Derivational Morpemes and Their Allomorphs-signedTURKISH DERIVATIONAL ALLOMORPHS AND THEIR ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS, YUKSEL GOKNEL

2015

DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES

AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS IN TURKISH

& THEIR ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS

Yksel Gknel

W W W . Y U K S E L G O K N E L . C O M

DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS

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MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS

Morphemes are defined as the smallest meaningful language units in lan-

guages. For instance, the word um*brel*la has three syllables. None of

these three syllables are significant units on their own; they have sense only

when they are articulated or heard together. So, these three syllables form

a single shortest meaningful unit together, and consequently, umbrella is

both a morpheme and a word. Such words are called free morphemes.

However, although the suffixes are also the smallest meaningful units, they

do not convey any sense unless they are attached to word roots or stems.

Such morphemes are called bound morphemes.

All the words have roots or stems like open, soft-en, clean, beauty,

success, book, etc. Some morphemes (suffixes or prefixes) are attached

to these roots or stems. For instance, open-ed, clean-ed, success-ful,

beauti-ful, "whiten-ed" teach-er, ir-respons-ible, un-count-able, un-

necessari-ly, go-ing, etc. Look at page 391 for roots, stems and verb

frames.

As one could see, there are two kinds of suffxes and prefixes in the given

examples above. Some of these morphemes change the meaning and the

part of speech they belong with when they are attached to different roots or

stems. Some others, however, add certain inflectional meanings to verb

and noun roots or stems such as tense, voice, person, mood, number,

direction or state without changing their root or stem meanings. A morpheme that changes the meaning of a root or stem is called a

derivational morpheme (yapm eki); the other one, which does not change

the meaning of a root or stem, is called an inflectional morpheme (ekim

eki). Both the derivational and inflectional morphemes are bound

morphemes. Some bound morphemes (suffixes in Turkish) have different pronunciation

variants that bear the same meanings as the morphemes. For instance, in

English, when the plural [S] morpheme is attached to the noun book, it is

pronounced as /s/; in boy-s as /z/; and in box-es as /iz/. As they are the

different pronunciation variants of the same morpheme [S], they are named

as the allomorphs of the morpheme [S]. There are a lot more allomorphs in Turkish than there are in English. This

is because bound morphemes go through some vowel and consonant

changes according to the vowel and consonant rules of the Turkish lan-


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guage when they are attached to roots or stems and to one another, and this

process causes different allomorphs to arise. All the allomorphs of a certain

morpheme carry the same meaning vocalizing differently, and therefore

they do not change the meaning of the morphemes because The Turkish

sound system functions independently of the Turkish morphemic system.


Anlaml Yapm Ekleri Ve Onlarn Altbiimbirimleri

Derivational morphemes (suffixes) are bound morphemes that change the

lexical meaning or the part of speech of a word used in a sentence:

MORPHEMES ATTACHED TO NOUNS THAT PRODUCE NOUNS [C] allomorphs: [ci, c, c, cu, i, , , u] When the nouns ending with vocals (vowels or voiced consonants) are at-

tached to the morpheme [C], the /i/ vowel in this morpheme changes into /i,

, , u/ in accordance with the vowel harmony rules. However, if a noun ends

with an unvoiced consonant, the /c/ voiced consonants also change into the

// unvoiced consonants in agreement with the consonant harmony rules: peynir-ci (cheese seller), posta-c (postman), zm-c (grapes seller), tur-

u-cu (pickles seller), sepet-i (basket maker), balk- (fisherman), st-

(milkman), ok-u (archer), a- (cook), kale-ci (goal-keeper), kahve-ci (cof-

fee seller), saat-i (watch repairer or seller), mobilya-c (furniture seller), ka-

ak- (smuggler), musluk-u (plumber), yaban-c (foreigner), iek-i

(florist), yol-cu (traveler), sanat- (artist), gz-c (watch, watchman), sz-

c (spokesman), politika-c (politician), milliyet-i (nationalist), di-i (den-

tist), kira-c (tenant), ark-c (singer), brek-i (someone who sells pies),

boya-c (painter), demir-ci (blacksmith), halter-ci (weight lifter). [LK] allomorphs: [lik, lk, lk, luk]

meyve-lik (a bowl where fruit is kept), kitap-lk (bookcase), gz-lk (eye-

glasses), odun-luk (a place where firewood is kept), az-lk (cigarette

holder), kulak-lk (headphones), aydan-lk (tea pot), mezar-lk (grave-

yard), eker-lik (a bowl in which candies are kept), okevli-lik (polygamy),

tuz-luk (saltshaker), ocuk-luk (childhood), maskara-lk (farce, foolery),

soytar-lk (clowning), dost-luk (friendship), dman-lk (enmity), gece-lik

(pajamas, nightgown), n-lk (apron), gven-lik (safety), anne-lik (moth-

erhood), evlat-lk (adopted child), kahraman-lk (heroism).

[C-LK] allomorphs: [ci.lik, c.lk, c.lk, cu.luk, i.lik, .lk, .lk, u.luk]


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av-c.lk (hunting), meyve-ci.lik (selling fruit), n-c.lk (leadership), yol-cu-

luk (traveling), a-.lk (cooking), fal-c.lk (fortune telling), tefe-ci.lik

(usury), iek-i.lik (selling flowers), if-i.lik (farming), hava-c.lk (aviation),

balk-.lk (fishing), kaak-.lk (smuggling), p-.lk (scavenge)

[CK] allomorphs: [cik, ck, ck, cuk, ik, k, k, uk] (diminutive) ev-cik (small house), kap-ck (small door), kpr-ck (small bridge), kutu-

cuk (small box), eek-ik (small donkey), aa-k (small tree), kadn-ck

(little woman), tosun-cuk (big and healthy newborn baby).

[CE.IZ] allomorphs: [ce.iz, ca.z, e.iz, a.z] (innocence)

kedi-ce.iz (innocent cat), kz-ca.z (innocent girl), hayvan-ca.z (inno-

cent animal), kpek-e.iz (innocent dog), ku-a.z (innocent bird).

[CE] allomorphs: [ce, ca, e, a]

ngiliz-ce (English), Alman-ca (German), Trk-e (Turkish), Rus-a (Rus-

sian), spanyol-ca (Spanish), Japon-ca (Japanese), in-ce (Chinese),

Arap-a (Arabic), Fransz-ca (French), talyan-ca (Italian), Rum-ca (Greek).

MORPHEMES ATTACHED TO NOUNS THAT PRODUCE ADJECTIVES

[CL] allomorphs: [cil, cl, cl, cul, il, l, l, ul] ev-cil (domestic), insan-cl (humane), ben-cil (selfish), ot-ul (herbivorous)

[L] allomorphs: [li, l, l, lu] ev-li (married), ocuk-lu (with children), emsiye-li (with an umbrella), bah-

e-li ev (house with a garden), iyah ceket-li adam (the man in a black

coat), krmz-l kadn (the woman in red), grg-l (having good manners,

polite), iek-li aa (a tree in blossom), yamur-lu (rainy), kar-l (snowy),

sis-li (foggy, misty), gne-li (sunny), bulut-lu (cloudy), tuz-lu (salty), at-l

(man on horseback), istek-li (willing), becerik-li (skillful), amur-lu (muddy),

hesap-l (economical), sayg-l (respectful), su-lu (criminal), hata:-l

(faulty), tat-l (sweet), mayo-lu (in a bathing suit), st-l (with milk, milky),

paha-l (expensive), ta kafa-l (stone headed), Adana-l (from Adana),

srek-li (continuous), hiddet-li (outrageous), kl-l (hairy), bilin-li (inten-

tional, conscious), zarar-l (harmful), tehlike-li (dangerous), phe-li (suspi-

cious, suspect), yer-li (native), iki bacak-l (two legged), kanat-l (winged),

kayg-l (anxious), umut-lu (hopeful), gerek-li (necessary), yetenek-li (tal-

ented), bam-l (addicted, dependent), silah-l (armed), renk-li (colored),


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kr-l (profitable), zehir-li (poisonous), denge-li (balanced), nee-li (joyful),

kusur-lu (faulty), grlt-l (noisy), deer-li (precious), gerek-li (neces-

sary), dnce-li (thoughtful), yrek-li (brave), ayrnt-l (detailed, in detail),

sorum-lu (responsible), mantk-l (rational), g-l (strong), rt-l (cov-

ered), his-li (sensitive), hrs-l (ambitious), hz-l (fast), tertip-li (tidy), tuz-lu

(salty), buz-lu (icy), amur-lu (muddy), kir-li (dirty), pasak-l (untidy), kor-

ku-lu (frightening, scary), hak-l (right, fair), kast-l (intentional), hesap-l

(economical), meme-li (mammal), tecrbe-li, deneyim-li (experienced),

falso-lu (erroneous), kasvet-li (gloomy, doleful), kuku-lu (dubious, sus-

picious), onur-lu, gurur-lu (proud), dayank-l (durable), dikkat-li (care-

ful), becerik-li (skillful), yama-l (patchy), dokunak-l (pungent), grev-li

(on duty), yarar-l (useful), karar-l (firm, modified), grkem-li (magnif-

icent), atafat-l (pompous), akl-l (intelligent), rahmet-li (deceased), ya-l

(aged) dert-li (in trouble, miserable), eker-li (sweet), su-lu (saucy), fayda-

l (useful), gizem-li (mysterious), korku-lu (frightening, horrifying), duygu-lu

(emotional, sensitive), heyecan-l (exciting, nervous), tertip-li (tidy), ileri

gr-l (foreseeing), huzur-lu (peaceful), keyif-li (cheerful), yetki-li (au-

thorized), balant-l (related, agglutinative), boya-l (painted), cila-l (ci*-

l:*l) (finished, varnished), cilt-li (hardback), yay-l (with springs), ayrnt-l

(detailed, in detail), l-l (restrained), g-l (strong), tr-l tr-l (all

sorts of), besbel-li (obvious), isabet-li (i*sa:*bet*li) (right, to the purpose),

geer-li (valid), baar-l (successful), inan-l (believer), diren-li (resis-

tive), kant-l (proven, supported by evidence), yn-l (woollen), pamuk-lu

(cotton), ate-li (fiery, zealous), izgi-li (lined, striped), yldz-l (starry, star-

lit), boya-l (painted), kyma-l brek (mince pie), gne-li (sunny), toz-lu

(dusty), aa-l (wooded), iek-li (flowered), desen-li (patterned, figured),

yaldz-l (gilded), ss-l (ornamented), kymet-li (precious, valuable), kuy-

ruk-lu (tailed), zahmet-li (difficult, hard), temkin-li (cautious).

[SZ] allomorphs: [siz, sz, sz, suz]

korku-suz (fearless), istek-siz (unwilling), yamur-suz (rainless), aa-

sz (treeless), defo-suz (flawless), uyku-suz (sleepless), bilin-siz

(unconscious), karar-sz (hesitant), sorum-suz (irresponsible), dikkat-siz

(careless), ama-sz (aimless), kalp-siz (heartless), yrek-siz (timid), nee-

siz (ne*e*siz) (sad), mit-siz, umut-suz (desperate, hopeless), taban-sz

(timid), sayg-sz (disrespectful), mantk-sz (irrational), temel-siz (unsound,

baseless), renk-siz (colorless), gerek-siz (unnecessary), bam-sz (inde-

pendent), perva:-sz (reckless), kafa-sz (stupid), sevgi-siz (loveless),

terbiye-siz (impolite, rude), grg-sz (impolite), becerik-siz (incompe-

tent), imkn-sz (impossible), deer-siz (worthless), ses-siz (silent), eker-

siz (without sugar), gerek-siz (unnecessary), dnce-siz (thoughtless),


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sorum-suz (irresponsible), mesnet-siz (baseless), tasa-sz (carefree),

ahlk-sz (immoral), yz-sz (impudent), huy-suz (perverse), akl-sz

(foolish), dayanak-sz (baseless), dayank-sz (not durable), duygu-suz

(senseless), kusur-suz (faultless), ta:lih-siz (unfortunate), kymet-siz

(worthless), tehlike-siz (safe), tat-sz (tasteless), haya-sz (shameless,

impudent), tertip-siz (untidy), yarar-sz (useless), tutar-sz. (inconsistent),

ama-sz (aim-less), deer-siz (worthless), zarar-sz (harmless), koku-suz

(odorless), neden-siz (causeless), acma-sz (merciless), taraf-sz (impar-

tial), yetenek-siz (incompetent), su-suz (innocent), denge-siz (unbal-

anced), keyif-siz (low-spirited), kayg-sz (indifferent), tasa-sz (carefree),

deneyim-siz (inexperienced), kuku-suz (without doubt), uygun-suz

(inappropriate), surat-sz (sour faced), denge-siz (unbalanced), kontrol-

suz (uncontrolled), kymet-siz (worthless), anlam-sz (insignificant, non-

sense), eitim-siz (uneducated), bilgi-siz (ignorant), inan-sz (faithless),

huzur-suz (fidgety), annes-siz (motherless), leke-siz (stainless), kayg-sz

(without anxiety), denge-siz (unbalanced), uyum-suz (unharmonious).

[SEL] allomorphs: [sel, sal]

bilim-sel (scientific), evren-sel (universal), deney-sel (experimental, empir-

ical), yzey-sel (superficial), duygu-sal (emotional, sensational), sanat-sal

(artistic), yap-sal (structural), gelenek-sel (traditional), dn-sel (mental),

tarih-sel (historical), tarih (historic), kavram-sal (conceptual), kimya-sal

(chemical), fizik-sel (physical), ant-sal (monumental), yaam-sal (vital),

din-sel (religious), ulus-sal (u*lu*sal) (national), evre-sel (environmental),

kalt-sal (hereditary), onur-sal (honorary), bitki-sel (herbal), hayvan-sal

(zoological), tarm-sal (agricultural), us-sal (us*sal) (mental, rational), tanr-

sal (divine, celestial), yrnge-sel (orbital), kurum-sal (institutional, corpo-

rate), kamu-sal (public), kre-sel (global, spherical), kr-sal (rural), rgt-

sel (organizational), toplum-sal (social, common), belge-sel (documental),

kurgu-sal (fictional), ruh-sal (psychological), beden-sel (corporal), birey-

sel (individual), alg-sal (perceptual), say-sal (numerical, digital), simge-

sel (symbolic).

MORPHEMES ATTACHED TO ADJECTIVES THAT PRODUCE NOUNS

[LK] allomorphs: [lik, lk, lk, luk] (iyi-lik = iyilik), (scak-lk= scaklk)

iyi-lik (favor), scak-lk (temperature), zgr-lk (freedom), uzun-luk

(length), geni-lik (width), gzel-lik (beauty), irkin-lik (ugliness), drst-

lk (honesty), aptal-lk (stupidity), sessiz-lik (silence), evli-lik (marriage),

baya-lk (meanness), iyimser-lik (optimism), ktmser-lik (pessimism),


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uak-lk (servitude), yalnz-lk (loneliness), misafirsever-lik (hospitality),

kahraman-lk (heroism), vatansever-lik (patriotism), kaba-lk (rudeness),

duygusal-lk (sensitivity), dost-luk (frienship), kepaze-lik (scandal), ret-

ken-lik (productivity), kresel-lik (globalism), aalk kompleksi (inferiority

complex), arsz-lk (impudence), geveze-lik (chattering), dncesiz-lik

(inconsiderateness), mutsuz-luk (unhappiness), a-lk (hunger, starvation),

g-lk (difficulty), saydam-lk (transparency), utanga-lk (shyness),

uzak-lk (distance), yakn-lk (closeness, sympathy), kstah-lk (insolence),

kurak-lk (drought), rkek-lik (shyness), sersem-lik (dizziness), hovarda-

lk (debauchery), alkan-lk (addiction), yksek-lik (height), derin-lik

(depth), krmz-lk (redness), kt-lk (wickedness, evil), kurnaz-lk

(craftiness), drst-lk (honesty), karamsar-lk (moodiness), kolay-lk

(ease, facility), tembel-lik (lazyness), kira-lk (ki*ra:*lk) (to let, for

hire) zel-lik (speciality), zgn-lk (originality, genuineness), kararsz-lk

(hesitation, uncertainty, instability, inconsistency), bol-luk (abundance),

srekli-lik (continuity), kararl-lk (determination), avare-lik (a:*va:*re*lik)

(idleness), yzeysel-lik (shallowness, superficiality), kt-lk (famine), sarkn-

t-lk (molestation), kibar-lk (kindness, politeness), dayankl-lk (durability),

bo-luk (emptiness), yok-luk (poverty, absence, nonexistence), yal-lk

(agedness), sorumlu-luk (responsibility), sorumsuz-luk (irresponsibility),

gayretke-lik (zeal), vurdumduymaz-lk (callousness), tutarsz-lk (incon-

sistency), deli-lik (madness), bilgisiz-lik (cahil-lik) (ignorance), benzer-lik (resemblance), karamsar-lk (moodiness), gzel-lik (beauty), kzgn-lk

(anger), bak-lk (immunity), dman-lk (enmity, hostility), budala-lk,

ahmak-lk (stupidity, idiocy).

MORPHEMES ATTACHED TO VERBS THAT PRODUCE NOUNS

In agreement with the oral sequence of the Turkish sound system, the last

consonants of the last syllables of the verbs detach from their syllables,

and attach to the first vowels of the following derivational allomorphs while

forming new syllables. These consonants are single underlined.

[] allomorphs: [i, , , u] (diz-i = dizi), (yaz- = yaz) diz-i (di*zi) (string, chain, serial, sequence ), yaz- (ya*z) (script, text), l-

(l*) (measurement, size), ko-u (ko*u) (run), duy-u (du*yu) (sense),

gez-i (ge*zi) (trip), a- (a*) (angle), yap- (ya*p) (building), tak- (ta*k)

(jewelry, jewels), drt- (dr*t) (stimulus), tart- (tar*t) (scales), art- (ar*t)

(plus), baar- (ba*a*r) (success), kork-u (kor*ku) (fear), sor-u (so*ru)

(question), rt- (r*t) (any cloth covering), at- (a*t) (framework), yet-i

(ye*ti) (mental power, faculty), yat- (ya*t) (overnight stay), l- (*l),


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(corpse), gm- (g*m) (treasure), kok-u (ko-ku) (scent, smell, aroma,

perfume), bl- (b*l) (slash mark), dinlet-i (concert), gldr- (comedy)

do-u (do*u) (east), bat- (ba*t) (west), arp- (cross, times), bl- (b*l)

[M] allomorphs: [im, m, m, um, em, am] se-im (se*im) (election), al-m (a*lm) (purchase), l-m (*lm) (death),

yk-m (y*km) (disaster, demolition), yut-um (yu*dum) (gulp), ek-im

(e*kim) (October), ak-m (a*km) (current), ret-im (*re*tim) (production),

geli-im (ge*li*im) (improvement), kar-m (ka*r*m) (mixture), dn-

m (d*n*m) (transformation), ek-im (e*kim) (attraction), geril-im

(ge*ri*lim) (tension), tasar-m (ta*sa*rm) (plan, design), kavra-am (kav-

*ram) (concept), denkle-em (denk*lem) (equation), ekle-em (ek*lem) (joint),

tket-im (t*ke*tim) (consumption), yakla-m (yak*la*m) (approach),

benze-im (ben*ze*im) (similarity, resemblance), ileti-im (i*le*ti*im)

(communication), bili-im (bi*li*im) (informatics), de/y/-im (de*yim)

(expression, idiom), say-m (sa*ym) (census), giy-im (gi*yim) (clothing),

z-m (*zm) (solution), ky-m (k*ym) (massacre), al-m (a**lm)

(expansion), yatr-m (ya*t*rm) (investment), al-m, sat-m (a*lm, sa*tm)

(buying and selling, trade, commerce), giy-im (gi*yim) (attire), salk-m (sal*-

km) (bunch), bir salkm zm (a bunch of grapes), uy-um (u*yum) (ac-

cordance). dn-em (d*nem) (period), yaa-am (ya*am) (life), anla-am

(an*lam) (meaning), devin-im (de*vi*nim) (movement), dene-/y/im (de*ne*-

yim) (experience), gzle-em (gz*lem) (observation), syle-em (sy*lem)

(expression), ge-im (ge*im) (living), iz-im (i*zim) (drawing, design),

al-m (a*lm) (feint), al-m (a*lm) (purchase), sr-m (sale), yatr-m

(ya*t*rm) (investment), yalt-m (ya*l*tm) (insulation).

When the identical vowels written in bold face follow one another, they

combine and are pronounced as single vowels; and the single underlined

consonants detach from their syllables and attach to the first vowels of the

following allomorphs in agreement with the oral sequence of the Turkish

sound system.

[K] allomorphs: [ik, k, k, uk, ek, ak]

del-ik (de*lik) (hole), art-k (ar*tk) (left over), ksr-k (k*s*rk) (cough

tkr-k (t*k*rk) (spit, saliva), aksr-k (ak*s*rk) (sneeze), bula-k

(bu*la*k) (dirty dishes), kayna-ak (kay*nak) (source, spring, origin), belle-

ek (bel*lek) (memory), tara-ak (ta*rak) (comb), yama-ak (ya*mak) (appren-

tice), de-ek (d*ek) (mattress), kapa-ak (ka*pak) (lid), e-ik (e*ik)

(threshold), dene-ek (de*nek) (experimental subject, object, or animal),


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tekerle-ek (te*ker*lek) (wheel), kay-k (ka*yk) (boat), bat-k (ba*tk)

(submerged), iz-ik (i*zik) (scratch), atla-ak (at*lak) (crack). [EK] allomorphs: [ek, ak] Tapn-ak (ta*p*nak) (temple), kay-ak (ka*yak) (ski), sa-ak (sa*ak)

(fringe), u-ak (u*ak) (airplane), yat-ak (ya*tak) (bed), ka-ak (ka*ak)

(escaped), dayan-ak (da*ya*nak) (support), kes-ek (ke*sek) (a lump of

earth), l-ek (l*ek) (scale), ben-ek (be*nek) (spot), dn-ek (d*nek)

(someone whom you cannot trust, incredulous), yan-ak (ya*nak) (cheek),

dzen-ek (d*ze*nek) (mechanism), geve-ek (loose), kayna-ak (source).

[G] allomorphs: [gi, g, g, gu, ki, k, k, ku] sev-gi (love, affection); al-g (music instrument); sr-g (bolt); sor-gu

(interrogation); bas-k (pressure); as-k (hanger); r-g (knitting); gr-g

(good manners); dol-gu (filling); ver-gi (tax); et-ki (impression); sar-g (ban-

dage); ser-gi (exhibition); ez-gi (melody); say-g (respect); yanl-g (mis-

take); vur-gu (accent, stress); kur-gu (abstract thought, speculation); yer-gi

(satire); der-gi (periodical, magazine); yar-g (judgment); yaz-g (fate, des-

tiny); ol-gu (fact); duy-gu (sensation); i-ki (alcoholic beverage, drink); at-k

(scarf); et-ki (impression, stimulus); kat-k (aid, help, additive); gr-g (ex-

perience, good manners); kork-ku (fright) (The double underlined "k"

drops.); yet-ki (authority); co-ku (excitement); tep-ki (response, rea-

ction); al-g (perception); sal-g (secretion); kes-ki (chisel); tut-ku (ambi-

tion, passion); sez-gi (intuition); iz-gi (line); diz-gi (composition, string);

bit-ki (plant); bul-gu (discovery, finding).

[E] allomorphs: [e, a] sr-e (s*re) (process, procedure), tk-a (t*ka) (plug, wag, stoppage),

deme-e (de*me) (statement), sark-a (sar*ka) (pendulum), ayr-a

(ay*ra) (bracket). [EY] allomorphs: [ey, ay] dene-ey (de*ney) (experiment), yap-ay (ya*pay) (artificial), ol-ay (o*lay)

(event), d-ey (d*ey) (vertical), yat-ay (ya*tay) (horizontal), yz-ey

(y*zey) (surface), uza-ay (u*zay) (space).

[.C] allomorphs: [i.ci, .c, .c, u.cu] Dinle-/y/i.ci (din*le*yi*ci) (listener), sat-.c (sa*t*c) (seller), yz-.c

(y*z*c) (swimmer), ko-u.cu (ko*u*cu) (runner), bl-.c (b*l*c)

(separatist), tara-/y/.c (ta*ra*y*c) (scanner), al-.c (a*l*c) (receiver),

bak-.c (ba*k*c) (companion), bebek bakcs (baby sitter), tut-u.cu


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(tu*tu*cu) (conservative), kal-.c (ka*l*c) (lasting, durable) (adj), yaz-.c

(ya*z*c) (printer), doyur-u.cu (do*yu*ru*cu) (satisfactory) (adj), inandr-.c

(i*nan*d*r*c) (persuasive) (adj), ldr-.c (l*d*r*c) (adj) (deadly,

fatal). If a verb ends with vowel, and the allomorph starts with a different

vowel, the /y/ glide is inserted between these vowels by the oral sequence.

[E.CEK] allomorphs: [e.cek, a.cak] sil-e.cek (si*le*cek) (wiper), gel-e.cek (ge*le*cek) (future), a-a.cak

(a*a*cak) (opener), ek-e.cek (e*ke*cek) (shoehorn), yak-a.cak

(ya*ka*cak) (fuel).

[MEK] allomorphs: [mek, mak]

ye-mek (meal), ak-mak (lighter), ek-mek (bread), kay-mak (cream)

[ME] allomorphs: [me, ma] dondur-ma (ice cream), dol-ma (green peppers, eggplants or marrows

stuffed with mince, rice, etc.), kavur-ma (fried pieces of meat), hala-ma

(boiled meat), dene-me (essay), dv-me (tattoo), as-ma (vine), kaz-ma

(pickax), aydnlan-ma (enlightenment). ky-ma (ky*ma) (minced meat), in-

me (in*me) (stroke), bas-ma (bas*ma) (printed cloth), yz-me (yz*me) [K] allomorphs: [ik, k, k, uk, ek, ak] kes-ik (ke*sik) (cut), k-k (*kk) (dislocated joint), yar-k (ya*rk) (slash),

iz-ik (i*zik) (scratch), r-k (*rk) (decay), sar-k (sa*rk) (turban),

kaz-k (ka*zk) (stake, unreasonably expensive), yrt-k (yr*tk) (tear), del-

ik (de*lik) (hole) ele-ek (e*lek) (sieve), ada-ak (a*dak) (oblation), kay-ak

(ka*yak) (ski). [CE] allomorphs: [ce, ca] dn-ce (d*n*ce) (thought), elen-ce (e*len*ce) (entertainment), bil-

me-ce (bil*me*ce) (riddle, word puzzle), dzme-ce (dz*me*ce) (lie, fake),

ekme-ce (ek*me*ce) (drawer), glme-ce (gl*me*ce) (comedy). [N.T] allomorphs: [in.ti, n.t, n.t, un.tu, en.ti, an.t] ak-n.t (a*kn*t) (current), al-n.t (a*ln*t) (quotation), bala-an.t (ba*-

lan*t) (connection, link), bekle-en.ti (bek*len*ti) (expectation), bula-an.t

(bu*lan*t) (qualm), bul-un.tu (bu*lun*tu), (antique), arp-n.t (ar*pn*t)

(palpitation), k-n.t (*kn*t) (bulge) k-n.t (*kn*t) (collapse),

dk-n.t (d*kn*t) (rubbish, rash), ekle-en.ti (ek*len*ti) (addition), es-

in.ti (e*sin*ti) (breeze), gez-in.ti (ge*zin*ti) (tour, walk), gir-in.ti (gi*rin*ti)


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(dent), gr-n.t (g*rn*t) (image), il-in.ti (i*lin*ti) (relation), kal-n.t (ka*-

ln*t) (remnant), ka-n.t (ka*n*t) (itching), kaz-n.t (ka*zn*t) (scrap-

ings), kes-in.ti (ke*sin*ti) (subtraction, stoppage, interruption), kr-n.t

(k*rn*t) (crumb), kur-un.tu (ku*run*tu) (unfounded suspicion), rastla-an.t

(ras*lan*t) (coincidence), salla-an.t (sal*lan*t) (quake), sk-n.t (s*kn*t)

(boredom), sz-n.t (s*zn*t) (leakage), tak-n.t (ta*kn*t) (fixation,

obsession), syle-en.ti (sy*len*ti) (rumor), topla-an.t (top*lan*t) (meeting),

sapla-an.t(sap*lan*t) (obsession), bala-an.t (ba*lan*t) (connection, link). [] allomorphs: [i , , u] ak- (a*k) (fluency), al- ver-i (a*l / ve*ri) (shopping), anla-/y/

(an*la*y) (understanding, sympathy), bak- (ba*k) (look, looking) , at-

(a*t), (gunfire, throw, round), bekle-/y/i (bek*le*yi) (waiting), benze-

/y/i (ben*ze*yi) (resemblance), bul-u (bu*lu) (discovery), k- (*k)

(exit, outlet), k- (*k) (collapse, fall), davran- (dav*ra*n)

(behavior), diren-i (di*re*ni) (resistance, disobedience), diril-i (di*ri*li)

(resurrection, revival), dizil-i (di*zi*li) (sequence), dokun-u (do*ku*nu)

(touch), dn- (d*n) (return), dur-u (du*ru) (position), d-

(d*) (decline, downfall), gel-i (ge*li) (arrival, coming), gir-i (gi*ri)

(entry, entrance), git-i (gi*di) (going, departure), grn- (g*r*n)

(appearance), gr- (g*r) (view, opinion), gr- bir-lik-i (g*r /

bir*li*i) (agreement, consensus), haykr- (hay*k*r) (scream), ka-

(ka*) (escape), kapan- (ka*pa*n) (closing, closure), kurtul-u

(kur*tu*lu) (liberation), kurul-u (ku*ru*lu) (foundation), sat- (sa*t)

(sale), sr- (s*r) (drive, driving), tken-i (t*ke*ni) (exhaustion),

yakar- (ya*ka*r) (appeal), yalvar- (yal*va*r) (beseeching), yksel-

i (yk*se*li) (rise, growth), yr-/y/ (y*r*y) (walk).

MORPHEMES ATTACHED TO VERBS THAT PRODUCE ADJECTIVES

[.C] allomorphs: [i.ci, .c, .c, u.cu]

del-i.ci (de*li*ci) (piercing), kal-.c (ka*l*c) (lasting), sars-.c (sar*s*c)

(shocking), yarat-.c (ya*ra*t*c) (creative), bula-.c (bu*la**c) (con-

tagious), art-.c (a*r*t*c) (confusing), yak-.c (ya*k*c) (burning),

t-.c (**t*c) (grinding), tazele-/y/i.ci (ta*ze*le*yi*ci) (refreshing),

it-i.ci (i*ti*ci) (repulsive), aldat-.c (al*da*t*c) (deceptive), z-.c (*z*-

c) (saddening), doyur-u.cu (do*yu*ru*cu) (satisfying), ge-ici (ge*i*ci)

(temporary), ez-i.ci ounluk (overwhelming majority), sk-.c (s*k*c)

(boring), yk-.c (y*k*c) (destructive, devastating), koru-/y/u.cu (ko*ru*-

yu*cu) (protective), kr-.c (k*r*c) (injurious, unkind), yan-.c (ya*n*c)

(inflammable), z-.c (*z*c) (painful).


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[K] allomorphs: [ik, k, k, uk, ek, ak] a-k (a*k) (open), kr-k (k*rk) (broken), bat-k (ba*tk) (sunken), g-k

(g*k) (collapsed), del-ik (de*lik) (pierced, hole), ez-ik (e*zik) (mashed),

e-ik (e*ik) (bent), r-k (*rk) (decayed), art-k (ar*tk) (left over),

ka-k (ka*k) (silly), atla-ak (at*lak) (crack), ka-ak (ka*ak) (escaped)

ek-ik (e*kik) (slanting), k-k (*kk) (dislocated), rk-ek (r*kek) (timid,

shy), kork-ak (kor*kak) (coward(ly), geve-ek (gev*ek) (loose) Note: The last syllables are stressed.

[KN] allomorphs: [gin, gn, gn, gun, kin, kn, kn, kun] se-kin (se*kin) (exclusive, choice), kes-kin (sharp), a-kn (astonished),

ili-kin (concerning, connected), sus-kun (silent), pi-kin (well done, impu-

dent), et-kin (functional), ger-gin (tight), az-gn (fierce), dz-gn (smooth),

ol-gun (ripe, mature), sol-gun (faded), yay-gn (common), bit-kin (discour-

aged, depressed, exhausted), yor-gun (tired), bas-kn (unexpected attack

(noun), dominant), ks-kn (offended), ge-kin (overripe), dur-gun (stag-

nant), dol-gun (plump), z-gn (original), say-gn (honorable), yay-gn

(common, widespread), kz-gn (angry), bez-gin (wretched), uy-gun (suit-

able, convenient), z-gn (sorry), et-kin (effective), yat-kn (inclined to do)

[R] allomorphs: [er, ar] al-ar saat (a*lar) (alarm clock), ak-ar su (running water), gl-er yz

(smiling face), ko-ar adm (running pace), uyu-ur gez-er (sleep walker).

[EN] allomorphs: [en, an] ko-an (ko*an) (running), sol-an (so*lan) (fading), al-an (a*l*an)

(working), yr-/y/en (y*r*yen) (walking), konu-an (ko*nu*an) (talking),

dilimle-/y/en (di*lim*le*yen) (slicing), kes-en (ke*sen) (cutting), p-en

(*p*en) (kissing), bekle-/y/en (bek*le*yen) (waiting), art-an (ar*tan)

(increasing), geli-en (ge*li*en) (developing), dn-en (d*nen) (turning,

circling), glmse-/y/en (g*lm*se*yen) (smiling), bala-/y/an (ba*la*-

yan) (tying, connecting), bitme-/y/en (bit*me*yen) (unending). Note: The morpheme above and its allomorphs are also used in transform-

ing simple sentences into modifier + noun compounds. Therefore, they

are also inflectional suffixes.

[M] allomorphs: [mi, m, m, mu] sol-mu (faded), dei-mi (changed), kar-m (mixed), beyazla-m

(whitened), balan-m (tied, connected), ertelen-mi (postponed), kzartl-


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m (fried), tasarlan-m (planned), ykan-m (washed), gelitiril-mi

(improved), dmlen-mi (knotted), aydnlan-m (enlightened), zorlan-

m (forced), boan-m (divorced), unutul-mu (forgotten), rl-m

(knitted), kzar-m (fried, reddened), retil-mi (produced), bayl-m,

(fainted), unutulma-m (unforgotten), kayna-m (boiled), don-mu (fro-

zen), geli-mi (developed), dei-mi (modified), koku-mu (foul).

Note: The allomorphs of the morpheme [MI] are stressed. This morpheme

is also used as an inflectional morpheme.

[SEL] allomorphs: [sel, sal] gr-sel (visual), uy-sal (complaisant), dn-sel (mental), iit-sel (audial)

MORPHEMES ATTACHED TO NOUNS THAT PRODUCE VERBS

[LE] allomorphs: [le, la] el-le (el*le) (touch), ba-la (ba*la) (tie), ba-la (ba*la) (bein, start), te-

ker-le (te*ker*le) (roll), gz-le (gz*le) (observe), kutu-la (ku*tu*la) (put in

boxes), damga-la (dam*ga*la) (stamp), tuz-la (tuz*la) (salt), leke-le (le*ke*-

le) (stain), tekme-le (tek*me*le) (kick), srg-le (sr*g*le) (bolt), dzen-le

(d*zen*le) (arrange), ya-la (ya*la) (lubricate, oil), ta-la (ta*la) (throw

stones), yel-le (yel*le) (fan), denge-le (den*ge*le) (balance), sergi-le (ser*-

gi*le) (exhibit), ba-la (forgive), su-la (water), kak-la (spoon into greed-

ily), kazk-la (cheat), yarg-la (judge), kalbur-la (sift), ila-la (apply pesti-

cide), ak-la (acquit), kstek-le (hamper), bes-le (feed), alg-la (detect),

fra-la (brush up), orta-la (centre), ezber-le (memorize), uygu-la (apply),

ar-la (show hospitality), av-la (hunt), ba-la (tie, connect), su-la (con-

demn), yol-la (send), ate-le (fire), belge-le (certify), kilit-le (lock), ter-le

(perspire), imdik-le (pinch), gz-le (observe), fi-le (blacklist someone), i-

le (work), aba-la (strive). ek-le (add), yk-le (load), iz-le (follow), giz-le

(hide), ezber-le (memorize), mhr-le (seal), yarg-la (judge), sra-la (put in

order), gr-le (thunder, roll), n-la (ring), ot-la (graze), kol-la (watch, pro-

tect), sol-la (overtake), oy-la (vote), omuz-la (shoulder), hiza-la (hi*za:*la)

(align), para-la (tear up), gaga-la (peck), dz-le (flatten), giz-le (hide)

MORPHEMES ATTACHED TO ADJECTIVES THAT PRODUCE VERBS

[R] allomorphs: [ir, r, er, ar] deli-ir (de*lir) (get mad), sar-ar (sa*rar) (turn yellow), kara-ar (ka*rar)

(blacken, darken, or get dark), mor-ar (mo*rar) (get, turn purple).

[LE] allomorphs: [le, la]


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gzel-le (get beautiful), sk-la (get oftener, get tighter), ar-la (get

heav-ier), sar-la (get deaf), derin-le (deepen, get deeper), kaba-la

(get ruder), yeil-le, yeil-len (turn green). Some adjectives like krmz

may be either krmz-la or kzar (get or turn red). Ksa becomes

ksal (get shorter). Uzun becomes uza (get longer).

Examples: Gnler ksalyor. Days are getting shorter. Gnler uzuyor. (*not

uzayor) Days are getting longer.

In Turkish, make something + adjective "Make it shorter." is expressed in

an adjective + morpheme mixture which is too long to analyze in detail.

Some examples may explain them easily:

Uzun uzat (u*zat) Onu uzat. (Make it longer.); ksa ksalt (k*salt)

Onu ksalt. (Make it shorter.); byk byt (b*yt) Onu byt. (Make

it larger.); Kk klt (k*lt) Onu klt. (Make it smaller.); kara

karart (ka*rart) Onu karart. (Make it darker.); derin derinletir (de*rin*-

le*tir) Onu derinletir. (Make it deeper.)

I made him work, I had him work, I had the work done and I got

him to do the work types of sentences are in my free book titled as fol-

lows:

ENGLISH TURKISH GRAMMAR FUNCTIONAL AND TRANSFORMA-

TIONAL, YUKSEL GOKNEL

Yksel Gknel

Documents

Derivational Morpemes and Their Allomorphs-signedTURKISH DERIVATIONAL ALLOMORPHS AND THEIR ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS, YUKSEL GOKNEL