Desert Local News May 30, 2011 "Memorial Day Issue"

Desert LocaL News © May 30, 2011 “MeMoriaL Day” 1 ‘M emorial Day 2011 Sp ecial ’ US $5.95M ay 30, 2011

U.S. 1900 - 2011The Hundred Years ’ War

Desert LocaL News © May 30, 2011 “MeMoriaL Day”2 Desert LocaL News © May 30, 2011 “MeMoriaL Day”

Br inging to the Pres idenc y his prest ige as commanding general of the v ic tor ious forces in Europe dur ing Wor ld War I I , D wight D. E isenhower obtained a t ruce in Korea and worked incessant ly dur ing his t wo terms to ease the tensions of the Cold War. He pursued the moderate pol ic ies of “M odern Republ icanism,” point ing out as he lef t of f ice, “Amer ica is today the strongest , most inf luent ia l , and most produc t ive nat ion in the wor ld.”

Born in Texas in 1890, brought up in Abi lene, K ansas, E isenhower was the third of seven sons. He excel led in spor ts in high school , and received an appointment to West Point . Stat ioned in Texas as a second l ieutenant , he met Mamie Geneva Doud, whom he marr ied in 1916.

I n his ear ly Army career, he excel led in staf f ass ignments, ser v ing under Generals John J . Pershing, Douglas MacAr thur, and Walter K rueger. Af ter Pear l Harbor, General George C. Marshal l ca l led him to Washington for a war plans ass ignment. He commanded the

Al l ied Forces landing in Nor th Afr ica in November 1942; on D -Day, 1944, he was Supreme Commander of the t roops invading France.

Af ter the war, he became Pres ident of Columbia Univers i t y, then took leave to assume supreme command over the new NATO forces being assembled in 1951. Republ ican emissar ies to his headquar ters near Par is persuaded him to run for Pres ident in 1952.

“ I l ike I ke” was an i r res ist ib le s logan; E isenhower won a sweeping v ic tor y.

Negotiat ing f rom mil i tar y strength, he t r ied to reduce the stra ins of the Cold War. I n 1953, the s igning of a t ruce brought an armed peace a long the border of South Korea. The death of Sta l in the same year caused shi f ts in re lat ions with Russ ia .

New Russ ian leaders consented to a peace t reat y neutra l iz ing Austr ia . Meanwhi le, both Russ ia and the United States had developed hydrogen bombs. With

the threat of such destruc t ive force hanging over the wor ld, E isenhower, with the leaders of the Br i t ish , French, and Russ ian governments, met at Geneva in July 1955.

The Pres ident proposed that the United States and Russ ia exchange bluepr ints of each other ’s mi l i tar y establ ishments and “provide within our countr ies fac i l i t ies for aer ia l photography to the other countr y.” The Russ ians greeted the proposal with s i lence, but were so cordia l throughout the meet ings that tensions re laxed.

Suddenly, in September 1955, E isenhower suf fered a hear t attack in Denver, Colorado. Af ter seven weeks he lef t the hospita l , and in Februar y 1956 doc tors repor ted his recover y. I n November he was e lec ted for h is second term.

I n domest ic pol ic y the Pres ident pursued a middle course, cont inuing most of the New Deal and Fair Deal programs, emphasiz ing a balanced budget . As desegregat ion of schools began, he sent t roops into L i t t le Rock , Ark ansas, to assure compl iance with the orders of a Federal cour t ; he a lso ordered the complete desegregat ion of the Armed Forces. “ There must be no second c lass c i t izens in this countr y,” he wrote.

E isenhower concentrated on maintaining wor ld peace. He watched with pleasure the development of h is “atoms for peace” program--the loan of Amer ican uranium to “have not ” nat ions for peaceful purposes.

Before he lef t of f ice in Januar y 1961, for h is farm in Gett ysburg, he urged the necess i t y of maintaining an adequate mi l i tar y strength, but caut ioned that vast , long-cont inued mi l i tar y expenditures could breed potent ia l dangers to our way of l i fe. He concluded with a prayer for peace “in the goodness of t ime.” Both themes remained t imely and urgent when he died, af ter a long i l lness, on March 28, 1969.

D wight D. E isenhower

New Ser ies : “Amer ican Pres idents 1900-2012”

Desert LocaL News © May 30, 2011 “MeMoriaL Day” Desert LocaL News © May 30, 2011 “MeMoriaL Day” 3Desert LocaL News © May 30, 2011 “MeMoriaL Day” 3

Wind is our friend!

Congratulations

Photo by Bruce M ontgomer y

Desert Hot Springs Senior Center 1st annual Extra Effort Awards Gloria Behenna aka Queen of Thursdays

Connie Taylor of the Chamber of Commerce and Erin Begley director of the Senior Center program handed out the awards.

Photo by Bruce Montgomery


World War I

Desert LocaL News © May 30, 2011 “MeMoriaL Day” Desert LocaL News © May 30, 2011 “MeMoriaL Day” 5

World War I or the Fi rst Wor ld War, commonly abbreviated as W WI and former ly ca l led the Great War, was a major war centred in Europe that began in the summer of 1914 and lasted unt i l November 1918. I t involved a l l of the wor ld ’s great powers, [4] assembled in t wo opposing a l l iances : the Al l ies (centred around the Tr iple Entente) and the Centra l Powers.[5] More than 70 mi l l ion mi l i tar y personnel , inc luding 60 mi l l ion Europeans, were mobi l ised in one of the largest wars in histor y. [6] [7] More than 9 mi l l ion combatants were k i l led, largely because of great technological advances in f i repower without corresponding advances in mobi l i t y. I t was the second deadl iest conf l ic t in Western histor y. [8]

The assass inat ion on 28 June 1914 of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austr ia , the heir to the throne of Austr ia-Hungar y, was the proximate t r igger of the war. Long-term causes, such as imper ia l ist ic foreign pol ic ies of the great powers of Europe, such as the German Empire, the Austro -Hungar ian Empire, the O ttoman Empire, the Russ ian Empire, the Br i t ish Empire, France, and I ta ly, p layed a major role. Ferdinand’s assass inat ion by a Yugoslav nat ional ist resulted in a Habsburg ult imatum against the K ingdom of Serbia . [9][10] Several a l l iances formed over the past decades were invoked, so within weeks the major powers were at war ; v ia their colonies, the conf l ic t soon spread around the wor ld.

On 28 July, the conf l ic t opened with the Austro -Hungar ian invas ion of Serbia , [11][12] fo l lowed by the German invas ion of Belgium, Luxembourg and France; and a Russ ian attack against Germany. Af ter the German march on Par is was brought to a halt , the Western Front sett led into a stat ic batt le of attr i t ion with a t rench l ine that changed l i t t le unt i l 1917. I n the East , the Russ ian army successful ly fought against the

Austro -Hungar ian forces but was forced back by the German army. Addit ional f ronts opened af ter the O ttoman Empire jo ined the war in 1914, I ta ly and Bulgar ia in 1915 and Romania in 1916. The Russ ian Empire col lapsed in 1917, and Russ ia lef t the war af ter the Oc tober Revolut ion later that year. Af ter a 1918 German offensive a long the western f ront , United States forces entered the t renches and the Al l ies drove back the German armies in a ser ies of

successful of fensives. Germany agreed to a cease -f i re on 11 November 1918, later k nown as Armist ice Day.

By the war ’s end, four major imper ia l powers—the German, Russ ian, Austro -Hungar ian and O ttoman Empires—had been mi l i tar i ly and pol i t ica l ly defeated. The latter t wo ceased to exist . [13] The revolut ionised Soviet Union emerged f rom the Russ ian Empire, whi le the map of centra l Europe was completely redrawn into several smal ler states.[14] The League of Nat ions was formed in the hope of prevent ing another such conf l ic t . The European nat ional ism spawned by the war and the breakup of empires, and the repercuss ions of Germany ’s defeat and the Treat y of Versai l les led to the beginning of Wor ld War I I in 1939. [15]


Crew C-15 (normal ly ass igned to The Great Ar t is te )Maj . Char les W. Sweeney, a i rcraf t commander

1st . L t . (Char les Donald) Don Albury, p i lo t

2nd Lt . Fred Ol iv i , co-p i lo t

Capt . James Van Pel t , nav igator

Capt . Raymond “Kermit” Beahan, bombardier

Cpl Abe Spi tzer, rad io operator

Master Sgt . John D. Kuharek, f l ight engineer

Staf f Sgt Ray Gal lagher, gunner, ass is tant f l ight engineer

Staf f Sgt Edward Buckley, radar operator

Sgt . A lber t Dehar t , ta i l gunner

Project Alber ta members on Hiroshima mission: Luis Alvarez

Harold Agnew

Lawrence H. Johnston


World War I I , or the Second Wor ld War[3] (of ten abbreviated as W WII or W W2) , was a global mi l i tar y conf l ic t last ing f rom 1939 to 1945, which involved most of the wor ld ’s nat ions, inc luding a l l of the great powers : eventual ly forming t wo opposing mi l i tar y a l l iances, the Al l ies and the Axis . I t was the most widespread war in histor y, with more than 100 mi l l ion mi l i tar y personnel mobi l ised. I n a state of “ total war,” the major par t ic ipants placed their ent i re economic, industr ia l , and sc ient i f ic capabi l i t ies at the ser v ice of the war ef for t , eras ing the dist inc t ion bet ween c iv i l ian and mi l i tar y resources. Marked by s igni f icant events involv ing the mass death of c iv i l ians, inc luding the Holocaust and the only use of nuclear weapons in war fare, i t was the deadl iest conf l ic t in human histor y, [4] result ing in 50 mi l l ion to over 70 mi l l ion fata l i t ies.

The war is general ly accepted to have begun on 1 September 1939, with the invas ion of Poland by Germany and Slovak ia , and subsequent declarat ions of war on Germany by France and most of the countr ies of the Br i t ish Empire and Commonwealth . Germany set out to establ ish a large empire in Europe. From late 1939 to ear ly 1941, in a ser ies of campaigns and treat ies, Germany conquered or subdued much of cont inental Europe; amid Nazi -S oviet agreements, the nominal ly neutra l S oviet Union ful ly or par t ia l ly occupied and annexed terr i tor ies of i ts s ix European neighbours. Br i ta in and the Commonwealth remained the

only major force cont inuing the f ight against the Axis in Nor th Afr ica and in ex tensive naval war fare. I n June 1941, the European Axis launched an invas ion of the Soviet Union, giv ing a star t to the largest land theatre of war in histor y, which, f rom this moment on, was t y ing down the major par t of the Axis mi l i tar y power. I n December 1941, Japan, which had been at war with China s ince 1937, [5] and a imed to dominate Asia , attacked the United States and European possess ions in the Paci f ic Ocean, quick ly conquer ing much of the region.

The Axis advance was stopped in 1942 af ter the defeat of Japan in a ser ies of naval batt les and af ter defeats of European Axis t roops in Nor th Afr ica and, decis ively, at Sta l ingrad. I n 1943, with a ser ies of German defeats in Eastern Europe, the Al l ied invas ion of Fasc ist I ta ly, and Amer ican v ic tor ies in the Paci f ic , the Axis lost the in i t iat ive and under took strategic retreat on a l l f ronts. I n 1944, the Western Al l ies invaded France, whi le the Soviet Union regained a l l ter r i tor ia l losses and invaded Germany and i ts a l l ies.

The war in Europe ended with the capture of Ber l in by Soviet and Pol ish t roops and the subsequent German uncondit ional surrender on 8 May 1945. The Japanese Nav y was defeated by the United States, and invas ion of the Japanese Archipelago (“Home Is lands”) became imminent . The war in As ia ended on 15 August 1945 when Japan agreed to surrender.

Wor ld War I I

Crew C-15 (normal ly ass igned to The Great Ar t is te )Maj . Char les W. Sweeney, a i rcraf t commander

1st . L t . (Char les Donald) Don Albury, p i lo t

2nd Lt . Fred Ol iv i , co-p i lo t

Capt . James Van Pel t , nav igator

Capt . Raymond “Kermit” Beahan, bombardier

Cpl Abe Spi tzer, rad io operator

Master Sgt . John D. Kuharek, f l ight engineer

Staf f Sgt Ray Gal lagher, gunner, ass is tant f l ight engineer

Staf f Sgt Edward Buckley, radar operator

Sgt . A lber t Dehar t , ta i l gunner

Project Alber ta members on Hiroshima mission: Luis Alvarez

Harold Agnew

Lawrence H. Johnston


The Korean War (25 June 1950 – armist ice s igned 27 July 1953[28]) was a mi l i tar y conf l ic t bet ween South Korea, suppor ted by the United Nat ions, and Nor th Korea, suppor ted by the People’s Republ ic of China (PRC ) , with mi l i tar y mater ia l a id f rom the Soviet Union. The war was a result of the physical d iv is ion of Korea by an agreement of the v ic tor ious Al l ies at the conclus ion of the Paci f ic War at the end of Wor ld War I I .

The Korean peninsula was ruled by Japan f rom 1910 unt i l the end of Wor ld War I I . Fol lowing the surrender of Japan in 1945, Amer ican administrators div ided the peninsula a long the 38th Paral le l , with United States t roops occupying the southern par t and Soviet t roops occupying the nor thern par t . [29]

The fa i lure to hold f ree e lec t ions throughout the Korean Peninsula in 1948 deepened the div is ion bet ween the t wo s ides, and the Nor th establ ished a Communist government. The 38th Paral le l increas ingly became a

pol i t ica l border bet ween the t wo Koreas. Although reunif icat ion negot iat ions cont inued in the months preceding the war, tension intensi f ied. Cross-border sk i rmishes and ra ids at the 38th Paral le l pers isted. The s i tuat ion escalated into open war fare when Nor th Korean forces invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950. [30] I t was the f i rst s igni f icant armed conf l ic t of the Cold War. [31]

The United Nat ions, par t icular ly the United States, came to the a id of South Korea in repel l ing the invas ion. A rapid UN counter- of fensive drove the Nor th Koreans past the 38th Paral le l and a lmost to the Yalu R iver, and

the People’s Republ ic of China (PRC ) entered the war on the s ide of the Nor th. [30] The Chinese launched a counter-of fensive that pushed the United Nat ions forces back across the 38th Paral le l . The Soviet Union mater ia l ly a ided the Nor th Korean and Chinese armies. I n 1953, the war ceased with an armist ice that restored the border bet ween the Koreas near

the 38th Paral le l and created the Korean Demil i tar ized Zone (DMZ) , a 2 .5-mi le (4 .0 k m) wide buffer zone bet ween the t wo Koreas. M inor outbreaks of f ight ing cont inue to the present day.

With both Nor th and South Korea sponsored by ex ternal powers, the Korean War was a prox y war. From a mi l i tar y sc ience perspec t ive, i t combined strategies and tac t ics of Wor ld War I and Wor ld War I I : i t began with a mobi le campaign of swif t infantr y attacks fo l lowed by a i r bombing ra ids, but became a stat ic t rench war by July 1951.

Korean War38th Paral le l




War f rom 1954 to 1975 bet ween communist Nor th Vietnam and US-backed South Vietnam, in which Nor th Vietnam aimed to conquer South Vietnam and unite the countr y as a communist state. Nor th Vietnam was suppor ted by communist rebels f rom South Vietnam, the Vietcong. The USA, in suppor t ing the South against the Nor th, a imed to prevent the spread of communism in Southeast As ia , but at the end of the war Nor th and South Vietnam were reunited as a socia l ist republ ic .

Fol lowing the div is ion of French I ndochina into Nor th and South Vietnam and the Vietnamese defeat of the French in 1954, US involvement in Southeast As ia grew through the Southeast As ia Treat y Organizat ion (SEATO) pac t . Non- communist South Vietnam was v iewed, in the contex t of

the 1950s and the Cold War, as a bulwark against the spread of communism throughout Southeast As ia . Advisers and mi l i tar y a id were dispatched to the region at increas ing levels because of the so - cal led domino theor y, which contended that the fa l l of South Vietnam would precipitate the col lapse of neighbour ing states. The USA spent $141 bi l l ion on a id to the South Vietnamese government, but corrupt ion and ineff ic ienc y led the USA to assume ever greater responsibi l i t y for the war ef for t , unt i l 1 mi l l ion US combat t roops were engaged.

I n the USA, the draf t , the high war casualt ies, the use of toxins such as napalm and Agent Orange, and the undeclared nature of the war resulted in growing domest ic res istance, which caused socia l unrest and forced Pres ident Lyndon Johnson

to abandon re - elec t ion plans. Pres ident R ichard N ixon f i rst expanded the war to Laos and Cambodia but f inal ly phased out US involvement ; h is nat ional secur i t y adviser Henr y K iss inger negot iated a peace t reat y in 1973 with Nor th Vietnam, which soon conquered South Vietnam and united the nat ion.

Some 200,000 South Vietnamese soldiers , 1 mi l l ion Nor th Vietnamese soldiers , and 500,000 c iv i l ians were k i l led; 56 ,555 US soldiers were k i l led 1961–75. The war destroyed 50% of the countr y ’s forest cover and 20% of agr icultural land. Cambodia , a neutra l neighbour, was bombed by the USA 1969–75, with 1 mi l l ion k i l led or wounded. Although US forces were never mi l i tar i ly defeated, Vietnam was considered a humil iat ing pol i t ica l defeat for the USA.

Vietnam War


1900–1909

1900 – China. May 24 to S eptember 28. Boxer Rebel l ion Amer ican troops par t ic ipated in operat ions to protec t foreign l ives dur ing the Boxer upr is ing, par t icular ly at Pek ing. For many years af ter this exper ience a permanent legat ion guard was maintained in Pek ing, and was strengthened at t imes as t rouble threatened. [RL30172]

1901 – Colombia (State of Panama) . November 20 to December 4 . (S ee: Separat ion of Panama from Colombia) US forces protec ted Amer ican proper t y on the Isthmus and kept t ransit l ines open dur ing ser ious revolut ionar y disturbances. [RL30172]

1902 – Colombia . – Apr i l 16 to 23. US forces protec ted Amer ican l ives and proper t y at Bocas del Toro dur ing a c iv i l war. [RL30172]

1902 – Colombia (State of Panama) . September 17 to November 18. The United States placed armed guards on a l l t ra ins cross ing the Isthmus to keep the ra i l road l ine open, and stat ioned ships on both s ides of Panama to prevent the landing of Colombian troops. [RL30172]

1903 – Honduras. March 23 to 30 or 31 . US forces protec ted the Amer ican consulate and the steamship whar f at Puer to Cor tes dur ing a per iod of revolut ionar y ac t iv i t y. [RL30172]

1903 – Dominican Republ ic . March 30 to Apr i l 21 . A detachment of mar ines was landed to protec t Amer ican interests in the c i t y of Santo Domingo dur ing a revolut ionar y outbreak .[RL30172]

1903 – Syr ia . September 7 to 12. US forces protec ted the Amer ican consulate in Beirut when a local Musl im upr is ing was feared. [RL30172]

1903–04 – Abyss inia (Ethiopia) . Twent y-f ive Mar ines were sent to Abyss inia to protec t the US Consul General whi le he negot iated a t reat y.

[RL30172]

1903–14 – Panama. US forces sought to protec t Amer ican interests and l ives dur ing and fol lowing the revolut ion for independence f rom Colombia over construc t ion of the Isthmian Canal . With br ief intermiss ions, United States Mar ines were stat ioned on the Isthmus f rom November 4 , 1903, to Januar y 21, 1914 to guard Amer ican interests .[RL30172]

1904 – Dominican Republ ic . Januar y 2 to Februar y 11. Amer ican and Br i t ish naval forces establ ished an area in which no f ight ing would be a l lowed and protec ted Amer ican interests in Puer to Plata and Sosua and Santo Domingo Cit y dur ing revolut ionar y f ight ing. [RL30172]

1904 – Tangier, Morocco. “ We want e i ther Perdicar is a l ive or R aisul i dead.” A squadron demonstrated to force re lease of a k idnapped Amer ican. M ar ines were landed to protec t the consul general . [RL30172]

1904 – Panama. November 17 to 24. U.S forces protec ted Amer ican l ives and proper t y at Ancon at the t ime of a threatened insurrec t ion. [RL30172]

1904–05 – Korea. Januar y 5 , 1904, to November 11, 1905. A guard of M ar ines was sent to protec t the Amer ican legat ion in Seoul dur ing the Russo -Japanese War. [RL30172]

1906–09 – Cuba. September 1906 to Januar y 23, 1909. US forces sought to protec t interests and re - establ ish a government af ter revolut ionar y ac t iv i t y. [RL30172]

1907 – Honduras. March 18 to June 8 . To protec t Amer ican interests dur ing a war bet ween Honduras and N icaragua, t roops were stat ioned in Truj i l lo, Ceiba, Puer to Cor tes, San Pedro Sula , Laguna and Choloma.[RL30172]

[edit ]1910–1919

1910 – N icaragua. May 19 to

September 4 , 1910. Occupat ion of N icaragua US forces protec ted Amer ican interests at B luef ie lds.[RL30172]

1911 – Honduras. Januar y 26. Amer ican naval detachments were landed to protec t Amer ican l ives and interests dur ing a c iv i l war in Honduras. [RL30172]

1911 – China. As the Tongmenghui-led Xinhai Revolut ion approached, in Oc tober an ensign and 10 men tr ied to enter Wuchang to rescue miss ionar ies but ret i red on being warned away, and a smal l landing force guarded Amer ican pr ivate proper t y and consulate at Hankow. Mar ines were deployed in November to guard the cable stat ions at Shanghai ; landing forces were sent for protec t ion in Nank ing, Chink iang, Taku and elsewhere. [RL30172]

1912 – Honduras. A smal l force landed to prevent se izure by the government of an Amer ican- owned ra i l road at Puer to Cor tes. The forces were withdrawn af ter the United States disapproved the ac t ion. [RL30172]

1912 – Panama. Troops, on request of both pol i t ica l par t ies, super vised e lec t ions outs ide the Panama Canal Zone. [RL30172]

1912 – Cuba. June 5 to August 5 . U.S . forces protec ted Amer ican interests in the province of Or iente and in Havana. [RL30172]

1912 – China. August 24 to 26, on Kentuck y Is land, and August 26 to 30 at Camp N icholson. US forces protec ted Amer icans and Amer ican interests dur ing the Xinhai Revolut ion. [RL30172]

1912 – Turkey. November 18 to December 3 . U.S . forces guarded the Amer ican legat ion at Constant inople dur ing the Fi rst Balk an War[RL30172]

1912–25 – N icaragua. August to November 1912. U.S . forces protec ted Amer ican interests dur ing

T imel ine of United States mi l i tar y operat ions 1900 - 2011 Present


an attempted revolut ion. A smal l force, ser v ing as a legat ion guard and seek ing to promote peace and stabi l i t y, remained unt i l August 5 , 1925. [RL30172]

1912–41 – China. The disorders which began with the over throw of the dynast y dur ing Kuomintang rebel l ion in 1912, which were redirec ted by the invas ion of China by Japan, led to demonstrat ions and landing par t ies for the protec t ion of US interests in China cont inuously and at many points f rom 1912 on to 1941. The guard at Pek ing and a long the route to the sea was maintained unt i l 1941. I n 1927, the United States had 5 ,670 troops ashore in China and 44 naval vessels in i ts waters. I n 1933 the United States had 3 ,027 armed men ashore. The protec t ive ac t ion was general ly based on treat ies with China concluded f rom 1858 to 1901.[RL30172]

1913 – M exico. September 5 to 7 . A few mar ines landed at Ciar is Estero to a id in evacuat ing Amer ican c i t izens and others f rom the Yaqui Val ley, made dangerous for foreigners by c iv i l s t r i fe. [RL30172]

1914 – Hait i . Januar y 29 to Februar y 9 , Februar y 20 and 21, Oc tober 19. I ntermittent ly US naval forces protec ted Amer ican nat ionals in a t ime of r iot ing and revolut ion.[RL30172] The speci f ic order f rom the Secretar y of the Nav y to the invas ion commander, Admiral Wi l l iam Devi l le Bundy, was to “protec t Amer ican and foreign” interests . [c i tat ion needed]

1914 – Dominican Republ ic . June and July. Dur ing a revolut ionar y movement, United States naval forces by gunf i re stopped the bombardment of Puer to Plata , and by threat of force maintained Santo Domingo Cit y as a neutra l zone. [RL30172]

1914–17 – Mexico. Tampico Affa i r led to Occupat ion of Veracruz , M exico. Undeclared Mexican-Amer ican host i l i t ies fo l lowed the Tampico Affa i r and Vi l la’s ra ids . Also Pancho Vi l la Expedit ion) – an abor t ive mi l i tar y operat ion conduc ted by the United States Army against the mi l i tar y forces of Francisco “Pancho” Vi l la f rom 1916 to 1917 and included capture of Vera Cruz . On March 19, 1915 on orders f rom Pres ident Woodrow Wilson, and with tac i t consent by Venust iano Carranza General John J . Pershing led an invas ion force of 10 ,000 men into M exico to capture Vi l la . [RL30172]

1915–34 – Hait i . Ju ly 28, 1915, to August 15, 1934. United States occupat ion of Hait i 1915–1934 US forces maintained order dur ing a per iod of chronic pol i t ica l instabi l i t y.[RL30172] Dur ing the in i t ia l entrance into Hait i , the speci f ic order f rom the S ecretar y of the Nav y to the invas ion commander, Admiral Wi l l iam Devi l le Bundy, was to “protec t Amer ican and foreign” interests . [c i tat ion needed]

1916 – China. Amer ican forces landed to quel l a r iot tak ing place on Amer ican proper t y in Nank ing.[RL30172]

1916–24 – Dominican Republ ic . May 1916 to S eptember 1924. Occupat ion of the Dominican Republ ic Amer ican naval forces maintained order dur ing a per iod of chronic and threatened insurrec t ion. [RL30172]

1917 – China. Amer ican troops were landed at Chungk ing to protec t Amer ican l ives dur ing a pol i t ica l cr is is . [RL30172]

1917–18 – Wor ld War I . On Apr i l 6 , 1917, the United States declared war with Germany and on December 7 , 1917, with Austr ia-Hungar y. Entrance of the United States into the war was precipitated by Germany ’s submar ine war fare against neutra l shipping and the Zimmermann Telegram.[RL30172]

1917–22 – Cuba. US forces protec ted Amer ican interests dur ing insurrec t ion and subsequent unsett led condit ions. M ost of the United States armed forces lef t Cuba by August 1919, but t wo companies remained at Camaguey unt i l Februar y 1922. [RL30172]

1918–19 – Mexico. Af ter withdrawal of the Pershing expedit ion, U.S . t roops entered Mexico in pursuit of bandits at least three t imes in 1918 and s ix t imes in 1919. I n August 1918 Amer ican and Mexican troops fought at Nogales, The Batt le of Ambos Nogales. The incident began when German spies plotted an attack with M exican soldiers on Nogales Ar izona. The f ight ing began when a Mexican of f icer shot and k i l led a U.S . soldier on Amer ican soi l . A fu l l scale batt le then ensued, ending with a Mexican surrender. [RL30172]

1918–20 – Panama. US forces were used for pol ice dut y according to t reat y st ipulat ions, at Chir iqui , dur ing e lec t ion disturbances and subsequent unrest . [RL30172]

1918–20 – Soviet Union. Mar ines

were landed at and near Vladivostok in June and July to protec t the Amer ican consulate and other points in the f ight ing bet ween the Bolshevik t roops and the Czech Army which had traversed S iber ia f rom the western f ront . A jo int proclamation of emergenc y government and neutra l i t y was issued by the Amer ican, Japanese, Br i t ish , French, and Czech commanders in July. I n August 7 ,000 men were landed in Vladivostok and remained unt i l Januar y 1920, as par t of an a l l ied occupat ion force. I n September 1918, 5 ,000 Amer ican troops jo ined the a l l ied inter vent ion force at Archangel and remained unt i l June 1919. These operat ions were in response to the Bolshevik revolut ion in Russ ia and were par t ly suppor ted by Czar ist or Kerensk y e lements. [RL30172] For detai ls , see the Amer ican Expedit ionar y Force S iber ia and the Amer ican Expedit ionar y Force Nor th Russ ia .

1919 – Dalmatia (Croat ia) . US forces were landed at Trau at the request of I ta l ian author i t ies to pol ice order bet ween the I ta l ians and Serbs.[RL30172]

1919 – Turkey. Mar ines f rom the USS Ar izona were landed to guard the US Consulate dur ing the Greek occupat ion of Constant inople.[RL30172]

1919 – Honduras. September 8 to 12. A landing force was sent ashore to maintain order in a neutra l zone dur ing an attempted revolut ion.[RL30172]

1920–1929

1920 – China. March 14. A landing force was sent ashore for a few hours to protec t l ives dur ing a disturbance at K iuk iang. [RL30172]

1920 – Guatemala . Apr i l 9 to 27. US forces protec ted the Amer ican Legat ion and other Amer ican interests , such as the cable stat ion, dur ing a per iod of f ight ing bet ween Unionists and the Government of Guatemala . [RL30172]

1920–22 – Russ ia (S iber ia) . Februar y 16, 1920, to November 19, 1922. A Mar ine guard was sent to protec t the United States radio stat ion and proper t y on Russ ian Is land, Bay of Vladivostok . [RL30172]

1921 – Panama and Costa R ica . Amer ican naval squadrons demonstrated in Apr i l on both s ides


of the Isthmus to prevent war bet ween the t wo countr ies over a boundar y dispute. [RL30172]

1922 – Turkey. September and Oc tober. A landing force was sent ashore with consent of both Greek and Turk ish author i t ies, to protec t Amer ican l ives and proper t y when the Turk ish nat ional ists entered İ zmir (Smyrna. [RL30172]

1922–23 – China. Apr i l 1922 to November 1923. Mar ines were landed f ive t imes to protec t Amer icans dur ing per iods of unrest . [RL30172]

1924 – Honduras. Februar y 28 to M arch 31, September 10 to 15. U.S . forces protec ted Amer ican l ives and interests dur ing e lec t ion host i l i t ies.[RL30172]

1924 – China. – September. M ar ines were landed to protec t Amer icans and other foreigners in Shanghai dur ing Chinese fac t ional host i l i t ies. [RL30172]

1925 – China. Januar y 15 to August 29. Fight ing of Chinese fac t ions accompanied by r iots and demonstrat ions in Shanghai brought the landing of Amer ican forces to protec t l ives and proper t y in the I nternat ional Sett lement. [RL30172]

1925 – Honduras. Apr i l 19 to 21. U.S . forces protec ted foreigners at La Ceiba dur ing a pol i t ica l upheaval . [RL30172]

1925 – Panama. Oc tober 12 to 23. Str ikes and rent r iots led to the landing of about 600 Amer ican troops to keep order and protec t Amer ican interests . [RL30172]

1926–33 – N icaragua. May 7 to June 5 , 1926, and August 27, 1926, to Januar y 3 , 1933. The coup d ’état of General Chamorro aroused revolut ionar y ac t iv i t ies leading to the landing of Amer ican mar ines to protec t the interests of the United States. United States forces came and went intermittent ly unt i l Januar y 3 , 1933.[RL30172]

1926 – China. August and S eptember. The Nat ional ist attack on Hankow brought the landing of Amer ican naval forces to protec t Amer ican c i t izens. A smal l guard was maintained at the consulate general even af ter September 16, when the rest of the forces were withdrawn. L ikewise, when Nat ional ist forces captured K iuk iang, naval forces were landed for the protec t ion of foreigners November 4 to 6 . [RL30172]

1927 – China. Februar y. Fight ing at Shanghai caused Amer ican naval forces and mar ines to be increased. I n March a naval guard was stat ioned at Amer ican consulate at Nank ing af ter Nat ional ist forces captured the c i t y. Amer ican and Br i t ish destroyers later used shel l f i re to protec t Amer icans and other foreigners. Subsequently addit ional forces of mar ines and naval forces were stat ioned in the v ic in i t y of Shanghai and Tients in . [RL30172]

1930–1939

1932 – China. Amer ican forces were landed to protec t Amer ican interests dur ing the Japanese occupat ion of Shanghai . [RL30172]

1933 – Cuba. Dur ing a revolut ion against Pres ident Gerardo Machado naval forces demonstrated but no landing was made. [RL30172]

1934 – China. Mar ines landed at Foochow to protec t the Amer ican Consulate. [RL30172]

[edit ]1940–1944

1940 – Newfoundland, Bermuda, St . Lucia , – Bahamas, Jamaica , Ant igua, Tr in idad, and Br i t ish Guiana. Troops were sent to guard a i r and naval bases obtained under lease by negot iat ion with the United K ingdom. These were sometimes cal led lend- lease bases but were under the Destroyers for Bases Agreement. [RL30172]

1941 – Greenland. Greenland was taken under protec t ion of the United States in Apr i l . [RL30172]

1941 – Nether lands (Dutch Guiana) . I n November the Pres ident ordered Amer ican troops to occupy Dutch Guiana, but by agreement with the Nether lands government in exi le, Braz i l cooperated to protec t a luminum ore supply f rom the bauxite mines in Sur iname.[RL30172]

1941 – Iceland. Ice land was taken under the protec t ion of the United States, with consent of i ts government replacing Br i t ish t roops, for st rategic reasons. [RL30172]

1941 – Germany. Sometime in the spr ing the Pres ident ordered the Nav y to patrol ship lanes to Europe. By July US warships were convoying and by S eptember were attack ing German submar ines. I n November, the Neutra l i t y Ac t was par t ly repealed to protec t US mi l i tar y a id to Br i ta in . [RL30172]

1941–45 – Wor ld War I I . On December 8 , 1941, the United States declared war with Japan in response to the bombing of Pear l Harbor. Germany declared war against the United States. [RL30172]

1945–1949

1945 – China. I n Oc tober 50,000 US Mar ines were sent to Nor th China to ass ist Chinese Nat ional ist author i t ies in disarming and repatr iat ing the Japanese in China and in control l ing por ts , ra i l roads, and a i r f ie lds. This was in addit ion to approximately 60,000 US forces remaining in China at the end of Wor ld War I I . [RL30172]

1945–49 – Occupat ion of par t of Germany.

1945–55 – Occupat ion of par t of Austr ia .

1945–46 – Occupat ion of par t of I ta ly.[c i tat ion needed]

1945–52 – Occupat ion of Japan.

1944–46 – Temporar y reoccupat ion of the Phi l ippines dur ing W WII and in preparat ion for previously scheduled independence. [c i tat ion needed]

1945–47 – US Mar ines garr isoned in mainland China to oversee the removal of Soviet and Japanese forces af ter Wor ld War I I . [3]

1945–49 – Post W WII occupat ion of South Korea; Nor th Korean insurgenc y in Republ ic of Korea[4]

1946 – Tr ieste ( I ta ly) . Pres ident Truman ordered the increase of US t roops a long the zonal occupat ion l ine and the re inforcement of a i r forces in nor thern I ta ly af ter Yugoslav forces shot down an unarmed US Army transpor t plane f ly ing over Venezia Giul ia . . [c i tat ion needed] Ear l ier US naval units had been sent to the scene. [RL30172] Later the Free Terr i tor y of Tr ieste, Zone A.

1947 - Greece. US Mar ines land in Athens and ass ist in the re -establ ishment of monarchy and the arrest of Greek Communists .

1948 – Palest ine. A mar ine consular guard was sent to Jerusalem to protec t the US Consul General . [RL30172]

1948 – Ber l in . Ber l in Air l i f t Af ter the Soviet Union establ ished a land block ade of the US, Br i t ish , and French sec tors of Ber l in on June 24, 1948, the United States and i ts a l l ies


air l i f ted suppl ies to Ber l in unt i l a f ter the block ade was l i f ted in May 1949.[RL30172]

1948–49 – China. Mar ines were dispatched to Nank ing to protec t the Amer ican Embassy when the c i t y fe l l to Communist t roops, and to Shanghai to a id in the protec t ion and evacuat ion of Amer icans. [RL30172]

1950–1959

1950–53 – Korean War. The United States responded to Nor th Korean invas ion of South Korea by going to i ts ass istance, pursuant to United Nat ions Secur i t y Counci l resolut ions. US forces deployed in Korea exceeded 300,000 dur ing the last year of the conf l ic t . O ver 36,600 US mi l i tar y were k i l led in ac t ion. [RL30172]

1950–55 – Formosa ( Taiwan) . I n June 1950 at the beginning of the Korean War, Pres ident Truman ordered the US Seventh Fleet to prevent Chinese Communist attacks upon Formosa and Chinese Nat ional ist operat ions against mainland China. [RL30172]

1954–55 – China. Naval units evacuated US c iv i l ians and mi l i tar y personnel f rom the Tachen Is lands.[RL30172]

1955–64 – Vietnam. Fi rst mi l i tar y advisors sent to Vietnam on 12 Feb 1955. By 1964, US t roop levels had grown to 21,000. On 7 August 1964, US Congress approved Gulf of Tonk in resolut ion af f i rming “Al l necessar y measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States. . . to prevent fur ther aggress ion. . . (and) ass ist any member or protocol state of the Southeast As ian Col lec t ive Defense Treat y (SEATO) request ing ass istance. . .” [ Vietnam t imel ine]

1956 – Egypt . A mar ine batta l ion evacuated US nat ionals and other persons f rom Alexandr ia dur ing the Suez cr is is . [RL30172]

1958 – Lebanon. Lebanon cr is is of 1958 Mar ines were landed in Lebanon at the invitat ion of Pres ident Camil le Chamoun to help protec t against threatened insurrec t ion suppor ted f rom the outs ide. The Pres ident ’s ac t ion was suppor ted by a Congress ional resolut ion passed in 1957 that author ized such ac t ions in that area of the wor ld. [RL30172]

1959–60 – The Car ibbean. S econd M ar ine Ground Task Force was deployed to protec t US nat ionals

fo l lowing the Cuban revolut ion.[RL30172]

1959–75 – Vietnam War. US mi l i tar y advisers had been in South Vietnam for a decade, and their numbers had been increased as the mi l i tar y posit ion of the Saigon government became weaker. Af ter c i t ing what he termed were attacks on US destroyers in the Tonk in Gulf, Pres ident Johnson asked in August 1964 for a resolut ion express ing US determinat ion to suppor t f reedom and protec t peace in S outheast As ia . Congress responded with the Tonk in Gulf Resolut ion, express ing suppor t for “a l l necessar y measures” the Pres ident might take to repel armed attacks against US forces and prevent fur ther aggress ion. Fol lowing this resolut ion, and fol lowing a Communist attack on a US insta l lat ion in centra l Vietnam, the United States escalated i ts par t ic ipat ion in the war to a peak of 543,000 mi l i tar y personnel by Apr i l 1969. [RL30172]

1960–1969

1962 – Thai land. The Third Mar ine Expedit ionar y Unit landed on May 17, 1962 to suppor t that countr y dur ing the threat of Communist pressure f rom outs ide; by July 30, the 5 ,000 mar ines had been withdrawn.[RL30172]

1962 – Cuba. Cuban M iss i le Cr is is On Oc tober 22, Pres ident Kennedy inst i tuted a “quarant ine” on the shipment of of fensive miss i les to Cuba f rom the Soviet Union. He a lso warned S oviet Union that the launching of any miss i le f rom Cuba against nat ions in the Western Hemisphere would br ing about US nuclear reta l iat ion on the S oviet Union. A negot iated sett lement was achieved in a few days. [RL30172]

1962–75 – Laos. From Oc tober 1962 unt i l 1975, the United States played an impor tant role in mi l i tar y suppor t of ant i - Communist forces in Laos.[RL30172]

1964 – Congo (Zaire) . The United States sent four t ranspor t planes to provide a i r l i f t for Congolese t roops dur ing a rebel l ion and to t ranspor t Belgian paratroopers to rescue foreigners. [RL30172]

1965 – I nvas ion of Dominican Republ ic . Operat ion Power Pack . The United States inter vened to protec t l ives and proper t y dur ing a Dominican revolt and sent 20,000 US troops as fears grew that the revolut ionar y

forces were coming increas ingly under Communist control . [RL30172]

1967 – Is rael . The USS L iber t y inc ident , whereupon a United States Nav y Technical Research Ship was attacked June 8 , 1967 by Israel i armed forces, k i l l ing 34 and wounding more than 170 U.S . crew members.

1967 – Congo (Zaire) . The United States sent three mi l i tar y t ranspor t a i rcraf t with crews to provide the Congo centra l government with logist ica l suppor t dur ing a revolt .[RL30172]

1968 – Laos & Cambodia . U.S . s tar ts secret bombing campaign against targets a long the Ho Chi M inh tra i l in the sovereign nat ions of Cambodia and Laos. The bombings last at least t wo years. (See Operat ion Commando Hunt)

1970–1979

1970 – Cambodian Campaign. US t roops were ordered into Cambodia to c lean out Communist sanc tuar ies f rom which Viet Cong and Nor th Vietnamese attacked US and South Vietnamese forces in Vietnam. The objec t of th is attack , which lasted f rom Apr i l 30 to June 30, was to ensure the cont inuing safe withdrawal of Amer ican forces f rom South Vietnam and to ass ist the program of Vietnamizat ion. [RL30172]

1973 – Operat ion N ickel Grass, a st rategic a i r l i f t operat ion conduc ted by the United States to del iver weapons and suppl ies to Is rael dur ing the Yom K ippur War.

1974 – Evacuat ion f rom Cyprus. United States naval forces evacuated US c iv i l ians dur ing the Turk ish invas ion of Cyprus. [RL30172]

1975 – Evacuat ion f rom Vietnam. Operat ion Frequent Wind. On Apr i l 3 , 1975, Pres ident Ford repor ted US naval vessels , hel icopters, and Mar ines had been sent to ass ist in evacuat ion of refugees and US nat ionals f rom Vietnam.[RL30172]

1975 – Evacuat ion f rom Cambodia . Operat ion Eagle Pul l . On Apr i l 12 , 1975, Pres ident Ford repor ted that he had ordered US mi l i tar y forces to proceed with the planned evacuat ion of US c i t izens f rom Cambodia .[RL30172]

1975 – South Vietnam. On Apr i l 30 , 1975, Pres ident Ford repor ted that a force of 70 evacuat ion hel icopters


and 865 Mar ines had evacuated about 1 ,400 US c i t izens and 5 ,500 third countr y nat ionals and S outh Vietnamese f rom landing zones in and around the US Embassy, Sa igon and Tan Son N hut Airpor t . [RL30172]

1975 – Cambodia . Mayagüez I ncident . On M ay 15, 1975, Pres ident Ford repor ted he had ordered mi l i tar y forces to retake the SS Mayagüez, a merchant vessel which was seized f rom Cambodian naval patrol boats in internat ional waters and forced to proceed to a nearby is land. [RL30172]

1976 – Lebanon. On July 22 and 23, 1976, hel icopters f rom f ive US naval vessels evacuated approximately 250 Amer icans and Europeans f rom Lebanon dur ing f ight ing bet ween Lebanese fac t ions af ter an over land convoy evacuat ion had been blocked by host i l i t ies. [RL30172]

1976 – Korea. Addit ional forces were sent to Korea af ter t wo Amer ican soldiers were k i l led by Nor th Korean soldiers in the demil i tar ized zone bet ween Nor th and South Korea whi le cutt ing down a t ree. [RL30172]

1978 – Zaire (Congo) . From May 19 through June 1978, the United States ut i l ized mi l i tar y t ranspor t a i rcraf t to provide logist ica l suppor t to Belgian and French rescue operat ions in Zaire.[RL30172]

1980–1989

1980 – I ran. Operat ion Eagle Claw. On Apr i l 26 , 1980, Pres ident Car ter repor ted the use of s ix U.S . t ranspor t planes and eight hel icopters in an unsuccessful attempt to rescue the Amer ican hostages in I ran.

1981 – E l Salvador. Af ter a guerr i l la of fensive against the government of E l Sa lvador, addit ional US mi l i tar y advisers were sent to E l Salvador, br inging the total to approximately 55, to ass ist in t ra ining government forces in counter insurgenc y. [RL30172]

1981 – L ibya. Fi rst Gul f of S idra I ncident On August 19, 1981, US planes based on the carr ier USS N imitz shot down t wo L ibyan jets over the Gulf of S idra af ter one of the L ibyan jets had f i red a heat-seek ing miss i le. The United States per iodical ly held f reedom of navigat ion exerc ises in the Gulf of S idra , c la imed by L ibya as terr i tor ia l waters but considered internat ional waters by the United States. [RL30172]

1982 – S inai . On March 19, 1982, Pres ident Reagan repor ted the deployment of mi l i tar y personnel and equipment to par t ic ipate in the Mult inat ional Force and Obser vers in the S inai . Par t ic ipat ion had been author ized by the Mult inat ional Force and Obser vers Resolut ion, Publ ic Law 97-132. [RL30172]

1982 – Lebanon. Mult inat ional Force in Lebanon. On August 21, 1982, Pres ident Reagan repor ted the dispatch of 800 Mar ines to ser ve in the mult inat ional force to ass ist in the withdrawal of members of the Palest ine L iberat ion force f rom Beirut . The Mar ines lef t September 20, 1982.[RL30172]

1982–83 – Lebanon. On September 29, 1982, Pres ident Reagan repor ted the deployment of 1200 mar ines to ser ve in a temporar y mult inat ional force to fac i l i tate the restorat ion of Lebanese government sovereignt y. On S eptember 29, 1983, Congress passed the Mult inat ional Force in Lebanon Resolut ion (P.L . 98-119) author iz ing the cont inued par t ic ipat ion for e ighteen months. [RL30172]

1983 – Egypt . Af ter a L ibyan plane bombed a c i t y in Sudan on March 18, 1983, and Sudan and Egypt appealed for ass istance, the United States dispatched an AWACS elec tronic sur vei l lance plane to Egypt . [RL30172]

1983 – Grenada. Operat ion Urgent Fur y. Ci t ing the increased threat of S oviet and Cuban inf luence and not ing the development of an internat ional a i rpor t fo l lowing a bloodless Grenada coup d ’état and a l ignment with the Soviets and Cuba, the U.S . invades the sovereign is land nat ion of Grenada. [RL30172]

1983–89 – Honduras. I n July 1983 the United States under took a ser ies of exerc ises in Honduras that some bel ieved might lead to conf l ic t with N icaragua. On March 25, 1986, unarmed US mi l i tar y hel icopters and crewmen ferr ied Honduran troops to the N icaraguan border to repel N icaraguan troops. [RL30172]

1983 – Chad. On August 8 , 1983, Pres ident Reagan repor ted the deployment of t wo AWACS elec tronic sur vei l lance planes and eight F-15 f ighter planes and ground logist ica l suppor t forces to ass ist Chad against L ibyan and rebel forces. [RL30172]

1984 – Pers ian Gulf. On June 5 , 1984, Saudi Arabian jet f ighter planes, a ided

by intel l igence f rom a US AWACS elec tronic sur vei l lance a i rcraf t and fueled by a U.S . KC-10 tanker, shot down t wo I ranian f ighter planes over an area of the Pers ian Gulf procla imed as a protec ted zone for shipping.[RL30172]

1985 – I ta ly. On Oc tober 10, 1985, US Nav y pi lots intercepted an Egypt ian a i r l iner and forced i t to land in S ic i ly. The a i r l iner was carr y ing the hi jackers of the I ta l ian cruise ship Achi l le Lauro who had k i l led an Amer ican c i t izen dur ing the hi jack ing. [RL30172]

1986 – L ibya. Ac t ion in the Gulf of S idra (1986) On March 26, 1986, Pres ident Reagan repor ted on March 24 and 25, US forces, whi le engaged in f reedom of navigat ion exerc ises around the Gulf of S idra , had been attacked by L ibyan miss i les and the United States had responded with miss i les. [RL30172]

1986 – L ibya. Operat ion E l Dorado Canyon. On Apr i l 16 , 1986, Pres ident Reagan repor ted that U.S . a i r and naval forces had conduc ted bombing str ikes on terror ist fac i l i t ies and mi l i tar y insta l lat ions in the L ibyan capitol of Tr ipol i , c la iming that L ibyan leader Col . Muammar a l - G addaf i was responsible for a bomb attack at a German disco that k i l led t wo U.S . soldiers . [RL30172]

1986 – Bol iv ia . U.S . Army personnel and a i rcraf t ass isted Bol iv ia in ant i -drug operat ions. [RL30172]

1987 – Pers ian Gulf. USS Stark was struck on May 17 by t wo Exocet ant iship miss i les f i red f rom an I raqi F-1 M irage dur ing the I ran- I raq War k i l l ing 37 US Nav y sa i lors .

1987 – Pers ian Gulf. Operat ion N imble Archer. Attacks on t wo I ranian oi l p lat forms in the Pers ian Gulf by United States Nav y forces on Oc tober 19. The attack was a response to I ran’s Oc tober 16, 1987 attack on the MV Sea Is le Cit y, a ref lagged Kuwait i o i l tanker at anchor of f Kuwait , with a S i lk worm miss i le.

1987–88 – Pers ian Gulf. Operat ion Earnest Wi l l - Af ter the I ran- I raq War ( the Tanker War phase) resulted in several mi l i tar y inc idents in the Pers ian Gulf, the United States increased US jo int mi l i tar y forces operat ions in the Pers ian Gulf and adopted a pol ic y of ref lagging and escor t ing Kuwait i o i l tankers through the Pers ian Gulf to protec t them from I raqi and I ranian attacks. Pres ident


Reagan repor ted that US ships had been f i red upon or struck mines or taken other mi l i tar y ac t ion on September 21 ( I ran Ajr ) , Oc tober 8 , and Oc tober 19, 1987 and Apr i l 18 (Operat ion Praying Mantis ) , Ju ly 3 , and July 14, 1988. The United States gradual ly reduced i ts forces af ter a cease -f i re bet ween I ran and I raq on August 20, 1988. [RL30172] I t was the largest naval convoy operat ion s ince Wor ld War I I . [5]

1987–88 – Pers ian Gulf. Operat ion Pr ime Chance was a United States Specia l Operat ions Command operat ion intended to protec t U.S . - f lagged oi l tankers f rom I ranian attack dur ing the I ran- I raq War. The operat ion took place roughly at the same t ime as Operat ion Earnest Wi l l .

1988 – Pers ian Gulf. Operat ion Praying Mantis was the Apr i l 18 , 1988 ac t ion waged by U.S . naval forces in reta l iat ion for the I ranian mining of the Pers ian Gulf and the subsequent damage to an Amer ican warship.

1988 – Honduras. Operat ion Golden Pheasant was an emergenc y deployment of U.S . t roops to Honduras in 1988, as a result of threatening ac t ions by the forces of the ( then socia l ist ) N icaraguans.

1988 – USS Vincennes shoot down of I ran Air Fl ight 655

1988 – Panama. I n mid-March and Apr i l 1988, dur ing a per iod of instabi l i t y in Panama and as the United States increased pressure on Panamanian head of state General M anuel Nor iega to res ign, the United States sent 1 ,000 troops to Panama, to “ fur ther safeguard the canal , US l ives, proper t y and interests in the area .” The forces supplemented 10,000 US mi l i tar y personnel a l ready in the Panama Canal Zone. [RL30172]

1989 – L ibya. Second Gulf of S idra I ncident On Januar y 4 , 1989, t wo US Nav y F-14 a i rcraf t based on the USS John F. Kennedy shot down t wo L ibyan jet f ighters over the M editerranean Sea about 70 mi les nor th of L ibya. The US pi lots sa id the L ibyan planes had demonstrated host i le intent ions. [RL30172]

1989 – Panama. On May 11, 1989, in response to General Nor iega’s d isregard of the results of the Panamanian e lec t ion, Pres ident Bush ordered a br igade -s ized force of approximately 1 ,900 troops to augment the est imated 1 ,000 U.S .

forces a l ready in the area . [RL30172]

1989 – Colombia , Bol iv ia , and Peru. Andean I n i t iat ive in War on Drugs. On S eptember 15, 1989, Pres ident Bush announced that mi l i tar y and law enforcement ass istance would be sent to help the Andean nat ions of Colombia , Bol iv ia , and Peru combat i l l ic i t drug producers and traf f ickers. By mid-S eptember there were 50–100 US mi l i tar y advisers in Colombia in connec t ion with t ranspor t and tra ining in the use of mi l i tar y equipment, p lus seven Specia l Forces teams of 2–12 persons to t ra in t roops in the three countr ies. [RL30172]

1989 – Phi l ippines. Operat ion Class ic Resolve. On December 2 , 1989, Pres ident Bush repor ted that on December 1 , Ai r Force f ighters f rom Clark Air Base in Luzon had ass isted the Aquino government to repel a coup attempt. I n addit ion, 100 mar ines were sent f rom U.S . Naval Base Subic Bay to protec t the United States Embassy in Mani la . [RL30172]

1989–90 – Panama. Operat ion Just Cause. On December 21, 1989, Pres ident Bush repor ted that he had ordered US mi l i tar y forces to Panama to protec t the l ives of Amer ican c i t izens and br ing General Nor iega to just ice. By Februar y 13, 1990, a l l the invas ion forces had been withdrawn.[RL30172] Around 200 Panamanian c iv i l ians were repor ted k i l led. The Panamanian head of state, General Manuel Nor iega, was captured and brought to the U.S .

1990–1999

1990 – L iber ia . On August 6 , 1990, Pres ident Bush repor ted that a re inforced r i f le company had been sent to provide addit ional secur i t y to the US Embassy in Monrovia , and that hel icopter teams had evacuated U.S . c i t izens f rom Liber ia . [RL30172]

1990 – Saudi Arabia . On August 9 , 1990, Pres ident Bush repor ted that he had ordered the for ward deployment of substant ia l e lements of the US armed forces into the Pers ian Gulf region to help defend Saudi Arabia af ter the August 2 invas ion of Kuwait by I raq. On November 16, 1990, he repor ted the cont inued bui ldup of the forces to ensure an adequate of fensive mi l i tar y opt ion. [RL30172] Amer ican hostages being held in I ran.[RL30172]

1991 – Pers ian Gulf War. Operat ion Deser t Shie ld and Operat ion Deser t

Storm. On Januar y 16, 1991, U.S . forces attacked I raqi forces and mi l i tar y targets in I raq and Kuwait in conjunc t ion with a coal i t ion of a l l ies and under United Nat ions Secur i t y Counci l resolut ions. Combat operat ions ended on Februar y 28, 1991. [RL30172]

1991 – I raq. On May 17, 1991, Pres ident Bush stated that the I raqi repress ion of the Kurdish people had necess i tated a l imited introduc t ion of U.S . forces into nor thern I raq for emergenc y re l ief purposes. [RL30172]

1991 – Zaire. On September 25–27, 1991, af ter widespread loot ing and r iot ing broke out in K inshasa, Ai r Force C-141s t ranspor ted 100 Belgian t roops and equipment into K inshasa. Amer ican planes a lso carr ied 300 French troops into the Centra l Afr ican Republ ic and hauled evacuated Amer ican c i t izens. [RL30172]

1991–96 – I raq. Operat ion Provide Comfor t . Del iver y of humanitar ian re l ief and mi l i tar y protec t ion for Kurds f leeing their homes in nor thern I raq, by a smal l Al l ied ground force based in Turkey.

1992 – S ierra Leone. Operat ion S i lver Anvi l . Fol lowing the Apr i l 29 coup that over threw Pres ident Joseph Saidu Momoh, a United States European Command (USEUCOM) Joint Specia l Operat ions Task Force evacuated 438 people ( inc luding 42 third- countr y nat ionals ) on May 3 .Two Air Mobi l i t y Command (AMC ) C-141s f lew 136 people f rom Freetown, S ierra Leone, to the R hein-Main Air Base in Germany and nine C-130 sor t ies carr ied another 302 people to Dak ar, Senegal .[RL30172]

1992–96 – Bosnia and Her zegovina. Operat ion Provide Promise was a humanitar ian re l ief operat ion in Bosnia and Her zegovina dur ing the Yugoslav Wars, f rom July 2 , 1992, to Januar y 9 , 1996, which made i t the longest running humanitar ian a i r l i f t in h istor y. [6]

1992 – Kuwait . On August 3 , 1992, the United States began a ser ies of mi l i tar y exerc ises in Kuwait , fo l lowing I raqi refusal to recognize a new border drawn up by the United Nat ions and refusal to cooperate with UN inspec t ion teams. [RL30172]

1992–2003 – I raq. I raqi No -Fly Zones The U.S . together with the United K ingdom declares and enforces “no f ly zones” over the major i t y of


sovereign I raqi a i rspace, prohibit ing I raqi f l ights in zones in southern I raq and nor thern I raq, and conduc t ing aer ia l reconnaissance and bombings. (See a lso Operat ion Nor thern Watch, Operat ion Southern Watch) [RL30172]

1992–95 – Somal ia . Operat ion Restore Hope. Somal i Civ i l War On December 10, 1992, Pres ident Bush repor ted that he had deployed US armed forces to Somal ia in response to a humanitar ian cr is is and a UN S ecur i t y Counci l Resolut ion. The operat ion came to an end on May 4 , 1993. US forces cont inued to par t ic ipate in the successor United Nat ions Operat ion in Somal ia (UNOSOM I I ) . (S ee a lso Batt le of M ogadishu)[RL30172]

1993 – M acedonia . On July 9 , 1993, Pres ident Cl inton repor ted the deployment of 350 US soldiers to the Republ ic of Macedonia to par t ic ipate in the UN Protec t ion Force to help maintain stabi l i t y in the area of former Yugoslavia . [RL30172]

1994–95 – Hait i . Operat ion Uphold Democrac y. U.S . ships had begun embargo against Hait i . Up to 20,000 US mi l i tar y t roops were later deployed to Hait i . [RL30172]

1994 – M acedonia . On Apr i l 19 , 1994, Pres ident Cl inton repor ted that the US cont ingent in the former Yugoslav Republ ic of Macedonia had been increased by a re inforced company of 200 personnel . [RL30172]

1995 – Bosnia . Operat ion Del iberate Force. NATO bombing of Bosnian Serbs. [RL30172]

1996 – L iber ia . Operat ion Assured Response. On Apr i l 11 , 1996, Pres ident Cl inton repor ted that on Apr i l 9 , 1996 due to the “deter iorat ion of the secur i t y s i tuat ion and the result ing threat to Amer ican c i t izens” in L iber ia he had ordered U.S . mi l i tar y forces to evacuate f rom that countr y “pr ivate U.S . c i t izens and cer ta in thi rd- countr y nat ionals who had taken refuge in the U.S . Embassy compound. . . .” [RL30172]

1996 – Centra l Afr ican Republ ic . Operat ion Quick Response. On M ay 23, 1996, Pres ident Cl inton repor ted the deployment of US mi l i tar y personnel to Bangui , Centra l Afr ican Republ ic , to conduc t the evacuat ion f rom that countr y of “pr ivate U.S . c i t izens and cer ta in U.S . government employees,” and to provide “enhanced secur i t y for the Amer ican Embassy in Bangui .” [RL30172] United States M ar ine Corps e lements of Joint Task

Force Assured Response , responding in nearby L iber ia , provided secur i t y to the embassy and evacuated 448 people, inc luding bet ween 190 and 208 Amer icans. The last Mar ines lef t Bangui on June 22.

1997 – Albania . Operat ion S i lver Wake. On M arch 13, 1997, U.S . mi l i tar y forces were used to evacuate cer ta in U.S . government employees and pr ivate U.S . c i t izens f rom Tirana, Albania .[RL30172]

1997 – Congo and G abon. On March 27, 1997, Pres ident Cl inton repor ted on March 25, 1997, a standby evacuat ion force of U.S . mi l i tar y personnel had been deployed to Congo and G abon to provide enhanced secur i t y and to be avai lable for any necessar y evacuat ion operat ion. [RL30172]

1997 – S ierra Leone. On May 29 and May 30, 1997, U.S . mi l i tar y personnel were deployed to Freetown, S ierra Leone, to prepare for and under take the evacuat ion of cer ta in U.S . government employees and pr ivate U.S . c i t izens. [RL30172]

1997 – Cambodia . On July 11, 1997, I n an ef for t to ensure the secur i t y of Amer ican c i t izens in Cambodia dur ing a per iod of domest ic conf l ic t there, a Task Force of about 550 U.S . mi l i tar y personnel were deployed at Utapao Air Base in Thai land for poss ible evacuat ions. [RL30172]

1998 – I raq. Operat ion Deser t Fox. U.S . and Br i t ish forces conduc t a major four- day bombing campaign f rom December 16–19, 1998 on I raqi targets. [RL30172]

1998 – Guinea-Bissau. Operat ion Shepherd Venture. On June 10, 1998, in response to an army mutiny in Guinea-Bissau endanger ing the US Embassy, Pres ident Cl inton deployed a standby evacuat ion force of US mi l i tar y personnel to Dak ar, Senegal , to evacuate f rom the c i t y of B issau.[RL30172]

1998–99 – Kenya and Tanzania . US mi l i tar y personnel were deployed to Nairobi , Kenya, to coordinate the medical and disaster ass istance re lated to the bombings of the U.S . Embass ies in Kenya and Tanzania . [RL30172]

1998 – Afghanistan and Sudan. Operat ion I nf in i te Reach. On August 20, a i r s t r ikes were used against t wo suspec ted terror ist t ra ining camps in

Afghanistan and a suspec ted chemical fac tor y in Sudan. [RL30172]

1998 – L iber ia . On September 27, 1998 Amer ica deployed a stand-by response and evacuat ion force of 30 US mi l i tar y personnel to increase the secur i t y force at the U.S . Embassy in Monrovia . [1] [RL30172]

1999–2001 - East Timor. L imited number of U.S . mi l i tar y forces deployed with the United Nat ions-mandated I nternat ional Force for East Timor restore peace to East Timor.[RL30172]

1999 – Serbia . Operat ion Al l ied Force. NATO ’s bombing of Serbia in the Kosovo Conf l ic t . [RL30172]

2000–2009

2000 – S ierra Leone. On M ay 12, 2000 a US Nav y patrol craf t deployed to S ierra Leone to suppor t evacuat ion operat ions f rom that countr y i f needed. [RL30172]

2000 – Yemen. On Oc tober 12, 2000, af ter the USS Cole attack in the por t of Aden, Yemen, mi l i tar y personnel were deployed to Aden. [RL30172]

2000 – East Timor. On Februar y 25, 2000, a smal l number of U.S . mi l i tar y personnel were deployed to suppor t the United Nat ions Transit ional Administrat ion in East Timor (UNTAE T ) . [RL30172]

2001 – On Apr i l 1 , 2001, a mid-ai r col l i s ion bet ween a United States Nav y EP-3E ARIES I I s ignals sur vei l lance a i rcraf t and a People’s L iberat ion Army Nav y (PLAN) J -8 I I interceptor f ighter jet resulted in an internat ional d ispute bet ween the United States and the People’s Republ ic of China cal led the Hainan Is land incident .

2001 – War in Afghanistan. The War on Terror ism begins with Operat ion Endur ing Freedom. On Oc tober 7 , 2001, US Armed Forces invade Afghanistan in response to the 9/11 attacks and “begin combat ac t ion in Afghanistan against Al Qaeda terror ists and their Tal iban suppor ters.” [RL30172]

2002 – Yemen. On November 3 , 2002, an Amer ican MQ -1 Predator f i red a Hel l f i re miss i le at a car in Yemen k i l l ing Qaed Senyan a l -Har thi , an a l - Qaeda leader thought to be responsible for the USS Cole bombing.[RL30172]


2002 – Phi l ippines. OEF-Phi l ippines. Januar y 2002 U.S . “combat- equipped and combat suppor t forces” have been deployed to the Phi l ippines to t ra in with , ass ist and advise the Phi l ippines’ Armed Forces in enhancing their “counter terror ist capabi l i t ies.” [RL30172]

2002 – Côte d ’ I voire. On S eptember 25, 2002, in response to a rebel l ion in Côte d ’ I voire, US mi l i tar y personnel went into Côte d ’ I voire to ass ist in the evacuat ion of Amer ican c i t izens f rom Bouake. [7]

[RL30172]

2003-2010 – War in I raq. Operat ion I raqi Freedom. March 20, 2003. The United States leads a coal i t ion that inc ludes Br i ta in , Austra l ia and Spain to invade I raq with the stated goal being “ to disarm I raq in pursuit of peace, stabi l i t y, and secur i t y both in the Gulf region and in the United States.” [RL30172]

2003 – L iber ia . Second L iber ian Civ i l War. On June 9 , 2003, Pres ident Bush repor ted that on June 8 he had sent about 35 US Mar ines into M onrovia , L iber ia , to help secure the US Embassy in Nouakchott , Maur i tania , and to a id in any necessar y evacuat ion f rom either L iber ia or Maur i tania . [RL30172]

2003 – Georgia and Dj ibout i . “US combat equipped and suppor t forces” had been deployed to Georgia and

Dj ibout i to help in enhancing their “counter terror ist capabi l i t ies.” [8]

2004 – Hait i . 2004 Haït i rebel l ion occurs. The US sent f i rst sent 55 combat equipped mi l i tar y personnel to augment the US Embassy secur i t y forces there and to protec t Amer ican c i t izens and proper t y in l ight . Later 200 addit ional US combat-equipped, mi l i tar y personnel were sent to prepare the way for a UN Mult inat ional I nter im Force, MINUSTAH.[RL30172]

2004 – War on Terror ism: US ant i -terror re lated ac t iv i t ies were under way in Georgia , Dj ibout i , Kenya, Ethiopia , Yemen, and Er i t rea . [9]

2004–present : Drone attacks in Pak istan

2005–06 – Pak istan. Pres ident Bush deploys t roops f rom US Army Air Cav Br igades to provide Humanitar ian re l ief to far remote v i l lages in the K ashmir mountain ranges of Pak istan str icken by a mass ive ear thquake.

2006 – Lebanon. US Mar ine Detachment, the 24th Mar ine Expedit ionar y Unit [c i tat ion needed] , begins evacuat ion of US c i t izens wi l l ing to leave the countr y in the face of a l ike ly ground invas ion by Israel and cont inued f ight ing bet ween Hezbol lah and the Israel i mi l i tar y. [10][11]

2007 – Somal ia . Batt le of R as K amboni . On Januar y 8 , 2007, whi le the conf l ic t bet ween the Is lamic Cour ts Union and the Transit ional Federal Government cont inues, an AC-130 gunship conduc ts an aer ia l s t r ike on a suspec ted Al- Qaeda operat ive, a long with other Is lamist f ighters, on Badmadow Is land near R as K amboni in southern Somal ia . [c i tat ion needed]

2008 – South Osset ia , Georgia . Helped Georgia humanitar ian a id, [12] helped to t ranspor t Georgian forces f rom I raq dur ing the conf l ic t . I n the past , the US has provided tra ining and weapons to Georgia .

2010–Present

2010 - War in I raq. Operat ion New Dawn. On Februar y 17, 2010, U.S . Secretar y of Defense Rober t G ates announced that as of September 1 , 2010, the name “Operat ion I raqi Freedom” would be replaced by “Operat ion New Dawn”. This coincides with the reduc t ion of Amer ican troops to 50,000.

2011 - L ibya. Operat ion Odyssey Dawn. Coal i t ion forces enforc ing U.N. Secur i t y Counci l Resolut ion 1973 with bombings of L ibyan forces.

2011 - War on Terror ism. Osama Bin Laden is k i l led by U.S . mi l i tar y forces in Pak istan.

War Year DeathAmericanCivi l War

1861-1865 625,000

World War 2 1941-1945 405,399World War 1 1917-1918 116,516Vietnam War 1955 -1975 58,151

Korean War 1950 -1953 36,516Golf War 1991 382War on Terror 2001 -present 5,491

I n Loving Memor y of Al l Those Who Died I n the Batt le for our Freedom

Happy M emorial Day


I n Loving Memor y of Al l Those Who Died I n the Batt le for our Freedom

Happy M emorial Day



A865640- Toots ie H i , my name is Toots ie, and I ’m as sweet as can be! I ’m a one year o ld, female, 8 pound black Chihuahua mix that was picked up as a stray.

A864871-SnowM y name is Snow. I am a 7-year o ld white female who’s look ing for a loving owner ! I am ver y easy to walk , and love to be petted; but most of a l l , i f you’re look ing for snow in the deser t , I ’m your dog.

A870014- K at ie H i , my names K at ie and I ’m pleased to meet you! I came to the shelter with my brothers and s isters ; a l l 4 of them! I f you’re look ing to adopt , come to the Coachel la Val ley Animal Campus and meet my whole fami ly ! I ’m a 3 month old, female, brown/black shepherd mix .

A869401- L ightning McQueenDid you see a white f lash pass you? I don’t just have shor t legs for looks ; they ’re a lso for speed, meaning they don’t ca l l me l ightning M cQueen for nothing. I ’m a 2 year o ld male, white/tan Terr ier mix , look ing to race into you and your fami ly ’s hear ts . So, c lear the speed way and come on down to the Coachel la Val ley Animal Shelter and check me out ! !

Animal S amaritans, SPC AHelp save l ives - become an Animal Samar itans member today.

Please remember Animal Samar itans in your wi l ls and trusts .

ph: 760.343.4908fax: 760.343.7480

Adopt a Pet


A864589- G ar f ie ld ’s

i s my name and eat ing is what I do best ! I ’m an 8 year o ld, neutered, orange t iger domest ic shor t hair wait ing for you to adopt m! I f you’re look ing for a loyal , loving, sweet and re laxed k i t t y cat , then I ’m the one for you! I love to s i t by the window, watch the great outdoors, and enjoy cuddl ing up on the sofa with a loving owner.

A863571-Mel

Hel lo, my name is Mel . I ’m a 2 year o ld male, b lack , domest ic shor t hair. You might think “eh, just another cat ,” but you would be wrong. I have beaut i ful , copper- colored eyes with a sof t , radiant , healthy, jet b lack coat . I might even have some Bombay in my bloodl ines s ince I have been told I have the looks ! ! Come vis i t me at the Coachel la Val ley Animal Campus today!

A863568-H i my name is Oscar B lue!

I ’m a 1 year o ld, male, domest ic shor t hair lynx point . I love to play, be pet , and most of a l l be loved. I ’m Oscar B lue, the cat who can be your t rue companion f r iend!

A858145- Dior

That ’s r ight , i t ’s Dior ! The ta lk on Delany Street , the diva you have to meet ! Ever y t ime I walk by a l l I hear i s who’s that stunning, 2 year o ld domest ic shor t hair, Tor t ie female? I ’m anything but domest ic ; I have a whole other personal i t y that would melt your hear t ! I came to the Coachel la Val ley Animal Campus on Februar y 17th, and I have high hopes that the r ight owner wi l l adopt me, so stop by and meet me!



Desert Local NewsPublisher

DesertLocalNews.com

ADVERTISEMENT760-301-6291

[email protected]

EditorialsJust the Fact’s Max

Nancy Morgan

CONTRIBUTORS:Jack LyonsPat Krause

Dr. Lisa Robyn LawrenceDr. Allen LawrenceBruce Montgomery

PHOTOGRAPHERSBruce Montgomery

Pat KrauseMark Ostrom

Catherine Jardine Mark Osborn

ARA

SPECIAL EDITORLeslie Andrews

Desert LocaL News © May 30, 2011 “MeMoriaL Day”26

Documents

Desert Local News May 30, 2011 "Memorial Day Issue"