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DESIGN, FABRICATION AND EVALUATION OF A
RICE THRESHER
BY
< . 'I
UZATERVER
MATRIC. NO. 2001/11425EA
BEING A FINAL YEAR PROJECT SUBMITTED IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR
THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
(B.ENG.) DEGREE IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA.
NOVEMBER, 2007
DECLARA TTON
I hereby declare that this Project is a record of a research work that was undertaken apd
written by me . It has not been presented before for any degree or diploma or certificate at
any University or Institution. Information derived from personal communications,
published and unpublished work of others were duly referenced in the texts.
iJl ......... fr! ... ................ . Terver Vza Date
ii
CERTIFICA TION
This project entitled "Design and Fabrication of a Rice Thresher" by UZA TERVER,
meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering
(B.Eng.) of the Federal University of Technology, Minna, and it is approved for its
contribution to scientific knowledge and literary presentation.
Engr. Dr. O. Chukwu Date
Supervisor
..... (f!j~ ...... ... . . Engr. Dr. (Mrs.) Z.D. Osunde Date
Head, Department of Agricultural Engineering
External Examiner Date
iii _t o
DEDICATION
This project work is solely dedicated to the Author and Finisher of my Soul Almighty
God and to my beloved parents Prof. & Mrs. Uza also to my mentor, Mr. 1\elson Jpaye.
IV
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My profound gratitude and appreciation goes first to the Almighty God, the Author
d Finisher of my Soul for his love and for sparing my life till thi s moment. I never knew it
Deep and Sincere appreciation to my ever ready Supervisor, Engr. Dr. O. Chukwu
has been highly efficient and effective in going through my work, providing relevant
aterials and brought about valuable criticism which eventually gave the project the ideal
and also taught me the Use of English , sincerity and hard work.
My gratitude to the I-lead of Department, Engr. Dr. (Mrs.) Z.D. Osunde for her
therly love and concern on the entire department, God bless you.
My appreciation goes to my lecturers in the Agric. Engineering Department; Engr.
Solomon Dauda who despite his tight schedule otTered advice and made available useful
materials for thi s project work, Engr. Peter Adeoye, Prof. Ajisegiri , Mrs. Mustafah, Engr.
Musa. Associate Prof. Alabadan, Engr. Idah , Engr. Fabunmi O.A , Engr. (Mrs.) Bosede and
all members of staff too numerous to mention on this page.
My special appreciation and grat itude goes to my humble parents Prof. & Mrs. D.V
Uza for setting me on the regrettable path of knowledge and for their moral, financial and
spiritual support. I will make you proud!
am greatly indebted to my sib lings, Accountant T. Uza my only and beloved
guemo, Erdoo, Member and Ladi, the best sisters I could ever have, what more
could i have asked for. Thanks for always being there and believing in my strength and for
your moral and financial support. And also to Mr. Nelson lpaye, my mentor and in-law who
has taught me a lot on how to live this life, Thanks for the moral and fin ancinl suppOi'l, wh8l
would i have done without you and also to Engr. Patrick Dalahol , God bless you.
v
I want to specially apprec iate Mr. AdRa M88gbc. 01·. Joc Nyngcr and IS8nc Il nelo for
cir moral, financi al and spiritual supporl.
Special thanks to Zaasha, Nicholas, Ajoms, Engr. Tion and Christians around the
Id who despite their busy schedule took out time to pray and stand by the family for the
year.
I must not forget the respective families that we all stand together as one; Nyager's,
zungwe's, Mku's, Maagbe 's, Tor Uja's, Hwande ' s, Okoye's, Anendah's, entire Tar fa mily,
ltodo 's and the entire NKST Family Church.
To the very special ones that stand as a pillar of support that i trul}' call my friend s;
rr. & Mrs. Aondona Orti , Louisa Avishe, Diane, Dami , Douglas, Hemense, Lister, Sesugh
Ajoko, Shadee bobo, Tabex, Amos, Unekwu , the Atini's, UG LI , SO)C, DinllO and /\gric.
Engr. Colleagues; "United we Stand, Divided we Fall ".
wune Ojabo - I believe in you and your dreams. You are my good book and can't get tired
So much Lhanks LO Nathenial Ibrahim who took hi s time in typesetting thi s project work
despite his tight academic schedule, yo u are more than a friend and to Keyus, Jude Okeke
and Ngwongwo - "see things"!
Dooyum Yashi - When it seems the chips are low, yo u bri ghten me up with yo ur in sp iration.
A m proud of yo u!
Big Ups to Yonna, Niro, Rino and Jamdee - we will go places.
Finally to all ARSENAL FANS 'TH E GUNNERS FAMILY'! We got the season!
VI
/'
ABSTRACT
The rice thresher is a threshing machine that can easily thresh rice from the stalk and to
an extent, clean the rice by removing the sheaves and straw. It is designed and fabricated
to solve threshing problem in Nigeria and minimize cost of purchase of the machine.
Machine threshing cylinder speed of 560rpm shows that, the thresher has a threshing I' j
efficiency of 77.8%, input capacity of 50kg, output capacity of 30kg and a power
requirement of 659.73W. The thresher is efficient with minimal grain loss of 22.2%.
Average grain moisture content (wet basis) was 13.83%. This machine is simple to
operate while maintenance and adjustment reqnires little specialist attention. At high feed .
rate, the machine gets clogged up with chaff, therefore, the machine should be fed with
considerable feed rate; however, machine performance is trouble free at recommended
level of feed rate. It is a threshing machine that can easily thresh rice from the stalk and
to an extent, clean the rice by removing the sheaves and straw.
For effective performance, the power requirement should be above 2hp with a higher
revolution per minute.
VII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
Declaration
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plate
Notation
List of Appendix
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background to the Study
1.2 Harvesting of Rice
1.3 Rice Grain as Food
1.4 Statement of Problem
1.5 Objective of the Study
1.6 Justification of objective
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Page
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IV
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VI
VB
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-IX
x
Xl
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1
1
2
3
5
5
5
1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study 5
Chapter Two
2.0 Literature Review 6
2.1 Growing Rice 9
2.2 Rice Production and Uses 11
2.3 Problems and Prospects ofRi~e Production: The Abakaliki View in Focus 13 ,.
2.4 Threshing and Separation ofluce Grain from the Stalk 15
2.4.1 Purpose of Threshing Rice 15
2.5 Threshing Methods 17
2.5.1 Traditional Threshing Methods 18
2.5.2. Mechanized Threshing Methods 18
Chapter Three
3.0 Materials and Methods 19
3.1 Different machine-crop varieties that affect threshing 19
3.2 Determination of physical and engineering properties of rice 21
3.3 Design Approach 22
3.4 Determination of Weight ofUn...;threshed Rice 22
3.5 Motor-Cylinder Design Calculation 24
3.5.1 Angular Velocity of Motor-Cylinder belt 25
3.5.2 Power on Motor-Cylinder Belt 25
3.5.3 Center Distance of Motor-Cylinder-Pulley 26
3.5.4 Angle of Contact of Motor-cylinder pulley 26
3.5.5 Length of Motor-Cylinder Belt 27
IX
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3.6 Cylinder-Fan belt Design 27
3.6.1 Angular Velocity of Cylinder-Fan Pulley 28
3.6.2 Power on Cylinder-Fan Pulley 29
3.6.3 Center Distance of Cylinder-Fan Pulley 29
3.7 Spikes on the Rotating Drum 30
3.8 Power Required to Thresh the Grain in the Threshing Unit 31
3.9 Detennination of Size weld Joining Spikes to the Drum 31
3.10 Selection of Belt for Minor Cylinder Pulley ( . i .
34
3.11 Determination of Weight of Pulley 34
3.12 Detennination of Length of Belt 35
3.13 Detennination of Bending Moment Shear Force and Resultant Bending Moment
of Cylinder Shaft 37
3.14 Detennination of Angle of Twist 46
3.15 Detennination of the Size of Motor 47
3.15.1 Power Required by the Motor 47
3.16 Description and Mode of Operation 48
3.17 Maintenance of the Rice Thresher Machine 49
3.18 Machine Drawings 50
Chapter Four
4.0 Results and Discussions 53
4.1 Summary of the Results of the Fabricated Rice Thresher 54
4.2 Cost Analysis 55
4.2.1 Material Cost 56
42.2 Labour Cost 56
x
4.2.3 Overhead Cost
4.3 Economic Analysis of the Rice Thresher
Chapter Five
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendations
References
Appendix
xi
LIST OF TABLES
Table
3.1 Physical and Engineering Properties
4.l Cost of Materials
XII
Page
22
54
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
3.1 Trapezoidal hopper 22
3.2 Motor Cylinder Pulley-Belt Arrangement 24
3.3 Cylinder Fan Pulley 27
3.4 Spikes on Rotating Drum 30
3.5 Cross Section of V-Groove Belt 34 ( .
3.6 Motor-Cylinder Belt 35
3.7 Cylinder-Fan Belt 36
3.8 Free Body Diagram of Vertical Forces Acting on Cylinder Shaft 37
3.9 Horizontal Shear Force and Bending M9ment Diagram 40
3.10 Bending Moment 43
3.11 Vertical Shear Force 43
3.12 Vertical Bending Moment 43
3.13 Resultant Bending Moment 44
3.14 Horizontal Shear Force 44
3.15 Horizontal Bending Moment 44
3.16 Vertical Bending Moment 45
xiii
Plate .
1.
LIST OF PLATE
picture of the Rice Thresher
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xiv
Page
65
NOTATIONINOMENCLA TURE
p = density of iron drum
Rm = external radius of the major drum
rm = internal radius of the major drum
Lm = length of the major drum
Lp = length of peg
np = number of pegs
dp = diameter of peg
Lb = length of baffles
bt, = breath of baffles
~ = thickness of baffles
nb = number of baftles
Rn = external radius of minor drum
rn = interdnal radius of minor drum
Ln = length of minor drum
Tt = torgue on threshing cylinder
N = number of revolution per minute
np = number of pegs
F = force acing on threshing drum
0) = angular velocity.
T = resultant torgue
Pt = power required to thresh grain
qy = distribution forces causing deflection
y = deflection of beam
xv
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E = modulus of elasticity
I = second moment of area
D = diameter of peg
FR = peg resultant force
t = throat of weld
x = size of weld
A = throat area
o (max) = maximum stress
V n = volume of major drum
Vp = volume of peg
Vb = volume of baffles
M = mass per unit length
D2 = diameter of drum pulley
V g = gross volume of pulley
Vh = volume of hopper
WD = total weight of drum
g = acceleration due to gravity
w = weight of belt
Vr = volume taken by V-groove belt
Vh = volume of space occupied by cylinder shaft
W p = weight of pulley
L = length of belt
Pu = density of rice
DJ = diameter of cylinder pulley
xvi
r
N J = speed of motor
D2 = diameter of cylinder
N2 = speed of cylinder
C = center to center distance
a = arc of contact
TJ = tension on tight side
T 2 = tensi9n on slack side ,.
G = torsibnal modulus of rigidity
d = diameter of shaft
e = angle of twist
PF = power required to drive suction fan
xvii
Appendix
A
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LIST OF APPENDIX
Page
63
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