Agent
Boyle, M.D.,
Developmental
Disabilities
Division
43
Farland,
William,
M.D.,
Assistance
Program,
Utah
State
University,
Logan,
Frances
M.
Murphy,
M.D.,
National Association
Prepared
(III)
Safety
toxicology.
of
Maryland
ofMinnesota
2
APPENDICES
Appendix
1.
reproductive
EXPOSURES?
Nation's history, our
military
As the nature
the
birth
defects
are
not
were caused by their
exposures
spouses
the
country,
expect
to
do
in
the
future
about
first
two
panels. I
hope that we will also hear how they expect to do better in the future.
This
will
be
a
very
page
53.]
Chairman
have.
Senator
atomic vets, is that
the
case
of
today and all
and as I call your
names,
and family members
Parrish,
an
atomic
veteran
himself;
want you
They're
stand
you for this hearing
and
of my life,
cause,
am Jackie Maxwell. I'm on the board of the National
Association
of
some form
of defect.
the
astronomical
when
you
population is just
3 to 5
hearing
numbers.
happy man.
He's Staff
the bombing of Pearl
Harbor, and then went
was beaten,
one of the Maru
ship was sunk
that survived. He was
at
apex of the atomic bomb. Their camp was located along
the
shoreline,
and
for quite some
reverberation
saw the mushroom cloud.
of course,
to
the
had half
was
of
bringing
due to
the extremities, residuals of beri-beri (wet and dry), which now
finally has
and
its
needed it for a claim.
I have
group for this,
to
apologize,
have time to proofread
either of
mous,
misplaced rectum
they have
corrected surgically.
live
much
undergone X-rays
I watched this giant of a man who kept his
feelings
 Paulette has
joy. She's
such a
one day
think
I've
have another
grandchildren, likewise. In my
at
I
knew
pretty
families.
otherwise healthy body.
We'll try
discovered
are going to
the Boston Medical Convention. They showed these same films
for
baby I've ever
The
all
stunned.
records.
The
physician.
minutes or
in
Japan
said,
 Did
you
have
protective
gear?
drank the water. Our
there
you
have
it.
it?
abnormalities.
like
States
did. He said,  They
and
he
had
learned
to
swim
concerning the
gone today. He never got a chance
at
the
odds in cases
like his for
chance.
serious
another
if she has that
beautiful
weighed a
whopping 10
They've run
the
again.
miscarriage at
on it.
births.
We
Government to
are touched
a
little
and charm. He
had a great
a
we were married, I
liar
in
not acknowledging
misguided, but
this world,
down
may
I wouldn't
You still think
of these hearings,
people behind some of
be
of
appears on page
an
honor
to
able to.
without his
very
to
Secretary
O'Leary
was with.
In March
Mercury,
NV,
of
radiation.
normal,
good
her
emotional
Then, after the
to
Number
2,
to
take
immediate
and
appropriate
to be
linked
to
connected
conditions,
tation and
presume
radiation.
And
for that
in a
short story,
Radiation
Minnesota. So
and
So
I
got
the
tower. It disintegrated
it with
until
40
in our
it
a mine
from the
how much
that he's been
business, he lives on
was bom
four.
The
was bom
Commerce
and
I
in the
by one of
who flew
States
in
coUege and received
I began
in 1982 to remove
There were no
complications or birth
Marijane
died
as
a
son
was
bom
Marijane was
deeply distressed
her fault. I
no doubt that
of
our
disappointment.
fixed easily.
spouses
are
deceased,
severe
learning
toward
Vietnam
veterans,
but
I
will
are
can
of the profes-
and how are her needs met?
How
want
Thank you for
and
on
honor is ours, and not only what you
say,
but
the
for the thousands of
WAR
VETERAN, BARREVGTON, IL
Mrs. Albuck. This is really hard. I didn't have any clue
that
these
to
go
to
here,
because
being
a
spouse
of
a
we've
short time,
I was
week. I was
not
eligible
Officer in
and
totally disabled
to Fort Bragg,
other officers' wives, I found they had the same experience.
On post,
as
 shooting
fire.
the diagnosis
I continued to see my doctor every other day because
of
and
relocated
to
Illinois. In the third month, I asked my civilian doctor if
he
Gulf
War.
any
seriously wrong,
1990,
My
after exposure to his
each
other
as
hospital-
recall my doctor
full
rate
did
the baby, and, of course, he wouldn't live.
Alexander
3 pounds.
valve, calcium deposits
hearing impairments, apnea,
keepsake:
The
doctor
spermicide,
and
when Alexander
was bom
pregnancy
with
for pelvic infections.
I have spoken
to over 100
other female vets
malformed
and
that
of
Gulf
panel is through. But
Actually,
 I go to the
lost
said,  Well,
It's obvious that—I mean, these
are active duty military
War,
to go to the civilian population now and educate my
doctors on
 
he
support. I'll read
return, we
conceived our
full extent
side of
were a
one point
complications. My
everything they
still
Some
of
after
hstening
one,
to
records disappeared. He
happen again. It's
you from the
top of your
the
cancer,
Now,
those
children was
of
you,
widows
are
experiencing
some
sort
of
why it's such
ThanJi you.
Chairman ROCKEFELLER. Let me just ask one question of all of
you,
health
insurance?
Mrs.
Maxwell.
I've
got
Medicare.
Mrs. Albuck. Because Alexander
Chairman
ROCKEFELLER.
Getting
on
or
because
simply
nothing.
And
nothing wrong
there
should
be
a
I would think,
because of being
discussing health
those who have
you've all
been through.
a very
your health problems.
Out of 45
gamma rays
are collected
problems, too. But
almost every
eight
yet they
that.
Chairman
a
moment.
Mrs.
Albuck,
you
Zuckerman
talked
to
part what
semen. This
is not something that most of the American public knows
about or is aware of,
but
it
Mrs.
Albuck.
Right
after
the men's semen.
I
don't know what kind of test you can do. I'm not
knowledgeable in
members,
and all over the world—I mean, all over the United
States,
from
Hawaii
reside. It's
ever5^where.
can
cause
a
rash
or
a
sore
to
develop
does
I feel
get
complete
have
chronic
bacterial
infections.
As
a
of
medica-
tion
due
to
going
to
try
what you
sir. Thank
Affairs
facility.
ever
from that
deserves treatment, he
any SEAL.
he's a ranger, because
duty for years. I fought Panama,
I
fought
wounds. That's
an
their mission,
that's what
the military
only
what
still
Chairman
ROCKEFELLER.
who I'll now
of you.
Senator
DASCHLE.
to make part
this
I wasn't
a couple
what
a
are
And
if
to be
underscored many
way,
have
adequate
Why
we
don't
have
adequate
protec-
tion
Services
Committee.
—
bring new wounds, we
other veterans and their
for
almost
a
year.
who
duty here in
and
doctors.
very
important
as
Dr. Ellen Silbergeld,
toxicology
at
the
record,
and
you
the 3-minute
I just don't
think it is
be as concise as you possibly can,
and I also
truth
and
nothing
but
minutes and
just highlight
some key
clinician, one
obstetrics and
caring for women and
like first to express
that
1970's
who
seriously affected
few words about the
is
a
of most of these
birth
defect,
hormones that
and
prior
to
by
which
these
exposures,
some
metals
that
were used in the Persian Gulf War, and I have done
that.
agents
convincing
also
been
these
agents
are
suggestive
reproductive
or
issue of
reproductive hazards
in the
military is
the
veterans
had
have
at
the
concerns
of
I'd Hke
could offer some
But in fact,
Senator
Daschle
others on
exposures
of
mother
at
the
to
not
affect
now that
these effects
reproduction,
that
fertility, that
than those
follow us, can
you
very
much.
for these hearings. As
look at what it
the fact
questions
in
this
study
was
it
was
military
women
the
schedule
of
the
ended
that these women
who had so
asked her,  How
spoke about
called me
them
have
birth
defects.
non-Hodgkins
to the
that we have done.
to Reproduc-
DOD's
identify,
the
education
war.
We
found
on page
Your testimony is
lengthy.
questions, if I can, with
Senator Daschle.
you've made
time I
in Dr. Paul's
response
to
the
recommendations
that
GAO
has
before
you?
front of
Senator
DASCHLE.
plan. I don't know that any of
our
Dr. Silbergeld?
my concerns about the
Persian Gulf War
opinion,
that would be
collect
information
to
help
us
understand
effects.
To
You
to
direct
the
very
helpful.
Ms.
Schwartz
or
Dr.
Paul?
have
to
use
plish
physicians
out
involved,
about
how
to
a
my clinical experience,
everything now. I
patients
if we don't tell
measures to
laboratory. I was
marched
people
atomic
But
take
what I consider
as a
is statistical
Agent Orange
of this
in
motion
the
against
them.
can get
right
to
respond,
there's
a
tendency
to
something,
when
rather
the
factors:
Something
that's
known
before
and
Prevention,
accompanied
was
going
to
offer
testimony,
the
record.
like to
report,
GAO
concluded
that
hazards
every
pesticide
or that I can
preparation for
might
have
been
may have caused
we
going to
be thrown
at us.
most cases,
saying is
you would
best to
understand that.
Dr. Bailey. Well, I'm
Dr.
Well,
a
good
idea
to
inform
people
to
of
in
reproductive consequences of some of
the
you
know
about
the
the
know
that
that
might
be
a
possibility?
less damaging
are
used
the
Dr. Bailey. Well, I
would also remind you
to
potential
hazards,
listening
are
people would
the changes
chemicals and risk management issues
related
in
is it not?
the
record,
sir.
Dr.
Chairman
beyond that now. I'll
see what's in them,
the
a
almost
of
so
devastating.
your
own
testimony was.
your testimony
was it
wouldn't have
been practical
to hear from
Government
did
or
Government
caused
to
Is this for Rwanda?
my
You
have
this,
which
to
to
remote
locations
communicable
disease
relief operation.
 It is essential that DOD take aggressive action now to
identify
pesticides,
and
identify
future in
possible
medical
followup.
from the
Manage-
ment
Board.
Predeployment
briefings
based
health
Chairman
kind
of
thing
that
folks
to my question
to their
personnel.
They
should
arena and that those
books
and you
lay down
troops.
form that
always do
and if you
reservists
or
not,
we
Dr. Bailey. Yes.
can
you
offer to this Committee that
DOD and the Department of
Veterans Affairs will do this testing in the very near future?
Dr. Mather.
to
get
can provide us with guidance
on exactly
what we
kind
of
testing when we understand what it is we need to be looking at.
I'm accompanied
director of
personally
examined
a
consider these stories to be
anecdotal evidence. We consider them
to
be
our
Chairman ROCKEFELLER. You
and a support program
more successful than it
prepaired
for
this
we
do
veterans service
a
front-page
as
a
give
that
interview,
when you
Dr.
don't have the
audience that you
have. Susan Mather
you
could
have had
speaking
illnesses. VA has
to study
the special
War, and
that occurred.
in designing appropriate
tions have not
always been as
for
a
review
field of
press
briefings,
we've
1-
have
through the
there are 8 minutes
afternoon before I get
back. I have 12
about eight for
questions will
be in
the form
follow
up
to say
I'm sorry
that we
didn't get
it thoroughly, and
will
work
which we
spoken
needs. Just
created
need
to
and the
to
think
about
Today
or
cancers
sent to
are
not
about those
risks, made
by
their
military
exposures had
In recent
those
will
Hearing
and/or
psychological
harm.
This
is
women
have
accepted
as
remember
that
20th
quite
difficult.
another
story.
Today
we
will
Ranch
it was
not released
and the
simply
note
promptly followed
literature
on
the
following
health
effects:
spontaneous
abortion,
birth
defects,
childhood cancer
committee believes that extensive
reanalysis of the Ranch
my
colleagues
NAS
recommendations.
I
just minor ones
William
Wolfe,
are
overreporting)
July
1987
and
Dr.
Richard
-
the
1985
report
within
this information to the
public; Air Force agreed
Dr. Michalek
 reveals
a
statistically
Ranch Hand
-
is
employed
in
the
...
-
Hand experience
seems to
believes
but tour
No)
and
are
significantly
matching variables, paternal age,
Two
power
curves
are
shown
In
Figure
2,
'Table
7*
as a function of the post*SEA odds ratio for each of
two
Two of these
definition riven In
baseline
report,
because
Table
verified
birth
defect
relationship
with
'a
similar
result
(p
and
reduce
pregnancy
and
were
under
35
variate
values
is
shown
in
Table
9.
Table
9
(mother
over
time
of
conception
(p
with the
the
respective
relative to
11
according
and estimate
the data in
sis
using
unverified
data
from
original
Comparisons
Jected
to
verification
report;
however,
negative reports
will
be
required
to
complete
the
ccllection
of
medical
records
Al ll«-
of In-
the
latest
fepoit
^^^•.K//Va
USAf
s(«cTiflc35ues33pn^
in 1984. Sixty one
^
\,^^
-%'
to
be
requested.
.1
anticipate
be
ter's
degree
thesis
at
ful Mn
with
Air Force study.
'
minor
difficulty
proceed
a clear
of
these
studies
suffer
from
misclassification
in
these
link.
just
applied
to
study,
dioxin
assay
a
Air
children
-reported
of
those
reported
of
the
tors
and
Dr
Miller's
Advisory
.The
of
the
Study's
study
out in late
g^
Thank
for
in
the
conveying
any
rights
or
permission
that may in any
to
vfiflFSftn^'ni;n
experienced any
group differences
were In
determine
associated
with
spraying
was
results of laboratory toxlcologlcal
in
group erroneously
Asia experi-
The comparison individuals matched
was
selected
for
participation
in
in-home
study,
that
from
the
randomized
set
follow-up questionnaires and physical
setting of
exposure status.
In the
In the
However, once again, sinc
great
care
strata
cohort. Industrial hygiene data concerning
herbicide exposure were
The
exposure
index
Using mission
1962
exposure to
the higher
estimate
assumes
burden of
TCDD is
unknown. In
between
a lack of
that
Halstead-Reitan
Neuropsychological
Battery
examination phases
of this
replace
participants
were
examination,
and
morbidity
report
were
largely
data
(1,0M5
participants)
and
data
from
to
replace
Ineligible
subjects,
were
analyses due to
the phrase
 
absence
a
attain
a
Is unable to
of a rare
dis-
detecting
a
lation
is
5/100,
matched pair analysis.
power
5%
consists
two
for
military tours. All shown
cancer for purposes of
baby
hamster
nicity.
Chromosome
0.5
to
females. Lamb and colleagues^^ showed that exposure of male mice
to
toxic
mating
This
an
excess
of
talipes
in
in
as
nonveterans.
mechanisms: (a)
abnormal
biochemical effects, (c)
Comparison (N-409) 9.6
bers
In
each
category
are
shown
AMD
TIME
herbicide
effect.
The
reported
by
study
participants,
their
wives,
and
partners
neurological condition
lysosomal
enzyme
responsible
for
protein
destruction
reflexes. Again, no
both groups.
liferation
of
the
smooth
weight
relative
variation.
Kociba
et
al.'^
to TCDD,
was
was
hepatitis B
However, the
6.81
as
a
this may
of the
eeu
0.982
ear swelling
(THOUSANDS/MM^)
tSt of pair-fed
intraperitoneal
clinical variables
endocrinological variables
Ranch
(p-0.006). Lastly, Ranch
,
'
direction
direction
an
effect
of
dioxin.
One
cannot
the
absence
of
alter the
testing
is
not
well
defined.
However,
six Instances the group
(b)
Is not known. The
await
the
results
of
the
follow-up
and
organizing
the
1. Lathrop GD, Wolfe WH,
Albanese RA,
et al:
Force Personnel
of
Health
Medicine
line Questionnaires. USAF
of
2,3,7,8-Tetrachloro-
dibenzo-p-dioxin
Syndrome
1977:36,1:396.
19.
DMA Synthesis by Chemical Mutagens and
Carcinogens. Preliminary
Studies
with
2,4,5-Trlchlorophenoxy-
acetic
Acid
and
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodlbenzo-P-dioxin.
Teratogenicity of
30.
Creso
E,
Sper
1978;5«,
17:1592-1596.
31.
32.
Poland
AP,
Electron
Subacute Intubation Study on Rats with the
Compound
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodioxin.
Pathologic
Toxicity
and
Uroporphy-
Identification
Thyroxine
on
H. MURKOWSKI
areas
war. Even
less is
health care givers
to birth defects
better equipped to
is
the
to see
I raise these concerns
to deal
 
recognizable birth defects
one defect
ionizing radiation
upon our
tell you
of his
oonoentratlon
canps.
There
were
ten
such
caaops,
orlglnatiitg
to think
hop«
up
for
his
future—
but
we've
fought
so
for the
of the
start off
members of
the time and energy
It is better late
If
it
wouldn't
be
Introduction
My
I
of American
I
come
before
you
Chemical
experiences, rather
Military Service &
that I would be exposed to
a
great
amount of radiation. I was stationed at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal in
Derby, Colorado and served in the 216th Chemical Service Company. As a
Corporal
E-4,
were
in
the
216th
Chemical
Radiological
Safety
(Rad-Safe)
Group
also
to
involved
monitor and
detonations during Operation
kilotons
(U.S.
combined
{Atomic
U.S.
levels
recorded as being overdosed on their film badge readings for
exposure to
Company
At best,
or careless
from the
trench area
were thrown into the air and
subsequently
 ABLE
was
detonated
only
for over
three months.
We did
so we have
no roofing
way of mopping
it cause the
water out here
cost the army
really
camp. The rest of
had been
they
have two
wife.
The
these reproductive hazards
attached document). This
After the
removed and at the same time the doctors had to
perform
believe
posterior
on bottom
of right
and
other members of
about 15 of them said
they
have
had
I
would
of
problems since being exposed to radiation. Here is a history
of his six
at age
this hearing.
Hazards of Atomic Veterans
too long for recognition,
military and the govemment.
of
responding
to
the
health
of
all
veterans.
we older and may
Please
2)
take
immediate
type
of
action
have
A-Bomb in
Operation
June,
1952
U.S.
Department
of
Commerce
National
Technical
Information
Service.
June,
JoMph Paul Coebbals,
nth shot
bomb.
Ed.)
CASTLE
ARGUS 3
rocket shots
witnessed over 20 of these detonations and died of c
HARDTACK II
NEVADA 37
(A\i
nclds
given
a
DOMINIC
II
Nevada
4
STORAX
transfarrad
Telegraph
Roaa
4,
Review
U.S. atmospheric
nuclear testing
program and
to
help
to
provide
information
in
the
attached
series conducted
1 through
TUMBLER-SNAPPER. Radiological
of
the
(excerpts attached).
the
been
the
services
Company
and
documents
of
interest
to
them.
83-529
95-6
Copies ofthese publications
Virginia 22161.
most
list
individual historical
reports are accessible to the general public for review. The Government
has
spent
considerable
resources
to
establish
and
disclose
reports
and
ofiBcer
provide
incidence
Health and
the
Academy
of
a fact
limitations in the
nuclear test
series conducted in 1946. Spring 1996 is the anticipated time for the
completion of
or
Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER
DC.
20420.
Through
various
legislation,
entitlements
Act
of
1988
1992
(Public
Law
102-578).
These
in
question,
and
Defense
Nuclear
Agency
ATTN:
RAEM/NTPR
6801
service
ofany further
ionizing radiation
exposures in
the performance
of its
investigation of
on
the
day
calculations indicated
the expected
is essentially
participants.
The
Test
elated
worn or readings were
excess of
The Nuclear
to
measure
dose
atmospheric
the approximately
is
such
information
may
originate
personnel
in
a
unit,
such
unit
to
perform
functions not typical of the unit as a whole, then those
personnel
were
individually
badged.
policy
changed
to
missing or incomplete.
clear
that
no
radiation
dose.
.
is identified
for exposure
activities
to
For
each
homogeneous
of an
environment
a standard
radiation
individual.
a
years
Jan. 14,
also
that has been
researched
for
and
operation,
and
100-321, 101-426, 101-
have
been
detected
o
personnel
were
This is
ward.
Tactical
Problems
Swing
military
voted
entirely
to
tactical
prob-
cance of the
Ahead
of
them,
corrcspond-
rrits
beat
> strange
aesTrt
tattoo
m
 
U»
raspooslbUllr
of
tba
Oi>-
Slto
Cporatloas
Drtaetaaeat,
eanaiatlai
of
VaaklactOB, B.
KonltorlB;
Sarrr/a.
(NoUt
SlU
of
crq-?
1.4.1
Utl.tan
prcdletlona oa £bot
asad tMs laforaatisa
 
;aia
bj-
saps,
jlcnj
IXnea
in
C5)
(4)
nad fil=
readlAjs,
axal
asilig
I
pcmux.-.t
recjrdj
of
aetl
ties
pemlaant
to
Ca-Slte
Cperatlosj.
(2)
AsslgmBnt
of
•->/•
*.h<»
np-nj,
and
2:r^bb'..-.(; dceontooloAtlon,
following
day
lotegrated
va» under the
of
the
On-Slte
th«
TWlooa
aertloca
^Ixv.lrjc
u.i
^ftf.'.'^ai
CHARLIE
the
preshot
and
postshot
condition
of
the
observe
trenches
at
Camp
Desert
Sock.
After
the
rest
radiation
intensities
at
entific programs
NPG
• Providing
current
radiological
situation
charts
and
maps
showing
onsite
instruments
and
record
s.
3.4,
 Minefield
Clearance.
activities. For
the
shot
and manned
spent
more
• 216th Chemical Service Company.
through the
Air Base.
include
evidence
of
spraying
as
weU
an
personnd
in
college.
In
1978
or
79,
a
woman
was
dating
experienced
behind
my
ears
and
a
TS-gram
lipoma
I have another
premature/
weighing
7
waited
much
In
my
mind
there
traced
back
in
either
side
of
our
famlUes
FamUy
Assistance
several
have
had
as
of the
today.
My
with Gulf War Syndrome
referred
by
their
doctors
to
That
day
during
Desert
Shield
wives,
it
as
 shooting
fire.
It
STDs with
him for
we
left
weeks later,
couple
intercourse). My
continually, which has
week.
we were blessed with our third
pregnancy which
did not
would not
effects
to be used with spermicide,
and
we
by
similarities, I
so
and children,
of
Congress, DOD, and VA to exclude us from the solutions. It is
imperative
that
you
include us in any research to determine cause and course
of treatment of Gulf War Syndrome.
We would
National
Headquarters
for
our
accommodations.
PREPARED
STATEMENT
OF
STEPHEN
to
Operation
Desert
the
end
of
January
1991,
Shortly
after
I
work
a genetic testing
with
hydrocephalus
Our
genetic
testing
results
were
Shortly
these
anomalies
would
have
and at this point
equipment, and
a team
us
if
at this point on, because
they had informed
surgical
with
having
to
be
fitted for a new prosthetic eye once a month, he continues
to be delayed in
difficulties are
can
only
to
thrive
with
a gel to create a mold in order to make a casting for a new
eye.
Due
to
doctors
have
recommended
to help avoid illnesses as
even
a
minor
illness
can
affect
his
weight
Upon receipt of the
bom healthy without
are recommended to
If it
Is a de novo event, the chance for congenital malformations is
approximately
15%.*
*Warburtori,Am
J
Hum
of
the
cells
(8%)
a
man, it
has been
animal
studies
have
good
of
absolute
male
infertility.
By
contrast,
so dramatic or easily linked
to
an
environmental
will
be
be
found
to
40-year
history.
Data
collec-
tion
and
understanding
of
is
separated
incidence of a
environments.
Activities
mea-
e.xtent
(Pfeiffer
1945;
Kennedy
1965).
to continue
growth stimulation.
development.
To
al.
1987)
Many
underlying
causes
have
been
proposed
for
135
thalmos. The net
microphthalmos
with
one
Microtia
or
preauricular
Ugs
may
auricles
with
normal
architecture
may
occasionally
be
seen.
Conductive
in
dumeter.
bar
tumors
or
formation with resulunt leukoma.
Velopharyngeal insufficiency has been
neural
crest
cell
morphology
Empiric recurrence
risk is
hcannc
Surgical gas-
For
those
Five to
relatives
hemifacial
microsomie
was
and failure
FirsI
areli
syndroms
s^ttdrome were
individual
terms
fiela
of
ievelopmental
neurotoxicology
«p>jiring V»t
shaky
evidence
in
alcohol
drugtaken
by
pregnant
women
apparently
caused
them
2
2,300 to
a
child
a period of 2
growth or
did
applied dermally
embryotoxicity
abnormalities, placental
dinnethYlaf lnfl
j
-0034-7, ORDER
insect
repellent
cutaneous
application.
Acta
289-291,1961
23:
&
Cincinnati,
(c)
1987
PW
et
rats.
Fundam
reported.
The
frequency
of
malformations
was
and Human
Lactation classified
effects
apparently
muUtions,
or
reproductive health hazards. I am to
my knowledge
not
the
in both Obstetrics &
in
Obstetrics &
Gynecology at the same institution in 1984. For the next three
years,
I
School and
as a
learn
articles
on
occupational
reproductive
 Occupational and
published by
a
recognized
Gynecologists
(ACOG)
Environmental Health, as well as a
member of
have also participated
professional with a certain
breakthroughs
in
occupational
medicine
adverse
reproductive
and
the causes of
us as scientists and public
officials
to
of these conditions
effects of
that
Reproductive function includes
function
to
fertilization
processes at which
Exposure to
the
reproductive
organs.
example,
by directly
damaging the
sperm or
include
glycol ethers. Less is
oocyte degeneration. Hormone
estrogenic
alter the genetic
causing changes in the DNA
(mutations)
ot
in
whole
the germ cells at the
time of
in death of
one
result in
concentration
epigenetic mechanisms, are anply
in
humans,
workers
solvents, and
paternal
risk for
occupations or
development
through
and
biochemical
mechanisms.
are known
or suspected
teratogens include
 
of
miscarriage
have
First,
we
and
environmental
growing body of research
tissue exposed,
in the
other
plants
although
genetic
effects
of
human
of
certain
CDC
than did
pesticides,
but
three
are
teratogenic.
experimental animal
agents
There is a
including
reproductive
the extent
of these
investigate
the
expertise. I am a
senior
University of
Hygiene.
My
discuss
This is
of. the
reproduction,
the
drugs,
or to
faLhers. Aa
increased
understand
how
Lead
mechanisms. Lead
lower. Lead affects
aspects of the
implications
that
these
related to
major hormonal
lead on
likely
Lu
also stimulated
they raised
Theater Veterans (THR)
(ERA)
and
a
such a
study, there
Armed Forces.
the
NWRS
either
a
a
physical
health
or
reproduccive
kinds
of
evaluations
Gulf war.
in
the
problems.
It
is
now
war,
U.S.
include but are not limited
to
the
following:
diesel
at encampments, smoke
from the burning
protect agains
chemical and
on the potential for
reproductive effects from these
response
to
I suimnarize
as
follows.
Defense
was incomplete.
not
included
Reproductive Toxicants Present During the
War
21
reproductive
toxicants
had
identified
gulf region
are known
directed
of the oil-
was not possible to
War
of
reproductive
dysfunction.
veterans
about birth defects and whether women were pregnant while in the gulf, but the
registry did
dysfunction.
questions
whether
the
20,000
it is possible that data
 
unless
infertility,
and
miscarriage
rates
among
active
baseline
data
That concludes my testimony, Mr. Chairman; I will
be happy to
during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Paternal reproductive
dysfunction is
and testes. Maternal reproductive
endocrine system, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vulva and vagina,
and
conflict, and to describe
on VA
which was used as
incinerators
and
in fat tissues. It also persists
for long
There
who
served
studies
suggests
that
there
is
insufficient
evidence
among
offspring.
stillbirth, neonatal death and
exposure. The
NAS has
dioxin and other
scientific studies
prior
paternal exposures. Because of the continued scientific uncertainty about the
effects
and
Women Vietnam
advance in
reproductive health of
these women veterans.
Persian Gulf Veterans
problems of
physical
examination,
baselinfe
laboratory
testing,
epidemiologic study, our
nor
evidence
case assessment
and for use by
VA and DoD facilities. The CCEP protocol includes a group
of
be
provided
to
every
Persian
with
reproductive
physician
process
will
be
Registry
and a better understanding
Gulf veterans.
the
planning
of this issue. The first of these new studies is
the
Persian
Persian Gulf
their Service
valuable
The self-
intends to
who
rules
of
direct
and
presumptive
service
connection
basis for the
of
Veterans
the
effects
of
American
Vietnam
veterans.
Vietnam. The cohort
1995
and
will
epidemiologic methods
United States,
quickly
to
determine
difficult to
unknown.
In
determine health outcomes for
of CDC's
studied
in
morbidity
and
premature
CDC in
would
be
willing
to
work
with
future
training and
bifida
in
their
children.
reproductive health.
prevention
would
be
The assessment of
would
be
many years.
Defects Study. The
1994 has been passed
assist states
WAR
EXPOSURES?
AUGUSTS,
1994
experiences
regarding
reproductive
and
one
half
Company in
RMA,
I
mile
Proving
Grounds,
Nevada,
and
arrived
When approaching
This reading
exposure
was
3.3
or
breath,
dishonorable
discharge
or
both--
I
wonder
why?
After
our
job
was
the
balance
down. Low and
RMA,
spraying
in
1953,
1
catatonic state,
Brokerage
has
school, and her
maid at hotel. She is also
living
at
night.
lower
body
had to be
see the
and down.
lot of our
the Senate Veterans
2l6th, Robert Opseth-
to
affects and reproductive outcomes
The
doctors
wanted
to
perform
doctored
doctors
BEFORE THE
radiation has
retain
our
line
of
warriors
who
Winnebago Warriors
native born
a
son.
because I
radiation
sickness
seriously
as
seriously
as
the
research
on
Japanese
survivors
where
we
spent
a
funded study
Shakopee
working
with
our
monitor for three
record
is
what
I
was
told'.)
We
had
giegercounter
We were never
since discussing
(3)
babies
insure that
from
the
bomb
removed,
get
them
out
instead
billions
in
can't
afford
to
cancers.
Something
those
children,
locally
in
until
July
18th.
1946.
During
this
time
to
him.
years has written the VA that in his professional opinion
this exposure was
the cause of
was not
with
5th
several
revisions
as
1
grew
older.
when
corrected
and
an tIRI,
then
refereed
various
a
Dr.
J.
Richard
Barinoer
it was
concluded that
though the
on
that the birth
defect that I
called
the
oculodentodigital
dysplasia
syndrome,
defect
e.:posed,
while
in
Nagasaki.
He
returned
for generations.
disorder
with
We
syndrome referred
explanation
Ragic
syndactyly of the
4th and 6th
dental films
rheumatoid
level
family
history
for
ODDD,
80th
white matter
by evoked
unrelated
male
age
6,
requiringa
wheelchair
at
age
16.
He
had
white
matter
abnormalitiea.
could
not
aa-
A.
lUmenun*
myelography
? '5' * ^
My-
arguea for
variable expreaaivity
of the
djripl
lia:
Ophthalmol Sac UK 94:203-210.
personal
you can find
boy
was busy
Upon
returning
themselves
to just
joke
I think
to die
your
at
anytime
let
chart.
of
the
he
happen
and
not
functioning
two
short
the
Gulf.
I
learned
our
women who serve
two cases
And there
are no
suffered the loss
compensate
Shield/Deserl
Storm.
Although
the
direct
cause
of
on the
or
disproportion-
exposed to recently
(BEMICAL SENSITIVITY.
the first year,
they are Increasingly
crawl on
interiors, play
and they
variety of adult foods.
soldiers
sick.
are now
These
OH
SYMPTOMS.
Abnormal
million
failed
in
it's
leadership
to
address
the
affliction
of
over
100,000
Veteran
families.
It
continues
its
failure
to
continues because
homework, «ure not learning
FOR BABY
AND
SOLVENTS.
MOLLY
BETH,
M.A.
PROBLEMS, PLUS PERSISTENT
REFLUX
WITH
MISSING
LEFT
EYE,
MOTHER HAS 15 SYMPTOMS.
MILK.
REACTIVE
DUTY.
EAST LANSING,
MI 48823
FR. WAS
FATHER
IS
E & T
BABY
SENSITIZED
CHILD WITH POSSIBLE
PROBLEMS
A.M.
G &
R
ABERDEEN
STARTED WALKING
AND VOMITING. CAN'T
FR. IS
CHEMICALLY SENSITIVE.
MOTHER ILL.
A & D
T & T
SYMPTOMS
DISLOCATED
SMALLER.
PAINS.
VOU ,
248,655.26
.00
33,990.00-
60,345.51-
154,319.95
lMlwu-.« w«
Vietnaun.
I
Secretary of
conducted
a
War, I had
specified by
law that
by exposure
to Agent
my
finalized
in
study
concerning
five-year
battle
Hodgkin's
lymphoma.
His
having
a
sensory
my
conviction
that
veteran of
Desert
Storm
Arlington, Virginia 22209
set
forth
herbicides
containing
2,3,7,8
tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin
exposure to
carcinogenic
effects
such
as
thyroid
tumors,
and
various
Health
Vietnam
fires involving
*
80-23, p.l
coincided with the massive
higher
dioxin
concentration
lower
cost
and
speed
Orange
and
its
contaminant
in
February
discussion of
related
injuries.
birth
defects.
Subsequent
mole and
Deformed Babies and Among
the
OB-GYN
Hospital
choriocarcinoma)
and
congenital
malformations
from
Dow's
own
tests
confirmed
results
of
follow-up
studies
by
Hardell
2,4,5-tJ'
In
Cancer
(lARC) ,
while
reported numerous
chicks
the USSR
had skin
fairly be
literature
giving
Veterans
that
service-related exposure
Standards
scientific
is some
evidence that
States,
with
confounded the
requirement
Veterans groups
test
for
granting
service
connection
chloracne)
(emphasis
added)
that a
not that the
level of .05
comparisons
and
negative
(2)
between
(e) For purposes
of assessing the
there
reviewed.
Additionally,
these
Dr.
Robert
level' and a
decision
validity
of
the
Committee's
the
independent
Commentaries
Relevant
disavowal of
CDC
in
1983.*'
Unfortunately,
pressures once
tergovernmental
Relatj,Qns
based
levels and military-
even conducted
herbicide
veterans on the broader
Commissioner
Georgia
combat companies,
the CDC
CDC, perhaps
we
assume
further
that
of the
service in Vietnam
In
addition,
Dr.
seven
years.
dioxin in
subjects
in
both
industrialized
world,
it
is
likely
upon
discovering
the
to
recently
released
CDC
has
previously
stated
that
it
that
exposure
to
Agent
as
originally
rather
than
as
reported
since
no
effort
was
even been
no
a
the
1949
explosion
with
unexposed
the
Advisory
Committee
in
evaluating
compensation
for
NHL.
The
brief
also
states
ssociation.
Vol.
251,
No.
18
(1984)
pgs.
2372-2380.)
significant
increase
in
study
does
conclude
that:
There
139
( In
general,
our
results
do
not
association
Veterans of
may be
for
Marines
in
1969,
and
declining
2)
the
studies'
statistical
power;
and
3)
criticism and
their
article.
and children
mutagenic and teratogenic.
message processed
to an
Blair,
 Herbicides
dioxins
in
Agent
Orange
and
various
 potent
McAllister,
 Viet
statistically
significant
evidence
diseases
include:
leukemias,
pancreas,
stomach,
prostate,
colon
'^
of
undesirable
effects
are
carcinogen,
effects of
Proceedings
at
the
South
the CDC
alternative that will
factors
1)
the
review
of
the
scientific
literature,
including
animal
studies
comfortable in
the
foregoing
health
as
cancer
illnesses.
2.
dioxins, as
—
rates
birth defects
who had
population
MACDP
year
of
life.
The
the
Atlanta,
to
birth
defects
is
estimated
to
be
3
to
Applying this
observed three.
birth
defects
would
be
expected
two were observed.
defects
select
in the
significant
delivery
was
control
group
for comparison purposes
minor
birth
defects
McClearn
J
Obstet
Gynecol
1977;129:705-707.
4.
the
hearing
survey that includes a
War
but
this disease.
a
donors who had
transmission of leishmaniasis.
disease.
the
Persian
Gulf.
According
to
Arthur
J.
The
donate blood.
1. CDC.
her
future
children
may
have
birth
defects
and
to
medicine
unit
repellents, Deet
head
lice
and
scabies
control
> «
in offspring?
ANSWER 1:
be
to
compounds which each of
Vietnam experience. The
guidance
on
the
identification and labeling; and disseminates hazard and risk information on
nationally
available
(3)
repellents)
safely?
(5)
What
additional
military training?
certain
areas
of
reproductive
possible information
on warnings
Office of
should
be
done
to
determine
if
occur
and
the
sperm
to
assessing
between
occupational
comments
a
general
recommendation
that
more
research
is
clearly
point
in
her
life
could
destruction called
germ cells or by
month is
selected to
progress to
which
of
to atresia,
panel at
the hearing,
problems
they
environmental exposure.
that favor
the overgrowth
of the
Also, women whose
secretions for infectious
In my
gynecology practice,
irritation and
douches.
In
in
these
products.
In
view
of this clinical experience, the question arises as to whether there
might
allergic contact dermatitis in their wives. The first step
one could take to test
this
allergic
would
are
of tests that
measure
toxic
agents
have
for
concentrate in semen,
available
veterans
were
exposed.
such as
lead to
be
lubrication during intercourse.
to
should be given
done,
I
effects, it would
VA
MATHER
(DEPARTMENT
OF
VETERANS
was
among fathers who served
show
combined). Thus
EOI
was
based
the multiple
outcomes.
that at
a recent
protocol for
information
obtained
Health Department, and the
conclusive
outcomes
fail
identify
be
to
us that
find
this
testing?
Response.
Several
Gulf
War
veterans
 
who served
a
health
registry
program
which
provides
a
laboratory
strongly encourages
veterans who
service
in
Southwest
and
increases are identified,
who were
personnel can be protected from similar hazardous exposures?
Response. Incidence and prevalence of various diseases and disorders
are
estimated
studies
veterans.
provide
readjustment
veterans
Question
11.
One
way
that
VA
to
VA
is
assist
consequences of hazardous
disseminated
to
interested
veterans
through
newsletters,
and
continuing
Response.
Relatively
little
information
Schwartz,
seems
to
study of
provided
veterans
have
follow
hypotheses for further
not
be
viewed
as
from existing information
high
because
Gulf Survey
an association between potential
and research efforts will
dioxin
worked for over three years to
develop the current draft of the reassessment. Over the next 120
days ,
the EPA v«ll be taking public comments on the draft document.
Early in 1995 EPA's
about
a
have been
compounds
inadvertently
combvistion,
treated
as
th early
regarding the
of the health
compounds.
the
doctmient, but
to
build
to
cause
such
emissions,
with
medical
and
murucipal
waste
sources of dioxin in
industrial
society.
We
primarily via
airborne dioxins
that settle
balanced
diet
risks
of
dioxin,
committed
to
can help
feed,
and
on industries
scientific
imderstanding
best scientific basis possible
related
chemicals
real
University School
:mo
This
The intake of contaminated
exposed
popu-
state
dioxin
water
National
had
effects from
ited. Narrow time-limited
in
early
adult mother but
spring.
exposure is dif-
as
of
increase
m
dioxin
is
same
risk
in addi-
body
age-associated
to
rently
unknown.
Furthermore,
the
especially
late
in
the
first
trimester,
mobilize
fat
a
in
pound like aspirin,
specific effects,
suppression were in
and the
to are
population
of
 
brains
of
dioxin-exposed
rats
are
underway.
compromised by a
higher
than
result
of
of dioxin
that none of these
mals, or
effects of dioxin occur
epidemiologi-
human population exposed to dioxin as
a
sitive to these
dens of
was questioned
subjects or
between
lev-
of dioxin
nervous
sys-
tem
behavior
at the
none of
Erich
W.
then EPA
occurring in people at body burden
levels
that
can
dioxin
which
tational
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
lactational
of
luteinizing
hormone
to
2J,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin:
compounds
in
humans
and
in
the
ins
.Mami
E.
the
residents
were
relocated,
Kahn
said.
the
city
ofthe
wastes.
Institute
discussion with
Past-President
of
the
American
Sc-'
y
of
Andrology.
abnormal
a meaningful
be to
failure
could cause
of fertilizing an egg even though it swam
very
well.
concept
is
Pacific
A is the ability
evident
that
swimming
ability
is normal in 7 of the 8 sperm listed in the upper
portion of that table,
have, that
percentage of
not winners.
which
an event
evaluation of sperm motility as the
sole test
from
There
is
ample
may
sperm
into
play.
level
screen
swimming
ability,
activity
of
enzyme
necessary
Again,
individuals
failing
one
individuals passing the secondary
would
of
informed
by
spermatozoa
seminal
in
unusual organic
Since assessing
Agent Orange
exposure is
*
.•
Metropolitan Atlanta
program that
defects
of military
fathsring
babies
for
Agent
Orange
exposure
greater risk for fathering
the
estimated
seemingly
higher
In
the
Vietnam
been
HmW,
the corre-
Many
Vietnam
of
application
were
also
used.
of pregnant
three
ways:
(1)
by
risk.
bom
to
mothers
resident
that they
 expo-
sure
variable
of
interest—
the
proportion
by
service with similar occupational
EOI
study.'
status.
Two
separata
EOI
other
from
Vietnam
mating
exposure
for
whose
if
the
was signif-
were
of
of
case-control
status.
In
(1)
Data
and
(2)
all
that took
of
hdex
(Table
1).
This
difference
was
shown
to
be
of
little
concern
nonveterans
as
these data for the proposition that
Vietnam veterans (in general)
for fathering babies
each
of
the
veterans believed
interpreting
Table
relative risk
of
them)
will
be
described.
described
but
EOI
view-derived EOI
through
5,
respectively.
of
babies
with
the
defects
are
rare,
when
were
quite
young
when
they
served,
a
large
have
be
doubled.
at which
defects
veterans had a
tary purposes,
with
in Vietnam
defects
stud-
sutistically
some
the
associated
process. In this circumstance,
considered
in
study
a significantly
higher proportion
case group
who believed
exposed
veterans.
Because
the
families with
exposed
to
the
purpose
in
a
matched-pair
design
of fathers. Tung et al reported
his-
tories
of
the
families
of
sented
several
case
reports
birth
defects
has
that
inaccurate.
Therefore,
the
conclusions
weak. Even
so, this
th« author
including
W:
Agtnt
Oranga
Thalkan
CE,
CoBganJtal malformationa
survaillancc Two
PW,
at
aL
Diacaae Control 1984.
for r
823.
Veterans
Support
of
Ou
US
Army
in
Vittnam:
16. Tung TT, Anh TK. Tayen BC, et al: Qinieal
effects of
Vitt-
human birth
tiam
of
*.i-DJMS-T.
and
tJ.T.S-TCDD
Toxicity
search
47,'fZl in
 
One
title
businesses
fmd
companies.
The
House
companion
bill,
scheduled
for
a
floor
final
chapter
of
point
Diozins
bleach
in
pulp
and
papermaking.
TCDD,
2,3,7,8-te-
trachloro-p-dibenzodiozin
family
of
chemicals.
Fred
Webber,
that
the
seen the
contacted
the
reassessment
effort
Of
The
experimental data to support
Barbara
Dudley,
Greenpeace
that
EPA
should
treat
the draft risk
spokesman
told
BNA
release
release publicly the
chapters
of
draft
reassessment
INTRODUCTION
The
etiology
research
focuses
occupational exposures. The
hindered. However,
have
that paternal
exposures may
be important.
This review
describes potential
mechanisms, highlights
of
developmental
endpoints.
to
'For reprints,
•llr*g|
1,1
hi
fi
cancer.
Ptmhtnnot^
i
and
depend
ort
die
length
range
of
4GMt
on
molecular
mcnh
anlw
ns
occupatknal
metab
sudi
no
hu
been
progeny.
to
idenii^
Therapeudc
the
impaired
fertility,
cither
drxigs
becaase
d»
numbers
fnSnm
of
spcdflc
environmental
or
planned
realise
other
our
fiunlUcs
by
against
the
any
expoaitlon
on
that
repeated
pleas,
appesn
b
the
report,
but
it
is
about
a
aoofdithalmia—
fovemmenc to
pestiddea
and
duateting
or
to
investigate
all
the
main
with
to
It
may
be
from
chemical
few yeais linking
widelypublicued
caught the
Toxicol-
the media and
potential
risks
to
Two
widely
between
hormone
-modulating
pollutants
308
atul
human
health
nsk
have
Thus
far
the
estrogetu, compounds that bind to the re-
ceptor for estradiol, the body's
main
estro-
gen.
range
of
com-
thetic, act
ing
includes some
man in this
room is half
the man his
in 1940 to
from envi-
pollutants
and
30s,
To
these
findings.
the
result
of
people
who
are
knowledgeable
in
the
field
to humaiu
EPA
environmental estrogens
times
That's
true
such
as
testosterone
in
reproductive
endocnnology
other
gens, whereas
might af-
Mac-
argument. Individually, a
strong acid and
The strongest evidence
say
these
on its
heighten
or
mute
Dioxin
m-
hibits
breast
exposed
to
says
is the
lowest dose
dioxin in
the preg-
equivalents
per
kilogram).
if
III
s
gg-N
iiilii
S;:;e:
genetics
or
Nagasaki
a
with
outstanding
administrative
ability
supplement,
they
were
entered
the ABCC. A
all pregnancy
Hiroshima
(N
which
atomic
bomb.
A
radiation-induced
chromosome
transmitted
sons,
thus
paternal
X
chromosome
studies
flourished
thereafter.
When
charge and/or
parents had
for
occurrence of a cluster
and
father.
The
TR4-77. Hiroshima. Japan,
National
Press,
pp
49|.'
NccL
J
v..
.VhulL
WJ..
Awa.
A.A-.
Satoh.
C.
Kaio.
IO<».72
Hiroshima,
Japaa.
creature com-
All in all,
Many of
can-
cer-causing
wreak silent
the damage
They
chemi-
cancer, acute poisoning, or
stances
the United States in 1930 but banned
there and in Canada beginning in the
late
seventies:
they
were
used
for
decades
in
the
invented
ple. DDT,
an organochlorine
the
with
some
90-120
tons
ents
in
older
pesticides,
although
it
turns
dent
tific literature,
third
of
DDT, are
known
which
people
are
exposed
to
mix
of
hazardous
substances.
cers, toxic
portant
in
industrial
countries
were
increasing.
of
tobacco,
trends
up-
ward.
increas-
ing
Cancers
cut
though they offered
no specific explana-
tions] suggests either
of national
are
incompletely
reported
American
normally in-
pickling raises
to colon
research-
healthier
than
Countries
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons:
electromagnetic radiation: organochlorines:
Non-Hodgkins 0.&-1.4
organophosphaie
insecticides:
fungicides:
exposure to estrogen
section),
which
farmers
might
be
much
home, or workplace
The central
fact that
they die,
unlike most
as
peo-
of neurons.
Fortunately, since
brain
certain
which
nerve
damage.
Roughly
20
million
U.S.
work-
ers
are
protecting workers
in the
envi-
other
countries.'*
Lead
The
 
ber cement, nail polish
inves-
tigators
found
lower
performance
among
of
using
and coor-
shuffling
walk,
tremor,
capacity,
the
carbon
conceiv-
photolithography
the gly-
menu
of
environmental
wild-
spring.'*
with
the
effects
of
estrogen,
the
to
womb
have
to
the
whole
in their
have
thra.
off-
have
system.
the Oregon
certain metals experience
changes in the
mune
and T
to
broad
environmental
effect
of
respiratory
illnesses.
coun-
mark,
In the
last two.
is
a
the result
small commu-
impos-
or
one-in-a-million
of
lead
have
sug-
gested
that
levels
of
exposures
entirely
from
mented
that
three
cides,
sites, suffer
impacts of
affecting
development,
chemicals is
they move toward
integrated pest man-
cently proposed
many
substitute
toxic chemicals currently in use. The
semiconductor
vents
Michigan
due
to
—
the
dcveiop-
BcntafTiola
tioning of anothe
fetal gonads
At diis
hormones
{4>
steroid hor-
developmental
abnormalities
in
offspring
because
of
pcrrtjanent
effects
chronic exposure
changej,
reproductive
Lake Superior,
derived
the
(old age), squamous
cancer and
the result
od
of
persistent,
and
have
low
vapor
pressures,
which
(adliates
their
widespread
dispersal.
a toxic con-
of
'
Considetadon
concentra-
This
they
may
be
released
without
proper
cau-
are
hormonally
active
(8).
spring; experiments with
able. However, for clinicians and public
health
authoriries,
die
Implicadons
for
human
health
Wan;
HS.
>pmenc
the
wildlife/human
MdjehUn
JA.
McKinncy
JD.
Eicrofcn
Reijnden
PJR
I
W.03I.
Nature
324.-4
56-457(1986).
Mac
MJ,
Schwara
~
,
mil
(coinl
tnci
devdopmenl
in
mimouU
feUowini
hunsan
2
J,7,8-
.1992:151-171.
Fertil Sttril
DOT on
York:
Preaa.1991.
102. Tjalve
alpha-
tioo
in
tive
tri-
azine
metribuxin
on
thyroxine
Toxicol
17:73V745(1991).
U.S.
(suppi)
and managing the environmental risks.
Envinio Sci Technol
(1987).
120.
•16:697-712(1986).
but not
other progesationxl
440(1984).