Design'Considera-ons' for'Durable'Wood' Structures' · Butler%Brothers%Building% Architect: ... Ratio Overhang Width Wall ... Lumber,%timber,%plywood,%piles%and%poles%supporting%permanent%

Design'Considera-ons'for'Durable'Wood'Structures'

“The%Wood%Products%Council”%is%a%Registered%Provider%with%The%American%Ins<tute%of%Architects%Con<nuing%Educa<on%Systems%(AIA/CES),%Provider%#G516.%%!Credit(s)%earned%on%comple<on%of%this%course%will%be%reported%to%AIA%CES%for%AIA%members.%Cer<ficates%of%Comple<on%for%both%AIA%members%and%nonNAIA%members%are%available%upon%request.%%%

This%course%is%registered%with%AIA%CES%for%con<nuing%professional%educa<on.%As%such,%it%does%not%include%content%that%may%be%deemed%or%construed%to%be%an%approval%or%endorsement%by%the%AIA%of%any%material%of%construc<on%or%any%method%or%manner%of%handling,%using,%distribu<ng,%or%dealing%in%any%material%or%product.%__________________________________

Ques<ons%related%to%specific%materials,%methods,%and%services%will%be%addressed%at%the%conclusion%of%this%presenta<on.%%

%

Course'Descrip-on'

With%proper%design,%detailing%and%specifica<on,%wood%structures%can%provide%long%and%useful%service%lives%while%also%offering%a%reduced%environmental%footprint.%The%key%is%careful%planning%and%understanding%of%environmental%loads%and%other%external%factors%likely%to%impact%a%building%over%its%life<me.%This%presenta<on%provides%an%overview%of%considera<ons%related%to%durable%wood%design,%including%moisture%management%techniques,%preserva<ve%treatment%specifica<on,%and%details%for%controlling%termites.%

Learning'Objec-ves'

1.  Determine%methods%for%controlling%moisture%infiltra<on%into%the%exterior%wall%assemblies.%

2.  Review%good%building%envelope%detailing%prac<ces%including%guidance%on%the%use%of%water,%air%and%vapor%barriers.%%

3.  Discuss%specifica<on%of%preserva<ve%treated%and%naturally%decay%resistant%wood%material.%

4.  Introduce%termite%preven<on%strategies.%

Outline'

•  Building%Examples%•  Poten<al%Building%Hazards%•  Understanding%Wood%•  Moisture%Control%•  Durable%Materials%•  Controlling%Termites%•  Service%Life%%

Outline'

•  Building%Examples%•  Poten<al%Building%Hazards%•  Understanding%Wood%•  Moisture%Control%•  Durable%Materials%•  Controlling%Termites%•  Long%Service%Life%

Borgund%Stave%Church%Borgund,%Norway%Built%between%1180%N%1250%

TōdaiNji,%Buddhist%Temple%Nara,%Japan%Built%752%and%Rebuilt%1709%

Butler%Brothers%Building%Architect:%Harry%W.%Jones%%%%Built%1906%and%Renovated%1974%

The Cathedral of Christ The Light, Oakland, CA, USA Design Team: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, Craig W. Harman, Webcor Builders Photo Credit: Timothy Hursley, Cesar Rubio, and John Blaustein,

Arena Stage, Washington, DC Architect: Bing Tom Photo Credit: Nic Lehoux

Outline'


Poten-al'Hazards'

MOLD%%•  Fungi%%•  Does%not%significantly%effect%structural%

proper<es%of%wood%•  Some%associated%with%occupant%health%

concerns%%%%

MOLD%effects%all%materials!%%%

%

Poten-al'Hazards'

DECAY%%•  Fungi%%•  Can%degrade%structural%capacity%•  Do%not%cause%health%concern%

%% RUST%and%ERROSION%are%poten<al%hazards%too.%%

%%

%

Poten-al'Hazards'

INSECTS%%•  Wood%boring%beetles%•  Carpenter%ants%•  Termites%

•  DampNwood%termites%–%rarely%a%problem%for%buildings%

•  DryNwood%termites%–%only%in%extreme%southern%US%and%Mexico%

•  Subterranean%termites%–%very%controllable%risk%!  Formosan%termites–%more%

aggressive,%exist%in%southeastern%US%%

%%Know%your%risk%based%on%geography%and%design%for%it.%%

Formosan Termite

Carpenter Ants

Wood Boring Beetles

Not'Hazards'

Staining%Fungi% Weathering%

Potential)Hazards)

Mold%

%High%Moisture%

%Oxygen%

%Food%Source%%

%68886%F%Temps%

Decay%

Insects%

%

Decay%

Insects%)All)Organic)Life)Requires:)))

1.   Oxygen)2.   Food)Source)

3.   Moderate)Temperature)4.   Moisture)

Mold%

Outline'


Understanding)Wood:)Hygroscopic)

Free%Water%VS%Bound%Water%%Fiber%Saturation%Point:%Point%at%which%cell%walls%are%completely%saturated,%cell%cavities%are%empty%(i.e.%no%free%water%but%still%has%all%its%bound%water)%

Understanding)Wood:)Hygroscopic)

Picture Source: Panshin, A.J. and de Zeeuw, C., (1980) Textbook of Wood Technology, Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill, inc.

Moisture%Content%%•  Fiber%Saturation%=%28%%MC%•  Code%required%to%be%<%19%%

MC%at%building%close%%•  Wood%still%has%ability%to%

absorb%water%between%19828%%

%

%%

Understanding)Wood:)Orthotropic)

Wood%is%orthotropic,%meaning%it%behaves%differently%in%its%three%orthogonal%directions:%Longitudinal%(L),%Radial%(R),%and%Tangential%(T)%This%is%a%direct%result%of%the%arrangement%of%wood%cells%

Outline'

•  Building%Examples%•  Poten<al%Building%Hazards%•  Understanding%Wood%•  Moisture%Control%

•  Bulk%Water%Intrusion%•  Air%flow%Current%•  Vapor%Diffusion%%

•  Durable%Materials%•  Controlling%Termites%•  Long%Service%Life%

Moisture)Control)

Wetting%Bulk)water)intrusion%

Air)current)induced)moisture)vapor)movement)%

Vapor)migration)by)diffusion)

Drying%

Evaporation)or)diffusion)

Directionally)effected)by)humidity,)temperature)

and)pressurization)

Moisture'Control'

Weong%Bulk'water'intrusion%

Air'current'induced'moisture'vapor'movement'%

Vapor'migra-on'by'diffusion'

Drying%

Evapora-on'or'diffusion'

Direc-onally'effected'by'humidity,'temperature'and'pressuriza-on'

Durability'By'Design'

Source: Moisture and Wood Framed Buildings by CWC

Deflec-on'


Deflec-on'


Deflec-on'

Overhang Ratio

Overhang Width

Wall Height


Deflec-on'

Barrier'Wall'System'


Example:%Commonly%masonry%(veneer)%facades%are%face%sealed%and%may%not%have%a%path%for%drainage%behind.%

Concealed'Barrier'Wall'System'


Example:%All%joints%and%seams%in%sheathing%sealed%with%compa<ble%and%durable%tape%and%façade%directly%aqached.%

Rainscreen'Wall'System'


Example:%In%addi<on%to%furring%strips,%dimpled%mats,%crinkled%housewrap%or%textured%mesh%can%also%provide%a%drainage%plain%an%capillary%break.%

Vented'Rainscreen'Wall'System'


Example:%Furring%strips%fastened%to%framing%through%insula<ng%sheathing%with%openings%at%top%and%boqom%provided%with%screen%to%prevent%insect%entry.%

• Address%bulk%water%that%gets%past%cladding%• Applied%at%exterior%• Ex:%building%papers/wraps%(NOT%all)%• Limits%liquid%water%passing%through%

Weather%Barrier%

• Stops%movement%of%air%under%pressure%• Applied%at%interior%or%exterior%• Ex:%Board%stock,%tapes%

Air%Barrier%

• Slow%movement%of%water%vapor%by%diffusion%•  Installed%on%warm%side%of%insula<on%• May%not%be%required%or%desired%• Low%level%of%permeability%

Vapor%Barrier/Retarder%

Durability'by'Design'M'Guide'to'Barriers'

Weather'Barriers'

Perforated'House'wraps'

Unperforated'House'wraps'

Building'Felt/'Paper'

Water%Resistant% Less%than%unperforated%

Yes% Yes,%varies%greatly%

Vapor%Permeable% Yes% Yes% Yes%

Air%Resistant% Yes% Yes% Only%if%penetra<ons%are%all%sealed%

Moisture%Absorp<ve% No% No% Yes,%varies%greatly%

Tear%Resistant% Yes% Yes% Varies%greatly%

UV%Resistant% Varies%greatly% Varies%greatly% No%

Moisture%Tolerant% Yes% Yes% No%%

Durability'By'Design'–'Reservoir'Cladding'

Reservoir%cladding%systems%need%an%airspace%to%dry%and%eliminate%capillary%ac<on.%%%

Durability'by'Design'M'Stucco'

Moisture%load%at%window%header,%sills%and%corners%%Need%to%minimize%ability%to%store%water%%%

Durability)by)Design)T)Stucco)

Ensure%clean%sand%is%used%in%Stucco%mix.%

%%

Specify%building%wrap%with%built%in%drainage%or%two%layers%of%building%

wrap.%%%

Durability)by)Design)–)Brick)Veneer)

Provide%minimum%1”%airspace%behind%brick%veneer.%%%

Durability)by)Design)–)Brick)Veneer)

Provide%a%path%for%drainage%get%out%from%behind%the%wall.%%%

Durability'by'Design'–'EIFS'

Specify%a%system%that%has%an%airspace.%Foam%should%not%be%in%direct%contact%with%building.%

%%

Durability)by)Design)–)Detailing)

Provide%good%window%flashing%details.%%

DO%NOT%X8cut%Building%Paper%at%Window.%%%

Durability)By)Design)–)Detailing)

Durability'By'Design'–'Detailing'

http://www.apawood.org/buildabetterhome-walls

1”%of%RAIN% 2000%sq%ft%of%ROOF%

1250%gallons%of%WATER%


Avoid%Horizontal%Valley’s.%%%

Flash%at%roof%and%wall%intersections.%%%


•  Indirect%weather%exposure%•  Direct%weather%exposure%•  High%hazard%exposure%

Durable'Materials'

Moisture'Control'

Weong%Bulk'water'intrusion%

Air'current'induced'moisture'vapor'movement'%

Vapor'migra-on'by'diffusion'

Drying%

Evapora-on'or'diffusion'

Direc-onally'effected'by'humidity,'temperature'and'pressuriza-on'

Change in relative humidity (rh) of air at 70F cooled to 35F (with no moisture added or removed)

Moisture)Control))T)Condensation)

INSIDE' OUTSIDE'

70%Degrees%F%30%%Rela<ve%Humidity%

Dew%Point%Loca<on%

Dew%Point%

0%Degrees%F%

Moisture'Control'M'Condensa-on'

Moisture'Control'–'Air'Current'

Source: Building Science Corporation

Moisture'Control'–'Insula-on'

Steel%may%be%hard%to%insulate:% Wood%insula<on%example:%

Moisture'Control'–'Air'Sealing'

Exterior'Air'Barrier'

Interior'Air'Barrier'

Ease%of%installa<on%

No%intersec<ng%walls%and%fewer%penetra<ons%

More%intersec<ng%walls%and%penetra<ons%to%detail%around%

Addresses%WindNwashing%

Prevents%windNwashing%of%the%cavity%insula<on%

Using%semiNrigid%insula<on%can%prevent%the%need%to%address%windNwashing%

Controlling%moisture%loads%

Control%entry%of%exterior%hot%humid%air%into%insulated%cavi<es%in%hot%humid%climates.%

Control%entry%of%interior%moisture%laden%air%into%insulated%cavity%during%hea<ng%

Moisture)Control)

Wetting%Bulk)water)intrusion%

Air)current)induced)moisture)vapor)movement)%

Vapor)migration)by)diffusion)

Drying%

Evaporation)or)diffusion)

Directionally)effected)by)humidity,)temperature)

and)pressurization)

Moisture'Control'M'Vapor'Diffusion'

Vapor%Diffusion%•  Moisture%transfer%through%

a%material%moving%from%weqer%to%dryer%

•  Vapor%Pressure%is%the%weight%of%the%water%in%the%air.%

•  Higher%humidity%air%weighs%more%crea<ng%a%pressure%that%move%water%from%

weqer%to%dryer%%

Moisture'Control'–'Vapor'Retarders'


Vapor%Retarders:%•  Class%I%N%0.1%perm%or%less%•  Class%II%–%less%than%(or%equal%to)%1.0%perm%and%greater%than%0.1%perm%

•  Class%III%–%less%than%(or%equal%to)%10%perm%and%greater%than%1.0%perm%

“Vapor%Barrier”%=%Class%I%

Source: IECC Climate Zone Map



• Do%not%require%any%class%of%Vapor%retarder%on%the%interior%surface%of%insula<on%in%insulated%wall%and%floor%assemblies%

Zone%%1N3%

• Do%not%require%any%class%of%Vapor%retarder%on%the%interior%surface%of%insula<on%in%insulated%wall%and%floor%assemblies%

Zone%4%(except%Marine)%

• Class%II%or%III%(or%lower)%may%be%required%depending%on%permeance%of%sheathing%and%cladding.%Higher%class%can%be%applied%if%dew%point%is%controlled%(requires%modeling).%

Zone%4%(marine),%5N7%

Moisture'Control'–'Climate'Zones'

Source: Build America US Department of Energy (http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/building_america/4_3a_ba_innov_buildingscienceclimatemaps_011713.pdf)

Moisture'Control'–'Good'Example''

Applicable%to%•  MixedNhumid%•  HotNhumid%•  MixedNdry%•  HotNdry%•  Marine%•  Some%colder%regions%(5/6)%

%NOT%applicable%to:%•  Very%cold%

•  Subarc<c/arc<c%%%Source: Building Science Corporation


Applicable%to%•  MixedNhumid%•  HotNhumid%•  MixedNdry%•  HotNdry%

%NOT%applicable%to:%•  Marine%•  Cold%•  Very%cold%

•  Subarc<c/arc<c%%%Source: Building Science Corporation


Applicable%to:%•  Cold%•  Very%cold%

%NOT%Applicable%to%•  Marine%•  MixedNhumid%•  HotNhumid%•  MixedNdry%•  HotNdry%•  Subarc<c/arc<c%

%%%



Applicable%to:%•  Marine%•  Cold%•  Very%cold%

%NOT%Applicable%to%•  MixedNhumid%•  HotNhumid%•  MixedNdry%•  HotNdry%•  Subarc<c/arc<c%

%%%


Outline'

•  Building%Examples%•  Poten<al%Building%Hazards%•  Understanding%Wood%•  Moisture%Control%•  Durable%Materials%

•  Preserva<ve%Treatment%•  Naturally%Decay%Resistant%

•  Controlling%Termites%•  Long%Service%Life%

Preserva-ve'VS'Pressure'Treated''

2303.1.8)PreservativeTtreated)wood.%

Lumber,%timber,%plywood,%piles%and%poles%supporting%permanent%structures%required%by%Section%2304.11%to%be%preservative%treated%shall%conform%to%the%requirements%of%the%applicable%AWPA$Standard$U1$and%M4%for%the%species,%product,%preservative%and%end%use.%Preservatives%shall%be%listed%in%Section%4%of%AWPA%U1.%Lumber%and%plywood%used%in%wood%foundation%systems%shall%conform%to%Chapter%18.%

%

However%code%compliant%preservative%treated%products%can%also%follow:%

•  ) 104.11)Alternate)materials)and)methods)

•  % ICC%reports%can%also%be%provided%for%proprietary%treatments%and%products%under%this%provision%

As defined by the IBC in Chapter 23

Preservative)Treated))

Sou

rce:

Gui

de to

Pre

ssur

e Tr

eate

d W

ood,

WW

PI

Preserva-ve'Treated'M'Specifica-on'

Preserva-ve'Treated'M'Specifica-on'

ICC%reports%can%also%have%a%lot%of%informa<on%that%can%be%useful%in%specifica<on%for%both%proprietary%and%non%proprietary%treatments.%

•  Condi<ons%of%use%•  Fastener%recommenda<ons%•  Structural%capacity%

http://www.icc-es.org/Reports/index.cfm

Waterborne%Copper%Based:%•  ACQ%–%Alkaline%Copper%Quat%•  ACZA%(Chemonite)%–%Ammoniacal%

Copper%Zinc%Arsenate%•  CA%–%Copper%Azole%•  CCA%–%Chromated%Copper%Arsenate%•  PTI%and%EL2%–%CarbonNbased%

preserva<ves%•  MCA%–Micronized%Copper%Azole%Borate%Based:%•  SBX%–%Inorganic%Boron%

Oil%based%•  Pentachlorophenol%•  Copper%Naphthenate%

Creosote%%

%%

Preserva-ve'Treated'–'Treatment'Types'

Preserva-ve'Treated'M'Incising'

PressureNtreated%DouglasNfir%%%%%%%%%%

PressureNtreated%Southern%Pine%%%%%%%%%

Photo from University of Tennessee Forest Products Extension

Preserva-ve'Treated'–Spec'Examples''

1.  Sill&plates&shall&be&treated&in&accordance&with&AWPA&Standard&U1&to&the&requirements&of&Use&Category&2&(UC2).&&

2.  Sill&plates&shall&be&treated&with&waterborne&preservaCves&in&accordance&with&AWPA&Standard&U1&to&the&requirements&of&Use&Category&2&(UC2).&

3.  Sill&plates&shall&be&treated&with&waterborne&preservaCves&in&accordance&with&AWPA&Standard&U1,&Commodity&SpecificaCon&A,&to&the&requirements&of&Use&Category&2&(UC2).&&

4.  Sill&plates&shall&be&southern&pine&lumber,&treated&with&waterborne&preservaCves&in&accordance&with&AWPA&Standard&U1,&Commodity&SpecificaCon&A,&to&the&requirements&of&Use&Category&2&(UC2).&&

5.  Sill&plates&shall&be&southern&pine&lumber,&treated&with&inorganic&boron&(SBX)&in&accordance&with&AWPA&Standard&U1,&Commodity&SpecificaCon&A,&to&the&requirements&of&Use&Category&2&(UC2).&&

Proprietary%Treatments%specifica<on%guidelines%are%usually%very%clearly%provided%by%the%treated%product%supplier%on%their%website.%

Preserva-ve'Treated'M'Fasteners'

IBC%2304.9.5.1%•  HotNdipped%galvanized%steel%

!  above%grade%•  Stainless%steel%

!  below%grade,%%!  saltNwater%exposure,%%!  severe%condi<ons%

•  Silicon%bronze%!  Special%use%

•  Copper%%!  Special%use%

%%

Preserva-ve'Treated'–'LCA'Comparison'

Source: Conclusions and Summary Report on an Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Borate –Treated Lumber Structural Framing with Comparisons to Galvanized Steel Framing, Treated Wood Council 2012

Copper'Napthenate'At%least%2%%copper%solu<on%

Available%field%treatment%products%

•  CopperNGreen%%•  CopperNGreen%Brown%%•  Wood%life%Copper%Coat%

•  Copper%Care%CuNNap%Concentrate%%

•  Armor%All%End%Cut%Wood%Preserva<ve%

Preservative)Treated)–)Field)Treatment)

Preservative)Treated)–)Wood)Products)

•  Solid)Sawn)

•  Plywood)

•  Glulam)

•  Parallel)Strand)Lumber)

)

Naturally)Decay)Resistant)Species)

Source: US Forest Products Lab Wood Handbook Chapter 14 Biodeterioration, Clausen 2010

Cell)Structure:)Heartwood)&)Sapwood)

Sapwood:%Outer,%lighter%colored%band%which%conducts%moisture%and%sap,%stores%biochemicals%and%carbon,%and%is%the%metabolically%active%zone%(living%sapwood%cells%are%agents%of%heartwood%formation)%%%%%%%%

Cell)Structure:)Heartwood)&)Sapwood)

Heartwood:%darker%colored%core,%long%term%storage%of%extractives%which%are%biochemicals%that%provide%natural%durability%to%wood.%They%are%formed%at%the%heartwood8sapwood%interface%and%infiltrate%cells%

throughout%the%heartwood%region%

Outline'


Controlling'Termites'

Controlling)Termites:)Subterranean)

2006 Map Subterranean Termite Hazard Severity%

Subterranean Termites—Their Prevention and Control in Buildings, US Forest Service 2006

Controlling)Termites:)Formosan)Territory))

Source: www.termite.com

Durability'Detailing'

The%6S%Approach%to%Subterranean%Termite%Control%

Suppression% Site%Management%

Soil%and%Physical%Barriers%

Slab%and%Founda<on%Details%

Structural%Protec<on%

Surveillance%and%

Remedia<on%

Controlling'Termites:'Site'Management'

Remove%from%site%•  tree%stumps%•  all%wood/cellulose%containing%debris%•  Formwork%(don’t%leave%embedded%in%founda<on)%

Soil%Work%•  Do%not%use%excava<on%spoil%under%wood%frame%elements%•  Drain%water%away%from%building%(slope%5%%for%10’)%•  Keep%nonNtreated%wood%away%from%soil%(6”N8”code%minimums)%

Physical%Barriers%•  4”%thick%sand%or%crushed%stone%(1/16N1/10”%Dia)%beneath%slab%and/or%along%inside%and%outside%of%founda<on%wall%

•  Install%sheet%metal%between%top%of%founda<on%and%sill%plate%• Wrap%perimeter%founda<on%in%mesh%to%protect%at/below%grade%penetra<ons%(1/32”%grid%spacing)%

• Marine%grade%stainless%steel%mesh%has%20yr%service%life%•  Openings%in%slab/stem%wall%sealed%with%nonNshrink%grout%

Slabs%and%Founda<ons%•  Slabs%control%joints%and%cracks%don%not%exceed%1/25”%•  Stem%walls%exposed%for%8”%above%grade%to%allow%inspec<on%•  Keep%crawl%space%access%in%floor%instead%of%founda<on%walls%

Controlling'Termites:'Barrier/Founda-ons'

Controlling'Termites:'Details'

Foundation

Floor Joist

Brick Veneer

8”

Ground clearance: Brick Veneer

Plate/sill

Approx. 1”


Foundation

Floor Joist

Wood Veneer

6” 8”

Ground clearance: Wood veneer

Plate/sill


Approx 1-1/2”



Foundation

Floor Joist

Wood Veneer

2” 6”

Concrete clearance: Wood veneer

Porch, walk, etc

Plate/sill




Source: American Wood Council WCD 6

Floor joist

Ground clearance: Crawl space

Girder

8”

Wood Post

Moisture barrier


Ground clearance: Wood column

Wood Post

Impervious Moisture Barrier

1”

6”

Moisture barrier


Ground clearance: Wood column

Wood Post

6” Moisture barrier


Controlling)Termites:)Details)


Controlling)Termites)T)Details)


Controlling)Termites)T)Details)


Controlling)Termites)–)Structural))

Preservative%Treated%Wood%•  CCA%for%interior%damp,%exterior%above%ground%and%exterior%ground%contact%applications%

•  Borate%treatments%for%interior%dry%and%interior%damp%applications%

Termite%Resistant%species%•  Yellow%Cedar%•  Cypress%•  Redwood%• Western/Eastern%Red%Cedar%

Outline'


12

47

18 19

7

0-25 26-50 51-75 76-100 100+

Service'Life'and'Durability'N

umbe

r of

Bui

ldin

gs

Age Class – Years Source: Demolition Study – Forintek Canada Corporation, Vancouver, B.C., Canada 2004

Service'Life'and'Durability'

0%

20%

40%

60%

0-25 26-50 51-75 76-100 100+

Concrete%

Steel%

Wood%

Per

cent

of B

uild

ings

Age Class – Years Source: Demolition Study – Forintek Canada Corporation, Vancouver, B.C., Canada

Source: Demolition Study – Forintek Canada Corporation, Vancouver, B.C., Canada 2004

Service'Life'and'Durability'P

erce

nt o

f Bui

ldin

gs

Age Class – Years Source: Demolition Study – Forintek Canada Corporation, Vancouver, B.C., Canada 2004

Demolition%study%(service%life%of%buildings)%•  Findings%suggest%no%significant%relationship%between%the%structural%

system%and%the%actual%useful%life%of%the%building.%%Reasons%for%demolition:%

1.  Changing%land%value%2.  Building%does%not%meet%current%needs%3.  Lack%of%maintenance%of%non8structural%components%

%Lessons:%

•  Determine%realistic%service%life%!  Resources:%ISO%15686,%CSA%478895%

•  Find%balance%between%building’s%intended%use%and%adaptability%!  Buildings%designed%for%all%purposes%don’t%lend%themselves%to%efficient/sustainable%design%

%http://www.woodworks.org/wp8content/uploads/2012/02/fpi8survey8actual8service8lives.pdf%%%

Service)Life)and)Durability)

Fulton County Stadium, Atlanta, Georgia,

1965-1997

Service)Life)and)Durability)

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