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^Cf^ ~7F-7S CORPS OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY

DESCRIPTION AND ClASSIFICATION OF FROZEN SOUS

Based Upon a Joint Effort of the Division of Building Research, National Research Council of Canada, and the Arctic Construction

and Frost Effects Laboratory, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers

DRAFT '/

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TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 75

Arctic Construction and Frost Effects Laboratory

U.S. Army Engineer Division, New England

Waltham, Massachusetts

for

Office of the Chief of Engineers

Civil Engineering Branch

Engineering Division

Military Construction

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January 1961 7-0

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CORPS OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY

DESCRIPTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF FROZEN SOILS

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TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 75

Arctic Construction and Frost Effects Laboratory

U.S. Army Engineer Division, New England

Waltham, Massachusetts

for

Office of the Chief of Engineers

Civil Engineering Branch

Engineering D ivi sion

Milltary Construction

UeTäHTof (Ifustratfons In" this document may be Lc-^r

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January 1961

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PREFACE

The heart, of the description and classification of frozen soils shown

in columns (1) through (6) of Figure 2 of this report represents the joint

efforts of representatives of the Building Research Division, National Re-

search Council of Canada, and of the Arctic Construction and Frost Effects

Laboratory, U. S. Army Engineer Division, New England. It is based on

the experience of these organizations over several years with various forms

of a system originally devised by the Arctic Construction and Frost Effects

Laboratory in 1952. The remainder of Figure 2, and of the report, is a

contribution of the Arctic Construction and Frost Effects Laboratory.

This presentation is the product of a program of studies being

conducted for the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, under the

administrative direction of the Civil Engineering Branch, Engineering

Division, Military Construction. The program is aimed at developing

engineering c riteria for design and construction in arctic and subarctic

regions and in areas of seasonal frost.

Published as Appendix A of Vol. 1 of "Investigation of Description, Classification and Strength Properties of Frozen Soils, " by Arctic Construction and Frost Effects Laboratory, issued as Report 8 of U. S. Army Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, June 1952.

11

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CONTENTS

Page

Preface . ii

Synopsis ». iv

Introduction 1

Features of the Frozen Soil Classification System 2

Ice or Water Content of Frozen Saturated Soils 7

Graphical Presentation of Soils Data 8

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1 Illustration of Frozen Soil Terminology

Figure 2 Description and Classification of Frozen Soils

Figure 3 Unified Soil Classification

Figure 4 Photographs of Frozen Soil Types

Figure 5 Photographs of Frozen Soil Types

Figure 6 Soil Dry Unit Weight, Ice Volume, and Water Content Relationships

Figure 7 Illustrative Example of Frozen Soil Classification in Typical Exploration Log

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SYNOPSIS

The desc nption and classification of frozen soils presented herein

is an extension of the Unified Soil Classification System adopted by the U. S.

Army Corps ot Engineers and the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation in 1952.

Descriptions, based on physical appearance, are non-genetic and are ap-

plicable to both naturaiiy and artificially frozen soils. Field identification

data pertaining to frozen soiis and those pertinent properties of frozen

materials which can be measured by physical tests are indicated. Also,

guides are presented for construction on soils subject to freezing and thawing.

The report includes photographic illustrations of frozen soil types; a chart

showing relationships between unit dry weight of soil, water content, and

ice volume; and an illustrative example of graphical presentation of frozen

soil data.

IV

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INTRODUCTION

1. When the Unified Soil Classification System is extended to classi-

fication of frozen soils^ special expansion of the system is required in order

to meet engineering and scientific needs for adequate and concise identifica-

tion of the materials. Identification of seasonally frozen soil or permafrost

according to structural d visions caused by freezing and thawing such as

"suprapermafrost'" or "annual frost zone," illustrated in Figure 1, provides

no information on those factors of appearance and physical properties which

are essential guides to the nature and behavior of the materials in the frozen

stafe and to the changes which may or-cur upon thawing. Also, such identi-

fication is not applicable to specimens frozen in the laboratory. Therefore, a

frozen soil description and classification system, which is independent

of the geologic history or mode of origin of the material, is needed. This

system should also be capable of easy expansion or contraction in order to

provide any desired degree of detail. The system described herein affords

these characteristics.

Described in Technical. Memorandum No. 3-357, U. S. Army Waterways Experiment Station, March 1953, with Appendixes A and B.

1

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FEATURES OF THE FROZEN SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

2. Parts of the System. The system for describing and classifying

frozen soil is shown in Figure 2. As indicated in the first column of

Figure 2, the frozen soi, is identified in three steps, denoted as Parts I,

II, and III. Und^r Pa : t I the so; phase is identified independently of the

frozen state; the Uniiied Soi! Classification System is used, a summary of

which is shown in Figure 3. Under Part 1.1, the soil characteristics result-

ing from the frozen state of the material are added to the soil description.

Under Part III, important ire strata found in the soil are described.

3. Classification of Frozen Soil - Major Groups. As shown in columns

(2) and (3) of Figure 2, under Part II, frozen so s are divided into two

major groups: soils in which segregated ice is not visible to the unaided

eye (designation N), and soils in which segregated ice is_ visible (designa-

tion V). Since, as will be described below, ice layers exceeding 1 inch in

thickness are identified separately, the latter major grouping is applied

only to soil containing ice layers 1 inch or less in thickness.

4. Frozen soils in the N group will common'iy, on inspection by the

unaided eye, reveal the presence of ice within the soil voids by crystalline

reflections or by a sheen on fractured or trimmed surfaces; however, the

appearance is give^ that the water has frozen within the original, voids in

the soil, without segregation. Frozen soils in the V group give the opposite

impression, and segregated ice is visible not merely as pin point crystal-

line reflections or a diffuse sheen but as separate ice inclusions of measure-

able dimensions.

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5. Frozen So:,& in which Segregated Ice is not Visible. As shown in

columns (4) and (S) of Figure 2, rnaterialt» jn which segregated ice is not

visible to the unaided eye (designation N) are divided into two types:

Nf (ice no.--- •■'•i&^b^e fr.ab e\ This is poorly bonded or friable

material in which segregated . e .& not visible M the unaided eye. This con-

dition exists when the degree of sa'urat: jn ;s . jw. This type of frozen sou

is illustrated in photographs i a r,d 2 of Figure 4.

Nb (ice ror.'visiole; bonded). This is well bonded frozen soil in

which the ice cements the mate-if-.I into a hard solid mass, but segregated

ice is not visible to the unaided eye. Soils showing this characteristic are

generally at a moderate to high degree of saturation. When at high degree

of saturation, they may or may not contain pubstantial quantities of micro-

scopic segregated ice. On basis of detailed examinations and tests this

sub-group may be further divided into the following sub-categories:

Nbn (without excess ice). No segregated ice is present, either

visible to the unaided eye or microscopic. This type of frozen soil is

illustrated in photographs 1 a-d 3, Fjgure 4,

Nbe (contains excess ice^ microscopic). This condition may occur

in very fine silly sands c: coarse silts where excess ice is present but is

so uniformly distributed than "t is not readily apparent to the unaided eye.

Appreciable settlement may occur m such soils upon thawing. This type

of frozen soli, is lliiustrated in photograph 4, Figure 4.

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' y- .*<• S M i-ivknuh '.ir .» Visibii-. The eoils in which aignifirant

scu r«'^ i *• d ; •■ . •> >• t > ihr un.i.dfd cyi- (di*aignation V) are divided into

th fll) .. u •.■-H i < .: sab - ^ruups, arranged approximately in sequence of in-

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V x (• . - ■ i t•, . ■,(1, , . ci i c i i : v t< t H . ti > r inclusions)

V (i '■■■.>■ .\i >• i( r v > i •. gi- )• pa't:; les )

Y'_,:J'' '' ^ ■'l' r.i-'d -u ,- i r : t gu! i .-. y or icntcd ice formations)

V- i : v vis.be-; s*. ri'ii.td -r d.et.T tly or'.er.ted ice forrrtations)

The V' type .)! I- zet. s -,. t sn w'" ir pnot -g-aph 5, Figure 4; Vr types of

frozen &o.U ire :: ustrated ; ■ pl-.ot Jg-aphs 6 and 7, Figure 5, and Vs types

in photographs 8, c>. a-d 10, Figure S.

7 Des: '.p'. )n if Sub 5 ta rl.a Ire Sfatd. Referring to columns (2)

and ',3) ol Figure 2 under Pa-t TIT, substantria] i-ze strata greater than

1 inch in thickness are designated separately as JCE. As shown in columns

(4) and (5; of Figure 2, the ider niicat: 3-" may fal' into either of the following

two broad c .;J • eg - -1e s ■

1 ■ e P'.us So.'. Typ^ I. e with soil inclusions)

Ir e (i r r with >ut soi' inrJus: one)

8. idf-rn:!.'. at; on a nd Description. Field identification guidance i1?

prt^serted : • c-iumn (6) ->{ F.gur^ 2. In addition to determination of major

group and s .b-group ;r at\ o-dar.r.e With columns (2) through (5) of Figure 2,

addition^! de.s' r;pt '/e terms ad d^ta may be used as indicated 'herein.

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Some nl tht» b-):\s lound in permafrost 'egions may also be described in

exploration logs by special terms (such as "muskeg") for additional rlanfi-

cr tion.

9. When more ths % onesut-gr mp -vt •.-.; te r: s tic is present in the same

maienal, multiple sub group desigr a*..ons may be used, as Vs, r. Photo-

graph Z, Figu'e 4, bhows a-, example 3l frozen so,: of the latter type.

10. When grea te - det ^a. <. ".d m )re sper. ;fjC ml ormation is desired than

is obtainable from visua .napection, physicai tests and measurements may

be performed on the frozen soil as indicated in column (7) of Figure 2. A

camera, a smal'-power hand magnifying lens, and pintj-size graduated jars

should be standard items of field equipment for soil and survey crews. To

obtain a rough estimate of the possible presence of excess ice, a simple

field test can be made by placing a lump of frozen soil in a jar, allowing it

to melt and visuaily observing the relative volume of supernatant or free

water standing above the soil after the Jump has melted. By initially

performing this test wi^h specimens of kiown ire content, a basis for field

judgement can be established. Since proportions of ice and soil may vary

widely, it may sTnetimes be difficult to decide without such a test whether

a given material fa!ls. for example, in the category of frozen soil or of

ice with soi". inclusiors. Material containing as much as 80 percent of ice

by volume and only 20 percent sol' can sometimes g:ve the appearance of

being mostiy soil. When more exact evaluation of presence of excess ice

is required, specimens may be thawed in the laboratory in consohdometers

or rubber membranes, or material may be thawed in place in the field.

5

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1J. OnJy needed portions of the detai] and descriptive material outlined

in columns (4) through (7) of Figure 2 should be used. In many of the simpler

engineering applications, only a few of the most important elements need be

recorded. F )r some irvestigations it may be satisfactory to use the Nb

designation with m' breakdown imo Nbn or Nbe categories. In other

applu auons it might even be sufhcient to use only the N and V major group

designations, to indicate whether or not segregated ice is visible. On the

other hand, in many scientil'.t studies very detailed records maybe necessary.

12. Thaw Cha racte nstirs. For engineering purposes, it is of very great

importance to known whether significant settlement will take place upon thaw-

ing of th«* frozen soil. If the amount of ice present will produce more water

upor melting than can be he.d in the vo:ds of the sell, then the material is

thaw-uns tab.e to a degree that is dependent upon the amount of the excess ice

and the soil den&ity. If a . the melt water can be absorbed by the soil voids

without s:gr.l cart sett'emert, th^r the soil can be considered thaw-stable.

Co.umr.M (8) and (9) of Figure 2 prr&ent guides for construction on soils

subject t-> freezing a r d thawing. The thaw cha racier-& tic s shown ii\ cplumn

(H) arc pa r f.. u i • y s.g-ihc an». F- tien a oils designated as Nf and Nbn are

usui.'v iMw-stable, ir.-it is. no det- merta. settlement of structures would

no: ma v be a • tr .püi d : I th i w: • g .ii c u ' red. Frozen soi! s in al! otho r

s.b-grou|)s are potent.i '. y th iw- .i-.st i .).«• a^d significant settli-ment of

s t r ii Mi r «• s I oui.dcd tnc r cori m i y oc. u -,

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13. Frozen open-work gravel is a special type of material which often

proves difficult to evaluate as to its thaw-settlement potential. Although

substantial amounts of pure ice are apparent in the voids of such material,

sufficient point contacts between particles may exist to limit settlement on

thaw to minor amounts. In cr:tica. cases, field thaw-settlement tests, using

loaded plates and steam thaw.ng, may be necessary.

14. Frozen bedrock does not always provide a thaw-safe foundation.

Therefore, when bedrock is encountered in subfreezing temperatures, careful

observations should be made to determine the quantity and mode of occurencc

of all ice formations in bedding planes, fissures, or other spaces.

ICE OR WATER CONTENT OF FROZEN SATURATED SOILS

15. In considerations involving frozen soils, the generally prevailing

conditions include complete saturation of the soil phase and all of the water

frozen. For these conditions, and assuming a specific gravity of the «oil

particles of 2.70, the relationships between the unit dry weight of soil,

water content, and ice volume are shown in Figure 6. This chart may be

used by designers or field engineers for rapid eslimation of the relationships

between these variables. Use of the chart is indicated by the following

example and illuMrated by lines and arrows on Figure 6. Assume a specimen

of frozen silt with excess ice estimated at approximately 60 percent. Based

on the appearance of the silt layers in the core, it is estimated that the

normal dry unit weight of the silt is fairly high, say 95 pcf. The chart is

then entered at 95 pcf on the left and a horizontal line is extended to the

7

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inters« ct:on of the sloping 60 pe-cent excess ice !ine. The tola] porosity,

n, whirh in thi8 rase equals the proportion of ice volume of the total specimen,

is then observed on the scale at the bottom of the plot (77 percent). The

intersection of the ve.-ULa. '.ine (77 percent porosity) with the 100 percent

saturation line indicates on the ieft-side scale the equivalent overall dry

unit weight of the frozen specimen, i. e. , 38 pel. The rurve in Figure 6

marked "Percent Volume of Ice vs Water Content" shows the relationship

between the water content of a frozen specimen and total volume of ice or

porosity, n. For a porosity of 77 percent in the above example, the water

content indicated by the right-side scale would be approximately 114 percent.

GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF SOILS DATA

16. It is customary to present the results of soils explorations on

drawings as schematic representations of the borings or test pits, with the

various sol's encountered shown by appropriate symbols. The recommended

procedure for graphical presentation of fnozen soil classification consists

of showing the appiicabie letter symbols for the soil phase in accordance

with the Unified Soil Cassiiication System for unfrozen soils, followed by

the frozen soil designation. An illustrative example of the use of the frozen

soil classification system in a typical exploration log is shown in Figure 7.

For the purpose of readily identifying the frozen soil zones, a wide line is

drawn down the left sidf of the graphic log of the exploration within the

range that the frozen material occurs.

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ILLUSTRATIONS OF TKK MINOLOf.Y USED TO IDENTIFY CHARAC I FKISTIC STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATIONS OR

SOIL FEATURES IN AREAS OF FROZEN GROUND

D» fiiütiiMjs oi Soil ami Other T<-rms Relating to Kronen ' J roinu! Areas

Annual frost zuni- (at hvr layer). 1 lu- top Uyer of ground subject to annual fr»M-/,iii« anil tiiawinu. In artti« and subarclit regions whfre annual frt*t.'/.iny pL*nct rate s to Hit- permafrost table, suprapi-rmaf rost and lite annual frost zonu are identical.

Excess ice. Ice in excess of the fraction which would be retained as wat r in the soil voids upon thawing.

Frost table. The surface, usually irregular, which represents the penet rition, at any time in spring and aummer, of thawing of the seasonal frozen ground.

Frozen /.one. A range of depth within which the soil is frozen. 1 he frozen zone may be bound both top and bottom by unfrozen soil, or at the top by the ground surface.

(iround ice. A body of more or less clear ice within frozen ground.

vedge. A wedge-shaped ice mass in permafrost, usually as- sociated vAiih fissure polygons.

Icing. A surf.u <■ n <■ mass formed by freezing of successive sheets of water.

Muskeg. PunrU drained organic terrain consisting of a mat of vege- tation overlying peat of varying thickness, from a few inches to many feet.

1'e rmaf rost. Herenially frozen ground.

Permafrost table. The surface which represents the upper limit of permafrost.

Fereletok. A frozen layer at the base of the active layer which re- mains unthawed tor one or tuo aunitners.

Residual thaw. zone. A layer of unfrozen g round between the perma- frost and the annual trost zone. This layer does not exist where annual frost extends to permafrost.

Sup rape rmaf rost. The entire layer of ground above the permafrost table.

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FIGURE 4

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150 300

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UJ

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POROSITY,n.or VOLUME OF ICE

percentage of total volume

SOIL DRY UNIT WEIGHT, ICE VOLUME,AND WATER CONTENT RELATIONSHIPS

FIGURE 6

- ' -• —j ■ --- - - ^-'fc-^-ti - -—■'-'^'•- ^ | wumam JMatrftai"'-- ■•

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ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF THE FROZEN SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

IN TYPICAL EXPLORATION LOG

0.0

0.5

3.7

5.4

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a UJ a

10.5

14.3

OL

GW

GW, Nf

GW, Nbn

ML. Vs '

ICE

Vr

MH, Vr'

mm

Surface Elevation 963.2 ft

Organic SANDY SILT, not frozen.

Brown, well-graded SANDY GRAVEL medium compact, moist, not frozen.

20.6

Brown, well-graded SANDY GRAVEL, frozen, no visible segregation, negligible thin ice film on gravel sizes and within larger voids, poorly bonded.

Brown, well-graded SANDY GRAVEL, frozen, no visible segregation, well bonded.

Black, micaceous SANDY SILT, frozen, stratified hori- zontal ice lenses averaging 4 inches in horizontal extent, hairline to 1/4 inch in thickness, 1/2 to 3/1 inch spacing. Visible \ce-?.Ot% of total volume. Ice lenses hard, clear, colorless.

ICE, hard, slightly cloudy, colorless, few scattered inclusions of silty sand.

Dark brown PEAT, frozen, well bonded, high degree of saturation. b% visible ice.

Light brown SILT, frozen, irregularly orionted ice lenses and layers 1/4 to 3/4 inch thick on random pat- tern grid approx. 3 to 4 inch spacing. Visible ice = I0±^ of total volume. Ice moderately soft, porous, gray-whi te.

Bedrock. Laminated shale. Top few feet weathered. 1/16" thick ice lenses in fissures to 16.0'. None below.

Bottom of exploration Zl

FIGURE 7

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