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DESIGN FOR X Chapter 13 23/05/17 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2016/2017 1

DESIGN FOR X - debrina.lecture.ub.ac.iddebrina.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2017/11/PerPro-13-Design-for-X.pdf · 23/05/17 Perancangan Produk ... Fixed Costs vs. Variable Costs ... area

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Page 1: DESIGN FOR X - debrina.lecture.ub.ac.iddebrina.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2017/11/PerPro-13-Design-for-X.pdf · 23/05/17 Perancangan Produk ... Fixed Costs vs. Variable Costs ... area

DESIGN FOR X Chapter 13

23/05/17 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2016/2017 1

Page 2: DESIGN FOR X - debrina.lecture.ub.ac.iddebrina.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2017/11/PerPro-13-Design-for-X.pdf · 23/05/17 Perancangan Produk ... Fixed Costs vs. Variable Costs ... area

Design for X Topics

Design for Manufacturing

Design for Production

Design for Assembly

Design for Recycling/Disposal

Design for Life Cycle Prototyping

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Mengumpulkan Informasi DFM

1. Sketsa, gambar, spesifikasi produk, dan alternatif desain.

2. Pemahaman yang rinci tentang proses produksi dan

perakitan

3. Perkiraan biaya produksi, volume produksi, dan waktu

penyelesaian.

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Page 4: DESIGN FOR X - debrina.lecture.ub.ac.iddebrina.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2017/11/PerPro-13-Design-for-X.pdf · 23/05/17 Perancangan Produk ... Fixed Costs vs. Variable Costs ... area

DFM Method

Estimate the Manufacutring Costs

Consider the Impact of DFM Decisions on Other

Factors

Recompute the Manufacturing Costs

Reduce the Costs of Supporting Production

Reduce the Costs of Assembly

Reduce the Costs of Components

Good enough

?

N

Y

Acceptable Design

Proposed Design

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Page 5: DESIGN FOR X - debrina.lecture.ub.ac.iddebrina.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2017/11/PerPro-13-Design-for-X.pdf · 23/05/17 Perancangan Produk ... Fixed Costs vs. Variable Costs ... area

DFM Method

1.  Estimate the manufacturing costs.

2.  Reduce the costs of components.

3.  Reduce the costs of assembly.

4.  Reduce the costs of supporting production.

5.  Consider the impact of DFM decisions on other factors.

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1. Estimate the Manufacturing Costs

Finished GoodsManufacturing System

Equipment Information Tooling

WasteServicesSuppliesEnergy

Raw Materials

Labor

PurchasedComponents

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Page 7: DESIGN FOR X - debrina.lecture.ub.ac.iddebrina.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2017/11/PerPro-13-Design-for-X.pdf · 23/05/17 Perancangan Produk ... Fixed Costs vs. Variable Costs ... area

Definisi Manufacturing Costs

•  Jumlah semua pengeluaran untuk input sistem (misalnya

komponen yang dibeli, energi, bahan baku, dll.) dan untuk

pembuangan limbah (wastes) yang dihasilkan oleh

sistem.

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Page 8: DESIGN FOR X - debrina.lecture.ub.ac.iddebrina.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2017/11/PerPro-13-Design-for-X.pdf · 23/05/17 Perancangan Produk ... Fixed Costs vs. Variable Costs ... area

Elements of the Manufacturing Cost of a Product

Manufacturing Cost

OverheadAssemblyComponents

Standard Custom Labor Equipmentand Tooling Support Indirect

Allocation

RawMaterial Processing Tooling

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Page 9: DESIGN FOR X - debrina.lecture.ub.ac.iddebrina.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2017/11/PerPro-13-Design-for-X.pdf · 23/05/17 Perancangan Produk ... Fixed Costs vs. Variable Costs ... area

Manufacturing Cost of a Product • Component Costs (parts of the product)

•  Parts purchased from supplier •  Custom parts made in the manufacturer’s own plant or by suppliers

according to the manufacturer’s design specifications

• Assembly Costs (labor, equipment, & tooling) • Overhead Costs (all other costs)

•  Support Costs (material handling, quality assurance, purchasing, shipping, receiving, facilities, etc.)

•  Indirect Allocations (not directly linked to a particular product but must be paid for to be in business)

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Fixed Costs vs. Variable Costs •  Fixed Costs – terjadi dalam jumlah yang telah ditetapkan,

terlepas dari jumlah unit yang diproduksi (i.e. menyiapkan area kerja pabrik atau biaya cetakan injeksi)

• Variable Costs – terjadi dalam proporsi langsung dengan jumlah unit yang diproduksi (i.e. biaya bahan baku)

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2. Reduce the Cost of Components ①  Understand the Process Constraints and Cost Drivers

②  Redesign Components to Eliminate Processing Steps

③  Choose the Appropriate Economic Scale for the Part Process

④  Standardize Components and Processes

⑤  Adhere to “Black Box” Component Procurement

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Page 12: DESIGN FOR X - debrina.lecture.ub.ac.iddebrina.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2017/11/PerPro-13-Design-for-X.pdf · 23/05/17 Perancangan Produk ... Fixed Costs vs. Variable Costs ... area

①  Understand the Process Constraints and Cost Drivers

• Desain ulang bagian yang mahal dengan kinerja yang

sama untuk menghindari biaya produksi yang tinggi.

• Bekerjasama erat dengan insinyur desain - meningkatkan

kesadaran untuk operasi sulit dan biaya tinggi.

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Page 13: DESIGN FOR X - debrina.lecture.ub.ac.iddebrina.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2017/11/PerPro-13-Design-for-X.pdf · 23/05/17 Perancangan Produk ... Fixed Costs vs. Variable Costs ... area

②  Redesign Components to Eliminate Processing Steps

• Mengurangi jumlah langkah-langkah dari proses produksi •  Biasanya akan mengakibatkan pengurangan biaya

• Hilangkan langkah yang tidak perlu.

• Gunakan langkah-langkah substitusi, mana yang berlaku.

• Analisis Alat - Process Flow Chart dan Value Stream Mapping

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③  Choose the Appropriate Economic Scale for the Part Process

• Skala Ekonomis – sebagai peningkatan volume produksi, biaya produksi biasanya menurun.

• Biaya tetap dibagi antar unit. • Biaya variabel adalah lebih rendah karena perusahaan

dapat menggunakan proses dan peralatan yang lebih efisien.

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Page 15: DESIGN FOR X - debrina.lecture.ub.ac.iddebrina.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2017/11/PerPro-13-Design-for-X.pdf · 23/05/17 Perancangan Produk ... Fixed Costs vs. Variable Costs ... area

④  Standardize Components and Processes

• Skala Ekonomis - biaya satuan komponen menurun dengan meningkatnya volume produksi.

• Komponen standar – umumnya untuk lebih dari satu produk

• Alat analisis - group technology dan mass customization

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⑤  Adhere to “Black Box” Component Procurement

• Black box - hanya memberikan deskripsi tentang apa yang harus dilakukan komponen, bukan bagaimana mencapainya

• Sukses desain Black box membutuhkan definisi yang jelas dari fungsi, antarmuka, dan interaksi dari masing-masing komponen.

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3. Reduce the Costs of Assembly • Design for Assembly (DFA) index •  Integrated Parts (Advantages and Disadvantages) • Maximize Ease of Assembly • Consider Customer Assembly

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Design for Assembly Index

DFA index =(Theoretical minimum number of parts) x (3 seconds)

Estimated total assembly time

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Determining the Theoretical Minimum Number of Parts • Apakah bagian perlu bergerak (relatif) selama proses

perakitan? • Haruskah bagian terbuat dari bahan yang berbeda dari

sisa perakitan untuk alasan fisik mendasar? • Apakah bagian harus dipisahkan dari perakitan untuk

akses perakitan, penggantian, atau perbaikan?

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Advantages of Integrated Parts •  Tidak perlu dirakit • Sering lebih murah untuk yang sudah terintegrasi

daripada jumlah setiap bagian secara individu. • Memungkinkan fitur geometris kritis yang harus

dikendalikan oleh bagian proses fabrikasi vs. proses perakitan yang sama

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Page 21: DESIGN FOR X - debrina.lecture.ub.ac.iddebrina.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2017/11/PerPro-13-Design-for-X.pdf · 23/05/17 Perancangan Produk ... Fixed Costs vs. Variable Costs ... area

Disadvantages of Integrated Parts • Konflik dengan pendekatan yang lain untuk meminimalkan

biaya •  Tidak selalu menggunakan strategi bijak

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Page 22: DESIGN FOR X - debrina.lecture.ub.ac.iddebrina.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2017/11/PerPro-13-Design-for-X.pdf · 23/05/17 Perancangan Produk ... Fixed Costs vs. Variable Costs ... area

Maximize Ease of Assembly • Bagian yang dimasukkan dari atas perakitan • Bagian yang menyelaraskan diri • Bagian tidak perlu berorientasi • Bagian hanya membutuhkan satu tangan untuk perakitan • Bagian tidak memerlukan peralatan • Bagian dirakit dalam dengan gerakan linear tunggal • Bagian dilindungi segera setelah penyisipan

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Consider Customer Assembly • Pelanggan akan mentolerir beberapa perakitan • Desain produk sehingga pelanggan dapat dengan mudah

dan merakit dengan benar • Pelanggan akan cenderung mengabaikan petunjuk

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Page 24: DESIGN FOR X - debrina.lecture.ub.ac.iddebrina.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2017/11/PerPro-13-Design-for-X.pdf · 23/05/17 Perancangan Produk ... Fixed Costs vs. Variable Costs ... area

4. Reduce the Costs of Supporting Production • Minimalkan sistemik Kompleksitas (input, output, dan

proses transformasi) •  Gunakan keputusan desain yang cerdas

• Kesalahan Proofing (Poka Yoke) •  Mengantisipasi modus kegagalan yang mungkin •  Mengambil tindakan koreksi yang tepat pada tahap awal •  Gunakan kode warna untuk dengan mudah mengidentifikasi

bagian yang sama mencari, tetapi berbeda

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5. Consider the Impact of DFM Decisions on Other Factors • Development Time • Development Cost • Product Quality • External Factors

•  Component reuse •  Life cycle costs

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Design for Production • Design Organization •  Timing of Production • Material Identification • Specific Design Details (outputs)

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Production Input • At various design stages

•  Concept •  Production Input

•  Functional •  None

•  Transition •  Tactics

•  Work Instruction •  Production Preparation

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New Idea: Provide Production Inputs •  In proper level of detail at proper stage •  In proper form •  Just-in-time

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Problems with Old Approach • Work is carried out from beginning to end at each stage •  Too slow • Needs continuous recycling

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Design for Production General Principles • Use Common Sense • Plan and Define • Consider Available Facilities • Consider Available Tools • Consider Available Worker Skills • Employ Simplicity • Standardize

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Design for Production Guidelines • Minimize Total Number of Parts • Develop a Modular Design • Minimize Part Variations • Design Parts to be Multifunctional • Design Parts for Multiuse • Design Parts for Ease of Fabrication • Avoid Separate Fasteners

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Design for Production Guidelines (Cont.) • Minimize Assembly Direction (Top Down Direction

Preferred) • Maximize Compliance in Assembly • Minimize Handling in Assembly • Minimize complexity of Design • Maximize common Jigs and Fixtures • Optimize Work Position • Ease Access

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