110.0130.0070.0110.0110.0070.013

10.10110.18510.36110.43810.52410.60810.77810.98411.05911.14120.01320.09920.16820.29020.34220.39020.48420.53620.60620.65030.00630.05230.09430.13630.26030.34430.39030.51430.60130.647

0.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.010

10.10510.19010.35810.44010.52310.60610.77510.98111.06111.14120.01720.09920.17020.28720.34020.38920.48620.53420.60320.65030.00930.05130.09430.13630.26130.34630.38930.51230.60330.645

0.001-0.0030.0010.0010.003

-0.0030.0010.001

-0.0030.003

-0.004-0.0050.003

-0.0020.0010.0020.0030.003

-0.0020.000

-0.0040.000

-0.0020.0030.0020.001

-0.0020.0020.0030.000

-0.0030.0010.0000.000

-0.001-0.0020.0010.002

-0.0020.002

55

THERMISTOR CALIBRATION: PROBE 500-02 - 21 October 1989



THERMISTOR EQUATION: T -C3

Cl = 5090.1942 S. DEV. Cl = 6.9258

C2 = -349.5553 S. DEV. C3 = 0.4761

C3 = 5.5691 S. DEV. C3 = 0.0252

56





(OHMS)




429484.0428591.0427706.0426819.0424218.0422474.0421593.0419060.0417223.0416355.0257225.0256662.7256093.5255512.6253797.5253242.1251718.8251153.2250606.3250050.9168866.0168108.5166605.9165866.7165123.4164383.7163646.8162916.7161800.0161075.7108353.1106177.7105493.7104932.3104443.4103591.6103248.9102802.8102623.6

30.00630.05230.09430.13630.26030.34430.39030.51430.60130.64740.79140.83740.88540.92841.07641.12641.26041.30841.35441.40250.11750.21950.42550.53150.62950.73050.83850.93651.08851.19660.45160.95861.10561.23761.34761.53961.62361.73061.772

30.00930.05230.09430.13630.26130.34630.38830.51230.60230.64440.78940.83640.88440.93341.07941.12741.25741.30641.35441.40250.11950.22150.42550.52750.62950.73150.83350.93551.09251.19560.46560.95161.10661.23461.34661.54361.62361.72761.769

-0.0030.0000.0000.000

-0.001-0.0020.0020.002

-0.0010.0030.0020.0010.001

-0.005-0.003-0.0010.0030.0020.0000.000

-0.002-0.0020.0000.0040.000

-0.0010.0050.001

-0.0040.001

-0.0140.007

-0.0010.0030.001

-0.0040.0000.0030.003

57




THERMISTOR EQUATION: T -Cl + C2 x

C3

Cl = 4954.0380

C2 = -340.0484

C3 = 5.1407

S. DEV. Cl

S. DEV. C3

S. DEV. C3

10.9306

0.7639

0.0344

58





(OHMS) (°C) (°C) (°C)

108353.1106177.7105493.7104932.3104443.4103591.6103248.9102802.8102623.672954.772739.972525.172094.471881.771458.571083.170870.670452.170046.249746.449575.449403.749234.048731.248565.148236.247829.347651.047491.334350.234265.234181.734100.834021.633937.233854.933776.133611.633347.7

60.45160.95861.10561.23761.34761.53961.62361.73061.77270.16770.24270.31470.46670.53470.68870.81870.88771.03171.18180.01080.10480.19280.27880.55080.64580.81981.04381.14581.23290.00290.07490.13890.20890.26890.34090.40790.47190.60390.823

60.46660.95161.10661.23561.34761.54461.62361.72861.77070.16170.23570.30970.45970.53370.68270.81470.89071.03971.18580.01080.10180.19280.28380.55480.64480.82481.04881.14781.23690.00390.07190.13990.20490.26990.33890.40590.46990.60590.823

-0.0150.007

-0.0010.0020.000

-0.0050.0000.0020.0020.0060.0070.0050.0070.0010.0060.004

-0.003-0.008-0.0040.0000.0030.000

-0.005-0.0040.001

-0.005-0.005-0.002-0.004-0.0010.003

-0.0010.004

-0.0010.0020.0020.002

-0.0020.000

59





Cl = 4877.0832 S. DEV. Cl = 18.6525

C2 = -334.5633 S. DEV. C3 = 1.3399

C3 = 4.9194 S. DEV. C3 = 0.0519

60





(OHMS) (°C) (°C) (°C)

34350.234265.234181.734100.834021.633937.233854.933776.133611.633347.724062.823959.723909.523857.323808.823757.023705.023653.423565.523514.617175.417140.217106.417071.617035.516999.916963.916890.416839.816804.612462.212441.212418.912397.512375.012352.412331.512309.212285.012263. 1

90.00290.07490.13890.20890.26890.34090.40790.47190.60390.823100.070100.195100.257100.321100.381100.447100.509100.573100.683100.741110.063110.129110.189110.251110.317110.379110.441110.572110.666110.728120.013120.067120.123120.179120.239120.295120.352120.406120.468120.520

90.00490.07290.14090.20590.27090.33890.40690.47090.60590.824

100.073100.197100.258100.322100.381100.444100.507100.571100.679100.742110.066110.129110.189110.250110.315110.378110.443110.574110.666110.729120.014120.067120.124120.179120.236120.294120.348120.406120.468120.525

-0.0020.002

-0.0020.003

-0.0020.0020.0010.001

-0.002-0.001-0.003-0.002-0.001-0.0010.0000.0030.0020.0020.004

-0.001-0.0030.0000.0000.0010.0020.001

-0.002-0.0020.000

-0.001-0.0010.000

-0.0010.0000.0030.0010.0040.0000.000

-0.005

61





Cl = 4824.9218 S. DEV. Cl = 8.4731

C2 = -330.7297 S. DEV. C3 = 0.6290

C3 = 4.7845 S. DEV. C3 = 0.0212

62





(OHMS) (°C)



12462.212441.212418.912397.512375.012352.412331.512309.212285.012263.19155.69134.09114.59092.99072.39051.39028.69007.68985.48962.96815.36802.66790.06775.06760.56734.56721. 16707.46693.56673.25137.65127.75118.15108.55099.25089.25079.65070.15061.05051.2

120.013120.067120.123120.179120.239120.295120.352120.406120.468120.520130.009130.089130.158130.236130.312130.390130.474130.548130.634130.711140.008140.072140.140140.212140.288140.424140.491140.563140.631140.741150.008150.078150.142150.210150.275150.341150.407150.481150.543150.621

120.014120.067120.124120.179120.237120.295120.348120.406120.468120.525130.009130.087130.158130.237130.312130.389130.472130.550130.632130.715140.009140.073140.138140.214140.289140.422140.491140.562140.634140.740150.003150.073150.141150.209150.275150.346150.414150.482150.547150.617

-0.0010.000

-0.0010.0000.0020.0000.0040.0000.000

-0.0050.0000.0020.000

-0.0010.0000.0010.002

-0.0020.002

-0.004-0.001-0.0010.002

-0.002-0.0010.0020.0000.001

-0.0030.0010.0050.0050.0010.0010.000

-0.005-0.007-0.001-0.0040.004

63




Cl + C2 THERMISTOR EQUATION: T -

C3

Cl = 4735.3079 S. DEV. Cl = 11.3454

C2 = -323.9212 S. DEV. C3 = 0.8752

C3 = 4.5728 S. DEV. C3 = 0.0258

64





(OHMS)




5137.65127.75118.15108.55099.25089.25079.65070.15061.05051.23918.43911.73904.23896.53882.83868.53861.53854.43844.63837.23020.93008.93003.32996.62972.62966.52954.72948.62940.62935.22354.72349.72344.92339.32333.92328.82323.42318.42313.62308.7

150.008150.078150.142150.210150.275150.341150.407150.481150.543150.621160.007160.073160.147160.221160.351160.491160.559160.628160.722160.796170.019170.177170.247170.335170.652170.728170.888170.968171.069171.147180.009180.099180.186180.282180.372180.458180.556180.646180.734180.815

150.004150.074150.142150.210150.275150.346150.415150.483150.548150.618160.005160.069160.142160.216160.349160.489160.557160.627160.723160.796170.018170.174170.248170.336170.652170.733170.890170.972171.079171.152180.009180.096180.180180.278180.372180.462180.557180.646180.731180.818

0.0040.0040.0000.0000.000

-0.005-0.008-0.002-0.0050.0030.0020.0040.0050.0050.0020.0020.0020.001

-0.0010.0000.0010.003

-0.001-0.0010.000

-0.005-0.002-0.004-0.010-0.0050.0000.0030.0060.0040.000

-0.004-0.0010.0000.003

-0.003

65




THERMISTOR EQUATION: T - * C3

Cl = 4667.7623 S. DEV. Cl = 17.2459

C2 = -318.6637 S. DEV. C3 = 1.3872

C3 = 4.4219 S. DEV. C3 = 0.0360

66





(OHMS) (°C)



2354.72349.72344.92339.32333.92328.82323.42318.42313.62308.71853.91849.11844.91840.31836.01827.51823.21818.91815.11807.71472.51468.71465.31462.51452.21448.51441.61436.11432.01428.21180.61172.61164.21151.61144.11140.71138.11135.91133.71131.3

180.009180.099180.186180.282180.372180.458180.556180.646180.734180.815190.008190.112190.218190.324190.428190.621190.719190.827190.913191.085200.012200.122200.226200.319200.637200.743200.962201.126201.252201.378210.012210.335210.671211.178211.475211.613211.717211.803211.909212.010

180.012180.099180.183180.281180.375180.465180.560180.649180.734180.821190.002190.112190.209190.316190.416190.614190.715190.816190.905191.080200.021200.136200.239200.324200.638200.751200.964201.134201.262201.380210.020210.334210.667211.171211.474211.612211.718211.808211.898211.996

-0.0030.0000.0030.001

-0.003-0.007-0.004-0.0030.000

-0.0060.0060.0000.0090.0080.0120.0070.0040.0110.0080.005

-0.009-0.014-0.013-0.005-0.001-0.008-0.002-0.008-0.010-0.002-0.0080.0010.0040.0070.0010.001

-0.001-0.0050.0110.014

67


NOMINAL TEMPERATURE RANGE: 180 - 210 8 C


THERMISTOR EQUATION: T - C1 + C2 xC3 + ln(tf)

Cl = 4506.2145 S. DEV. Cl = 31.6243

C2 = -305.4364 S. DEV. C3 = 2.6592

C3 = 4.0948 S. DEV. C3 = 0.0611

68

APPENDIX II 1

MLGRAP # 1 - Temperature dataJanury 31, 1988 ............................. 70February 1, 1988 ............................ 71February 4, 1988 ............................ 72February 14, 1988 ............................ 73July 23, 1989 .............................. 74

MLGRAP # 2 - Temperature dataDecember 10, 1987 ........................... 79December 12, 1987 ........................... 80December 16, 1987 ........................... 81January 9, 1988 ............................. 82January 29, 1988 ............................ 83July 24, 1989 .............................. 84

Temperatures on July 23 and July 24, 1989 were obtained by the authors. The remainder of the

temperatures for 1987 and 1988 were measured by D. Goodwin for the Town of Mammoth Lakes and were

obtained from the California Division of Oil and Gas Geothermal Reports 051-90120 and 051-90121. The

temperatures obtained by Goodwin were converted to degrees Celsius by the authors.

69

MLGRAP # 1 - Long Valley.Caldera, Mammoth Lakes, CA - January 31, 1988Temperatures measured by D. Goodwin for the Town of Mammoth Lakes.Data obtained from California Division of Oil and Gas Geothermal Report (A.P.I. No. 051-90120)

DEPTH(FT)

100200300400480500520540560580600620640660680700720740760780800820840860880900920940960980100010201040106010801100112011401160118012001220124012601280130013201340136013801400142014401460

TEMPERATURE(*C)

0.551.551.886.6118.4918.8819.6120.7724.2722.7224.2226.4926.3825.5025.7725.2224.2222.6121.6120.7220.2220.2721.2722.4923.7725.2727.1128.3829.7731.3833.6135.2736.9938.2240.2742.2243.8845.7247.8849.8851.6153.4953.9957.7760.3862.6165.2266.9968.3869.3869.7266.9969.3869.38

70

MLGRAP # 1 - Long Valley Caldera, Mammoth Lakes, CA - February 1, 1988Temperatures measured by D. Goodwin for the Town of Mammoth Lakes.Data obtained from California Division of Oil and Gas Geothermal Report (A.P.I. No. 051-90120)

DEPTH(FT)

2040608010012014016018020022024026028030032034036038040042044046048050052054056058060062064066068070072074076078080082084086088090092094096098010001020104010601080110011201140116011801200

TEMPERATURE DEPTH '(°C) (FT)

4.88 12204.38 12404.38 12604.77 12804.27 13003.88 13203.61 13403.49 13604.38 13804.77 14005.11 14205.11 14405.61 14605.616.227.389.2711.6113.8816.7718.2221.8824.4928.2729.1128.6126.9929.4928.7729.7732.2232.7228.6128.8828.0025.3822.3820.5019.7219.2220.7722.3823.4925.2226.8828.3829.6131.2732.7734.7235.9938.0039.2740.9943.3845.9447.2249.2750.9952.22

FEMPERATI(°C)

54.3855.6158.9961.9964.4966.7768.8870.2771.2771.9969.3871.1170.61

71


DEPTH(FT)

20406080100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400420440450460470480490500510520530540550560570580590600610620630640650660680700720740760780800820840860880900920940960980

TEMPERATURE(°C)

4.885.115.225.224.774.384.113.994.725.505.725.776.386.3810.2213.0016.2217.7219.8824.2228.7729.4930.1132.2233.8836.2237.1137.2737.2235.3835.6136.6133.1134.1134.7734.6132.8834.2235.1135.7736.4936.7734.3832.2732.7231.8828.4924.7721.8820.6120.1120.7722.6123.7225.2226.7228.1129.8831.6133.49

DEPTH(FT)

10001020104010601080110011201140116011801200122012401260128013001320134013601370138013901400141014201430144014501460

TEMPERATl(°C)

35.2737.1138.9940.8842.7744.8846.7248.7750.9952.7254.4955.9958.0060.7763.6166.2268.6170.7772.4973.2773.7274.2274.2775.1173.8870.3873.2272.8872.88

72


DEPTH(FT)

2040608010012014016018020022024026028030032034036038040042044046048050052054056058060062064066068070072074076078080082084086088090092094096098010001020104010601080110011201140116011801200

TEMPERATURE DEPTH(°C) (FT)

5.50 12204.88 12405.11 12605.11 12804.61 13004.22 13203.88 13403.77 13604.77 13805.38 14005.61 14105.99 14206.61 14408.61 146014.2715.7218.0019.4924.2229.6136.1140.1141.7242.8843.7741.7241.3841.2239.1139.1140.2740.1136.2236.4934.2729.1124.8822.4921.6121.1122.4924.1125.1126.8828.3829.9931.4933.3835.3836.9938.3840.2742.1144.1146.2748.2250.6152.4954.8856.49

TEMPERATURECO

58.2760.2763.2265.7268.2270.7272.7775.5076.4977.1177.4975.7773.8874.38

73

MLGRAP # 1 - Long Valley Caldera, Mammoth Lakes, CA - JULY 23, 1989

DEPTH TEMPERATURE DEPTH TEMPERATURE DEPTH TEMPERATURE DEPTH TEMPERATURE DEPTH TEMPERATURE(FT) (°C) (FT) (°C) (FT) (°C) (FT) (°C) (FT) (°C)

10 21.033 70 8.064 130 7.179 190 8.130 250 10.71411 20.967 71 8.065 131 7.170 191 8.156 251 10.95712 20.902 72 8.066 132 7.161 192 8.181 252 11.20013 20.837 73 8.067 133 7.152 193 8.204 253 11.43414 20.770 74 8.068 134 7.146 194 8.226 254 11.67315 20.698 75 8.069 135 7.140 195 8.246 255 11.91316 20.630 76 8.068 136 7.134 196 8.264 256 12.14817 20.557 77 8.068 137 7.130 197 8.280 257 12.38618 20.487 78 8.068 138 7.126 198 8.295 258 12.61519 20.418 79 8.065 139 7.124 199 8.307 259 12.83920 20.348 80 8.061 140 7.122 200 8.319 260 13.04821 20.281 81 8.056 141 7.121 201 8.328 261 13.23822 20.221 82 8.049 142 7.121 202 8.336 262 13.42923 20.160 83 8.042 143 7.122 203 8.345 263 13.61224 20.101 84 8.034 144 7.123 204 8.352 264 13.79225 20.044 85 8.025 145 7.125 205 8.359 265 13.96926 19.988 86 8.016 146 7.126 206 8.365 266 14.14427 19.933 87 8.005 147 7.129 207 8.371 267 14.31628 19.880 88 7.993 148 7.134 208 8.377 268 14.48129 19.825 89 7.980 149 7.139 209 8.382 269 14.63330 17.893 90 7.966 150 7.146 210 8.387 270 14.77731 13.296 91 7.949 151 7.153 211 8.392 271 14.91032 11.096 92 7.931 152 7.162 212 8.397 272 15.03633 9.951 93 7.912 153 7.171 213 8.403 273 15.16434 9.316 94 7.891 154 7.181 214 8.408 274 15.28935 8.927 95 7.867 155 7.191 215 8.414 275 15.41636 8.683 96 7.840 156 7.201 216 8.420 276 15.53137 8.525 97 7.813 157 7.212 217 8.427 277 15.64838 8.418 98 7.785 158 7.226 218 8.434 278 15.76739 8.343 99 7.759 159 7.239 219 8.441 279 15.88940 8.290 100 7.735 160 7.253 220 8.448 280 16.02341 8.250 101 7.712 161 7.268 221 8.455 281 16.16542 8.220 102 7.691 162 7.283 222 8.462 282 16.28643 8.196 103 7.671 163 7.299 223 8.471 283 16.41444 8.177 104 7.652 164 7.316 224 8.480 284 16.52145 8.161 105 7.633 165 7.333 225 8.489 285 16.65346 8.148 106 7.615 166 7.352 226 8.501 286 16.78847 8.137 107 7.597 167 7.369 227 8.513 287 16.92648 8.128 108 7.580 168 7.388 228 8.527 288 17.07149 8.120 109 7.561 169 7.405 229 8.543 289 17.22650 8.113 110 7.542 170 7.424 230 8.560 290 17.36351 8.108 111 7.525 171 7.443 231 8.580 291 17.50452 8.103 112 7.505 172 7.464 232 8.603 292 17.65353 8.099 113 7.486 173 7.488 233 8.630 293 17.81854 8.094 114 7.466 174 7.517 234 8.663 294 17.98055 8.090 115 7.444 175 7.551 235 8.699 295 18.15756 8.086 116 7.420 176 7.588 236 8.738 296 18.33957 8.082 117 7.397 177 7.629 237 8.782 297 18.51958 8.079 118 7.373 178 7.673 238 8.829 298 18.69959 8.075 119 7.351 179 7.716 239 8.878 299 18.86960 8.073 120 7.330 180 7.759 240 8.929 300 19.03161 8.071 121 7.309 181 7.800 241 8.989 301 19.14862 8.069 122 7.290 182 7.840 242 9.071 302 19.28163 8.067 123 7.273 183 7.878 243 9.177 303 19.39064 8.066 124 7.257 184 7.917 244 9.309 304 19.50165 8.065 125 7.242 185 7.956 245 9.502 305 19.58166 8.064 126 7.228 186 7.997 246 9.734 306 19.70867 8.064 127 7.215 187 8.035 247 9.980 307 19.88568 8.064 128 7.202 188 8.070 248 10.226 308 20.06169 8.065 129 7.190 189 8.102 249 10.474 309 20.198

74


DEPTH(FT)

310311312313314315316317318319320321322323324325326327328329330331332333334335336337338339340341342343344345346347348349350351352353354355356357358359360361362363364365366367368369

TEMPERATURECO

20.34320.43120.50920.60820.68620.79020.90221.02121.20821.44321.63221.76621.87622.10722.11822.13422.17122.26022.64223.62424.02024.14724.22624.30524.44324.59424.53424.32524.15424.07923.99323.94723.89823.91924.10124.18124.32424.71425.05625.25225.59625.93526.07726.18526.36426.57226.76226.95227.22627.47427.46627.62727.69428.23528.80229.24529.65029.96330.65231.002

DEPTH(FT)

370371372373374375376377378379380381382383384385386387388389390391392393394395396397398399400401402403404405406407408409410411412413414415416417418419420421422423424425426427428429

TEMPERATURECO

30.96430.80331.04530.43830.66930.39529.68330.10030.24129.91230.72630.60430.48931.40331.45131.38731.74932.31432.33832.83532.61832.41633.13432.61432.43933.02032.70933.00433.22933.07833.73433.69733.64733.66534.58034.24034.11434.29135.07434.82734.74434.69634.76235.36036.22036.58337.06637.71938.31438.80539.28139.67539.90541.29441.54741.85242.18342.58642.93043.792

DEPTH(FT)

430431432433434435436437438439440441442443444445446447448449450451452453454455456457458459460461462463464465466467468469470471472473474475476477478479480481482483484485486487488489

TEMPERATURECO

44.25644.71445.45745.83246.20746.55146.70547.02547.17547.34047.45647.63847.82547.92248.01048.09848.14848.22948.37848.58248.66648.69548.87748.96949.00449.10749.20549.31749.44849.60249.75749.89350.01050.06850.18050.21650.31850.35950.42950.49550.55250.61750.70450.85050.95551.01951.05551.10051.12751.15151.18151.22151.27551.30651.34251.37551.41151.45451.50251.557

DEPTH(FT)

490491492493494495496497498499500501502503504505506507508509510511512513514515516517518519520521522523524525526527528529530531532533534535536537538539540541542543544545546547548549

TEMPERATURECO

51.60651.65251.69551.73451.77051.80851.84451.86951.88251.89251.92351.95751.99252.02352.05452.09052.13852.19152.24552.30152.35252.38852.40452.40852.40252.39152.37752.36052.34352.32752.30952.29252.27452.25752.23852.21752.19552.17052.14352.11352.08252.05052.01751.98251.94551.90451.85851.80651.74851.68451.61551.54151.46351.37251.26951.16051.04850.92850.80350.677

DEPTH(FT)

550551552553554555556557558559560561562563564565566567568569570571572573574575576577578579580581582583584585586587588589590591592593594595596597598599600601602603604605606607608609

TEMPERATURECO

50.55350.42550.30150.17850.05949.94049.82849.72149.61849.52249.42749.33249.24149.14849.05548.96248.86648.77148.67448.57348.46548.36148.25548.15148.04747.93947.83347.73147.63147.53447.43147.32847.22847.12847.02746.92546.82146.72246.62346.52646.43346.34646.26346.18746.11446.04445.97845.91545.85345.79345.73745.68245.62745.57245.52045.46545.41445.36145.30945.257

75


EPTH(FT)610611612613614615616617618619620621622623624625626627628629630631632633634635636637638639640641642643644645646647648649650651652653654655656657658659660661662663664665666667668669

TEMPERATURECC)

45.20645.15545.10545.05445.00544.95444.90544.85544.80644.75744.70744.65844.60944.56044.51144.46344.41344.36344.31444.26444.21544.16644.11744.06744.01743.96643.91543.86343.81043.75643.70243.64743.59143.53343.47543.41343.35443.29443.23243.16443.08943.01042.93342.85642.77442.69342.60942.51542.41842.31542.20942.09641.98241.86541.74641.62641.50741.37941.26141.140

DEPTH(FT)670671672673674675676677678679680681682683684685686687688689690691692693694695696697698699700701702703704705706707708709710711712713714715716717718719720721722723724725726727728729

TEMPERATURECO

41.01440.88540.74940.60940.47040.32640.17340.01739.85339.68539.51239.33139.14638.95938.76138.55938.33938.11537.88337.64737.39837.14936.88936.62436.36236.08635.81335.53835.25234.95834.65334.35034.04433.73533.41333.09432.78932.49932.23731.98731.73731.50231.27431.04630.82430.59830.36930.13829.90729.67429.44129.20228.96528.73928.51828.31728.12727.94527.76427.579

DEPTH(FT)730731732733734735736737738739740741742743744745746747748749750751752753754755756757758759760761762763764765766767768769770771772773774775776777778779780781782783784785786787788789

TEMPERATURECO

27.39427.21127.03126.84826.67026.49626.33326.17626.02325.87625.73125.59325.46025.32725.19725.06824.94224.82124.70124.58724.48424.39024.30924.23924.18024.12824.08324.04424.01023.98123.95423.92923.90723.88723.86723.85023.83423.81823.80423.79123.78023.77023.76123.75223.74323.73523.72823.72223.71723.71323.71123.71123.71423.72123.73523.75423.77523.80123.82824.013

DEPTH(FT)790791792793794795796797798799800801802803804805806807808809810811812813814815816817818819820821822823824825826827828829830831832833834835836837838839840841842843844845846847848849

TEMPERATURECO

24.02624.01724.03324.04624.04624.05124.06524.08624.11024.12324.14024.16224.18624.21324.23824.26924.30024.35324.42624.44424.48724.52524.55724.59124.62324.65424.67624.71524.75224.78424.81224.84624.87925.03125.20325.27625.28325.30525.31525.32225.32125.32225.33725.36425.38825.42425.45525.48625.54825.56825.60625.64425.67825.72025.73925.76225.80525.84125.92125.991

DEPTH(FT)850851852853854855856857858859860861862863864865866867868869870871872873874875876877878879880881882883884885886887888889890891892893894895896897898899900901902903904905906907908909

TEMPERATURECO

26.01426.08726.12526.23626.33826.39026.48326.53926.57526.63926.69226.75926.83126.90026.95827.06527.20027.25927.33027.60627.67627.71727.71827.83927.89527.83527.83727.99528.13528.22028.30328.37028.39428.42828.60728.66128.79128.90628.96529.04929.05929.06429.05629.06429.10029.11829.15229.16929.19429.27629.34129.45029.56929.63429.68329.73829.84329.89529.97730.065

76


DEPTH(FT)

910911912913914915916917918919920921922923924925926927928929930931932933934935936937938939940941942943944945946947948949950951952953954955956957958959960961962963964965966967968969

TEMPERATUREro

30.05930.21030.27030.41630.51730.61630.78530.85630.91330.97830.96831.02531.15931.24931.27431.27231.30031.33531.48431.60831.65231.74231.81231.87031.94432.15632.20132.24732.35632.48832.48932.52032.72232.79832.83932.94632.99633.08433.18733.34233.46033.51033.50033.58233.66233.68533.90033.99133.99834.08634.13834.17034.33334.46334.59234.80734.83934.92935.01835.146

DEPTH(FT)

970971972973974975976977978979980981982983984985986987988989990991992993994995996997998999100010011002100310041005100610071008100910101011101210131014101510161017101810191020102110221023102410251026102710281029

TEMPERATURE(°C)

35.20435.39535.52835.65635.75335.94136.11236.22436.28736.25336.27036.29536.32036.44836.44836.47636.58136.77236.85936.99937.08437.09337.13537.28437.33737.42637.51337.67337.80637.90837.95438.06238.13938.28938.32938.42038.53738.63138.74038.84938.86038.90238.97639.11639.21639.29139.29839.30739.36239.49939.62439.70939.87439.92740.07040.10640.15740.25340.42240.572

DEPTH(FT)

103010311032103310341035103610371038103910401041104210431044104510461047104810491050105110521053105410551056105710581059106010611062106310641065106610671068106910701071107210731074107510761077107810791080108110821083108410851086108710881089

TEMPERATURE(°C)

40.71240.78540.77340.87941.01741.11741.12741.23941.33841.52841.65741.64841.63441.70841.83341.86642.03142.13942.24342.34642.39242.48942.60542.68842.84742.89442.99943.10143.18443.26343.35243.40443.45143.61943.76743.85343.91444.00744.08544.15944.25544.42844.51744.59944.71844.90645.08045.15345.17845.25545.39845.47645.57145.60045.74145.85345.95846.04146.17446.251

DEPTH(FT)

109010911092109310941095109610971098109911001101110211031104110511061107110811091110111111121113111411151116111711181119112011211122112311241125112611271128112911301131113211331134113511361137113811391140114111421143114411451146114711481149

TEMPERATURE(°C)

46.36946.50346.62246.75246.81746.92447.06947.25247.32247.32647.41447.60247.67347.75247.81447.94648.06048.14648.22848.31548.39048.53948.62048.72448.86548.96449.05949.15749.26349.40249.50649.52449.63349.76749.86850.00950.09450.29450.31850.47350.56250.70850.82350.86150.91951.03951.15451.27151.38351.50451.56451.67851.76151.82551.97752.04152.09752.15852.24652.348

DEPTH(FT)

115011511152115311541155115611571158115911601161116211631164116511661167116811691170117111721173117411751176117711781179118011811182118311841185118611871188118911901191119211931194119511961197119811991200120112021203120412051206120712081209

TEMPERATUREro

52.44352.56552.66752.77352.83452.90853.01453.10353.17953.27653.40553.49153.58853.70053.77653.89954.02054.11054.21754.31854.41354.49254.60154.69254.77854.87254.97055.08255.15955.25555.35255.46955.55055.64855.77155.88255.99656.08756.17156.26956.39956.49556.57256.67656.78556.90057.00757.10657.20657.29157.37757.51057.62557.71657.80757.87857.94558.04358.15058.275

77


DEPTH(FT)

121012111212121312141215121612171218121912201221122212231224122512261227122812291230123112321233123412351236123712381239124012411242124312441245124612471248124912501251125212531254125512561257125812591260126112621263126412651266126712681269

TEMPERATURECO

58.38658.46158.53858.63858.74258.86358.98259.07759.19659.31459.44559.54359.62559.73359.86859.98660.08360.19560.29860.41860.52660.63560.73360.85860.96961.08961.21661.33361.43961.57661.69361.80761.91262.03462.17562.30562.46062.58362.66662.78862.90062.99863.14963.28463.40563.54263.65863.81163.95464.08664.19764.34164.49564.62264.74764.88165.02965.15365.27365.412

DEPTH(FT)

127012711272127312741275127612771278127912801281128212831284128512861287128812891290129112921293129412951296129712981299130013011302130313041305130613071308130913101311131213131314131513161317131813191320132113221323132413251326132713281329

TEMPERATURECO

65.53465.65865.77665.89766.00866.14166.22966.32766.45066.56866.68866.81166.94067.07567.19967.31767.43667.54267.66267.76867.90768.02268.13268.24068.33968.45368.54568.65368.73568.82068.89868.98069.06269.14069.21569.37269.67869.80269.88269.93669.97870.02270.09070.20670.34270.48370.63870.73970.81770.90570.98471.05671.12871.20471.29671.41671.54471.69271.86572.035

DEPTH(FT)

133013311332133313341335133613371338133913401341134213431344134513461347134813491350135113521353135413551356135713581359136013611362136313641365136613671368136913701371137213731374137513761377137813791380138113821383138413851386138713881389

TEMPERATURECO

72.18672.31872.44072.55072.66272.76772.86472.97173.08773.19573.32073.43673.54173.63273.71573.79973.88173.96274.04574.13374.21574.29874.37474.45474.52674.59474.66074.73074.80774.87574.93474.99875.07575.15475.22775.29375.35875.48475.59375.67975.74575.79875.85475.89875.93975.98376.03676.08276.12276.16776.21476.25676.30076.36276.41776.46576.50176.52876.55276.580

DEPTH(FT)

139013911392139313941395139613971398139914001401140214031404140514061407140814091410141114121413141414151416141714181419142014211422142314241425142614271428142914301431143214331434143514361437143814391440144114421443144414451446144714481449

TEMPERATlCC)

76.61376.64676.67676.70576.73776.77076.79776.82276.84276.86676.88776.91476.93976.96576.98577.00177.00977.01277.00576.99376.97776.95976.93676.90876.87776.84276.79876.74676.68176.62476.58276.54476.48476.42876.37976.32276.24276.16576.10176.03275.96475.90675.83875.74175.66775.61475.55675.50875.45775.37775.29675.23775.20275.16575.07374.96574.89574.83174.77174.719

1450 74.557

78

MLGRAP # 2 - Long Valley Caldera, Mammoth Lakes, CA - December 10, 1987Temperatures measured by D. Goodwin for the Town of Mammoth Lakes.Data obtained from California Division of Oil and Gas Geothermal Report (A.P.I. No. 051-90121)

DEPTH TEMPERATURE (FT) (°C)

1540 54.221560 55.271580 55.271600 55.27

DEPTH(FT)

340360380400420440460480500520540560580600620640660680700720740760780800820840860880900920940960980100010201040106010801100112011401160118012001220124012601280130013201340136013801400142014401460148015001520

TEMPERATl(°C)

8.889.3811.1112.4914.3816.3817.3817.8819.1120.2721.4922.6124.1125.5026.6127.6128.3829.2730.5031.3832.1133.0033.6134.2734.7736.1136.9937.6138.2239.1139.7239.9940.2740.7741.6142.2742.6142.8843.2243.7744.4944.4944.7744.1144.2744.8845.3845.7245.6145.7746.1146.4947.4948.1148.7249.4950.3851.1152.1152.49

79


DEPTH TEMPERATURE(FT) CC)

1420 63.381440 64.991460 64.991480 65.221500 66.221520 67.111540 68.111560 69.111580 70.611600 71.49

DEPTH(FT)

220240260280300320340360380400420440460480500520540560580600620640660680700720740760780800820840860880900920940960980100010201040106010801100112011401160118012001220124012601280130013201340136013801400

TEMPERATl(°C)

6.166.617.278.118.498.778.999.1112.2715.2716.9917.4918.1118.7220.2722.7224.8826.6128.6131.1132.8834.4935.6136.3837.4939.1140.1140.9941.7242.3842.7743.6144.2244.7245.2745.7745.8846.2746.6147.6148.2749.2249.9950.7751.7752.2252.1153.1152.7753.1153.7254.4955.2256.4957.4958.4958.9959.9960.8861.99

80


DEPTH TEMPERATURE (FT) (°C)

1580 72.721600 73.61

DEPTH(FT)

38040042044046048050052054056058060062064066068070072074076078080082084086088090092094096098010001020104010601080110011201140116011801200122012401260128013001320134013601380140014201440146014801500152015401560

TEMPERATlCC)

8.0016.2717.3817.8818.6119.2721.2724.1126.3828.6130.7733.3835.2736.6137.8838.6139.7741.2742.2743.0043.7244.2744.7745.5045.9946.4946.9947.3847.6148.1148.3849.2749.9950.7751.3852.1152.8853.4953.7254.6154.6155.2255.9956.7757.7258.7759.7260.7261.3862.4963.2764.2765.2766.6166.9967.7268.7269.6170.6171.72

81

MLGRAP # 2 - Long Valley Caldera, Mammoth Lakes, CA - January 9, 1988Temperatures measured by D. Goodwin for the Town of Mammoth Lakes.Data obtained from California Division of Oil and Gas Geothermal Report (A.P.I. No. 051-90121)

DEPTH(FT)

4204404604805005205405605806006206406606807007207407607808008208408608809009209409609801000102010401060108011001120114011601180120012201240126012801300132013401360138014001420144014601480150015201540156015801600

TEMPERATl(°C)

17.6118.2218.7219.6121.9925.2727.6130.3832.2234.8836.7738.1139.2740.5041.8843.0043.8844.6145.2245.8846.2746.9947.3847.7748.2248.2748.8849.2749.8850.7251.3851.9952.4953.1153.7754.4954.9955.6156.1156.7757.6158.3859.2760.2761.2262.1163.0063.8864.7265.6166.4967.3868.0068.7769.7770.7771.7272.7273.6174.22

82

MLGRAP # 2 - Long Valley Caldera, Mammoth Lakes, CA - January 29, 1988Temperatures measured by D. Goodwin for the Town of Mammoth Lakes.Data obtained from California Division of Oil and Gas Geothermal Report (A.P. I. No. 051-90121)

DEPTH TEMPERATURE(FT) <°C)

420 17.38460 18.72500 21.72550 29.11600 34.99650 38.88700 41.99750 44.38800 45.99850 47.38900 48.38950 49.271000 50.771050 52.491100 53.881150 55.501200 56.991250 59.111300 61.381350 63.611400 65.721450 67.771500 69.991550 72.381600 74.22

83


DEPTH TEMPERATURE DEPTH TEMPERATURE DEPTH TEMPERATURE DEPTH TEMPERATURE DEPTH TEMPERATURE(FT) <°C) (FT) (°C) (FT) ( e C) (FT) (°C) (FT) (°C)

101114151617181920212223242526273233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475

19.04519.01218.93318.88318.84918.81918.79018.75618.71118.67918.64918.61418.57418.52218.46618.43018.31118.18818.12218.08318.05318.02517.99717.97117.94517.92017.89517.87017.84517.82017.79517.77117.74717.72217.69717.67317.64917.62517.60117.57617.55217.52717.50217.47817.45217.42517.39817.37117.34417.31717.29017.26317.23517.20717.17717.14617.11217.07717.04317.011

767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135

16.97716.94316.90916.87616.84216.80816.77416.74016.70616.67216.63916.60616.57216.53816.50316.46716.43316.39816.36416.33116.29816.26516.23116.19716.16316.12916.09416.05916.02615.99215.95715.92215.88715.85315.81915.78515.74915.71415.68015.64415.61115.57515.53915.50615.47115.43715.40215.36715.33215.29915.26415.22915.19515.16115.12715.09315.05915.02514.99214.958

136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187188189190191192193194195

14.92514.89314.86114.82814.79614.76414.73414.70214.67214.64314.61314.58314.55514.52714.50014.47314.44814.42314.39814.37314.34914.32514.30114.27814.25414.23014.20614.18214.15814.13514.11314.09314.07214.05314.03414.01513.99713.97913.96113.94313.92613.91013.89313.87713.86113.84513.83013.81613.80113.78713.77313.76013.74713.73413.72113.70813.69613.68413.67213.660

196197198199200201202203204205206207208209210211212213214215216217218219220221222223224225226227228229230231232233234235236237238239240241242243244245246247248249250251252253254255

13.64913.63813.62713.61613.60513.59513.58413.57413.56313.55313.54313.53313.52313.51413.50513.49513.48613.47713.46813.45913.45013.44013.43113.42213.41313.40313.39413.38513.37613.36713.35813.35013.34013.33113.32213.31313.30313.29413.28413.27513.26613.25713.24813.23913.23113.22213.21313.20513.19613.18713.17813.17013.16113.15313.14413.13713.12913.12213.11613.109

256257258259260261262263264265266267268269270271272273274275276277278279280281282283284285286287288289290291292293V294295296297298299300301302303304305306307308309310311312313314315

13.10313.09713.09113.08513.07913.07413.06813.06313.05813.05313.04913.04313.03913.03413.02913.02513.02113.01613.01213.00813.00413.00112.99812.99412.99112.98712.98412.98112.97812.97512.97212.96912.96612.96312.96012.95712.95412.95112.94812.94512.94212.94012.93712.93512.92312.93212.93112.93012.93012.93112.93112.93112.93112.93212.93212.93212.93212.93212.93212.932

84


DEPTH(FT)

316317318319320321322323324325326327328329330331332333334335336337338339340341342343344345346347348349350351352353354355356357358359360361362363364365366367368369370371372373374375

TEMPERATURECO

12.93212.93212.93212.93312.93212.93212.93212.93212.93212.93212.93212.93112.93112.93112.93112.93112.93012.93012.92912.92912.92912.92812.92812.92812.92712.92712.92612.92612.92612.92512.92512.92412.92412.92312.92312.92212.92212.92112.92012.91912.91912.91812.91712.91612.91512.91412.91312.91212.91112.90912.90812.90712.90612.90612.90612.90612.90612.90612.90612.907

DEPTH(FT)

376377378379380381382383384385386387388389390391392393394395396397398399400401402403404405406407408409410411412413414415416417418419420421422423424425426427428429430431432433434435

TEMPERATURECO

12.90812.90912.91112.91212.91412.91612.91812.92112.92312.92612.92912.93312.93812.94212.94812.95412.96112.96812.97512.98212.99012.99813.00613.01313.02213.03013.04013.05113.06213.07513.08913.10413.12113.13813.15613.17413.19313.21313.23313.25313.27513.30013.32613.35613.38813.42213.45813.49713.53613.57713.62313.67113.72013.76913.82113.87615.47217.65318.45818.811

DEPTH(FT)

436437438439440441442443444445446447448449450451452453454455456457458459460461462463464465466467468469470471472473474475476477478479480481482483484485486487488489490491492493494495

TEMPERATURE(°C)

18.99019.13719.23119.31019.38419.46519.54219.61519.68019.72719.76919.79919.85819.90719.96020.00620.03620.10220.15520.20620.25220.29320.34720.40520.44920.49920.55020.61920.67120.72820.76320.80220.84820.89120.92220.97121.01721.05221.10921.15121.22021.26921.32221.35821.42021.47621.53921.58921.66421.72621.80021.90721.97722.07022.16722.26822.37622.49422.63722.793

DEPTH(FT)

496497498499500501502503504505506507508509510511512513514515516517518519520521522523524525526527528529530531532533534535536537538539540541542543544545546547548549550551552553554555

TEMPERATURECC)

22.91923.06123.19623.35323.52423.66923.86524.06524.25024.41724.54924.76124.88325.03225.17125.31225.47325.62625.79625.97126.14726.28126.45426.56926.74026.89127.02327.16527.31927.46827.64427.82527.96028.07828.19628.33428.48528.61628.74928.86728.97829.12229.20229.31329.44729.57229.67829.81729.92230.07330.22430.37130.51030.70630.88731.02931.16531.31331.46731.574

DEPTH(FT)

556557558559560561562563564565566567568569570571572573574575576577578579580581582583584585586587588589590591592593594595596597598599600601602603604605606607608609610611612613614615

TEMPERATURECC)

31.76331.93632.06832.19832.29932.38632.46932.53832.61332.71232.79332.90832.99433.08833.16533.24133.32233.40933.51433.64633.73733.83233.93534.04434.14234.26134.36434.46134.56734.66634.76934.85834.94935.04735.18135.34035.52135.73235.90336.09536.23536.35436.48336.60936.71336.83836.91137.02337.13937.23937.33137.40937.49837.58737.65737.75337.84337.91038.00038.090

85


DEPTH(FT)

616617618619620621622623624625626627628629630631632633634635636637638639640641642643644645646647648649650651652653654655656657658659660661662663664665666667668669670671672673674675

TEMPERATURErc>

38.16138.25238.32338.40438.48638.57938.67238.75338.82538.88838.93638.98639.03139.08439.14039.18239.24439.31839.38939.47339.54039.61639.70539.77039.83539.90239.95840.02940.10640.16140.22640.29040.35740.42940.48840.55340.60840.67240.73040.78240.84440.91040.97241.02441.08641.13841.19941.25341.31941.37941.43441.49541.56441.61041.65841.71441.77041.82841.89741.954

DEPTH(FT)

676677678679680681682683684685686687688689690691692693694695696697698699700701702703704705706707708709710711712713714715716717718719720721722723724725726727728729730731732733734735

TEMPERATURE< eo

42.01442.08542.15242.20542.27042.34342.41542.47542.55342.62242.69042.75742.83842.89442.96843.02543.11443.17743.23643.30543.37143.42843.50343.56643.62643.70043.76543.82743.89043.94944.00244.06444.12244.18044.23144.28044.33044.37144.41744.46944.51444.55744.60044.64444.67744.72144.76244.78944.83444.87544.91544.95444.99645.03945.08445.11645.14945.18545.22345.258

DEPTH(FT)

736737738739740741742743744745746747748749750751752753754755756757758759760761762763764765766767768769770771772773774775776777778779780781782783784785786787788789790791792793794795

TEMPERATURE(°C)

45.29445.33145.37045.41045.44245.48645.52045.56045.59945.63245.66645.69545.73245.76745.80345.84045.87545.90545.93945.97146.00446.03346.06746.10046.13746.16946.20646.23446.27346.30446.32146.35146.39146.42446.45746.48746.51746.55246.58246.61346.64446.66546.69146.72246.75346.78446.81546.85346.87946.90746.92846.95846.99147.01447.04247.06847.10547.13147.15947.187

DEPTH(FT)

796797798799800801802803804805806807808809810811812813814815816817818819820821822823824825826827828829830831832833834835836837838839840841842843844845846847848849850851852853854855

TEMPERATURECC)

47.21247.23647.26647.28747.31247.34647.37047.39947.43347.45747.48247.51047.53247.56047.59447.62347.65247.67847.70947.74147.77747.81247.84447.87647.90247.93447.96447.99548.03248.05548.08648.11148.14348.15948.18548.21648.23748.26248.28448.31348.33448.35848.38348.40748.43248.45648.47348.49948.51848.54548.56048.58648.61248.63148.65348.67948.69348.71448.73848.757

DEPTH(FT)

856857858859860861862863864865866867868869870871872873874875876877878879880881882883884885886887888889890891892893894895896897898899900901902903904905906907908909910911912913914915

TEMPERATURECC)

48.77648.79848.82048.83648.86048.87748.89648.91548.94248.96248.97948.99249.00549.02849.05049.07149.09149.10349.12049.13749.15849.18249.19849.21249.23349.25449.27149.28749.30149.32149.33949.35349.37149.39149.40949.42349.44249.46049.47949.49349.50949.52749.54649.55849.57149.58949.60749.62149.63349.65149.66449.67549.69449.70649.72149.73649.74549.75949.77849.798

86


DEPTH TEMPERATURE DEPTH TEMPERATURE DEPTH TEMPERATURE DEPTH TEMPERATURE DEPTH TEMPERATURE(FT) <°C) (FT) (°C) (FT) <°C) (FT) <°C) (FT) (°C)

916917918919920921922923924925926927928929930931932933934935936937938939940941942943944945946947948949950951952953954955956957958959960961962963964965966967968969970971972973974975

49.80849.82049.83349.84549.86049.87149.88449.90449.91449.93149.94649.96249.97749.99750.01550.03050.04150.06150.08550.10650.11950.14050.16050.17950.19950.22150.24450.26250.28250.30150.32450.34550.36650.38850.41250.42550.44750.47150.49150.51350.53150.55750.57750.60250.62550.64450.66850.69050.71650.74350.77150.79750.81850.84850.87850.90850.93950.97051.00051.037

976977978979980981982983984985986987988989990991992993994995996997998999100010011002100310041005100610071008100910101011101210131014101510161017101810191020102110221023102410251026102710281029103010311032103310341035

51.06851.09651.13251.16951.19751.23551.26951.29451.32851.37051.40351.43951.47751.51151.55151.58851.61951.65051.67751.71551.75451.78951.82351.85751.88651.92451.95851.99152.03252.06652.09452.13352.16552.19552.23152.26652.29652.33552.36652.39852.42452.45952.49552.52152.55452.58652.61652.64552.67752.70952.74352.76952.79652.82352.85852.88552.91452.93452.95852.997

103610371038103910401041104210431044104510461047104810491050105110521053105410551056105710581059106010611062106310641065106610671068106910701071107210731074107510761077107810791080108110821083108410851086108710881089109010911092109310941095

53.03253.05853.08853.12553.15453.18453.21353.23253.25553.27853.30553.33353.35353.37253.40153.42453.44353.46553.49553.52053.54453.56653.59153.61653.64253.66953.70053.72653.75353.78153.80253.83453.85753.88253.91953.94253.97553.99654.02154.04654.08054.10154.13354.16154.18954.22454.24654.27554.31154.33554.36954.39854.41754.45054.47854.51254.53954.56754.58954.623

109610971098109911001101110211031104110511061107110811091110111111121113111411151116111711181119112011211122112311241125112611271128112911301131113211331134113511361137113811391140114111421143114411451146114711481149115011511152115311541155

54.65754.68654.71454.74254.77054.80354.83254.86054.89654.92554.95954.98955.01855.04855.08055.11055.14755.17655.21155.23955.27755.30155.33055.37155.40555.43955.46655.49855.53555.56655.59955.62855.66055.69255.72255.75255.78355.80455.82755.85855.88655.91655.94355.97155.99456.01956.04656.08056.10656.12856.15956.18656.20656.23056.25656.28156.30356.32956.35256.375

115611571158115911601161116211631164116511661167116811691170117111721173117411751176117711781179118011811182118311841185118611871188118911901191119211931194119511961197119811991200120112021203120412051206120712081209121012111212121312141215

56.39756.42556.44656.47056.49656.52056.54856.57156.59656.62256.64856.67356.69756.72756.76056.78356.80756.83456.87056.89856.92656.95856.98757.02157.05357.07757.11057.14257.17357.20557.24157.27657.30357.34557.37757.41457.44957.48557.51657.55357.59457.63957.67257.71657.74957.78957.82857.86557.90157.94757.98258.01558.06858.10658.14358.18458.22458.26158.29858.333

87

MLGRAP # 2 - Long Valley Caldera, Mammoth Lakes, CA - JULY 1989

DEPTH(FT)

121612171218121912201221122212231224122512261227122812291230123112321233123412351236123712381239124012411242124312441245124612471248124912501251125212531254125512561257125812591260126112621263126412651266126712681269127012711272127312741275

TEMPERATURE<°C)

58.37758.42158.45758.50658.54758.58658.62858.66758.70858.75158.78458.82058.86058.90858.95158.98359.02159.06359.10659.14259.18259.21759.26559.30859.34759.38959.43359.47659.51959.55959.60659.64359.69259.73959.78259.82659.86359.91059.95259.99360.03560.07760.12960.16860.21560.25960.29560.34260.38960.42960.47860.52160.56760.60960.65760.70560.74760.78960.83360.871

DEPTH(FT)

127612771278127912801281128212831284128512861287128812891290129112921293129412951296129712981299130013011302130313041305130613071308130913101311131213131314131513161317131813191320132113221323132413251326132713281329133013311332133313341335

TEMPERATURE(°C)

60.91460.95961.00261.04761.08961.12961.17061.21061.24761.29361.33961.37661.42061.46361.50761.54361.58861.63361.67361.71361.75161.79461.84261.88061.92061 .95962.00162.04862.09262.13262.17562.22062.26762.30862.35262.39262.44062.48262.52162.56962.61262.65162.68862.73662.78362.81762.86162.90262.95162.98963.03463.07063.11363.15863.19963.24063.27763.31463.36063.412

DEPTH(FT)

133613371338133913401341134213431344134513461347134813491350135113521353135413551356135713581359136013611362136313641365136613671368136913701371137213731374137513761377137813791380138113821383138413851386138713881389139013911392139313941395

TEMPERATURE(°C)

63.45363.49563.53063.57263.61963.66363.70263.73563.78163.82363.87163.91463.95363.99064.02964.06264.11164.15864.19864.23864.28164.31864.36664.40364.44364.48164.52664.56564.60164.64164.67764.71564.75964.80364.84864.89264.92764.96864.99965.03865.07965.11665.15765.20165.23965.28065.32465.36765.40365.44065.48165.51865.56565.60965.64265.68565.72765.75865.79465.837

DEPTH(FT)

139613971398139914001401140214031404140514061407140814091410141114121413141414151416141714181419142014211422142314241425142614271428142914301431143214331434143514361437143814391440144114421443144414451446144714481449145014511452145314541455

TEMPERATURE(°C)

65.87665.91165.95465.99166.03066.07466.11466.15766.20066.23266.28166.32266.36466.40766.44966.49966.55066.58766.63466.68066.71666.75666.79966.84966.89066.93266.97467.00867.04967.08267.12567.16067.19667.22367.26467.29367.32267.35267.38667.41667.45467.48767.52367.56267.59667.62967.65767.68767.71667.74767.77867.80467.83867.86567.89667.93267.96267.99068.02868.066

DEPTH(FT)

145614571458145914601461146214631464146514661467146814691470147114721473147414751476147714781479148014811482148314841485148614871488148914901491149214931494149514961497149814991500150115021503150415051506150715081509151015111512151315141515

TEMPERATURETO

68.10268.14368.18468.21868.25368.29668.33268.37568.41368.45268.50468.54068.58168.62768.66968.71668.75768.79968.84068.88968.93468.97869.02469.06269.10969.15969.20269.24669.28869.33269.37769.42769.47469.51069.56169.60569.64669.69769.73669.78969.83269.87869.92269.96970.01670.06470.11170.15170.19470.24770.29170.33970.38770.43670.47770.51870.56470.60470.65270.700

88

MLGRAP # 2 - Long Valley Caldera, Mammoth Lakes, CA - JULY 1989

DEPTH(FT)151615171518151915201521152215231524152515261527152815291530153115321533153415351536153715381539154015411542154315441545154615471548154915501551155215531554155515561557155815591560156115621563156415651566156715681569157015711572157315741575

TEMPERATURECC)

70.75070.79470.83870.87670.91870.96671.02271.06571.11171.15771.20071.23971.27971.32871.37971.42471.47271.51471.55171.59671.64171.68871.73471.77771 .82371.87071.91271.95871.99872.03872.08972.13472.17872.22172.26272.31772.36672.40872.45372.49772.54472.58972.63072.66872.71872.75972.80272.85072.88872.93472.97473.02473.06673.10873.14573.18373.22073.25573.28073.304

DEPTH(FT)1576157715781579158015811582158315841585158615871588158915901591

TEMPERATURECO

73.36673.40273.48273.53373.55773.58973.61873.64373.66473.68673.71873.75973.79073.81273.84573.907

89

APPENDIX III 1

MLGRAP # 1 - Temperature plotsJanury 31, 1988 ............................. 91February 1, 1988 ............................ 92February 4, 1988 ............................ 93February 14, 1988 ............................ 94July 23, 1989 .............................. 95

MLGRAP # 2 - Temperature plotsDecember 10, 1987 ........................... 96December 12, 1987 ........................... 97December 16, 1987 ........................... 98January 9, 1988 ............................. 99January 29, 1988 ........................... 100July 24, 1989 ............................. 101

Temperatures on July 23 and July 24, 1989 were obtained by the authors. The remainder of the

temperatures for 1987 and 1988 were measured by D. Goodwin for the Town of Mammoth Lakes and were

obtained from the California Division of Oil and Gas Geothermal Reports 051-90120 and 051-90121. The

temperatures obtained by Goodwin were converted to degrees Celsius by the authors.

90

0

TEMPERATURE C°C1

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 30u

100

£200UJh-LUz:

n CL 300LU

400 '

cnn

I ' I i ' i ' i ' i ' i

A

A

A

AA»

£iAfr

*

\ \ AA

AA»*\.

^44&

4 4 .

1,1,1,1,1.!.!.

MLGRAP * 1 - LONG VALLEY, CA

31 JANUARY 1938

91

TEMPERATURE C°C1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

100

LJI LU

200

0. 300LU

400

500MLGRAP * 1 - LONG VALLEY, CA

1 FEBRUARY 1988

92

TEMPERATURE C°C1

0 tO 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

too -

S 200 bji bj

xo~ 300

.400

500

' <\ **

MLGRAP * t - LONG VALLEY, CA

4 FEBRUARY t983

93

TEMPERATURE C°C1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

100

£ 200bJh-LU

LU300

400

500

».MLGRAP * t - LONG VALLEY, CA

14 FEBRUARY 1988

94

TEMPERATURE C°CD

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

100

n

2Idt- ld

200

0. 300UJ

400


23 JULY 1989

95

TEMPERATURE C°CD

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

00

200LJ h- LJ 2:

0. 300LJ

400


10 DECEMBER 1937

96

TEMPERATURE C°C1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

100

£ 200i

z;t_iz:CL 300

400


12 DECEMBER 1987

97

0

TEMPERATURE C°C1

0 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80

100

£ 200LJh-LJ

Si 300LJ

400


16 DECEMBER 1937

98

0

TEMPERATURE C°C1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

100 -

£ 200UJ»-UJ

OL 300UJ

400 -


9 JANUARY 1988

TEMPERATURE C°C1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

100

LJI LJ

LJ

200

300

400

500

M

M

! , 1__ I.I.I,

MLGRAP * 2 - LONG VALLEY, CA

29 JANUARY 1938

100

TEMPERATURE C°C1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

100

£ 200LJt- LJ

0. 300 LJ

400


24 JULY 1989

101

APPENDIX IV

MLGRAP # 1 - Natural gamma-ray dataJuly 23, 1989 - uncorrected ........................ 103July 23, 1989 - corrected ........................ 108

MLGRAP # 2 - Natural gamma-ray dataJuly 24, 1989 - uncorrected ....................... 113July 24, 1989 - corrected ........................ 119

102

MLGRAP n 1 - Long Valley Caldera, Mammoth Lakes, CA - July 23, 1989 Measured with 2 in scintillation tool

DEPTH(FT)

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

107.0106.0104.0104.099.095.093.096.0101.0104.097.095.095.092.090.0100.099.097.0100.0104.0104.0101.098.097.094.095.097.098.095.094.089.085.083.081.081.077.075.071.071.076.084.089.095.094.091.074.060.072.076.079.082.078.073.062.061.058.058.055.055.057.0

DEPTH(FT)

707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

57.055.055.052.049.049.047.046.042.042.040.039.038.038.038.039.040.040.040.040.040.038.037.039.044.043.042.040.038.038.038.037.037.036.035.035.036.038.039.041.043.047.046.046.048.047.048.050.049.047.047.048.045.043.044.047.050.049.048.046.0

DEPTH(FT)

130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187188189

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

44.042.042.045.048.048.046.049.050.048.048.044.041.043.047.046.049.048.049.047.044.045.047.043.040.040.036.033.033.036.040.045.051.059.070.080.090.094.092.097.093.084.070.056.043.034.028.025.026.035.040.048.050.051.051.047.051.058.054.052.0

DEPTH(FT)

190191192193194195196197198199200201202203204205206207208209210211212213214215216217218219220221222223224225226227228229230231232233234235236237238239240241242243244245246247248249

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

51.051.051.052.049.047.048.049.051.052.050.050.054.053.055.056.055.056.051.053.055.059.060.060.061.061.064.062.061.065.068.081.088.080.081.070.062.056.056.051.050.045.036.032.028.024.022.022.023.022.020.022.023.024.025.028.041.054.052.037.0

DEPTH(FT)

250251252253254255256257258259260261262263264265266267268269270271272273274275276277278279280281282283284285286287288289290291292293294295296297298299300301302303304305306307308309

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

33.030.030.034.036.038.040.042.041.036.035.034.032.030.028.029.028.028.030.033.034.034.033.032.033.034.035.037.038.037.034.032.031.028.026.027.028.029.027.025.027.031.028.028.028.028.029.026.024.026.030.033.031.027.025.026.028.028.029.030.0

103

MLGRAP # 1 Long Valley Caldera, Mammoth Lakes, CA - July 23, 1989 Measured with 2 in scintillation tool

DEPTH(FT)

310311312313314315316317318319320321322323324325326327328329330331332333334335336337338339340341342343344345346347348349350351352353354355356357358359360361362363364365366367368369

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

30.030.031.032.033.033.033.033.032.032.032.030.029.031.032.031.031.030.031.031.031.032.032.031.030.030.029.029.028.028.031.033.032.033.031.031.030.030.031.032.032.032.033.034.035.035.034.034.032.030.031.032.032.032.032.030.027.028.029.031.0

DEPTH(FT)

370371372373374375376377378379380381382383384385386387388389390391392393394395396397398399400401402403404405406407408409410411412413414415416417418419420421422423424425426427428429

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

33.033.032.031.031.031.032.034.036.037.036.034.034.033.035.036.035.033.031.030.029.031.033.034.032.032.031.033.033.032.030.031.033.034.035.035.035.034.033.034.033.032.032.032.033.031.031.030.030.032.032.031.031.032.031.030.031.032.030.027.0

DEPTH(FT)

430431432433434435436437438439440441442443444445446447448449450451452453454455456457458459460461462463464465466467468469470471472473474475476477478479480481482483484485486487488489

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

25.022.018.015.015.015.015.015.014.014.014.014.014.014.014.015.015.015.014.014.014.015.016.015.014.014.015.015.014.015.016.016.017.016.015.018.018.021.020.019.018.018.018.016.016.019.022.023.022.022.022.021.022.022.022.024.023.022.021.020.0

DEPTH(FT)

490491492493494495496497498499500501502503504505506507508509510511512513514515516517518519520521522523524525526527528529530531532533534535536537538539540541542543544545546547548549

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

21.021.020.019.019.020.020.020.018.018.018.019.019.019.019.019.019.019.019.019.020.020.020.020.020.021.021.021.021.021.021.021.020.020.020.021.021.021.021.022.023.024.024.024.023.023.023.024.023.021.020.022.026.030.034.036.038.039.039.039.0

DEPTH(FT)

550551552553554555556557558559560561562563564565566567568569570571572573574575576577578579580581582583584585586587588589590591592593594595596597598599600601602603604605606607608609

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

0.042.043.044.045.045.046.046.047.047.047.044.043.044.043.041.039.039.039.039.038.038.038.042.045.043.042.043.046.045.043.041.043.042.042.042.042.040.041.039.039.040.041.043.045.047.046.044.045.047.047.048.048.048.048.047.043.042.043.045.0

104

MLGRAP # 1 - Long Valley Caldera, Mammoth Lakes, CA - July 23, 1989 Measured with 2 in scintillation tool

DEPTH(FT)

610611612613614615616617618619620621622623624625626627628629630631632633634635636637638639640641642643644645646647648649650651652653654655656657658659660661662663664665666667668669

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

46.046.045.045.046.047.048.049.048.047.045.043.042.042.043.044.046.048.042.042.041.041.043.044.044.045.046.044.044.041.039.041.042.042.043.046.047.044.040.036.036.036.036.036.038.037.035.035.037.037.036.033.030.026.024.030.038.040.031.028.0

DEPTH(FT)

670671672673674675676677678679680681682683684685686687688689690691692693694695696697698699700701702703704705706707708709710711712713714715716717718719720721722723724725726727728729

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

24.022.021.022.024.024.024.026.026.026.025.027.027.026.024.025.025.025.025.026.026.026.027.025.024.024.024.025.025.026.027.031.031.030.026.025.025.027.027.026.026.027.027.028.027.026.028.027.028.028.027.027.028.028.028.030.030.031.030.030.0

DEPTH(FT)

730731732733734735736737738739740741742743744745746747748749750751752753754755756757758759760761762763764765766767768769770771772773774775776777778779780781782783784785786787788789

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

30.030.030.029.028.026.028.030.029.029.030.030.033.030.029.029.032.031.029.027.027.028.029.030.031.031.032.030.032.032.030.032.032.034.037.041.041.043.042.040.037.038.038.037.036.035.035.037.040.040.040.040.040.040.041.040.037.036.037.036.0

DEPTH(FT)

790791792793794795796797798799800801802803804805806807808809810811812813814815816817818819820821822823824825826827828829830831832833834835836837838839840841842843844845846847848849

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

37.038.039.042.046.045.046.047.047.047.048.046.045.044.041.040.038.036.039.037.036.037.038.036.034.034.035.034.035.039.063.069.056.046.048.057.050.044.045.040.037.037.036.036.038.034.036.035.034.033.033.033.033.034.035.035.034.033.032.033.0

DEPTH(FT)

850851852853854855856857858859860861862863864865866867868869870871872873874875876877878879880881882883884885886887888889890891892893894895896897898899900901902903904905906907908909

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

53.061.073.077.086.094.099.094.090.085.087.085.080.085.092.093.092.083.071.079.084.085.085.094.0

100.0100.0112.0118.0109.0142.0150.0159.0163.0163.0157.0162.0163.0162.0159.0160.0151.0149.0157.0162.0167.0170.0172.0167.0169.0170.0174.0170.0170.0171.0171.0169.0152.0120.089.057.0

105

MLGRAP n 1 - Long Valley Caldera, Mammoth Lakes, CA - July 23, 1989 Measured with 2 in scintillation tool

DEPTH<FT)

910911912913914915916917918919920921922923924925926927928929930931932933934935936937938939940941942943944945946947948949950951952953954955956957958959960961962963964965966967968969

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

47.041.036.036.045.081.0125.0144.0146.0152.0158.0162.0161.0164.0158.0151.0151.0148.0148.0139.0138.0127.0118.0107.0104.0104.0102.0109.0109.0107.0106.0102.098.097.0103.0109.0109.0104.098.090.089.084.084.085.083.085.093.0104.0107.0109.0103.0104.098.093.090.085.080.064.048.041.0

DEPTH<FT)

970971972973974975976977978979980981982983984985986987988989990991992993994995996997998999100010011002100310041005100610071008100910101011101210131014101510161017101810191020102110221023102410251026102710281029

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

38.036.034.034.034.035.035.034.032.035.036.034.034.035.036.035.035.037.037.037.037.035.035.034.034.035.036.034.035.035.034.033.034.033.033.032.032.033.034.033.033.032.034.035.034.035.036.039.039.036.034.034.034.035.035.034.035.035.035.035.0

DEPTH(FT)

103010311032103310341035103610371038103910401041104210431044104510461047104810491050105110521053105410551056105710581059106010611062106310641065106610671068106910701071107210731074107510761077107810791080108110821083108410851086108710881089

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

35.034.035.035.034.034.035.036.036.034.035.038.038.037.036.036.035.034.032.034.033.034.037.038.038.035.034.036.036.037.036.036.035.035.035.033.034.039.042.041.040.039.037.034.035.035.034.034.034.034.034.033.032.033.037.037.034.036.038.038.0

DEPTH(FT)

109010911092109310941095109610971098109911001101110211031104110511061107110811091110111111121113111411151116111711181119112011211122112311241125112611271128112911301131113211331134113511361137113811391140114111421143114411451146114711481149

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

35.034.034.034.034.034.034.034.034.035.034.036.037.038.037.036.037.038.036.036.036.036.037.038.036.035.035.034.034.034.034.033.034.037.037.038.036.034.033.034.035.035.033.031.032.034.034.034.034.035.034.032.034.035.034.034.034.033.032.032.0

DEPTH(FT)

115011511152115311541155115611571158115911601161116211631164116511661167116811691170117111721173117411751176117711781179118011811182118311841185118611871188118911901191119211931194119511961197119811991200120112021203120412051206120712081209

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

34.034.034.034.034.036.036.035.034.035.036.035.035.034.033.032.033.033.035.037.038.037.035.035.031.031.031.032.034.034.032.032.032.032.036.037.037.036.036.035.034.033.034.034.034.033.034.034.035.035.034.034.035.035.035.035.031.034.035.038.0

106


DEPTH(FT)

121012111212121312141215121612171218121912201221122212231224122512261227122812291230123112321233123412351236123712381239124012411242124312441245124612471248124912501251125212531254125512561257125812591260126112621263126412651266126712681269

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

37.036.034.034.034.035.036.036.037.037.038.037.036.035.034.034.035.034.034.035.037.041.048.054.054.052.057.050.042.040.037.037.037.042.045.046.053.058.064.066.071.074.072.070.086.098.097.094.096.0105.0109.0107.0103.0108.0122.0130.0134.0131.0123.0110.0

DEPTH(FT)

127012711272127312741275127612771278127912801281128212831284128512861287128812891290129112921293129412951296129712981299130013011302130313041305130613071308130913101311131213131314131513161317131813191320132113221323132413251326132713281329

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

106.096.092.095.099.0102.0105.0113.0116.0114.095.092.084.087.092.089.087.090.093.089.091.099.0106.0112.0116.0117.0117.0122.0130.0130.0120.0111.0107.0104.0101.098.099.0104.0111.0111.0108.0115.0115.0114.0125.0143.0144.0139.0133.0120.0118.0118.0120.0126.0125.0119.0117.0122.0123.0126.0

DEPTH(FT)

133013311332133313341335133613371338133913401341134213431344134513461347134813491350135113521353135413551356135713581359136013611362136313641365136613671368136913701371137213731374137513761377137813791380138113821383138413851386138713881389

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

121.0120.0116.0119.0120.0125.0127.0129.0143.0139.0139.0135.0131.0129.0127.0130.0133.0137.0141.0141.0138.0137,0139.0144.0147.0146.0143.0141.0141.0135.0137.0136.0135.0137.0143.0143.0139.0135.0130.0121.0109.0103.099.098.096.096.092.092.091.098.098.097.0111.0110.0104.099.092.089.088.091.0

DEPTH(FT)

139013911392139313941395139613971398139914001401140214031404140514061407140814091410141114121413141414151416141714181419142014211422142314241425142614271428142914301431143214331434143514361437143814391440144114421443144414451446144714481449

GAMMA RAY DEPTH GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S) (FT) (COUNTS/S)

90.0 1450 171.086.080.080.084.082.081.077.080.085.091.097.0107.0118.0135.0159.0161.0164.0173.0178.0178.0178.0173.0173.0175.0169.0168.0174.0184.0187.0186.0186.0183.0185.0179.0175.0166.0177.0187.0194.0189.0184.0191.0190.0193.0195.0191.0187.0196.0198.0197.0193.0187.0183.0184.0184.0182.0182.0181.0171.0

107

MLGRAP # 1 - Long Valley Caldera, Mammoth Lakes, California - July 23, 1989 Measured with 2 in scintillation tool - corrected using Table 2

DEPTH(FT)

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

125.2124.0121.7121.7115.8111.2108.8112.3118.2121.7113.5111.2111.2107.6105.3117.0115.8113.5117.0121.7127.9124.2120.5119.3115.6116.9119.3120.5116.9115.6109.5104.6102.199.699.694.792.287.387.393.5103.3109.5116.9115.6111.991.073.888.693.597.2100.995.989.876.375.071.371.367.767.770.1

DEPTH(FT)

707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

70.167.767.764.060.360.357.856.651.751.749.248.046.746.746.748.049.249.249.249.249.246.745.548.054.152.951.749.246.746.746.745.545.544.343.143.144.346.748.050.452.957.856.656.659.057.859.061.560.357.857.859.055.452.954.157.861.560.359.056.6

DEPTH(FT)

130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187188189

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

54.151.751.755.459.059.056.660.361.559.059.054.150.452.957.856.660.359.060.357.854.155.457.852.949.249.244.340.640.644.349.255.462.772.686.198.4110.7115.6113.2119.3114.4103.386.168.952.941.834.430.832.043.149.259.061.562.762.757.862.771.366.464.0

DEPTH(FT)

190191192193194195196197198199200201202203204205206207208209210211212213214215216217218219220221222223224225226227228229230231232233234235236237238239240241242243244245246247248249

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

62.762.762.764.060.357.859.060.362,764.061.561.566.465.267.768.967.768.962.765.267.772.673.873.875.075.078.776.375.079.983.699.6108.298.499.6115.5102.392.492.484.182.574.259.452.846.239.636.336.338.036.333.022.023.024.025.028.041.054.052.037.0

DEPTH(FT)

250251252253254255256257258259260261262263264265266267268269270271272273274275276277278279280281282283284285286287288289290291292293294295296297298299300301302303304305306307308309

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

33.030.030.034.036.038.040.042.041.036.035.034.032.030.028.029.028.028.030.033.034.034.033.032.033.034.035.037.038.037.034.032.031.028.026.027.028.029.027.025.027.031.028.0

28.028.028.029.026.024.026.030.033.031.027.025.026.028.028.029.030.0

108

MLGRAP # 1 - Long Valley Caldera, Mairrooth Lakes, California - July 23, 1989 Measured with 2 in scintillation tool - corrected using Table 2

DEPTH(FT)

3103113123133U315316317318319320321322323324325326327328329330331332333334335336337338339340341342343344345346347348349350351352353354355356357358359360361362363364365366367368369

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

30.030.031.032.033.033.033.033.032.032.032.030.029.031.032.031.031.030.031.031.031.032.032.031.030.030.029.029.028.028.031.033.032.033.031.031.030.030.031.032.032.032.033.034.035.035.034.034.032.030.031.032.032.032.032.030.027.028.029.031.0

DEPTH(FT)

370371372373374375376377378379380381382383384385386387388389390391392393394395396397398399400401402403404405406407408409410411412413414415416417418419420421422423424425426427428429

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

33.033.032.031.031.031.032.034.036.037.036.034.034.033.035.036.035.033.031.030.029.031.033.034.032.032.031.033.033.032.030.031.033.034.035.035.035.034.033.034.033.032.032.032.033.031.031.030.030.032.032.031.031.032.031.030.031.032.030.027.0

DEPTH(FT)

430431432433434435436437438439440441442443444445446447448449450451452453454455456457458459460461462463464465466467468469470471472473474475476477478479480481482483484485486487488489

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

25.022.018.015.015.015.015.015.014.014.014.014.014.014.014.015.015.015.014.014.014.015.016.015.014.014.015.015.014.015.016.016.017.016.015.018.018.021.020.019.018.418.418.416.316.319.422.423.522.422.422.421.422.422.422.424.523.522.421.420.4

DEPTH(FT)

490491492493494495496497498499500501502503504505506507508509510511512513514515516517518519520521522523524525526527528529530531532533534535536537538539540541542543544545546547548549

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

21.421.420.419.419.420.420.420.418.418.418.419.419.419.419.419.419.419.419.419.420.420.420.420.420.421.421.421.421.421.421.421.420.420.420.421.421.421.421.422.423.524.524.524.523.518.918.919.718.917.216.418.021.324.627.929.531.232.032.032.0

DEPTH(FT)

550551552553554555556557558559560561562563564565566567568569570571572573574575576577578579580581582583584585586587588589590591592593594595596597598599600601602603604605606607608609

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

32.834.435.336.136.936.937.737.738.538.538.536.135.336.135.333.632.032.032.032.031.231.231.234.436.935.334.435.337.736.935.333.635.334.434.434.434.432.833.632.032.032.833.635.336.938.537.736.136.938.538.539.439.439.439.438.535.334.435.336.9

109


DEPTH(FT)

610611612613614615616617618619620621622623624625626627628629630631632633634635636637638639640641642643644645646647648649650651652653654655656657658659660661662663664665666667668669

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

37.737.736.936.937.738.539.440.239.438.536.935.334.434.435.336.137.739.434.434.433.633.635.336.136.136.937.736.136.133.632.033.634.434.435.337.738.536.132.829.529.529.529.529.531.230.328.728.730.330.329.527.124.621.319.724.631.232.825.423.0

DEPTH(FT)

670671672673674675676677678679680681682683684685686687688689690691692693694695696697698699700701702703704705706707708709710711712713714715716717718719720721722723724725726727728729

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

19.718.017.218.019.719.719.721.321.321.320.522.122.121.319.720.520.520.520.521.321.321.322.120.519.719.719.720.520.521.322.125.425.424.621.320.520.522.122.121.321.322.122.123.022.121.323.022.123.023.022.122.123.023.023.024.624.625.424.624.6

DEPTH(FT)

730731732733734735736737738739740741742743744745746747748749750751752753754755756757758759760761762763764765766767768769770771772773774775776777778779780781782783784785786787788789

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

24.624.624.623.823.021.323.024.623.823.824.624.627.124.623.823.826.225.423.822.122.123.023.824.625.425.426.224.626.226.224.626.226.227.930.333.633.635.334.432.830.331.231.230.329.528.728.730.332.832.832.832.832.832.833.632.830.329.530.329.5

DEPTH(FT)

790791792793794795796797798799800801802803804805806807808809810811812813814815816817818819820821822823824825826827828829830831832833834835836837838839840841842843844845846847848849

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

30.331.232.034.437.736.937.738.538.538.539.437.736.936.133.632.831.229.532.030.329.530.331.229.527.927.928.727.928.732.051.756.645.937.739.446.741.036.136.932.830.330.329.529.531.227.929.528.727.927.127.127.127.127.928.728.727.927.126.227.1

DEPTH(FT)

850851852853854855856857858859860861862863864865866867868869870871872873374875876877878879880881882883884885886887888889890891892893894895896897898899900901902903904905906907908909

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

43.550.059.963.170.577.181.277.173.869.771.369.765.669.775.476.375.468.153.264.368.969.769.777.182.082.091.896.889.4

116.4123.0130.4133.7133.7128.7132.8133.7132.8130.4131.2123.8122.2128.7132.8136.9139.4141.0136.9138.6139.4142.7139.4139.4140.2140.2138.6124.698.473.046.7

110


DEPTH(FT)

910911912913914915916917918919920921922923924925926927928929930931932933934935936937938939940941942943944945946947948949950951952953954955956957958959960961962963964965966967968969

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

38.533.629.529.536.966.4102.5118.1119.7124.6129.6132.8132.0134.5129.6123.8123.8121.4121.4114.0113.2104.196.887.785.385.383.689.489.487.786.983.680.479.584.589.489.485.380.473.873.068.968.969.768.169.776.385.387.789.484.585.380.476.373.869.765.652.539.433.6

DEPTH(FT)

970971972973974975976977978979980981982983984985986987988989990991992993994995996997998999100010011002100310041005100610071008100910101011101210131014101510161017101810191020102110221023102410251026102710281029

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

31.229.527.927.927.928.728.727.926.228.729.527.927.928.729.528.728.730.330.330.330.328.728.727.927.928.729.527.928.728.727.927.127.927.127.126.226.227.127.927.127.126.227.928.727.928.729.532.032.029.527.927.927.928.728.727.928.728.728.728.7

DEPTH(FT)

103010311032103310341035103610371038103910401041104210431044104510461047104810491050105110521053105410551056105710581059106010611062106310641065106610671068106910701071107210731074107510761077107810791080108110821083108410851086108710881089

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

28.727.928.728.727.927.928.729.529.527.928.731.231.230.329.529.528.727.926.227.927.127.930.331.231.228.727.929.529.530.329.529.528.728.728.727.127.932.034.433.632.832.030.327.928.728.727.927.927.927.927.927.126.227.130.330.327.929.531.231.2

DEPTH(FT)

109010911092109310941095109610971098109911001101110211031104110511061107110811091110111111121113111411151116111711181119112011211122112311241125112611271128112911301131113211331134113511361137113811391140114111421143114411451146114711481149

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

28.727.927.927.927.927.927.927.927.928.727.929.530.331.230.329.530.331.229.529.529.529.530.331.229.528.728.727.927.927.927.927.127.930.330.331.229.527.927.127.928.728.727.125.426.227.927.927.927.928.727.926.227.928.727.927.927.927.126.226.2

DEPTH(FT)

115011511152115311541155115611571158115911601161116211631164116511661167116811691170117111721173117411751176117711781179118011811182118311841185118611871188118911901191119211931194119511961197119811991200120112021203120412051206120712081209

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

27.927.927.927.927.929.529.528.727.928.729.528.728.727.927.126.227.127.128.730.331.230.328.728.725.425.425.426.227.927.926.226.226.226.229.530.330.329.529.528.727.927.127.927.927.927.127.927.928.728.727.927.928.728.728.728.725.427.928.731.2

111

HLGRAP # 1 - Long Valley Caldera, Mammoth Lakes, California - July 23, 1989 Measured with 2 in scintillation tool - corrected using Table 2

DEPTH(FT)

121012111212121312141215121612171218121912201221122212231224122512261227122812291230123112321233123412351236123712381239124012411242124312441245124612471248124912501251125212531254125512561257125812591260126112621263126412651266126712681269

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

30.329.527.927.927.928.729.529.530.330.331.230.329.528.727.927.928.727.927.928.730.333.639.444.344.342.646.741.034.432.830.330.330.334.436.937.743.547.652.554.158.260.759.057.470.580.479.577.178.786.189.487.784.588.6100.0106.6109.9107.4100.990.2

DEPTH(FT)

127012711272127312741275127612771278127912801281128212831284128512861287128812891290129112921293129412951296129712981299130013011302130313041305130613071308130913101311131213131314131513161317131813191320132113221323132413251326132713281329

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

86.978.775.477.981.283.686.192.795.193.577.975.468.971.375.473.071.373.876.373.074.681.286.991.895.195.995.9100.0106.6106.698.491.087.785.382.880.481.285.391.091.088.694.394.393.5102.5117.3118.1114.0109.198.496.896.898.4103.3102.597.695.9100.0100.9103.3

DEPTH(FT)

133013311332133313341335133613371338133913401341134213431344134513461347134813491350135113521353135413551356135713581359136013611362136313641365136613671368136913701371137213731374137513761377137813791380138113821383138413851386138713881389

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

99.298.495.197.698.4102.5104.1105.8117.3114.0114.0110.7107.4105.8104.1106.6109.1112.3115.6115.6113.2112.3114.0118.1120.5119.7117.3115.6115.6110.7112.3111.5110.7112.3117.3117.3114.0110.7106.699.289.484.581.280.478.778.775.475.474.680.480.479.591.090.285.381.275.473.072.274.6

DEPTH(FT)

139013911392139313941395139613971398139914001401140214031404140514061407140814091410141114121413141414151416141714181419142014211422142314241425142614271428142914301431143214331434143514361437143814391440144114421443144414451446144714481449

GAMMA RAY DEPTH GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S) (FT) (COUNTS/S)

73.8 1450 140.270.565.665.668.967.266.463.165.669.774.679.587.796.8110.7130.4132.0134.5141.9146.0146.0146.0141.9141.9143.5138.6137.8142.7150.9153.3152.5152.5150.1151.7146.8143.5136.1145.1153.3159.1155.0150.9156.6155.8158.3159.9156.6153.3160.7162.4161.5158.3153.3150.1150.9150.9149.2149.2148.4140.2

112


DEPTH(FT)

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

74.073.071.071.071.076.077.077.073.072.073.070.075.074.068.069.072.073.078.072.072.074.069.070.069.068.069.074.077.079.075.073.066.064.062.063.062.059.057.055.056.056.062.070.073.073.066.067.066.065.067.068.064.062.060.060.062.062.060.060.0

DEPTH(FT)

707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

61.064.061.060.060.062.061.059.056.059.063.064.064.066.066.064.056.056.055.057.064.064.064.061.070.073.072.074.077.083.077.079.077.078.079.080.082.081.081.079.077.077.079.079.075.081.080.076.077.078.073.072.069.074.072.070.060.054.049.047.0

DEPTH(FT)

130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187188189

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

43.044.047.042.040.038.035.034.033.035.034.034.034.034.035.035.034.034.034.035.038.038.035.034.031.030.033.034.033.035.036.035.038.037.036.032.034.035.035.037.036.034.036.037.036.034.037.039.041.040.037.038.037.036.038.038.037.035.038.040.0

DEPTH(FT)

190191192193194195196197198199200201202203204205206207208209210211212213214215216217218219220221222223224225226227228229230231232233234235236237238239240241242243244245246247248249

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

40.039.041.043.042.041.045.048.049.049.052.057.056.053.067.0116.0146.0158.0163.0164.0163.0140.095.083.077.069.064.062.055.051.045.038.035.033.033.033.033.033.034.035.034.034.035.034.035.036.034.031.029.028.029.031.034.034.036.038.046.069.077.082.0

DEPTH(FT)

250251252253254255256257258259260261262263264265266267268269270271272273274275276277278279280281282283284285286287288289290291292293294295296297298299300301302303304305306307308309

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

88.097.0102.098.091.092.090.090.089.086.087.079.075.071.076.084.087.088.090.092.099.093.093.092.091.094.089.086.090.090.083.083.083.080.079.079.084.092.098.095.092.081.087.084.088.094.099.088.084.088.090.093.098.0100.0102.0106.0110.0114.0128.0139.0

113


DEPTH(FT)

310311312313314315316317318319320321322323324325326327328329330331332333334335336337338339340341342343344345346347348349350351352353354355356357358359360361362363364365366367368369

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

139.0143.0147.0149.0148.0149.0149.0147.0153.0160.0162.0163.0168.0155.0149.0147.0152.0156.0163.0164.0170.0169.0163.0160.0156.0149.0145.0147.0146.0140.0136.0134.0131.0123.0116.0103.086.075.067.072.075.066.066.069.070.062.057.056.058.050.047.045.040.035.036.041.047.043.040.037.0

DEPTH(FT)

370371372373374375376377378379380381382383384385386387388389390391392393394395396397398399400401402403404405406407408409410411412413414415416417418419420421422423424425426427428429

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

35.034.034.034.035.037.039.042.045.045.044.045.045.045.045.047.048.048.047.047.046.045.047.048.048.047.048.051.052.053.053.047.047.049.048.048.050.050.050.047.047.052.053.050.051.053.056.053.054.053.051.052.054.051.051.048.051.053.052.052.0

DEPTH(FT)

430431432433434435436437438439440441442443444445446447448449450451452453454455456457458459460461462463464465466467468469470471472473474475476477478479480481482483484485486487488489

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

52.052.052.052.052.050.051.050.049.049.048.050.054.052.052.050.051.052.050.048.049.049.053.051.053.054.052.052.051.050.049.050.050.048.055.056.053.051.049.051.053.053.048.048.054.055.050.049.050.051.053.052.049.050.050.049.048.050.053.052.0

DEPTH(FT)

490491492493494495496497498499500501502503504505506507508509510511512513514515516517518519520521522523524525526527528529530531532533534535536537538539540541542543544545546547548549

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

48.043.045.048.051.053.053.052.049.049.051.053.053.050.050.050.051.052.049.051.049.051.052.049.049.048.047.047.048.049.049.049.051.049.049.048.048.050.052.054.054.052.048.048.053.051.054.054.052.054.052.050.051.050.055.055.055.056.059.061.0

DEPTH(FT)

550551552553554555556557558559560561562563564565566567568569570571572573574575576577578579580581582583584585586587588589590591592593594595596597598599600601602603604605606607608609

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

64.065.064.060.057.063.064.061.061.053.045.041.036.035.032.031.031.031.031.032.032.030.030.030.031.033.035.034.031.034.035.034.034.035.032.031.031.036.036.035.036.034.033.035.035.035.034.033.035.035.034.035.035.036.035.034.035.033.031.033.0

114


DEPTH(FT)

610611612613614615616617618619620621622623624625626627628629630631632633634635636637638639640641642643644645646647648649650651652653654655656657658659660661662663664665666667668669

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

35.035.034.034.035.037.037.036.039.040.039.038.036.035.034.034.034.034.034.034.033.035.035.036.034.037.037.036.034.035.035.036.035.034.035.033.033.033.034.036.037.035.034.035.034.034.036.037.036.036.035.035.033.032.031.033.035.035.036.039.0

DEPTH(FT)

670671672673674675676677678679680681682683684685686687688689690691692693694695696697698699700701702703704705706707708709710711712713714715716717718719720721722723724725726727728729

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

41.039.036.034.038.037.037.037.036.035.034.033.034.035.035.036.035.035.036.038.036.035.035.035.036.037.037.039.039.038.038.038.036.036.036.038.041.043.044.043.042.040.040.043.043.042.043.043.040.037.035.040.040.040.040.041.039.039.039.039.0

DEPTH(FT)

730731732733734735736737738739740741742743744745746747748749750751752753754755756757758759760761762763764765766767768769770771772773774775776777778779780781782783784785786787788789

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

40.040.043.044.040.040.039.039.039.042.041.039.038.037.038.039.038.039.040.041.043.042.040.040.040.040.039.038.039.038.039.041.043.044.043.041.040.041.041.040.037.037.039.040.041.042.043.039.038.038.038.039.040.041.041.040.039.040.039.040.0

DEPTH(FT)

790791792793794795796797798799800801802803804805806807808809810811812813814815816817818819820821822823824825826827828829830831832833834835836837838839840841842843844845846847848849

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

41.041.041.041.041.041.041.042.044.043.041.040.041.042.043.041.042.045.045.044.044.046.045.042.043.046.048.047.044.040.034.034.033.033.033.033.034.034.033.032.032.029.029.030.030.030.031.031.030.031.033.034.033.032.031.032.030.030.030.034.0

DEPTH(FT)

850851852853854855856857858859860861862863864865866867868869870871872873874875876877878879880881882883884885886887888889890891892893894895896897898899900901902903904905906907908909

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

35.035.033.032.031.032.032.033.035.034.033.031.032.032.032.033.034.034.035.037.037.035.034.033.033.033.033.031.031.032.033.034.034.034.034.033.033.034.034.033.031.029.032.040.052.078.0102.0106.0111.0117.0117.0117.0120.0119.0121.0121.0121.0117.0119.0118.0

115


DEPTH(FT)

910911912913914915916917918919920921922923924925926927928929930931932933934935936937938939940941942943944945946947948949950951952953954955956957958959960961962963964965966967968969

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

116.0111.0118.0116.0116.0110.0107.0111.0117.0117.0118.0120.0114.0105.099.093.096.095.088.080.078.080.081.082.084.086.095.098.0100.0104.0107.0108.0106.0107.0101.0101.0106.0107.0108.0104.0104.0107.0108.0109.0107.0106.0104.0104.0111.0113.0112.0111.0109.0109.0109.0107.0113.0115.0115.0112.0

DEPTH(FT)

970971972973974975976977978979980981982983984985986987988989990991992993994995996997998999100010011002100310041005100610071008100910101011101210131014101510161017101810191020102110221023102410251026102710281029

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

112.0119.0125.0128.0135.0135.0139.0134.0132.0127.0129.0128.0125.0127.0128.0124.0123.0132.0130.0126.0131.0130.0133.0134.0131.0130.0130.0129.0135.0138.0142.0143.0140.0141.0141.0138.0140.0139.0141.0139.0140.0143.0142.0140.0136.0133.0130.0128.0131.0135.0135.0129.0131.0129.0129.0131.0128.0125.0128.0127.0

DEPTH(FT)

103010311032103310341035103610371038103910401041104210431044104510461047104810491050105110521053105410551056105710581059106010611062106310641065106610671068106910701071107210731074107510761077107810791080108110821083108410851086108710881089

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

126.0124.0124.0129.0132.0134.0139.0144.0144.0134.0133.0129.0129.0133.0130.0119.0101.088.082.084.080.080.082.083.084.082.082.081.082.084.086.091.091.089.088.090.088.089.086.084.088.089.089.091.092.093.092.088.088.087.090.090.088.087.089.096.097.098.095.093.0

DEPTH(FT)

109010911092109310941095109610971098109911001101110211031104110511061107110811091110111111121113111411151116111711181119112011211122112311241125112611271128112911301131113211331134113511361137113811391140114111421143114411451146114711481149

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

94.094.097.095.096.096.099.0100.0108.0111.0113.0112.0105.099.0100.0104.0103.0109.0107.0106.0102.099.098.099.097.0100.0102.0107.0115.0119.0125.0124.0116.0103.0102.0106.0101.099.096.095.098.0100.099.095.092.091.091.091.091.086.082.079.057.035.024.020.031.053.085.093.0

DEPTH(FT)

115011511152115311541155115611571158115911601161116211631164116511661167116811691170117111721173117411751176117711781179118011811182118311841185118611871188118911901191119211931194119511961197119811991200120112021203120412051206120712081209

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

100.0104.0110.0112.0116.0118.0117.0117.0120.0120.0115.0115.0117.0119.0117.0113.0110.0108.0114.0114.0111.0110.0103.091.090.096.0102.0110.0119.0136.0132.0120.0127.0139.0142.0141.0143.0139.0141.0145.0145.0140.0135.0124.0123.0121.0123.0121.0118.0117.0117.0116.0112.0109.0109.0109.0109.0108.0106.0107.0

116


DEPTH(FT)

121012111212121312141215121612171218121912201221122212231224122512261227122812291230123112321233123412351236123712381239124012411242124312441245124612471248124912501251125212531254125512561257125812591260126112621263126412651266126712681269

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

107.0111.0117.0121.0117.0116.0118.0119.0118.0113.0108.0105.0103.0105.0103.0102.0114.0116.0116.0112.0104.0100.0114.0113.0110.0114.0126.0128.0120.0120.0119.0119.0119.0118.0120.0115.0119.0118.0115.0118.0120.0126.0127.0124.0120.0119.0115.0116.0113.0110.0109.0105.0109.0111.0114.0116.0120.0123.0125.0119.0

DEPTH(FT)

127012711272127312741275127612771278127912801281128212831284128512861287128812891290129112921293129412951296129712981299130013011302130313041305130613071308130913101311131213131314131513161317131813191320132113221323132413251326132713281329

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

126.0123.0117.0109.0107.0113.0112.0115.0111.0115.0111.0112.0111.0111.0114.0109.0113.0113.0114.0115.0120.0120.0118.0119.0118.0116.0118.0119.0124.0121.0122.0119.0118.0110.0109.0107.0105.0107.0106.0108.0111.0114.0114.0110.0113.0113.0108.0107.0111.0112.0114.0114.0113.0113.0116.0117.0116.0121.0120.0115.0

DEPTH(FT)

133013311332133313341335133613371338133913401341134213431344134513461347134813491350135113521353135413551356135713581359136013611362136313641365136613671368136913701371137213731374137513761377137813791380138113821383138413851386138713881389

GAMMA RAY(COUMTS/S)

117.0116.0117.0115.0113.0116.0113.0110.0110.0109.0114.0119.0117.0109.0111.0116.0119.0117.0120.0123.0125.0125.0119.0118.0120.0123.0128.0126.0119.0118.0121.0133.0136.0128.0124.0118.0116.0116.0112.0113.0115.0112.0119.0117.0116.0112.0114.0115.0113.0115.0117.0123.0128.0131.0126.0121.0118.0122.0121.0115.0

DEPTH(FT)

139013911392139313941395139613971398139914001401140214031404140514061407140814091410141114121413141414151416141714181419142014211422142314241425142614271428142914301431143214331434143514361437143814391440144114421443144414451446144714481449

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

116.0117.0119.0118.0110.0106.0107.0105.092.091.086.091.099.0103.0108.0120.0126.0126.0122.0118.0116.0117.0115.0112.0116.0121.0121.0120.0124.0123.0123.0119.0114.0117.0115.0110.0108.0110.0110.0110.0104.0101.0103.098.093.097.0108.0107.0107.088.095.0104.0118.0124.0117.0110.0108.0111.0110.0108.0

DEPTH(FT)

145014511452145314541455145614571458145914601461146214631464146514661467146814691470147114721473147414751476147714781479148014811482148314841485148614871488148914901491149214931494149514961497149814991500150115021503150415051506150715081509

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

109.0109.0105.0105.0101.096.092.089.088.091.091.091.095.0100.095.094.092.094.097.097.095.093.0100.0105.0107.0105.0106.0106.0110.0112.0111.0108.0105.0110.0116.0116.0118.0122.0120.0118.0120.0120.0120.0120.0119.0123.0125.0123.0120.0121.0121.0119.0117.0119.0118.0115.0110.0118.0124.0126.0

117


DEPTH(FT)

151015111512151315141515151615171518151915201521152215231524152515261527152815291530153115321533153415351536153715381539154015411542154315441545154615471548154915501551155215531554155515561557155815591560156115621563156415651566156715681569

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

122.0126.0128.0126.0124.0127.0129.0122.0119.0121.0121.0122.0122.0121.0120.0118.0120.0122.0121.0121.0120.0117.0119.0122.0118.0118.0121.0125.0122.0117.0123.0126.0123.0122.0123.0126.0119.0118.0116.0119.0120.0123.0119.0125.0128.0128.0123.0120.0116.0125.0129.0133.0129.0123.0126.0123.0124.0123.0123.0125.0

DEPTH(FT)

15701571157215731574157515761577157815791580158115821583158415851586158715881589159015911592

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

125.0120.0134.0140.0133.0131.0132.0130.0126.0124.0123.0118.0118.0120.0119.0118.0111.0112.0113.0113.0111.0109.0107.0

118

MLGRAP # 2 - Long Valley Caldera, Mammoth Lakes, California - July 24, 1989 Measured with 2 in scintillation tool - corrected using Table 3.

DEPTH(FT)

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

85.884.782.482.482.488.289.389.384.783.584.781.287.085.878.980.083.584.790.583.583.585.880.081.280.078.980.085.889.391.687.084.776.674.271.973.171.968.466.163.865.065.071.981.284.784.776.677.776.675.477.778.974.271.969.669.671.971.969.669.6

DEPTH(FT)

707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

70.874.270.869.669.671.970.868.465.068.473.174.274.276.676.674.265.065.063.866.174.274.274.270.881.284.783.585.889.396.389.391.689.390.591.692.895.194.094.091.689.389.391.691.687.094.092.888.289.390.584.783.580.085.883.581.269.662.656.854.5

DEPTH(FT)

130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187188189

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

49.951.054.548.746.444.140.639.438.340.639.439.439.439.440.640.639.439.439.440.644.144.140.639.436.034.838.336.435.337.538.537.540.739.638.534.236.437.537.539.638.536.438.539.638.536.439.641.743.942.839.640.739.638.540.740.739.637.540.742.8

DEPTH(FT)

190191192193194195196197198199200201202203204205206207208209210211212213214215216217218219220221222223224225226227228229230231232233234235236237238239240241242243244245246247248249

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

42.841.743.946.044.943.948.251.452.452.440.043.943.140.851.689.3112.4121.7125.5126.3125.5107.873.163.959.353.149.347.742.439.334.729.327.025.425.425.425.425.426.227.026.226.227.026.227.027.726.223.922.321.622.323.926.226.227.729.335.453.159.363.1

DEPTH(FT)

250251252253254255256257258259260261262263264265266267268269270271272273274275276277278279280281282283284285286287288289290291292293294295296297298299300301302303304305306307308309

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

67.874.778.575.570.170.869.369.368.566.267.060.857.854.758.564.767.067.869.370.876.271.671.670.870.172.468.566.269.369.363.963.963.961.660.860.864.770.875.573.170.862.467.064.767.872.476.267.864.767.869.371.675.577.078.581.684.787.898.6107.0

119


DEPTH(FT)

310311312313314315316317318319320321322323324325326327328329330331332333334335336337338339340341342343344345346347348349350351352353354355356357358359360361362363364365366367368369

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

107.0110.1113.2114.7114.0114.7114.7113.2117.8123.2124.7125.5129.4119.4114.7113.2117.0120.1125.5126.3130.9130.1125.5123.2120.1114.7111.7113.2112.4107.8104.7103.2100.994.789.379.366.257.851.655.457.850.850.853.153.947.743.943.144.738.536.234.730.827.027.731.636.233.130.828.5

DEPTH(FT)

370371372373374375376377378379380381382383384385386387388389390391392393394395396397398399400401402403404405406407408409410411412413414415416417418419420421422423424425426427428429

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

27.026.226.226.227.028.530.032.334.734.738.739.639.639.639.641.442.242.241.441.440.539.641.442.242.241.442.244.945.846.646.641.441.443.142.242.244.044.044.041.441.445.846.644.044.946.649.346.647.546.644.945.847.544.944.942.244.946.645.845.8

DEPTH(FT)

430431432433434435436437438439440441442443444445446447448449450451452453454455456457458459460461462463464465466467468469470471472473474475476477478479480481482483484485486487488489

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

45.845.848.448.448.446.547.446.545.645.644.646.550.248.448.446.547.448.446.544.645.645.649.347.449.350.248.448.447.446.545.646.546.544.651.252.149.347.445.647.449.349.344.644.650.251.246.545.646.547.449.348.445.646.546.545.644.646.549.348.4

DEPTH(FT)

490491492493494495496497498499500501502503504505506507508509510511512513514515516517518519520521522523524525526527528529530531532533534535536537538539540541542543544545546547548549

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

44.640.041.944.647.449.349.348.445.645.647.449.349.346.546.546.547.448.445.647.445.647.448.445.645.644.643.743.744.645.645.645.647.445.645.644.644.646.548.450.250.248.444.644.649.347.450.250.248.450.248.446.547.446.551.251.251.252.154.956.7

DEPTH(FT)

550551552553554555556557558559560561562563564565566567568569570571572573574575576577578579580581582583584585586587588589590591592593594595596597598599600601602603604605606607608609

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

59.560.559.555.853.058.659.556.756.749.341.938.133.532.629.828.828.828.828.829.829.827.927.927.928.830.732.631.628.831.632.631.631.632.629.828.828.833.533.532.633.531.630.732.632.632.631.630.732.632.631.632.632.633.532.631.632.630.728.830.7

120


DEPTH(FT)

610611612613614615616617618619620621622623624625626627628629630631632633634635636637638639640641642643644645646647648649650651652653654655656657658659660661662663664665666667668669

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

32.632.631.631.632.634.434.433.536.337.236.335.333.532.631.631.631.631.631.631.630.732.632.633.531.634.434.433.531.632.632.633.532.631.632.630.730.730.731.633.534.432.631.632.631.631.633.534.433.533.532.632.630.729.828.830.732.632.633.536.3

DEPTH(FT)

670671672673674675676677678679680681682683684685686687688689690691692693694695696697698699700701702703704705706707708709710711712713714715716717718719720721722723724725726727728729

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

38.136.333.531.635.334.434.434.433.532.631.630.731.632.632.633.532.632.633.535.333.532.632.632.633.534.434.436.336.335.335.335.333.533.533.535.338.140.040.940.039.137.237.240.040.039.140.040.037.234.432.637.237.237.237.238.136.336.336.336.3

DEPTH(FT)

730731732733734735736737738739740741742743744745746747748749750751752753754755756757758759760761762763764765766767768769770771772773774775776777778779780781782783784785786787788789

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

37.237.240.040.937.237.236.336.336.339.138.136.335.334.435.336.335.336.337.238.140.039.137.237.237.237.236.335.336.335.336.338.140.040.940.038.137.238.138.137.234.434.436.337.238.139.140.036.335.335.335.336.337.238.138.137.236.337.236.337.2

DEPTH(FT)

790791792793794795796797798799800801802803804805806807808809810811812813814815816817818819820821822823824825826827828829830831832833834835836837838839840841842843844845846847848849

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

38.138.138.138.138.138.138.139.140.940.038.137.238.139.140.038.139.141.941.940.940.942.841.939.140.042.844.643.740.937.231.631.630.730.730.730.731.631.630.729.829.827.027.027.927.927.928.828.827.928.830.731.630.729.828.829.827.927.927.931.6

DEPTH(FT)

850851852853854855856857858859860861862863864865866867868869870871872873874875876877878879880881882883884885886887888889890891892893894895896897898899900901902903904905906907908909

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

32.632.630.729.828.829.829.830.732.631.630.728.829.829.829.830.731.631.632.634.434.432.631.630.730.730.730.728.828.829.830.731.631.631.631.630.730.731.631.630.728.827.029.837.248.472.594.998.6

103.2108.8108.8108.8111.6110.7112.5112.5112.5108.8110.7109.7

121


DEPTH(FT)

910911912913914915916917918919920921922923924925926927928929930931932933934935936937938939940941942943944945946947948949950951952953954955956957958959960961962963964965966967968969

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

107.9103.2109.7107.9107.9102.399.5103.2108.8108.8109.7111.6106.097.792.186.589.388.481.874.472.574.475.376.378.180.088.491.193.096.799.5100.498.699.593.993.998.699.5100.496.796.799.5100.4101.499.598.696.796.7103.2105.1104.2103.2101.4101.4101.499.5105.1107.0107.0104.2

DEPTH(FT)

970971972973974975976977978979980981982983984985986987988989990991992993994995996997998999100010011002100310041005100610071008100910101011101210131014101510161017101810191020102110221023102410251026102710281029

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

104.2110.7116.3119.0125.6125.6129.3124.6122.8118.1120.0119.0116.3118.1119.0115.3114.4122.8120.9117.2121.8120.9123.7124.6121.8120.9120.9120.0125.6128.3132.1133.0130.2131.1131.1128.3130.2129.3131.1129.3130.2133.0132.1130.2126.5123.7120.9119.0121.8125.6125.6120.0121.8120.0120.0121.8119.0116.3119.0118.1

DEPTH(FT)

103010311032103310341035103610371038103910401041104210431044104510461047104810491050105110521053105410551056105710581059106010611062106310641065106610671068106910701071107210731074107510761077107810791080108110821083108410851086108710881089

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

117.2115.3115.3120.0122.8124.6129.3133.9133.9124.6123.7120.0120.0123.7120.9110.793.981.876.378.174.474.476.377.278.176.376.375.376.378.180.084.684.682.881.883.781.882.880.078.181.882.882.884.685.686.585.681.881.880.983.783.781.880.982.889.390.291.188.486.5

DEPTH(FT)

109010911092109310941095109610971098109911001101110211031104110511061107110811091110111111121113111411151116111711181119112011211122112311241125112611271128112911301131113211331134113511361137113811391140114111421143114411451146114711481149

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

87.487.490.288.489.389.392.193.0100.4103.2105.1104.297.792.193.096.795.8101.499.598.694.992.191.192.190.293.094.999.5107.0110.7116.3115.3107.995.894.998.693.992.189.388.491.193.092.188.485.684.684.684.684.680.076.373.553.032.622.318.628.849.379.186.5

DEPTH(FT)

115011511152115311541155115611571158115911601161116211631164116511661167116811691170117111721173117411751176117711781179118011811182118311841185118611871188118911901191119211931194119511961197119811991200120112021203120412051206120712081209

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

93.096.7102.3104.2107.9109.7108.8108.8111.6111.6107.0107.0108.8110.7108.8105.1102.3100.4106.0106.0103.2102.395.884.683.789.394.9102.3110.7126.5122.8111.6118.1129.3132.1131.1133.0129.3131.1134.9134.9130.2125.6115.3114.4112.5114.4112.5109.7108.8108.8107.9104.2101.4101.4101.4101.4100.498.699.5

122


DEPTH(FT)

121012111212121312141215121612171218121912201221122212231224122512261227122812291230123112321233123412351236123712381239124012411242124312441245124612471248124912501251125212531254125512561257125812591260126112621263126412651266126712681269

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

99.5103.2108.8112.5108.8107.9109.7110.7109.7105.1100.497.795.897.795.894.9106.0107.9107.9104.296.793.0106.0105.1102.3106.0117.2119.0111.6111.6110.7110.7110.7109.7111.6107.0110.7109.7107.0109.7111.6117.2118.1115.3111.6110.7107.0107.9105.1102.3101.497.7101.4103.2106.0107.9111.6114.4116.3110.7

DEPTH(FT)

127012711272127312741275127612771278127912801281128212831284128512861287128812891290129112921293129412951296129712981299130013011302130313041305130613071308130913101311131213131314131513161317131813191320132113221323132413251326132713281329

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

117.2114.4108.8101.499.5105.1104.2107.0103.2107.0103.2104.2103.2103.2106.0101.4105.1105.1106.0107.0111.6111.6109.7110.7109.7107.9109.7110.7115.3112.5113.5110.7109.7102.3101.499.597.799.598.6100.4103.2106.0106.0102.3105.1105.1100.499.5103.2104.2106.0106.0105.1105.1107.9108.8107.9112.5111.6107.0

DEPTH(FT)

133013311332133313341335133613371338133913401341134213431344134513461347134813491350135113521353135413551356135713581359136013611362136313641365136613671368136913701371137213731374137513761377137813791380138113821383138413851386138713881389

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

108.8107.9108.8107.0105.1107.9105.1102.3102.3101.4106.0110.7108.8101.4103.2107.9110.7108.8111.6114.4116.3116.3110.7109.7111.6114.4119.0117.2110.7109.7112.5123.7126.5119.0115.3109.7107.9107.9104.2105.1107.0104.2110.7108.8107.9104.2106.0107.0105.1107.0108.8114.4119.0121.8117.2112.5109.7113.5112.5107.0

DEPTH(FT)

139013911392139313941395139613971398139914001401140214031404140514061407140814091410141114121413141414151416141714181419142014211422142314241425142614271428142914301431143214331434143514361437143814391440144114421443144414451446144714481449

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

107.9108.8110.7109.7102.398.699.597.785.684.680.084.692.195.8100.4111.6117.2117.2113.5109.7107.9108.8107.0104.2107.9112.5112.5111.6115.3114.4114.4110.7106.0108.8107.0102.3100.4102.3102.3102.396.793.995.891.186.590.2100.499.599.581.888.496.7109.7115.3108.8102.3100.4103.2102.3100.4

DEPTH(FT)

145014511452145314541455145614571458145914601461146214631464146514661467146814691470147114721473147414751476147714781479148014811482148314841485148614871488148914901491149214931494149514961497149814991500150115021503150415051506150715081509

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

101.4101.497.797.793.989.385.682.881.884.684.684.688.493.088.487.485.687.490.290.288.486.593.097.799.597.798.698.6102.3104.2103.2100.497.7102.3107.9107.9109.7113.5111.6109.7111.6111.6111.6111.6110.7114.4116.3114.4111.6112.5112.5110.7108.8110.7109.7107.0102.3109.7115.3117.2

123


DEPTH(FT)

151015111512151315141515151615171518151915201521152215231524152515261527152815291530153115321533153415351536153715381539154015411542154315441545154615471548154915501551155215531554155515561557155815591560156115621563156415651566156715681569

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

113.5117.2119.0117.2115.3118.1120.0113.5110.7112.5112.5113.5113.5112.5111.6109.7111.6113.5112.5112.5111.6108.8110.7113.5109.7109.7112.5116.3113.5108.8114.4117.2114.4113.5114.4117.2110.7109.7107.9110.7111.6114.4110.7116.3119.0119.0114.4111.6107.9116.3120.0123.7120.0114.4117.2114.4115.3114.4114.4116.3

DEPTH(FT)

15701571157215731574157515761577157815791580158115821583158415851586158715881589159015911592

GAMMA RAY(COUNTS/S)

116.3111.6124.6130.2123.7121.8122.8120.9117.2115.3114.4109.7109.7111.6110.7109.7103.2104.2105.1105.1103.2101.499.5

124

APPENDIX V

MLGRAP # 1 - Natural gamma-ray plotsJuly 23, 1989 - uncorrected ....................... 126July 23, 1989 - corrected ........................ 127

MLGRAP # 2 - Natural gamma-ray plotsJuly 24, 1989 - uncorrected ....................... 128July 24, 1989 - corrected ........................ 129

125

00

GAMMA RAY CCOUNTS/SD

50 100 150 200

00

CO

2 200 h-LJ

£300LJ

400

500

W.L. HOLE?

Figure V-l. Plot of natural 7-ray in counts/s for MLGRAP # 1. Data digitized at 1 ft (0.3 m) intervals from a strip-chart recording. Symbols shown: W.L. (----) - water level (at 10 m) measured in 2.75 in outside diameter (O.D.) tubing; A (-.-.-)- bottom (at 86 m) of 4.50 in O.D. tubing; Bl and B2 (- - -)- top (at 68.6 m) and bottom (at 163 m) of 3.50 in O.D. tubing; C (-.-.-)- bottom (at 446 m) of 2.375 in O.D. tubing; W.L. HOLE? ( )- apparent water level (at 143 m) in uncased hole. Top of casings A and C at surface. Multiply counts/s by 0.9 to convert to API units. Data obtained July 23, 1989.

126

0

GAMMA CCOUNTS/S:

50 100 150

100 -

CO

£ 200I-LJ

£300UJ

400 -

W.L. HOLE?

200

500

Figure V-2. Plot of natural "/-ray in counts/s for MLGRAP # 1 from figure V-l cor rected for hole diameter, casing and cement (Schlumberger, 1975, p. 66). Parameters used to determine corrections listed in Table 2. Symbols as in figure V-l.

127

00

GAMMA RAY CCOUNTS/S:

50 100 150 200

100

CO

h-LJ

200

£300LJ

400

500

Figure V-3. Plot of natural 7-ray in counts/s for MLGRAP # 2. Data digitized at 1 ft (0.3 m) intervals from a strip-chart recording. Symbols shown: W.L. (----)- water level (at 132 m) measured in 2.75 in outside diameter (O.D.) tubing; A (-----)- bottom (at 61 m) of 4.50 in O.D. tubing; B (-.-.-). bottom (at 488 m) of 2.75 in O.D. tubing. Top of tubings A and B at surface. Multiply counts/s by 0.9 to convert to API units. Data obtained July 24, 1989.

128

00

GAMMA CCOUNTS/SH

50 100 150 200

100

CO

h- LJ

£LU Q

200

300

400

500

B

Figure V-4. Plot of natural "y-ray in counts/s for MLGRAP # 2 from figure V-3 cor rected for hole diameter, casing and cement (Schlumberger, 1975, p. 66). Parameters used to determine corrections listed in Table 3. Symbols as in figure V-3.

129

APPENDIX VI

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable certificationsGuildline 9540 Platinum Thermometer ................. 131Fluke 8502A Digital Multimeter .................... 132

130

GuJld//ne Calibration ServicesA Prime Standards Laboratory

CERTIFICATE OF CONFORMANCE

CUSTOMER NAME. ............. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEYINSTRUMENT MANUFACTURER. . . . GUILDLINE INSTRUMENT INC.TYPE NUMBER. ............... 9540SERIAL NUMBER. ............. 53198

TEMPERATURE. ............... 23°C ± .5°CHUMIDITY................... 50% ±5%

INSTRUMENT RECEIVED........ IN TOLERANCE X OUT OF TOL.

GUILDLINE INSTRUMENTS INCORPORATED Certifies that the above listed instrument complies with the published Manufacturer's specifications and has been calibrated against standards maintained in Guildline's Orlando, Pi., Standards laboratory. These Standards are directly traceable to the U.S. DEPT. OF COMMERCE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY (NIST) and are used and maintained in accordance with MIL-STANDARD 45662A.

Methods of manufacture and test ensure conformity with the highest Quality Control Standards consistent with the operational requirements of the instrument. Test results are maintained on file and are available for inspections.

Applicable NBS Test numbers are :

DC VOLTAGE............521/243031 01/19/89AC VOLTAGE............521/240585 11/02/87RESISTANCE............521/242831 11/30/88TEMPERATURE...........521/241688 05/16/88

Out of tolerance data (if applicable) is shown on attached sheet.

DATE CALIBRATED............ FEB. 28, 1989DATE DUE. .................. FEB. 28, 1991)

CALIBRATED BY. ............. PCK

APPROVED BYlan King, Charif Metrologist.

REPORT # 018

Guildline Instruments Inc., 4403 Vineland Road, Suite B10. Orlando. Florida 32811-7335 (407) 423-8215 Telex: 856443 FAX (407) 422-5987

131

HONEYWELL INSTRUMENTATION SUPPORT

Certificate *: 8606055100001 PAGE 1 OF 1

CERTIFICATE OF CALIBRATIONSubmitted By: U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

GOLDEN, CO

Manufacturer FLUKE Nomenclature: DIGITAL MULTIMETER

Model Number: 85O2A Serial Number 2165006 Asset Number:

HONEYWELL INC certifies that this instrument has been calibrated using standards and instruments which are traceable to the (IS. National Bureau of Standards. The standards and instruments used in the calibration are supported by a system which meets or exceeds the requirements of MIL-STD-45662. Supporting documentation relative to traceability is on file at this office, and is available for examination upon request.

MANUFACTURER GOULD HONEYWELL

MODEL DE5C S/N9152A STD CELL ENCLOSURE21971119O STD RES 1. Ohm M3075

DATE DUE 03 02-89 11-07-91

This instrument has been calibrated in terms of the standards maintained at this laboratory, and was returned:

( ) within manufacturer's specified accuracy

Calibration date: 02-14-39% Rel. Humidity: 137.

Temperature: 73 pTest Report *: 860. 43300

Recall Date : OS-14-89

TESTAC VOLTAGE CAPACITANCE DC VOLTAGE INDUCTANCE MAGNETICS RESISTANCEEMPERATURE TIME & FREQ

REPORT NUMBERS 2369S4 23S27S 2406S8 241075 721/221693 24O735 231405 NBS XMISSION

11-12-3701-07-8702-02-88 02-10-88 10-04-79 12-30-87 10-02-83,

J132

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Temperatures and Natural Gamma-ray ... · 2010-11-16 · DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Temperatures and Natural