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Dr. Indrika Rajapaksha [Dr.Eng.(Nagoya)]
Chartered Architect/ Senior Lecturer
Faculty of Architecture, University of Moratuwa
Design strategies for Energy efficiency
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Source: Climate change 2007:Synthesis report adapted from, IPCC 4thAssessment report (AR4)
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Temperature stabilisation
Few centuries
Sea-level riseCenturies to several millennia
CO2stabilisation100-300 years
CO2emission
2020
2040
M
agnitudeofResponse
Long-term trends and planetary risks
Accumulating impacts of climate change over the long term
Source:Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report, adapted from IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4)
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NO3-3%CFC-10%
Methane9%
CO-7%
CO272%,Burning of fossilfuels
Buildings consumes over 50% of generated energyProduces over 50% of green house gasesDemands for extensive amount of energyEmits more green house gasesContributes to global warming
Ref. Roaf S, Fuentes M, Thomas S, 2001 Ecohouse: A design guide, Architectural press, UK
Source: Environmental design: An introduction for Architects and Engineers, Thomas R., Fordham M., E&FN Spon UK
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Operation 84%
Manufacturing 13%
Construction 2%
Demolition 1% Design 0.4X
Alterations 1.2 X
Initial construction cost X
Maintenance 1.5X
System operation 7X
5060% of energy is used in A/C and artificial lighting
Source: UNFPA Report, July 2007, State of Worlds Population 2007, NY
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216 214 197 191
461
265
313281
385
235
376
259
215243
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
NDBDarmap
alaMawatha
VauxhallTow
er
UnionAssuarance
HEMAS
AbansLtd
CityBank
HuchisonTower
HSBC-Global
Center
CommercialBank-UnionPlace
CeylincoHou
se
CTCEagle
HNBTowers
CeylincoSeylan
WorldTrade
Center
EnergyFootprintkWh/m2/annum
11 12 1125 24 15
2
67
9
39
8
8068
287
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Annualelectricitycost
(R
s.Million)
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Glass boxesSimilar facades in all cardinal directionsNo shadingLacks sensitivity to its locality Artificially conditioned interiors for thermal and
visual comfortActive built forms with passive occupants Unhealthy office interiors with unacceptable Indoor
air and environmental quality
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SO2concentrations
457
286 286269
155173
R = 0.6134
0
100
200
300
400
500
LFL MFL UFL
Concentrationg/m3
Floor Level
Maximum
Minimum
Mean
Linear (Mean)
SLAQS 120g/m3(8h)
314286
257
182
140154
R = 0.4286
0
100
200
300
400
500
LFL MFL UFL
Concentrationg/m3
Floor Level
MaximumMinimum
Mean
Linear (Mean)
SLAQS 120g/m3(8h)
8h
A
B
Galle Road
R.A De Mel Mawatha
Mean of 9h to 16h
National Research Council Grant of Rs. 4.0 Million , Indoor Environmental Diagnostic Laboratory of Faculty of Architecture, University of Moratuwa
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PMconcentrations
24h
A
B
Galle Road
R.A De Mel Mawatha
Mean of 16h to 16h
AQG (WHO) PM2.5= 25g/m3
R = 0.8396
0
20
40
60
80
100
PM1 PM2.5 RESP PM10 TPM
Concentrationg/m3
Particle category
LFL MFL UFL
AQG (WHO) PM10= 50g/m3
R = 0.8077
0
20
40
60
80
100
PM1 PM2.5 RESP PM10 TPM
Concentrationg/m3
Particle category
LFL MFL UFL
AQG (WHO) PM2.5= 25g/m3
AQG (WHO) PM10= 50g/m3
National Research Council Grant of Rs. 4.0 Million , Indoor Environmental Diagnostic Laboratory of Faculty of Architecture, University of Moratuwa
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Sustainability actions
Governance
Technology
Population
Socio-cultural
MITIGATION ADAPTATION
G H G
Aerosol
Human Health
Human Systems
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National Target: 20% reduction of 2010 energy consumption by 2020
Green Building Council: Zero energy buildings by 2050
Energy code: A star rating for buildings incompliance with the code.Marking scheme need to be worked out.
Building Code Australia (BCA, 2010):Section J of the BCA recommends and annual electricity consumptionallowance of 163 kWh/m2 for office buildings in Brisbane
Queensland emission reduction target:4 star energy efficiency rating for office buildings by 2010
Carbon neutral government office buildings by 2020
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Sustainable designSustainable design meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
the future generations
Economic dimension
Socio cultural dimension
Environmental dimension
Efficient use of energy
Efficient use of water
Less waste production
Indoor environmental
quality
Green buildings
targets and efficiency improvement
strategies are promoted with all 4 areas
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Green rating
Management - 4 points
Sustainable sites - 25 points
Water efficiency - 14 points
Energy and Atmosphere - 21 points
Material and Resources - 21 points
Indoor environmental quality - 13 points
Innovation and design process - 4 points
Social and cultural awareness - 3 points
3
13
14
5
14
10
1
Certified : 40-49
Silver : 5059
Gold : 60-69
Platinum : 70 and above
50
2
5
3
60
510% of demandsatisfied by on-site
renewable
11
2
60100% demand
satisfied by on-site
renewable energy
Exemplary building performance
73
Gold, Silver and certified buildings will not help to achieve national
and Green rating targetsEco-Blings, Green washing
Platinum rated buildings are the way forward for Green
architecture to achieve zero energy buildings by 2050
Refer Table 4.2 , page 59
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Source: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article
Home owners wasting money eco-bling makes little difference
Eco-blingEcological technology or gadgets that cost an amount of
money that you will never get back in terms of energy
saved or produced
GreenwashingA design by picking off-the-shelf green solutions that may
actually cause more harm to the environment than good
Source:http://www.green building advisor. comIm beginning to really hate Eco-bling
'It achieves little or nothing. If you
build a building that is just as
energy-hungry as every other
building, and you put a few wind
turbines and solar panels on the
outside that addresses a few percent of that building's energy
consumption, you have not
achieved anything.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/articlehttp://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article8/11/2019 Designing a Building
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Conserve energy
Working with climateMinimize new resourcesRespect for usersRespect for site
Symbolic form of green ecological approach to design
LPL11 L12
L21 L22
Suffix 1 - Designed system
Suffix 2 - Environment around that system
L - Interdependent connections within the framework
L11 - Processes and activities that take place within the systemInternalities- Internal loads
L12 - Interactions of the system with the environment
L21Inputs from environment to the systemExternalitiesEnvironmental loads
L22Process and activities that take place in the environment
(Yeang, K 1995, Designing with nature: the ecological basis of architectural design, McGraw-Hill, New York)
(Vale B. , Vale R. 1991: Green Architecture, Design for a sustainable future, Thames and Hudson Ltd., London)
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MENARA MESINIAGA, Malaysia
Curtain wall glazing: North and South facades
Aluminum fins and louvers: East and West facades
Lift lobbies, stair wells & toilets: Natural l ight and ventilation
Sun-shading details
Recessed curtain wallglazing
Building orientation
Sun path geometry
Plan shape
Sectional form
Wind orientation
National Library building, Singapore
Source: Yeang, Ken, Bioclimatic sky-scraper, Menara Mesinaga, KL, Malaysia
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Climate investigation
Climate modification strategiesMicroclimatic data analysis
Building form for climatic matching
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Climate investigation
Climate modification strategiesMicroclimatic data analysis
Building form for climatic matching
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Cylindrical tower with an Area/ volume ratio of less
than 1 contains heat Un-shaded smooth glazed facades supports heat
gain through building envelope
Unbearable indoor temperatures are well above
the human thermal comfort range
Demand for cooling by mechanical means
Shaping of the built-form for climatic matching
Innovative shading of facades by recessed
envelope configuration Diversity in envelope fenestration
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60Vertical shadow angle
60 -60
East West
Horizontal shadow angle
South facing shading devices
Horizontal shading devices
Vertical shading devices
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60Vertical shadow angle
North facing shading devices
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Total floor area 948 m2
Annual energy consumption 84372 kWh
Energy footprint 89kWh/m2/annum
180 solar panels produces on average130 kWh daily
Energy foot print of the green power
50kWh/m2/annum
Architect : Dr. Upendra Rajapaksha/ Chartered Architect; Client/ Automation Engineer: Mr. Upendra Weerasuriya
Source: Hyde . R, et al. ,2012, Sustainable retrofitting for net zero carbon emission buildings, 46thASA (Architectural Science Association) Conference,Australia , November, 2012
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Shading on immediate microclimates to minimise incidenceof solar radiation
Sun courtyard just in front of the buildingCantilevered floor plates for shading on windows
Automated solar sensitive double skin envelope to promotebuffer zones in solar defence
Envelope dependant day lighting potential
High thermal mass for walls and ceilings
Motion sensitive active and task lighting system
VAV air conditioning systemsRain water harvesting
Building energy management system
Architect : Dr. Upendra Rajapaksha/ Chartered Architect; Client/ Automation Engineer: Mr. Upendra Weerasuriya
Source: Hyde . R, et al. ,2012, Sustainable retrofitting for net zero carbon emission buildings, 46thASA (Architectural ScienceAssociation) Conference, Australia , November, 2012
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216 214197 191
461
265
313281
385
235
376
259
215243
89
0
50100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
NDBDarmapalaMawatha
VauxhallTower
UnionAssuarance
HEMAS
AbansLtd
CityBank
HuchisonTower
HSBC-GlobalCenter
CommercialBank-UnionPlace
CeylincoHouse
CTCEagle
HNBTowers
CeylincoSeylan
WorldTradeCenter
NikiniAutomation
EnergyFootprint
kWh/m2/annum
156
76
172
52
332
307
282
257
232
207
182
157
132
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Energyconsumption(KWh/m2)
Star Level
Base BuildingTenancywhole
6 stars
89
NikiniAutomation
In Compliance with an international rating system Well above the 2020 national target
Benchmark building for 2050 target of Green rating system of Sri Lanka
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SZOKOLAYS BIO-CLIMATIC CHARTColombo, Sri-Lanka
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50DRY BULB TEMPERATURE (Degree C)
30%
20%
10%
100% 90 80 70% 60% 50% 40%
g/Kg Summ er Comfor t Zone
1m /s Indoor Air Veloci ty
1.5m /s Indoor Air V eloci ty
M onthly temper ature var iat ions
COMFORT ZONE
Monthly Minimum and MaximumTemperature
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TROPICAL COURTYARD FORM AS AN AIR FUNNEL
Courtyard
Colonnaded Veranda
Courtyard
+Pressure Field - Pressure Field
Shaded Veranda
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PASSIVE MODIFICATION STRATEGIES C E N T R A L C O U R TY A R D
HIGH THERMAL MASS FABRIC
WITH SHADED VERANDA
AXIAL AIR FUNNEL
Architect: Upendra Rajapaksha & Partner
E
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W
ab c
de
f
courtyardN SLongitudinal Axis
Cross Axis
Wind direction
V e r a n d a
Livinga
Bedroomb
Bedroomc
Kitchen and Pantryd
Family Livinge
CENTRAL COURTYARD RESIDENCE
Courtyard
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AXIAL WIND FIELDTHRO COURTYARD
Iteration A
IterationsB,C,D&E
Courtyard
E
Op1
Op2
Op3Op4 Cy
A
Cy
B
Op1
Op2
Cy
C
Op4 Op3Cy
D
Op1
Op2
Cy Op3
R E S E A R C H M E T H O D O L O G Y
OPEN TO SKY
COURTYARD
Op4Op2
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F
Op1
Op2
G
Op1
Op2
Op3Op4Op1
Op4
Op3
AXIAL WIND FIELD
WITH CLOSED CY.Iterations
F,G
-Atrium configurations
ENVELOPE CONFIGURATIONS
WITH CLOSED TOP OPENING
OF THE COURTYARD
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Cross Axis
ab c
def
Courtyard
Op1
Op3
Op4
Longitudinal
Axis
Longitudinal
Axis
Cross Axis
SIMULATED BUILDING MODEL
PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS
RELATIVE INDEX : T = TO - Ti
DECREMENT FACTOR :
DF = Ti (max)T0 (mean) / T0 (max)T0 (mean)
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24
26
28
30
32
34
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22
Time [hour]
Temperature[degreeC]
Internal wall
Ambient air
Courtyard air
24
26
28
30
32
34
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22
Time [hour]
Temperature[degreeC]
Internal wall Ambient air
24
26
28
30
32
34
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22Time [hour]
Temperature[degreeC]
Internal wall
Ambient air
Courtyard air
24
26
28
30
32
34
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22Time [hour]
Temperature[degreeC]
Internal wall Ambient air
24
26
28
30
32
34
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22
Time [hour]
Temperature[degreeC]
Internal wall
Indoor airAmbient air
Courtyard air
INDOOR AIR TEMPERATURE
ITERATION B ITERATION A
The Best Thermal Performance CoolCourtyard
The Worst Thermal Performance WarmCourtyard
3 Hrs. Time Lag24
26
28
30
32
34
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22Time [hour]
Temperature[d
egreeC]
Internal wall
Indoor airAmbient airCourtyard air
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OP1
OP2
UPWIND FUNNEL AIR FLOW HORIZONTAL CROSS UPWIND AIR FLOW
SIMULATED AIRFLOW PATTERNS
Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis
Iterations B & D Iterations C & E
OP2
OP4
OP1OP3
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TOP VORTEX AIR FLOWHORIZONTAL CROSS AIR FLOW
OP4
OP3
OP2
OP1
Iterations F & G Iteration A
SIMULATED AIRFLOW PATTERNS
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I. Rajapaksha, H.Nagai and M.Okumiya,Indoor thermal modification of a ventilated courtyard house in the tropics ,
International Journal of Architectural Institute of Japan, Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering Vol.1 No.1 March
2002, pp.84-97
I.Rajapaksha, H.Nagai and M.Okumiya,A ventilated courtyard as a passive cooling strategy in warm humid tropics,
International Journal of World Renewable Energy network, Renewable Energy Vol.28, No.11 June 2003, pp. 1755-1778
Rajapaksha, I., 2004 Passive Cooling in the Tropics: A Design proposition for Natural Ventilation , Built environments and
environmental buildings: Proceedings of the 21stInternational conference Passive and Low Energy Architecture , Vol.1, M.H. de Wit
(ed), PLEA 2004, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, September 19- 21, pp. 531-536
Rajapaksha, I., Nagai, H. and Okumiya, M., 2002 Indoor airflow behavior for thermal comfort in a courtyard house in warm humid
tropics, In Indoor Air 2002: Proceedings of the 9 thConference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Vol. IV, H. Levin (ed), Indoor Air
2002, Santa Cruz, California, June 30- July 05, pp. 1072-77.
Rajapaksha, I., Nagai, H. and Okumiya. M., 2002 A tropical courtyard building as an upwind air funnel, A computationalanalysis, In Design with the Environment: Proceedings of the 19thInternational Conference Passive and Low Energy Architecture,
Vol. 1, Gerber, M et al (eds.) PLEA 2002, Toulouse, July 22- 25, pp.631- 36.
Rajapaksha, I., Nagai, H. and Okumiya. M., 2001 Thermal influence of an enclosed courtyard in an equatorial climate dwelling,
Field investigation of the courtyard dwelling in Sri Lanka (Part I ), Summaries of the technical papers of the Tokai chapter annual
meeting of Architectural Institute of Japan, pp.505-8
Rajapaksha, I., Nagai, H. and Okumiya. M., 2001 Thermal behavior of an enclosed open courtyard house in equatorial climate,
Field investigation of cool courtyard conditions (Part II), Summaries of the technical papers of the annual meeting of Architectural
Institute of Japan, pp. 401-2
Rajapaksha, I., Nagai, H. and Okumiya. M., 2002, An Enclosed open courtyard and its thermal influence on indoor thermal
environment (Part III), Computational analysis of natural ventilation in equatorial courtyard house , Summaries of the technical
papers of the Tokai chapter annual meeting of Architectural Institute of Japan, pp. 465-8
Rajapaksha, I., Nagai, H. and Okumiya. M., 2002, An Enclosed open courtyard and its thermal influence on indoor thermal
environment (Part IV),Indoor thermal comfort assessment, Summaries of the technical papers of the annual meeting of
Architectural Institute of Japan, pp. 795-796
Rajapaksha, I, et al. 2008, Bandaragama House, Colombo, Sri Lanka, Hyde, R. (ed.) Bioclimatic Housing; Innovative Designs for
References: