the performing arts cover forms of music (orchestral, choral, pop/rock and jazz), opera,musicals, dance and drama.

It is acknowledged that the performingarts also cover music-theatre, musicals, comedies,music-hall, variety, vaudeville, puppet shows, revues,mime, cabaret, folk music, live art, and street performers,

Design Requirement A proscenium stage type auditorium of 1500 capacity of

persons. An open air theatre with 500 persons capacity seating. Multi-cuisine food court with a capacity of 100. Small shopping display arcade (six shops of varying sizes) Conference rooms for press releases Exhibition lobby space of 300 sq.m. Four organisations office space of 50 sq. m. each. Three dormitories of capacity 20 persons each. PARKING

AREA PER SEAT WITH CIRCULATION= .5SQMNO. OF SEATS= 1500TOTAL AREA REQUIRED FOR SEATING= 1500* .5= 750SQM

C. Room/dormitory facilities The standards of the rooms or dormitory facilities are important to allow workers to rest properly and to maintain good standards of hygiene. Overcrowding should be avoided particularly. This also has an impact on workers’ productivity and reduces work-related accidents. It is generally acknowledged that rooms/dormitories should be kept clean and in a good condition. Exposure to noise and odour should be minimised. In addition, room/dormitory design and equipment should strive to offer workers a maximum of privacy. Resorting to dormitories should be minimised and single or double rooms are preferred. Dormitories and rooms must be single-sex. Benchmarks 1. Rooms/dormitories are kept in good condition. 2. Rooms/dormitories are aired and cleaned at regular intervals. 3. Rooms/dormitories are built with easily cleanable flooring material. 4. Sanitary facilities are located within the same buildings and provided separately for men and women. 5. Density standards are expressed either in terms of minimal volume per resident or of minimal floor space. Usual standards range from 10 to 12.5 cubic metres (volume) or 4 to 5.5 square metres (surface). 6. A minimum ceiling height of 2.10 metres is provided. 7. In collective rooms, which are minimised, in order to provide workers with some privacy, only a reasonable number of workers are allowed to share the same room. Standards range from 2 to 8 workers. 8. All doors and windows should be lockable, and provided with mosquito screens where conditions warrant. 9. There should be mobile partitions or curtains to ensure privacy. 10. Every resident is provided with adequate furniture such as a table, a chair, a mirror and a bedside light. 11. Separate sleeping areas are provided for men and women, except in family accommodation

Conference Center Design4. Dedicated conference rooms are separated from living and leisure areas.5. Conference center has at least one dedicated main conference room that contains a minimum of 93 square metres or 1,000 square feet and can accommodate flexible seating arrangements. In addition, conference center has at least three other dedicated conference rooms with no moveable walls.6. Conferees that have multi-day meetings can safely store materials and equipment overnight in dedicated conference rooms.7. Conference center has sufficient inventory so that no less than 60% of all meeting space can be set up using ergonomically designed chairs.(The North American Chapter also requires that chairs have arms, that they swivel and tilt synchronously and allow height adjustment. Chairs have a rounded or waterfall edge on the front of the seat pan. Chair seats have a minimum width of .46 metre or 18 inches, a minimum depth of .4 metre or 16 inches and seat height adjustable within at least 7.5 centimetres or 3 inches of the range between .38 and .53 metre (15 - 21 inches). The seat and inside back of the chair are fully upholstered or constructed of Pellicle® or like material. The arms and outside back of the chair are fully upholstered or constructed of ABS molded plastic or of Pellicle® or like material. The base of the chair has five-prong design with casters.)8. Conference center has sufficient inventory so that no less than 60% of all meeting space can be set up using tables that are at least .6 metre or 24 inches wide and that have a non-reflective, hard writing surface with a high-pressure laminate or hardwood veneer finish. Tables have sufficient length to allow at least .76 metre or 30 inches of space per occupant. Draped, skirted banquet tables are not acceptable.(The North American Chapter also requires that the edge of the table is comprised of a high-pressure laminate finish or a decorative edge banding material that is constructed of vinyl or wood products. Tables have a reverse “T” style leg mechanism or its equivalent with offset legs that are permanently affixed or that fold, and that do not impinge upon the tables’ occupants.)9. Wherever meeting rooms have windows, the conference center has built-in manually or electrically operated curtains that substantially eliminate light from outside the room.10. All meeting rooms have lighting with in-room controls that produce maximum illumination levels between 500 and 700 lux or 50 and 70 foot candles at tabletop.11. Dedicated conference rooms larger than 93 square metres or 1,000 square feet have zoned lighting and controls that permit dimming across the spectrum from full-power to off.12. All meeting rooms larger than 160 square metres or 1,750 square feet have fixtures that can illuminate a targeted area and can be controlled separately from other zones and/or task lighting.13. Dedicated conference rooms have individual climate controls.

Planning and anticipation – audience membersmust:● have knowledge of a performance: awareness byadvertising, reviews, word of mouth● organize friends and relations● have time available for attendance, includingtravel● assess cost of attendance, including tickets,refreshments, travel● have an accessible method of purchasing tickets2 Travel to facility – audience members need todecide upon:● travel time and method (walking, car, bus, coach,train), which will be affected by● ease of parking or convenience of public transport3 Experience of facility – impressions will beformed of:● sequence of activities to and from seating: qualityof entrance, foyer, cloakroom, toilets, auditorium● quality of the performance: ability to see and hear;content of play, show or concert; ability of performers,and directors/choreographer/conductor● associated activities such as eating, drinkingand visits to art gallery, exhibitions and shops● staff response to public: box office, access to seats,

directions4 Travel from facility – in addition to travellingbefore a performance, post-performance factorsinclude:● travel time and method● convenience of public transport (if appropriate)with services running after a performance a criticalissue5 Recollection – after the event audience memberswill:● evaluate the quality of the experience. This phasemay commence the cycle again for another visitto the facility

Auditorium design:– aural and visual limitations– levels in the auditorium– auditorium acoustics– sound insulation and noise control– seating layout– means of escape– circulation within auditorium

– broadcasting requirements– latecomers– attendants– adaptation– sightlines– promenade performance– ventilation– lighting– sound equipment– fire protection– structure– ceiling zone– seating capacity

AUDITORIUM

VARIOUS SHAPES IN RELATION WITH ORCHESTRA AND AUDIENCE

Opera, dance and musicals. (a) Proscenium formats. (b)Open stage formats.

Drama. (a) Proscenium formats. (b) Open stage formats.

In order to discern facial expression – essentialwith drama – the maximum distance from thepoint of command on the stage should not exceed20 M. The point of command is the geometric centre of an open stage or the setting line of a proscenium stage.In order to discern facial expression – essentialwith drama – the maximum distance from thepoint of command on the stage should not exceed20 M. The point of command is the geometriccentre of an open stage or the setting line of aproscenium stage.For dance, the audience needs to appreciate the bodyand feet of the dancers, and also to discern facialexpressions: the maximum distance from the pointof command on the stage should not exceed 20MThe greater the encirclement of the audience of theplatform/stage, then the greater the number of peoplewho can be accommodated within the aural and visuallimitations, up to an encirclement which places theaudience on three sides of the platform/stage. Withtheatre-in-the-round the aural and visual limitationsrestrict the distance from the stage, with drama, to notmore than six rows.

Seating layoutThe seating layout in an auditorium depends mainly on the selection of format – the relationship between audience and performance – and the visual and aurallimitations associated with a particular type of production as well as the number of levels and sightlines. Other aspects which influence the layout, andthereby condition seating capacity

Auditorium seating falls into three broad categories:benches (with and without backs), fixed seats andtip-up seats. Each of these can be with or without arms

SeatwayThe seatway is the unobstructed distance betweentwo rows of seats, with the seat in its closed position ifa tip-up type.

The minimum back-to-back dimensionbetween rows of seats with backs is760mm. A good practice minimum isbetween 850mm–900mm.• The minimum width of seats with arms is500mm centre of arm to centre of arm.A good practice minimum is between525mm–550mm.• The minimum width of seats without arms(individual seats or benches) is 450mm. Agood practice minimum is 500mm.• The unobstructed vertical space betweenrows (seatway or clearway) should be aminimum of 300mm. However, see detailedtable in Figure 4.4.1.• Distance from seat to gangway is now morenormally associated with number of seatsin a row (i.e. assuming typical seat width inthe order of 500mm–550mm). See Figure4.4.1, as number of seats in row dictatesseatway

EH: average eye heightA theoretical working height of 1120mm is normallyassumed. The final eye position ultimately depends onthe seat design.TH: top of headDistance taken from the centre line of eye to the top ofthe head – normally 100mm for the basis of the sightlinecalculation. Enhanced allowances can be made up to125mm. However, it is normally argued that an angled,between-heads view combined with 100mm providesa good basis.

Seating geometry

Seating geometry (c) Curved rows: rows focused towards platform/stage. (d) Angular rows: straight sections to each row, angledand focused towards the platform/stage. (e) Angular rows as (d) with curve at change of direction. (f) Distinct blocks of seating focused towardsplatform/stage. (g) Straight rows angled and focused towards platform/stage with blocks of seats and gangways located at change of direction. (h) Setting outpoint for seating rows same as centre of performance area: this coincidence of seating out points tends to be a characteristic of open stage layouts. (i) Settingout point for seating rows distinct from geometry of performance area and extreme side sightlines: this arrangement tends to be a characteristic of prosceniumformats.

Seating geometry. (a) Straight rows. (b) Straight rows, withside blocks of seats angled and focused towards the platform/stage:blocks of seating defined by gangways.

Exit widthsThe exit widths are laid down by regulations. Thebase calculation is 45 persons per minute per unitwidth of 520–530 mm. The minimum total exitwidths required are outlinedTravel distance. For traditional seating the travel distance is18 M measured from the gangway: for continentalseating, 15 M from any seat. The aim is to evacuatethe audience of each level within 2.5 minutes.Circulation within auditoriumAudience entry points into the auditorium from thefoyer can be at the rear or sides of the seating, orwithin the banks of seating, and should be related tothe gangway positions Gangways for use by wheelchair users require tobe flat or ramped: the pitch should not exceed 1.15for a ramp with a maximum distance of 10 M. beyond10 M, the regulations require a flat platform, whichin a large auditorium may be inconvenient as it maybreak the line of the seating banks. Permission willbe necessary to have a continuous ramp. For a wheelchairuser moving from a ramped gangway to a flatplatform will require an intermediate ramp.Gangway widths are established through the regulationscovering fire escape from auditoria. The minimumwidth though is taken as 1100 mm unless usedby wheelchair users where the width increases to1200mm.

Handrails will be required to a stepped gangwayadjacent to an enclosing wall; to a stepped gangway ifa drop at the side; at landings, rear of rostra and wherethere is a drop of more than 600 mm; where the rakeis above 25° to a gangway the ends of the rows servedby the gangway may require a loop rail (Figure 12.23).Rails are usually 900 mm above the pitch line and1200 mm above landings, with panels either solid orsub-divisions which may require a 100mm maximumgap.

EXIT WIDTH REQUIRED= 6.4M

Number of seats in a rowWith traditional seating the maximum number is 22 if there aregangways at both ends of the row, and 11 for gangway at one end.Thus in all but the smallest auditorium the gangways divide theseating into blocks.

Exit numbers. The number of exits per level are two for each level withinan auditorium with the seating capacity up to 500: anadditional exit is required for every further 250 seats asdefined by legislation. REQUIRED= 4 MIN

Exit routeThe exits from the auditorium must lead directly to aplace of safety. Staircases within theroute are subject to the following conditions: themaximum number of steps, 16: the minimum number,2; tread/riser to be 275 – 180, as a recommendedratio, and consistent.Ramps should be at a pitch of 1.15, in lengths of10 m maximum with intermediate platforms.

Performers’ access through the auditoriumPerformers may have access to the stage through theauditorium during a performance by way of:● access along the gangways, with stepped accessonto the stage if raised;● access through vomitories exclusively for performers.Details of a performers’ vomitory are shown inFigure 12.24. The performers’ vomitory can be filledto accommodate auditorium seating if not in use.

StairsStaircase flights should have at least two risers and not more than16. All treads should be 275 mm and risers 180 mm.RampsWheelchair users should be provided with flat or ramped escaperoutes which may be separate from other routes. Ramps should notbe longer than 4.5 m or steeper than 8.5%.3.13 CirculationWhile gangway lengths and widths are calculated as part of the fireescape route, they also provide the circulation through theauditorium, with possible additional gangways from the audienceentry points to individual rows and seats.3.14 Entry pointsThe audience can enter the auditorium from the foyer at the rear,at the sides of the seating or from vomitories within the seatingbanks,

GangwaysThe widths of gangways within seating layouts ateach level within an auditorium are determined bytheir role as escape routes and the number of seatsserved. The minimum width is 1100 mm. Gangwayscan be ramped up to a ratio of 1.10 and 1.12 if used bypersons in wheelchairs.

Broadcasting requirementsTelevision camerasTelevision camera position, with operative. The area requiredfor each position is 1.5 1 M minimum.

3.17 LatecomersA waiting area at the rear of the auditorium either within theauditorium or in a separate enclosed space with viewing paneland tannoyed sound, or elsewhere with a closed-circuit televisionfacility.

Sightlines: seated audienceFor the whole of the audience to have an uninterruptedview of the performance and its setting over theheads in front and clear of overhangs, the section andplan of the auditorium needs to conform to certainlimitations set by vertical and horizontal sightlines

P = The platform/stage height, when raised, can rangefrom 600 to 1100 mm above the lowest level ofthe auditoriumHD HORIZONTAL DISTANCE= can vary from 760 to1150 mm and more.EH Average eye height at 1120 mm above the theoreticalfloor level:E= For assurance that there is a clear view over theheads of those in the row in front, this dimensionshould be at least 125mm.

D =Distance to front row, as previously described.Also the maximum rake is 35° and the highest seat inthe auditorium should be on a sightline which is notmore than 30° to the horizontal from point P.

Cabaret layoutCabaret layout may consist of loose tables and chairs:there must be a provision for clear gangways throughthe area covered by this layout. Allow a minimum of1.1M2 per person of a seated audience, excluding generalcirculation

Horizontal sightlinesHorizontal sightlines are to be considered only with aproscenium stage and possibly end stage and platformsfor classical and choral music. the audience should be containedwithin a 130° angle peripheral spread of visionfrom the performer at the point of command on theperformance area for opera, dance, musicals anddrama

Public addressLoudspeakers may be required within the auditoriumfor announcements to the audience as a separatesystem.Platform/stage designThe size and shape of the platform or stage are determinedby the type of production, the relationshipbetween the audience and the performance and thescale of the selected production.Raised stageThe height of the stage can be between 600 mm and 1100 mm witha straight, angled or curved front edge. The floor to theperformance area, in part or total, may be a series of traps, that ismodular sections usually 1200mm square which can be removedselectively.Side and rear stagesSizes should relate to the size of the performance area. These areasmay need to hold sets as on the performance area, with circulationall round. The clear height required to be the highest scenery plus1 m.Stage basementThe space under the stage should be fully accessible with aminimum headroom of 4.5 m.

4.12 Spaces associated with the audience areaLighting control roomA room centrally at the rear of the auditorium fully enclosed andsound-proofed with an observation window and space for thelighting control console and for the operator who needs to sit by theconsole and view the performance through the observation windowwhich has an unrestricted view of the stage, 20.60. There should alsobe space for an assistant, a worktop for plans and scripts. Aminimum size would be 3 m wide 4.5 m deep and 4.4 m high.Dimmer roomsSpace is required for the dimmer racks which are the direct meansof control for all of the stage lighting instruments. The racks alsocontain the individual fusing for each stage lighting circuit. Mainscabling runs from the dimmer room to all outlets of the stagelighting installation, and also to the house lights, but theconnection between the dimmer racks and the lighting controlitself is not a mains voltage line.The dimmer room should be placed so that quick access may beachieved either from the lighting control position or from the stage area. The dimmer room will also normally contain the mainsisolation for the stage lighting system. In large installations whichhave a three-phase supply, each single-phase installation should bephysically separated

Sound control roomAn open enclosure in a representative position within theauditorium. The operator requires an interrupted view of theperformance area as well as being able to hear the performance.The room contains a control desk, equipment racks, monitorloudspeakers and worktop for scripts. The minimum size is 3 mwide, 4.4 m deep and 4.4 m high.Auditorium sound-mixing positionFor the mixing of amplified sound from the stage by an operatorwho requires to hear the same sound as the audience. The arearequires to be flat, set within the seating area: minimum area of 2 m× 2 m, with mixer pad sound control desk and protective barrier.TV, radio and recording control roomThis is a separate soundproof control room, with observationwindow and clear view of the stage. It will accommodateannouncers, and staff for balancing and directing transmissions andrecording. A minimum area of 2 m × 2 m, but should be larger.Observation roomThose associated with production may need to check activities onthe stage from a room at the rear of the auditorium, with a clearview of the stage through an observation window, minimum area,2 m × 2 m

4.14 Spaces for actors, singers and dancersDressing roomsArrangements are illustrated in 20.61 to 20.69, covering singleshared and communal occupancy rooms.Green room with kitchen and servery: 3.4m2 per occupant.Laundry for repair and maintenance of costumes, 20m2minimum.Costume store, including skips and railsCostume delivery.Specialist make-up room: 10 m2 minimum per person.Pre-pelformance practice room(s) (singers): 15 m2 minimum.Pre-performance dance studio (dancers): 1000 m2 minimum.Physiotherapy room (dancers): 15 m2 minimum.Wig store and hairdresser’s room: 5–10m4.Waiting area for visitors and dressers.Offices: children’s supervisor, company manager, touring manager,etc. 10m2 minimum per office.Toilets.Performers’ assembly areas: at points of entry to stage.

CONFERENCE HALLS

The plan shape of the conference hall can be:• Rectangular• Fan-shapde, with angles of 135°, 90° or 60°. The last is best forscreening• Hexagonal• Circular• Oval, or• Coffin

ParkingParking provision is essential and covers the following:● Public car parking close to the public entrance, with the number of car park spaces as 25 per cent ofthe seating capacity in the auditorium: buildings in city centres, which are served by good adjacentpublic transport, can have less provision, while in rural areas the number of spaces should beincreased to 40 per cent minimum. It is normally

NO OF SEATS= 2000PARKING REQUIRED= 500ECS FOR CAR PARKINGOPEN PARKING= 25SQMSTILT = 30SQMBASEMENT= 35SQM

Office spaces Four organisations office space of 50 sq. m. each

Shops

SMALL SHOPS

These are shops having a sales area less than 280 m2 and not morethan three stores, one of which may be a basement. Shopsemploying fewer than 20 people or 10 above the ground floor donot normally require a fire certificate.

CafeteriaCafeterias are self-service establishments, commonly run on a non-commercial basis as a service to staff and others such as students. They are characterised by:• Scale of operation: usually fairly large, giving certain economies of scale• Concentration of demand: a short service period demands a high rate of service. Above 600 meals a day, free-flow and multi-counter service is practical.• Menus: balanced to meet nutritional standards. Degree of choice will determine counter layout and/or length.• Operation: also used in high-demand commercial services (airports, stores, service stations)• Space: counters add 0.2–0.3m2 to area per seat in the dining room.`

Separate rooms adjoining the main kitchenLow walls, approx 1200 mm high between these areas and main Kitchen.

toilets