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steel structures design according to Indian standards
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DESIGN OF
STEEL STRUCTURES
Unit-I
INTRODUCTION
1 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
UNIT I INTRODUCTION Properties of steel Structural steel sections Limit State Design Concepts Loads on Structures Metal joining methods using rivets, welding, bolting Design of bolted, riveted and welded joints Eccentric connections - Efficiency of joints High Tension bolts
SYLLABUS Unit-I
2 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
BOOKS TEXT BOOKS 1. Dayaratnam, P., Design of Steel Structures, Second edition, S. Chand & Company, 2003. 2. Ramachandra, S. and Virendra Gehlot, Design of Steel Structures Vol. I & II, Standard Publication, New Delhi, 2007 REFERENCES 1. Teaching Resources for Structural Steel Design Vol. I & II, INSDAG, Kolkatta. 2. Gaylord, E.H., Gaylord, N.C., and Stallmeyer, J.E., Design of Steel Structures, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill Publications, 1992 3. Negi L.S.. Design of Steel Structures, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 2007. 4. IS 800-2007 Indian Standard General Construction in Steel code of practice (3rd Revision).
3 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
1. Introduction to steel 2. Properties of steel 3. Structural steel sections 4. Limit State Design Concepts 5. Loads on Structures 6. Metal joining methods using Rivets,
Welding, Bolting 7. Design of bolted, riveted and welded joints 8. Eccentric connections 9. Efficiency of joints 10.High Tension bolts
Topics
4 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
Introduction to steel (as a structural material)
5 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
STEEL - A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
Steel is the most commonly used structural metal in civil engineering due to its greater strength, good ductility and easy to fabricate.
Due to its high strength and relatively light weight (less dead weight) it can carry heavy loads.
Its due to the above reason steel has become an affordable material for making very long span structures.
e.g.Auditoriums, Stadiums, Halls, ..etc.
6
Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil Dept., SSNCE.
27/01/2014
STEEL - A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL Due to steels good stiffness, the
defection need not be given special consideration.
Unlike concrete, steel members can be fabricated easily by drilling, cutting, etc..
Steel members can be joined easily by welding, reviting and bolting.
Most importantly the construction can be done at a faster.
7 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
STEEL - A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL Steel is a cheaper metal compared to other
metals.
Steel structures can be errected without any form work.
Mojor portions of the structure can be fabricated with more accuracy and good quality at factories far away from site and the transported to site.
Using steel structures we can alter or extend the structure easily at a later stage (which is not easy in concrete structures)
8
Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil Dept., SSNCE.
27/01/2014
STEEL STRUCTURES -LINK
South beijing railway station
TCS HQ SIRUSERI
HOWRAH BRIDGE
http://www.howrahbridgekolkata.gov.in/
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9 27/01/2014
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26,500 tons of steel
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PROMINENT STEEL STRUCTURES
13 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
EIFFEL TOWER ,PARIS Erected in 1889 as the entrance arch to
the 1889 World's Fair.
It was named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower.
The tower is 324 metres (1,063 ft) tall, about the same height as an 81-storey building.
7,300 tonnes of metallic framework, and a total weight of 10,100 tonnes.
18,000 metallic parts joined by 2,500,000 rivets.
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GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE, @ SAN FRANCISCO
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15
Total length of Bridge including approaches from abutment to
abutment: 1.7 miles = 8,981 ft = 2,737 m
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GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE
The maximum transverse deflection, at center span: 27.7 ft = 8.4 m
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WORLD TRADE CENTRE
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WORLD TRADE CENTRE 200,000 tons of steel used in the construction
of the World Trade Center complex
110 stories in each tower.
The World Trade Center towers used high-strength, load-bearing perimeter steel columns called Vierendeel trusses that were spaced closely together to form a strong, rigid wall structure, supporting virtually all lateral loads such as wind loads, and sharing the gravity load with the core columns.
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Dept., SSNCE. 18 27/01/2014
The core of each tower was a rectangular area 87 by 135 feet (27 by 41 m) and contained 47 steel columns running from the bedrock to the top of the tower.
The floors consisted of 4 inches (10 cm) thick lightweight concrete slabs laid on a fluted steel deck.
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19
WORLD TRADE CENTRE
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LONDON GAINT WHEEL
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LONDON GAINT WHEEL
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LONDON GAINT WHEEL
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Industrial structural members
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chute
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CHUTES for Conveying the Materials
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chute
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CHUTE DESIGN
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Chicagos WillisTower, or the SearsTower as it used to be called, just might be the worlds most famous steel building. It was the worlds tallest building when it was constructed in the 1970s.
28 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
OTHER COMMONLY USED STEEL STRUCTURES
INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES
- Roofing Structures,Lifting and hoisting Structures,chimneys,ducts,chuts
OFFSHORE STRUCTURES
POWER TRANSMISSION STRUCTURES
COMMUNICATION TOWERS
RECREATION STRUCTURES (Theme parks)
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INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES
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INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES
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DIFFERENT OFFSHORE STEEL STRUCTURES
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Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil Dept., SSNCE.
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Design Through SACS
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OFF SHORE PLATFORM
Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil Dept., SSNCE.
38
SACS SOFTWARE USED FOR DESIGN OF
OFFSHORE PLATFORMS
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Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil Dept., SSNCE.
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DESIGN USING SACS SOFTWARE
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Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil Dept., SSNCE.
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SACS
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OFFSHORE WIND MILLS STRUCTURES
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PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
The major constituent of structural steel is Iron.
There are three commnly available commercial forms of steel namely Low Carbon Steel, Mild Steel (M.S.), High carbon steel which are based on the amount of carbon content in it.(as in table)
Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil Dept., SSNCE.
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CARBON CONTENT IN IRON AND STEEL
First the cast iron with 2% to 4 % cabon was found and used.
Then wrought iron was found in which the carbon content was less than 0.15%.
Later steel was found in which the carbon content upto 1.5%
Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil Dept., SSNCE.
44 27/01/2014
CARBON CONTENT IN STEEL Low carbon steel (carbon content 0% to 0.25%)
Medium carbon steel (carbon content 0.25% to0.75%)
Hight carbon steel (carbon content 0.75% to 1.5%)
Increasing the the carbon content increases the hardness and tensile strength,but reduces the ductility and toughness.
Hence a low carbon steel is prefered than high carbon steel for structural applications.
Morover, carbon content influences the weldability.
Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil Dept., SSNCE.
46 27/01/2014
STRUCTURAL STEEL
STRUCTURAL STEEL have carbon content less than
0.25%.
The minimum ultimate tensile strength varies between 410 MPa to 440MPa.
All the structural steel used in general construction, coming under the purview of this standard shall conform to IS 2062 (before fabrication )
Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil Dept., SSNCE.
47 27/01/2014
STRUCTURAL STEEL
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STRUCTURAL STEEL
HIGH CARBON STEEL whose ultimate strength ranges from 480 MPa to 550 Mpa are preferred for structures such as transmission line towers and microwave towers.
Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil Dept., SSNCE.
49 27/01/2014
Various types of steel are obtained by altering the carbon content by blowing oxygen through molten iron.
The steel so made is rolled to bring it to the required shape.
The rolled steel is reheated and passed between rollers to change its shape like plates,bars,steel sections,etc
Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil Dept., SSNCE.
50
PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
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STEEL FOR MAKING VARIOUS SECTIONS
52 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
I. Physical Properties
II. Chemical Properties
III. Mechanical Properties
53 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
54 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
55 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
56 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
FIRE PROTECTION
57 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
58 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE.
FIRE PROTECTION
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59 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE.
FIRE PROTECTION
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FATIGUE EFFECT
60 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
BRITTLE FRACTURE
61 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
CORROSION PROTECTION
62 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
63 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
RAW STEEL BARS
Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil Dept., SSNCE.
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ROLLING OF STEEL TO REQUIRED SECTION
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Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil Dept., SSNCE.
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ROLLING OF STEEL TO REQUIRED SECTION
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Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil Dept., SSNCE.
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ROLLING OF STEEL TO REQUIRED SECTION
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ANGLE ROLLING - CURVED PROFILE SECTIONS (a recent development)
Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil Dept., SSNCE.
68 27/01/2014
SHAPES OF STEEL SECTIONS
69 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTIONS
70 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
About Steel I -Sections
I-Sections are used as beams and columns.
The shape of I section is suited to resist
Bending Moment and Shear Force.
About 80% of bending is resisted by the flanges and the remaining by the web.
Nearly 95% of shear is resisted by the web and the remaining by the flanges.
Some times the flanges are attached with extra plates to resist more B.M.
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Dept., SSNCE. 71 27/01/2014
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Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
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ABOUT I-SECTION
74 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
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Details of standard sections given in SP-6/STEEL TABLES
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(II) CHANNEL SECTION
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(II) CHANNELS
78 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil Dept., SSNCE.
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(III)ANGLES
80
EQUAL ANGLE UNEQUAL ANGLE
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Dept., SSNCE.
Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil Dept., SSNCE.
81
T-section
NORMAL T-SECTION
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T-section
82 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
(V) PLATES
Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil Dept., SSNCE.
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ROLLING FOR TUBULAR SECTION
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(V)PLATES
85 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
86 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
Castellate beams
87 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
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Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
(vii)Compound section
89 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
AS PER SP-6
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91 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
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Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
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Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil Dept., SSNCE.
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Sectional properties to be known before Designing
95 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
Sectional properties
96 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
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Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
102 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
TERMINOLOGY
105 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil Dept., SSNCE.
106
TERMINOLOGY
Refer IS 800 for many terms used in steel structural design.
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STAGES IN DESIGN
107 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE.
Initially in the first stage the architect plans and prepares the layout to suit the clients needs and then the structural engineer designs the structure based on the loads. In the second stage, the structural arrangment is then analysed.
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STAGES IN DESIGNING STEEL STRUCTURE
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109 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
DESIGN METHODS
110 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
DESIGN METHODS
111 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
112 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
CHARACTERISTIC LOADS
113 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR
114 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
IS 800, TABLE 4, PAGE-29
115 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH
116 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
Design Strength as in IS 800
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DESIGN STRENGTH
118 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
119 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
FACTORS AFFECTING ULTIMATE STRENGTH
120 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILITY
121 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
DEFLECTION LIMITS
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Dept., SSNCE.
DEFLECTION LIMITS
123 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
OTHER LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILITY
124 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
125 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
DEAD LOAD
126 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
LIVE LOAD
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Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
128 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
WEIGHTS OF BUILDING MATERIAL
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Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
LIVE LOAD ON FLOOR
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Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
LIVE LOAD ON ROOFS
132 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
LIVE LOAD
133 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
IS 875 PART-1 TO 5 CODE FOR DESIGN LOADS
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LIVE LOAD IMPACT AND VIBRATION
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Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
Given in IS 875
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Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
LIVE LOAD
137 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE.
Given in IS 875
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138 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE.
Given in IS 875
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139 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE.
Given in IS 875
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140 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE.
Given in IS 875
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141 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE.
Given in IS 875
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GANTRY GIRDER
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GANTRY GIRDER
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GANTRY GIRDER
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IMPACT ALLOWANCE FOR CRANE GIRDER
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Dept., SSNCE.
Gantry Girders are subjected to the following loads
1)Vibration 2)Shock From Slipping Or Slings 3)Kinetic Action Of Accleration And Retardation 4)Impact Of Wheel Loads
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Dept., SSNCE.
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CRANE LOAD
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Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
CRANE LOAD COMBINATION
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Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
LOADS ON GANTRY GIRDER
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LATERAL SURGE
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Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
TRACTIVE FORCE IN GANTRY GIRDER
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TRACTIVE FORCE
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Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
TRACTIVE FORCE
154 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
IMPACT ALLOWANCE FOR LIFTING,HOISTING AND MACHINERY
155 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
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Dept., SSNCE.
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Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
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Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
EFFECT OF WIND LOAD
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STRESSES DUE TO WIND LOAD
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STESSES DUE TO WIND LOAD IN COOLING TOWERS (CONCRETE STRUCTURE)
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WIND LOAD ON TOWERS
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WIND LOAD
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Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014
IS 875 FOR WIND LOAD
Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil Dept., SSNCE.
164 27/01/2014
SOFWARES FOR STEEL DESIGN
Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil Dept., SSNCE.
165 27/01/2014
End of introduction
166 Compiled by Dr.Y.K.Sabapathy,Prof.,Civil
Dept., SSNCE. 27/01/2014