Deportation and genocide• WW2 had ideological and racial aspect to ot.• Jews and Slavs were considered inhuman-

existing population in Poland and USSR was destroyed or displaced.

• Russian population to be withered away by- contraception, sterilization and abortion

• Jews to be exterminated• Poles and Russians to be deported to German

factories and mines

Defining the HolocaustHOLOCAUST (Heb.,

sho'ah) which originally meant a sacrifice totally burned by fire

the annihilation of the Jews and other groups of people of Europe under the Nazi regime during World War II

GENOCIDE: the systematic extermination of a nationality or group

European Jewish Population in 1933 was 9,508,340

Methods of killingMasses herded to remote locations and shot-

expensive and time-consuming methodsLater in concentration camps – poison gas or

overwork and starvation

They were shot, starved, gassed and burned…

Estimated Jewish Survivors of Holocaust: 3,546,211

The Stages of IsolationThe Holocaust was a

progression of actions

leading to the annihilation of millions by:

1: Stripping of Rights

2: Segregation

3: Concentration

4: Extermination

Stage 1: Stripping of Rights1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that all

JEWS were :

stripped of German citizenship fired from jobs & businesses

boycotted banned from German schools and

universities Marriages between Jews and Aryans

forbidden Forced to carry ID cards Passports stamped with a “J” forced to wear the arm band of the

Yellow “Star of David” Jewish synagogues destroyed forced to pay reparations and a

special income tax

Stage 2: Segregation GHETTOSJews were forced to live in

designated areas called “ghettos” to isolate them from the rest of society

Nazis established 356 ghettos in Poland, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary during WWII

Ghettos were filthy, with poor sanitation and extreme overcrowding

Disease was rampant and food was in such short supply that many slowly starved to death

Warsaw, the largest ghetto, held 500,000 people and was 3.5 square miles in size

Stage 3: Concentration Camps

essential to Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual mass murder of enemies of Nazi Germany (Jews, Communists, homosexuals, opponents)

Slave labor “annihilation by work”Prisoners faced undernourishment and starvation Prisoners transported in cattle freight cars Camps were built on railroad lines for efficient

transportation

Life in the Campspossessions were

confiscatedheads were shavedarms tattooedPrison uniformsMen, women and

children were separated

Survival based on trade skills / physical strength

Unsanitary, disease ridden and lice infested barracks

inhumane medical experiments

Stage 4: ExterminationEinsatzgruppen (mobile

killing units) had began killing operations aimed at entire Jewish communities in the 1930s

DEATH FACTORIES: Nazi extermination camps fulfilled the singular function of mass murder

Euthanasia program: Nazi policy to eliminate “life unworthy of life” (mentally or physically challenged) to promote Aryan “racial integrity”

“FINAL SOLUTION” Wannsee

Conference (Berlin -1942 ) established the “complete solution of the Jewish question”

called for the complete and mass annihilation and extermination of the Jews as well as other groups

Zyklon B gas became the agent in the mass extermination

Gas Chambers & CrematoriumsPrisoners were sent to gas

chambers disguised as showers

Zyklon B gas used to gas people in 3 – 15 minutes

Up to 8000 people were gassed per day at Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest death camp with 4 operating gas chambers

Gold fillings from victims teeth were melted down to make gold bards

Prisoners moved dead bodies to massive crematoriums

Holocaust Art

AftermathYom ha-Shoah: Holocaust Remembrance Day established in 1951

Nuremberg Trials: 1945-1949 were trials for war crimes of Nazi officials (24 Nazi leaders tried)

Displaced PersonsAnti-Semitism in the

world today

Russian govt deported minorities in the west as it assumed they were disloyal- Germans on the Volga, Tartars in Crimea, Estonians, Lithuanians and Poles dispersed to Siberia

Japanese considered the Chinese as ‘bacterias infesting world civilizations’ and adopted ‘purification by elimination’ tactics- Rape of Nanjing

Civilians as part of the war effortBritain1. military conscription- carefully controlled

so that key workers were left in important industries- coal mining

2. Industrial conscription- for womenWomen played a bigger role in british

industry, agriculture and administration

• Germany• Regional and police authorities did not accept

Albert Speer’s national schemes in their regions

• Hitler was against women working as he believed they should focus on Children, Church and kitchen-Kinder, kirche, kuche

• Hitler insisted that consumer goods production remain a priority so workers in non-essential industries could not be transferred.

Soviet UnionCentralised nature of state helped to mobilise

civilians effectivelyWorkers forced to move to regions where

they were most needed, hours of work increased, crash training programmes, slackening or absentism could be punished by labour camps or death

Also worked in civil defence and fire-watching operations

Worked under long hours, poor nutrition and political scrutiniy

AmericaWomen played a key role in war industries

doing semi-skilled jobs such as crane operators, tool makers, shell loaders, aircraft makers and lumberjacks

3,50,000 women joined in Women’s army Auxillary corps, Marine Corps Women’s Reserve and the navy Nurse Corps

Japan

Japanese Govt was reluctant to use women in the workforce

Conscripted students

The growth of Government Power

BritainChurchill formed a

coalition government and exercised supreme military and political power.

Ernest Bevin –Minister of Labor and national Service

BritainMines, shipping and railways came under

state controlRationing was introducedConscription for both men and womenImproving health care, setting up nurseries

to look after children of working mothersAll factories employing more than 250

workers must have a canteen and a welfare officer

Making food rations and vitamin supplements available to young children and mothers

Public transport was under the public sector

Germany

A single-party state and decentralizedGermany focused on high quality and

technical sophistication rather than mass production thus failed to produce weapons on a large scale

Soviet UnionCentralised all-powerful stateCareful planning and mass productionWar production was given priorityA single national war plan was drawn up in

1943Planners given freedom and powers to

accomplish their objectivesLarge numbers of weapons to be produced as

simply and quickly as possible.

USAGovernment took control of industrial

productionWar production Board was establishedProduction priorities were changed as per

military requirements-car factories produced tanks and planes-workers were recruited where they were

needed most

-new industries createdUSA granted contracts to the big industries

to produce what was needed

JapanMilitary governmentMain political parties went into voluntary

dissolutionMonolithic party set up- the imperial rule

assistance AssociationTrade unions were closed downDifficult for the government to maintain tight

control of war production to the independent positions of the Zaibatsu and the rivalries between the army and the navy

Propagandan : information that is spread for the

purpose of promoting some cause

In WWII, propaganda was used more than any other time this world has seen. With new technological inventions such as photography, radio and film, manipulative messages bombarded every day life in an attempt to persuade a person to believe in a specific cause.

Propaganda in FiguresSince the beginning of the War, the

Reichspropagandaleitung has produced:more than 2 million brochures more than 7 million posters more than 60 million newspapers, wall

posters, leaflets, etc. It carried out:about 30,000 slide shows about 45,000 film evenings every month about 200,000 meetings and public or

factory mass meetings

Mein Kampf

- This poster promotes Hitler's book Mein Kampf, announcing that four million copies have been sold.

This book is what really put Hitler on the map. After this, more political opportunities presented themselves.

Treaty of Versailles (Germany alone against the world) - This visual from the mid-1930's shows Germany in white, with the 100,000-man army permitted by the Treaty of Versailles, surrounded by heavily armed neighbors.

PropagandaPropaganda remained a key weapon of all

governmentsGermany and USSR convinced their

poulations of the justification of their actionsGoebbels stoked the German fear of

communism in the EastStalin dubbed the war as the ‘Great Patriotic

War’ where the defence of the ‘motherland’ was a driving force

The change in the public opinion in the western democracies like Britain and USA was due to the actions of the Axis Powers.

1. Britain- after a war scare in 1938 they were ready to fight in 1939

2. USA- attack on Pearl harbor

Churchill established the Political Warfare executive

USA- The Office of War Information was set-up

Propaganda and censorship was used to-1. encourage civilians2. get women to work3. stress the evil nature of the enemy regime4. to fight against the NazisRadio was the most important weapon- BBC

news broadcast was seen as reliable

The Technical Team "Germany" assisted in about 50 major events and drove over 360,000 kilometers (nine times around the earth).

Radio Propaganda - The text translates: "All Germany hears the Führer on the People's Receiver." The Nazis, eager to encourage radio listening, developed an inexpensive radio receiver to make it possible for many people to hear Nazi propaganda.

RecruitmentBeginning early on in the war and continuing

until its end, countries used propaganda to persuade young men to join the military. The various forms of propaganda glorified the war effort and used short catchy phrases that were easy to understand and hard to forget. Why?

United States – Uncle Sam: I Want You! Russia – Look familiar?

Britain – Join your country’s army…God save the King.

Norway - ALARM! The slogan at that time was: "Finland's fight is our fight." Whoever fights for Finland also fights for his own country"...Norway.

Germany - This looks to be a late-war recruiting poster for the SS, a time at which the Nazis were recruiting younger and younger soldiers. The caption doesn't translate directly, but means: "Enlist now!"

Germany - This is an SS recruiting poster. I'm not sure of the date. It says one can join at 18, and sign up for shorter or longer periods of service. It gives the address of the recruiting office in Munich.

Unification

It is important for any government in war that all the people be united in the war effort. Even black people and women were targeted by propaganda in the United States. How might this create lasting effects after the war?

More Homefront Propaganda

War Bonds weren’t the only way a person could help in the effort. As men left to fight, women took over the jobs in the factories. Rosie Riveter is one of the most popular posters ever created in the United States.

Think about what the arm symbolizes. What about her facial appearance/expression?

United States Propaganda

U.S. Homefront Propaganda

When the United States finally entered the war, it was Total War. Everyone was affected and as many resources possible went to the war effort.

Buy War Bonds!What is being symbolized here?

Think about how fear can be used in propaganda.

Notice the two unknowing kids and the oldest who seems to be looking at something up in the sky.

Saving Gas

Nazi Propaganda

Women’s Roles in Germany-The Germans worked to gather as much old material for the war effort as possible. This poster is for a 1943 clothing drive. The text translates as: "Get rid of old cloth and shoes!”

Any similarities between German and American propaganda?

What does her appearance suggest about what Germans value?

Women

- Late in the war. The text translates as: "Mothers! Fight for your children!" Note that the mother portrayed has four children, consistent with the Nazi goal of encouraging as many births as possible.

More Desperate Propaganda

Interesting how every side says God is on our side. In Germany, Hitler is shown ordained by God, but in America, the portrayal is quite different. Who is right?

Research 1. Compare Art during WWI and WWII (PPT)2. Jiang Jieshi3. Mao Zedong4. The Nuremberg Tribunal