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Designing and implementing last-mile
service delivery solutions and
innovations: Lessons from Rural
Livelihoods Programs in India
Overview of the Rural Livelihoods Portfolio
Leveraging Institutional platforms of the poor to deliver livelihood outcomes
Specific Investments in Financial Inclusion
Agriculture and livestock
Health and Nutrition
Agriculture/Livestock/Non-farm -Nutrition Linkage
Monitoring, Learning & Measurement of Results
Innovations & Partnerships ( Bihar and Maharashtra Innovation Forum )
Total IDA investments of $ 2.5 billion over the last 15 years.
Investments worth $ 10 billion leveraged from other Government Programs and Banks
Ongoing Projects State level Projects*: Bihar, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Tamil Nadu
Regional Project: DONER (4 North Eastern States)
National Project: Across 13 states (Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Assam, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal )
Presence across 19 states, nearly 200 districts, 2000 blocks, 100,000 villages and 15 million rural households
Building strong institutions of the poor such as SHGs, their village level and
higher level federations essential to enable them to engage with
State
Markets ( credit markets, commodity markets, service delivery )
Institutions of the poor enable the poor to
Access to resources through thrift , rotation of money, catalytic capital
Exerting Accountability to improve delivery of public services : Health ,
Education, Safety nets ( Pensions & MGNREGA)
Franchise model to improve access to public services : PDS, Sanitation,
health & nutrition services, insurance, marketing of food products
Building Producer Organization of the small holders
Backward and forward linkages, and access to information, access to credit,
technology, markets etc.
352 District level federation
2616 Sub-district level federation
142,000 Village Organizations
2. 2 million Self Help Groups
26. 7 million Members
ZS
MS
VO
SHG
Women Members
•Mobilization, capacity building
Setting up
dedicated
societies
Recruiting
top notch
professionals
Value chain
intervention
in Agrl,
Livestock
Access to
entitlements (
Food Security, DBT,
Pensions
Initiating SHG & VO
formation
Facilitating access
to credit from
commercial banks
12 To 18
months
Establishing
offices and
equipping
them
Recruiting
District &
block teams
Modern HR
Systems
Finance &
Procurement
Systems
Setting up autonomous State Missions
Systems establishment
Establishing District & Block
Teams
Institution Building &
Financial Inclusion
Livelihoods & Entitlement
interventions
Typical sequence of critical activities
0 to 12
months 12 to 18
months 18 – 24
months
onwards
CIF transfer
18 – 24
months
onwards
Health &
Nutrition
interventions
Financial Inclusion
Building Informed, Empowered and Responsible Clients
Micro Planning
Financial Literacy and Counselling “Vitta Mitras”
Community Managed audit and recovery Mechanism
Enabling access to Insurance
Product Innovations using CIF as catalytic fund Debt Swapping, Food Security Fund, Health Risk Fund etc.
Making Formal Financial Sector Deliver Partnerships ( formal MoUs) with commercial banks &
sensitization of local bankers
Placement of customer relations managers (Bank Mitra) to smoothen the transactions at the branch level
Alternate Banking Models for Total Financial Inclusion Enabling access to a suite of financial services at the doorstep
SHG women as CSPs at the last mile
The livelihoods programs created
‘Investment Climate for the Poor’ by
facilitating$1.3 billion of cumulative group savings
$10 billion of cumulative credit flow from banks
$1 billion of livelihoods turnover through collective marketing of agriculture commodities
Agriculture & Livestock
Mixed Agriculture / increased productivity
Border crop/ increased productivity Bund plantation/ increased production
Knowledge intensive agriculture / cost-effective
System of crop intensification/increased productivity
Community-managed extension
Village level seed bank Community based marketing and
procurement
Micro-planning for agriculture
Community managed
Focus on small and marginal farmers
Mobilizing them into producer organizations that work on the entire value chain
Collective procurement of inputs ensuring quality & cost savings
Extension system - Farmer field school based and Community Managed extension systems ensures delivery of extension services at the farmers doorstep
Seed Production and productivity enhancement practices
Focus on climate smart /sustainable agriculture technologies like System of Crop Intensification, Non Pesticide Management, Zero Budget Natural Farming
Working with 25 lakh small & marginal farmers
Productivity enhancement ( > 70% increase in productivity) through System of Crop Intensification across 500,000 farmers in Bihar, Orissa, M.P & A.P
Increased Food Security as a result of productivity enhancement
Nearly 100,000 quintals of seed produced by small & marginal farmers across more than 10 crops
Reduction in costs of cultivation for nearly 19,00,000 farmers through Sustainable agriculture practices
Increased price realization due to collective marketing & value addition
Dairy
Mobilization into dedicated producer organizations
Provision of animal treatment and breeding
services at the village level
Access to better quality feed and fodder
management
Transparent pricing and ease of payments
Backyard Poultry
Management of the mother unit ( vaccination, health
management) by a private entrepreneur
Transfer of birds to individual households only after
the birds are hardy
Partnership with the private sector for technical
support
Dairy
Working with nearly 500,000 dairy farmers across
A.P, Tamil Nadu, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh
Collection of nearly 1,500,000 liters milk per day
(30% of A.P milk production is handled by
community institutions of the project )
Massive increase in the ownership of livestock
amongst poor households. Currently 57% of SHG
households in A.P posses livestock
Increased price realization of 25 to 30 % for the
dairy farmers
Backyard Poultry
Nearly 30,000 households earning an additional
incomes of nearly Rs 12,000 per annum.
Health and Nutrition
Preventive & Promotive Health Care
Curative CareFinancing and Service
Delivery
Human/Social Capital• Health activist/ASHA• Community Resource
Person (CRP)
Fixed Nutrition & Health Day(NHD)
Water & Sanitation
Nutrition Centers
Case Managers
Making Services Work for the Poor – Accessing PHCs & Area Hospitals
Community-owned Pharmacy
Microfinance Product for NUTRITION
Health Risk Fund/ Health Savings
Health Insurance
Community-owned Hospitals
Food and Nutrition Security
Multiple Pathways to Improve Food and Nutrition Security
Enterprise Approach to ensure availability of
nutritious food in local stores
Nutrition Sensitive Agriculture interventions
Improving health, nutrition and sanitation
behavior practices especially in the 1000 day
cycle
Community managed initiatives and access to
safety nets and entitlements
Women’s empowerment through the creation of the
institutional Platforms ( SHGs and their federations )
Agricultural extension activities look at nutrition sensitivity as a key part of design – selection of crops, promotion of kitchen gardens
Nutrition counselling a key part of the dairy and backyard poultry interventions ( per capita milk, eggs, meat consumption increase)
Setting up of nutrition/consumption field schools which enable women experiment with various ways of food preparation and other aspects related with nutrition.
Building a brand of local and healthy food products so that a local market is created.
Transforming Kirana stores to provide various nutrition relevant and health products at doorstep
Nearly 4,200 community managed health & nutrition centers ( CMHNC) in A.P and 82 similar centres in Bihar have been established reaching out to nearly 300,000 families
2.912 kg is the weight of a newborn in CMHNCs compared to the state average of 2.588.
10 per 1000 live births is the infant mortality rate in NDCCs (49 is the state average)
0.34 per 1000 is the maternal mortality rate in NDCCs (134 is the state average)
High number of Digitized transactions
Frontline workers equipped with digital devices
Cost-effective digital content for the poor
Digital empowerment
Efficient decision Support System
e-payment gateways
Local and indigenous knowledge capture
Increased access to technology
Monitoring, Learning and Impact
Measurement
MONITORING - For real time learning by doing
MIS Indicators that enable decision making for the projects
Developing User friendly dashboards
Process monitoring mechanism with a well designed sample, clearly
defined questions and systems of learning and feedback with the
project staff
IMPACT EVALUTIONS - For long term learning from periodic,
scientifically designed evaluations
Rigorous methodology
Key questions examined in line with project objectives
Core model evaluation
INNOVATIONS AND SPECIAL STUDIES - To understand key
issues for project implementation and design
Provide support to identify good research partners and
provide inputs into research design
Innovations - Using innovative designs to estimate the
impact of the interventions and its pathways
▪ Bihar Behavioral experiments
▪ In-depth Qualitative Tracking
Special Studies - Link with research partners and provide
inputs into research design
▪ Resource Block Study
▪ Skills
▪ Community monitoring
▪ Community seeds initiative
Results of a ten year program
Social Mobilization to building community based institutions of poor
Facilitating linkages with commercial banks to improve access to financial services including thrift, credit, insurance and financial literacy
Community Managed Sustainable Agriculture for enhancement of agricultural income
Community Managed Procurement Centers to link agricultural producers to markets
Connecting dairy producers with markets and intervention to improve productivity of livestock rearing
Skill development and employment generation through EGMM
Community managed Nutrition Centers to improve maternal and child mortality, and malnutrition.
Social Action Committees to enable gender empowerment Convergence with other government schemes to improve
access to last mile service delivery
Social Mobilization and creation of an institutional platform for poor
Favorable Investment climate for rural poor including increased investment at household and economy level
Improved Well being Enhancement of existing Livelihoods Higher Market share for Poor Gender and Political Empowerment Better Access to Last-mile service delivery Human Development Impact Policy Impact
Project efforts accelerated the formation of four-tiered community-based institutions
173,841 community resource persons to provide support to these institutions
11.2 million women mobilized into 998,000 self-help groups (SHGs)
Affinity based SHGs further federated into Village Organizations, MandalSamakhayas, and District Federations.
88% of SCs and 80% of STs covered under the project ( Social Inclusion)
22 ZSs
Quality Control of MSsInsurance and safety
netsProviding jobs to youth
Convergance with government departments
1098 MSs
Quality control of VOs
CIF ManagementAuditing SHGs
and VOs
Managing bulk milk collection
units
Handling social issues
38,375 VOs
Quality control of SHGsOn-lending community
investment fund to SHGs
Collective procurementHandling health and
social issues
998,000 SHGs with 11.1 million members
Savings Internal LendingsAccessing Credit from
banksFinancial Literacy
Income increase from US$488 pa in 2004 to US$ 1132 pa in 2009
Five-fold increase in the value of assets from US$837 to US$3983 in 2009 3 % increased ownership of land
amongst participants
875,000 acres freed up from legal issues
Huge improvement in consumption patterns 80% increase in consumption
expenditure
8.3% reduction in food expenditure
7% reduction in health expenditure
33% increase in education expenditure
837
488 543
3982
1132979
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Assets Income Consumption
2004 2009
US$ 132 million have been
saved cumulatively from CMSA
Higher realization from the
organic produce
US$ 390 million additional
income generated from CMSA CMSA Field Non - CMSA Field
Community Managed Procurement Center(CMPCs): Aggregation of local produce and single window marketing facility to improve market linkages. 2065 CMPCs have handled more than 100 commodities since
2003 1.6 million tons worth $344 million handled during 2011 US$58 increase in agricultural income 10% increase in Maize prices due to CMPCs
Provision of animal treatment and breeding services at the village level; formation of a dedicated community based supply chain catering to small dairy farmers; and fodder development initiatives Massive increase in the ownership of livestock amongst poor
households. Currently 57% of SHG households posses livestock Community Federation manage 2002 bulk- chilling units at
Mandal level 4215 Village Procurement centers managed by community
federation 1,52,000 milk producers linked to the supply chain 344,000 litres milk per day handled during the peak season
and 197,00 litres per day in the lean season 30% of state’s milk production is handled by community
institutions of the project 20% market share of the formal milk sector.
Uses community based institutions to identify and mobilize youth to train, skill and place at various training academies and forges partnerships with various private sector players 582,595 youth trained since 2005 449,205 youth placed since 2005 US$ 660 million cumulative income
generated from the program US$238 million additional income generated
from the program 42.7% of youth trained are from vulnerable
groups
Community based organizations have taken away a major share of rural economy: 10% of rural credit market controlled by
federation under the project 40% of the livestock added into the state
was by community institutions 43% of procured under the MSP scheme
is by procurement centers 10% of paddy procured for PDS scheme 60% of insurance enrollment 50% of co-contributory pension schemes
The project funded community-managed Nutrition-cum Day Centers (NDCCs) to tackle the high child malnutrition problem 4,200 centers have been established reaching 283,000 families
2.912 kg is the weight of a newborn in NDCCs compared to the state average of 2.588.
10 per 1000 live births is the infant mortality rate in NDCCs (49 is the state average)
0.34 per 1000 is the maternal mortality rate in NDCCs (134 is the state average)
3.37 million households participated in food security initatives US$161 million saved from food security initiatives
Various education interventions have reached 229,697 people Early-childhood centers have improved the performance of children in schools
Pass-percentage of students in project supported schools is 14.3% higher than that of government schools
Increased awareness amongst PWDs and improved access to various and public ans private sector services 306,211 persons with disabilities have been mobilized into 32,780 SHGs
Social Action Committees were established to resolve domestic issues SACs formed in 13,058 VOs with a membership
of 112,739
31,749 have been taken up and 22,402 cases have been resolved
51.93% women reported drop in general violence at home
Political voice of the poor women who lead the CBOs has increase 25% of the women elected at all levels have been
involved with project supported community based institutions
Nature of partnership Description Partner Agencies
Outsourcing services Targeting and selection beneficiaries and
delivering services as community
intermediaries
Pensions, ration cards, job cards, MGNREGS works, entitlements
etc.
Help desks and
information services
Provision of information, counseling, technical
advisory, transaction processing support
Banks (Bank Mitra), Insurance Companies (Bima Mitra), Hospitals
(Case managers), Para vet (Pala Mitra), Agriculture and livestock
extension worker, para-botanists, etc.
Community Enterprises Managing last mile delivery of public services
as social business as franchisees for
government, public, private and cooperative
sectors
ZSs as corporate agents of insurance companies, VOs as banking
correspondents / agents, VOs managing PDS Shops, procurement
centers, etc.
Convergence services CBOs partner with government and public
agencies to enhance the reach of their
programs and services
Medical and Health Department, Agriculture/ Horticulture/ Animal
Husbandry/Forest Departments, Primary Education and Higher
Education Department, Women and Child Welfare, Police,
Judiciary, etc
Social audit of public
services
CBOs participate in social audit mechanism
and enforce social
accountability of Government departments
and public agencies using formal or moral
pressure
Panchayats, PDS Shops, Schools, ICDS centers, Hospitals, etc
Various partnerships have improved access to both public and private sector services
Objective of the policy Description
Micro Credit Plan based SHG-Bank Linkage by State
Level Bankers‘ Committee
Develop project financing and specific products for rural poor on a
wholesale basis
Development of land belongs to poorest of the poor Forge a convergence with MGNREGS for development of land belonging
to the poorest of the poor
Upgrade skills of women farmers in sustainable
agriculture
Mahila Kisan Saskthikaran Pariyojana (MKSP) was formed to upgrade
skills of women farmers in sustainable agriculture and increase their net
incomes.
Implementation of State Milk Mission through SHGs The ambitious programme with an outlay of US$1.1 billion aims at
doubling the milk production in the next 4 years
Liberalization of NTFP Trading Girijan Cooperative Corporation Limited permits NTFPs procured by VOs
to sell to private traders on payment of charges
Village Organizations partner with AP Markfed for
MSP Operations
VOs to be paid 1% service charges for procuring maize from farmers
Village Organizations partner with AP State Civil
Supplies Corporation for MSP Operations
VOs to be paid 1% service charges for procuring maize from farmers in
2007. This was increased to 1.5% and eventually to 2.5% in 2009
Loan Eligibility Cards to tenant farmers Cards be issued to tenant farmers to enable them to get loans.
SHG Land Lease Bill SHGs can lease in lands for the benefit of their members for a period of
five years
Land Purchase Scheme One lakh acres of good quality cultivable land would be made available to
SC/ST families of the state
Co-Contributory Pension scheme Introduction of the Co-Contributory Pension scheme
For every US$1 CIF invested groups were able to leverage US$21 as loans
Annual turnover per employee was over US$1 million
Management cost to investment ratio was only .7%
IMPACT EVALUATIONS
Core Intervention
Food security evaluation
SRI Evaluation
INNOVATIONS AND SPECIAL STUDIES
Using behavioral science to design better interventions for
(i) flood affected areas and (ii) the ultra poor
Developing a community based monitoring system
MGNREGA access
Village Organization headed PDS study
400 villages surveyed in the districts of Gaya, Khagaria, Madhubani, Muzaffarpur, Nalanda and Purnea. 200 (Treatment) villages ( 2008 ) and 200 (Control) villages. Sample size consists of 4000 households
The study constructs the analysis through propensity score matching
Statistical techniques used to match HHs across treatment and control groups in such a way that the matched HHs have similar propensity scores
This has ensured that the average treated entity is similar to the average non treated entity, and the only difference is that the treated entity is a project beneficiary and thus the control HH is indeed a counterfactual, albeit next best
Savings and Indebtedness: 58% more households starting regular
savings in treated areas as compared to the Households (HHs) in the
control areas. Treated HHs have significantly less high cost debt burden
than control HHs.
Assetisation: Project Households have significantly increased their
ownership of assets like cows (by 59%) and bullocks (by 177%)
compared to the control HHs.
Food Security : the average project HH has been able to reduce the
duration of food shortage by 27 % as compared to the control HH
Women’s empowerment: A significantly higher percentage of women
in project participant villages go to the Panchayat meetings , provide an
opinion about borrowing behavior, education of children and self-
employment.
Existing partnerships with a range of public and private sector agencies
Institutes of Excellence like DMI, TISS, IRMA, XIMB, XLRI, KSRM etc.
Livelihoods Support Organizations like PRADAN (Natural Resource Management), BAIF (Livestock Development), Landesa (Land Access), Digital Green (Knowledge Management and Capacity Building)
Banking and Financial Institutions like SBI (Kiosk Banking), HDFC Bank (Livelihoods Payments), Axis-Airtel Money (Cash Transfers)
Private Sector Firms like Hatsun (Dairy), KeggFarms (Poultry), Dabur(Honey), ITC (Agri Products)
Innovation forums in Bihar and Maharashtra have identified nearly 100 innovations
Across private sector, NGOs, Social Enterprises, public sector
Across 8 major sub sectors – Agriculture, Livestock, Non Farm Sector, Financial Inclusion, Health & Nutrition, Rural Energy, Entitlements, ICT,