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It is a mechanical/engineering design of a small hydro power scheme for an existing waterfall, in a rural community - Erin-Ijesha, Osun State Nigeria.
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DESIGN OF A 1MW SMALL HYDRO POWER SCHEME FOR SMALL SETTLEMENTS; ERIN IJESHA, OSUN
STATE
BYUNIVERSITY OF IBADAN,
IBADAN
AYENI Taiwo I.EKWUGHA Emmanuel C.
NAFIU Taiwo O.
April 11, 2023 1
OVERVIEW
April 11, 2023
2
Energy: Vital for sustaining life on earthBasic foundation which determines stability
of national economic development. Needed to improve quality of life.
Exponential increase in world energy demand. World population will hit 8billion by 2020. (Nigeria generates about 3,500MW)
Conventional energy resources are limited on earth. Exploitation and optimization without jeopardizing life supporting systems
DC
Available Energy Sources
April 11, 2023 3
Energy
Ecology
Sustainable`
Development Economy
An abstract model for sustainable material
development
Erin-Ijesha : A case study(According to the National Control Centre, Oshogbo)
April 11, 2023
4
• Located in Oriade LGA, Osun State, Nigeria
• Population is estimated at about 25,000 (Power consumption: about 1MW)
• Olumirin waterfalls was discovered in 1140AD
• The waterfall flows from the third level (of a seven-level mountain standing at about 1000 metres above sea level)
April 11, 20235
Details of Design of 1MW hydropower scheme
April 11, 2023
7
• Knowledge of Hydrostatic head
• Calculation of Average Discharge (Flow Rate) at Erin-Ijesha waterfall
• Selection of turbine from Turbine Application Chart
• Penstock specification
Bed statistics taken at Erin-Ijesha Waterfalls (flow already channeled)
Length (cm)Bed Width (cm) Bed Depth (cm)
20 64.0 39.540 39.0 36.060 36.0 23.080 46.0 19.0100 43.0 17.0120 47.0 10.0140 41.0 14.0160 38.0 25.0180 34.0 26.0200 34.0 16.0220 38.0 18.0240 38.0 15.0260 36.5 15.0280 46.0 14.0
April 11, 2023 8
Bed Profile Chart for 2nd Level of Erin-Ijesha Waterfall
April 11, 2023 9
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 2800
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Bed Width (cm)Bed Depth (cm)
Deduction of Cross-sectional area of bed (A), Velocity of flow (v) and Flow rate, Q
Bed width (average) = 41.46cmBed depth (average) = 20.54cmCross-Sectional Area of bed, A = 41.46cm x
20.54cmA = 851.59cm2
Length of bed = 410cmAverage time of flow, t = 2.86sAverage velocity of flow, v = 410cm/2.86s
v = 143.36cm/sUsing Continuity equation,Flow rate, Q = Area x velocity
Q = [851.59cm2 x 143.36cm/s] m3 /10
6 cm3
Q = 0.122m3/sHydrostatic head (2nd level) = 50mApril 11, 2023 10
Statistics for 3rd Level of rocks at Erin-Ijesha Waterfalls
Hydrostatic head (3rd level) = 80mBed width (average) = 175cmBed depth (average) = 41cmCross-Sectional Area of bed, A = 175cm x41cm
A = 7175cm2
Length of bed considered = 200cmAverage time of flow, t = 7.12sAverage velocity of flow, v = 200cm/7.12s
v = 28.09cm/sFlow rate, Q = [7175cm2 x 28.09cm/s] m3 /10 6
cm3
Flow rate (3rd level), Q = 0.202m3/sApril 11, 2023 11
Current technology in power generation: Hydroelectric Turbines
April 11, 2023
12
Low Head Medium Head High Head
Low Flow Rate
Pelton (Impulse)
High Flow Rate
Propeller & Kaplan
Francis
Other common models of turbines are; •Cross-flow•Turgo
FRANCIS
KAPLAN
CROSSFLOW
PELTONTURGO
April 11, 2023 13
April 11, 202314
TURBINE SELECTION CHART ( www.pumpfundamentals.com)
Selected Turbine: PELTON TURBINE, Penstock = Ø0.25m (<0.3m)
CORRESPONDIN
G POWER
OUTPUT (kW)
2ND LEVEL HEAD (50 metres)
3RD LEVEL HEAD (80 metres)
TOTAL POWER OUTPUT (kW)
2ND LEVEL
FLOW RATE
(0.122m3/s)
80
3RD LEVEL
FLOW RATE
(0.202m3/s)
176
TOTAL POWER
OUTPUT (kW)
256
April 11, 202315
Emerging Technologies
Hydrokinetic Turbines (www.wikidot.com )
Hydro Based Hybrid Power Systems (HBHPS) (R. K. Maskey)
April 11, 2023 16
Techno-Economic Analysis
April 11, 2023
17PHCN Micro
HydropowerHBHPS
Total Construction Cost/kW N/A $2000 (RETSCREEN
INT’L)
16000 Euro(NACHRICHTEN)
Exchange Rate (N) 151 per USD 186 per Euro
Project Life (Years) <50 >50 25
Cost/kWh (N) 4.00 0.69 13.59
Capital Utilization Reference 480% (High)
Payback Period (@ N4.00/kWh)
9 years 2nd Phase Derivable benefits include;• Improved need for tourist visits• Improved socio-economic cohesion within the
community• Public-Private Partnership• Creation of job opportunities• Improved quality of life
Basis for Future Prospects
April 11, 2023
18
• Green Energy Sources: Emphasis in global energy conferences (Rio-1992; Kyoto-1997)
• Perpetual nature and spatial distribution of sources i.e. hydro & solar
• Hydrokinetic turbines can be used to boost power generation in already existing dams e.g; kainji, shiroro.
• Financial involvement of private and international organizations (EAP, UN etc)
• Certainty of reduced cost of renewable energy sources as against an increase in fossil fuel cost
Challenges facing the Erin-Ijesha Hydro Power Scheme
April 11, 2023
19
• High initial startup costs: A common factor to all emerging energy technologies
• Integration with existing power grid• Bureaucratic obstacles • Accessibility of the site for construction• Slippery effect of water flow over rocks poses a
challenge in the safety of workers during construction.
• Harvesting of water from the 3rd level- use of dynamite or water collector.
April 11, 202320
THANK YOU